From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Æ (Lower case: æ) is a grapheme formed from the letters a and e. Originally a ligature representing a Latin diphthong, it has been promoted to the full status of a letter in the alphabets of some languages, including Danish and Norwegian. As a letter of the Old English alphabet, it was called æsc ("ash tree") after the Anglo-Saxon futhorc rune, ᚫ (), which it transliterated; its traditional name in English is still Ash (IPA: /ˈæʃ/).

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Contents 1 Usage 2 International Phonetic Alphabet 3 Computer use 4 Gender-neutrality in Spanish and Portuguese 5 See also 6 External links 7 References

Usage

In English, usage of the ligature varies in different places. In modern typography, and where technological limitations make its use difficult (such as in use of typewriters), æ is often eschewed in favour of the digraph ae. This is often considered incorrect, especially when rendering foreign words where æ is considered a letter (e.g. Æsir, Ærø) or brand names which make use of the ligature (e.g. Æon Flux, Encyclopædia Britannica). In the United States, the problem of the ligature is sidestepped in many cases by use of a simplified spelling with "e"; compare the common usage, medieval, with the traditional, mediæval. However, given the long history of such spellings, they are sometimes used to invoke archaism or in literal quotations of historic sources, for words such as dæmon. Often, it will be replaced with a simple "ae" as in archaeology.

In Classical Latin, the combination AE denotes a diphthong (IPA [ai̯]) that had a value similar to the long i in most dialects of modern English. It was used both in native words (spelled with ai before the 2nd century BC) and in borrowings from Greek words having the diphthong αι (alpha iota). Both classical and present practice is to write the letters separately, but the ligature was used in medieval and early modern writings, in part because æ was reduced to a simple vowel (IPA [ɛ]) in the imperial period. In some medieval scripts, the ligature was simplified to ę, small letter e with ogonek, the e-caudata. This form further simplified into a plain e, which may have influenced or been influenced by the pronunciation change. However, the ligature is still relatively common in liturgical books and musical scores.

In Old English, the ligature was used to denote a sound intermediate between those of a and e (IPA [æ]), very much like the short a of cat in many dialects of modern English.

In the modern French alphabet, it is used to spell Latin and Greek borrowings like tænia and ex æquo.

In most varieties of Faroese, æ is pronounced as follows:

• IPA: [ɛa] when simultaneously stressed and occurring either word-finally, before a vowel letter, before a single consonant letter, or before the consonant-letter groups kl, kr, pl, pr, tr, kj, tj, sj and those consisting of ð and one other consonant letter except for ðr when pronounced like gr (except as below)
• a rather open [eː] when directly followed by the sound [a], as in ræðast (silent ð) and frægari (silent g)
• [a] in all other cases

One of its etymological origins is Old Norse é (the other is Old Norse æ), and this is particularly evident in the dialects of Suðuroy, where Æ is [eː] or [ɛ]:

• æða (either): Suð. [eːa], Northern Faroese [ɛaːva]
• ætt (family, direction): Suð. [ɛtː], Northern Faroese [atː]

In Icelandic, æ signifies a diphthong (IPA: [ai]).

In Danish and Norwegian, æ represents monophthongal vowel phonemes. In Norwegian there are four ways of pronouncing the letter:

• /æː/ as in æ (the name of the letter), bær, læring, æra, Ænes, ærlig, tærne, Kværner, Dæhlie, særs, ærfugl, lært, trær ("trees")
• /æ/ as in færre, æsj, nærmere, Færder, Skjærvø, ærverdig, vært, lærd, Bræin (where æi is pronounced as a diphthong /æi/)

And in some sociolects:

• /eː/ as in Sæther, Næser, Sæbø, gælisk, spælsau, bevæpne, sæd, æser, Cæsar, væte, trær ("thread(s)" (verb))
• /e/ as in Sæth, Næss, Brænne, væske, trædd

In the South and Western Danish dialects, as well as in several Norwegian dialects (for instance the dialects of Trondheim and Tromsø), the phoneme Æ has a significant meaning, "I", and is thus a normal spoken word. In some Southern-Jutish dialects Æ is also the definite article: 'Æ hus' (The house). These dialects are rarely committed to writing.

The Danish and Norwegian usage of 'Ӕ' is equivalent to the vowel and letter 'Ä' in the Swedish and Finnish alphabets and languages.

The Ossetic language used the letter æ when it was written using the Latin script (1923–38). Since then, Ossetian has used a Cyrillic alphabet with an identical-looking letter (Ӕ and ӕ).

Another example of use: In the southern part of Norway, Kristiansand, Æ has a meaning of "I", "am", "is", "are". Æ can represent any meaning in the same short sentence, "Æ æ gla" ("I am happy") or just one meaning; "Han æ gla" ("He is happy"). Note that this mostly occurs in everyday conversation use, although there seems to be a going trend towards using it in writing as well, as in the slogan "Æ æ Startfan" ("I am a Start fan", referring to a local football club). It is possible also to write an entire sentence with only vowels: "Æ e i åa å o e i åa o å" (in Trondheim dialect, "I am in the river and she is in the river as well").

International Phonetic Alphabet

The symbol [æ] is also used in the International Phonetic Alphabet to denote a near-open front unrounded vowel, as in the word cat in many dialects of modern English: this is the sound most likely represented by the Old English letter. In this context, it is always in lowercase.

Computer use

• For computers, when using the Latin-1 or Unicode character sets, the code points for Æ and æ are $00C6 and $00E6, respectively, or 198 and 230 in decimal. The characters can be entered by holding the Alt key while typing in 0198 or 0230 on the number pad on Windows systems (the Alt key and 145 for æ or 146 for Æ may also work if the system is in the IBM437 or IBM850 codepages), or by holding down the option key while typing an apostrophe ( ' ) on a Macintosh system under various keyboard layouts, including the U.S. layout.
• In the TeX typesetting system, ӕ is produced by \ae.
• In Microsoft Word, Æ and æ can be written using the key combination CTRL + SHIFT + & followed by A or a respectively.
• On US-International keyboards, Æ is accessible with the combination of AltGr+z.
• In X, AltGr+A is often mapped to æ/Æ, or a Compose key sequence Compose + a + e can be used. For more information, see Unicode input methods.
• There is also Cyrillic Ӕ and ӕ in Unicode (U+04D4, U+04D5), though in practice the Latin letters Æ and æ (U+00C6, U+00E6) are used in Cyrillic texts (such as on Ossetian sites on the Internet).
• In HTML, the HTML character entity references Æ and æ have been assigned to Æ and æ, respectively, where “lig” is short for ligature.
• In all versions of the Mac OS (Systems 1 through 8, Mac OS 9, and the current Mac OS X), the following key combinations are used: æ: Option + ' (apostrophe key), Æ: Shift + Option + ' ; å: Option + A, Å: Shift + Option + A; ø: Option + O, Ø: Shift + Option + O.
• On the iPhone and/or iPod touch, as well as phones running Google's Android OS, æ and Æ are accessed by holding down "A" until a small menu is displayed.

Gender-neutrality in Spanish and Portuguese

In Portuguese and Spanish, as well in other West Iberian languages where many words ended in '-e' when in the masculine gender and ended '-a' in the feminine, 'æ' can be used as a gender-neutral substitute. In these languages the masculine forms are used when referring to groups of mixed or unknown sex which some advocates of gender-neutral language-modification feel indicates implicit linguistic disregard for women. The ligature is intended to join together the feminine and the masculine desinences, in their singular forms ('-a' and '-e', respectively), and in plural ('-as' and '-es').

Examples:

• Spanish: profesores (male teachers) ∪ profesoras (female teachers) ≈ profesoræs (male and/or female teachers)
• Portuguese: ela (she) ∪ ele (he) ≈ elæ (she or he)
• Both: escritoras (female writers) ∪ escritores (male writers) ≈ escritoræs (writers of both sexes, or simply writers, disregarding sex information) .

Proponents of the ligature usage argue that it allows shorter constructions than their gender-inclusive equivalents with the slash sign '/' in Spanish and with the parentheses '()' in Portuguese. For instance, profesoræs has three fewer characters than profesores/as. Opponents of such language modification feel that they are degrading to the language. Many also raise the question of how these new words are to be pronounced. According to the proposal Português com Inclusão de Gênero (Portuguese With Inclusion of Gender)^[1], Spanish speakers and those who speak Portuguese with no vowel reduction can pronounce the ligature with the phoneme [ɛ], only paying attention not to modify the stressed syllable. Since 'escritores' (/eskriˈtores/) and 'escritoras' (/eskriˈtoras/) are paroxitones, 'escritoræs' should also be. So, its suggested pronunciation is /eskriˈtorɛs/.

The majority of Portuguese speakers, who do reduce a final '-e' to [i] ('escritores' is said as /eskriˈtoris/ or /iskriˈtoris/), have more phonetic options. They can pronounce 'escritoræs' as /eskriˈtores/ (or as /iskriˈtores/).

See also

• Æ (Cyrillic)
• Ae (digraph)
• Å
• Ä
• E caudata
• Ø
• Ö
• Œ
• Near-open front unrounded vowel (represented by æ in the IPA)
• Ansuz rune

External links

• Adding Æ and æ to Fonts
• Gender-inclusive use of æ in Portuguese (and in Spanish too): 2 - A língua e o sexo (2 - Tongue and Sex), Quartos (quarters) I, II and III, one of the subjects of Controversial Numbers project

References

• Robert Bringhurst (2002). The Elements of Typographic Style, page 271. Vancouver, Hartley & Marks. ISBN 0-88179-205-5

The basic modern Latin alphabet
Aa	Bb	Cc	Dd	Ee	Ff	Gg	Hh	Ii	Jj	Kk	Ll	Mm	Nn	Oo	Pp	Qq	Rr	Ss	Tt	Uu	Vv	Ww	Xx	Yy	Zz
history • palaeography • derivations • diacritics • punctuation • numerals • Unicode • list of letters • ISO/IEC 646

Norwegian language forms Landsmål · Høgnorsk · Nynorsk · Samnorsk · Bokmål · Riksmål · Svorsk Norwegian Language Council · Norwegian Academy · Noregs Mållag · Riksmålsforbundet · Norwegian dialects Æ · Ø · Å Norwegian language conflict

(Redirected to George William Russell article)

From Wikiquote

George William Russell (10 April 1867 – 17 July 1935) was an Irish nationalist, critic, poet, and painter who often wrote under the pseudonym Æ.

Contents 1 Sourced 1.1 Letter to Mrs. T. P. Hyatt (1895) 1.2 The Nuts Of Knowledge (1903) 1.3 By Still Waters (1906) 1.4 Open letter to the Masters of Dublin (1913) 1.5 To the Memory of Some I knew Who are Dead and Who Loved Ireland (1917) 1.6 You Would Have Understood Me 2 Unsourced 3 External links

Sourced

• The lights grew thicker unheeded,
  For silent and still were we;
  Our hearts were drunk with a beauty
  Our eyes could never see.
  • "The Unknown God" (1913)

• When I first discovered for myself how near was the King in His beauty I thought I would be the singer of the happiest songs. Forgive me, Spirit of my spirit, for this, that I have found it easier to read the mystery told in tears and understood Thee better in sorrow than in joy; that, though I would not, I have made the way seem thorny, and have wandered in too many byways, imagining myself into moods which held Thee not. I should have parted the true from the false, but I have not yet passed away from myself who am in the words of this book. Time is a swift winnower, and that he will do quickly for me.
  • Preface to Collected Poems (1913)

• A young man who had been troubling society with impalpable doctrines of a new civilization which he called "the Kingdom of Heaven" had been put out of the way; and I can imagine that believer in material power murmuring as he went homeward, "it will all blow over now." Yes. The wind from the Kingdom of Heaven has blown over the world, and shall blow for centuries yet.
  • The Economics of Ireland and the Policy of the British Government (1921)

• After the spiritual powers, there is no thing in the world more unconquerable than the spirit of nationality. ... The spirit of nationality in Ireland will persist even though the mightiest of material powers be its neighbor.
  • The Economics of Ireland and the Policy of the British Government (1921)

• In ancient shadows and twilights
  Where childhood had strayed,
  The world’s great sorrows were born
  And its heroes were made.
  In the lost boyhood of Judas
  Christ was betrayed.
  • "Germinal" in Vale and Other Poems (1931)

• Let thy young wanderer dream on:
  Call him not home.
  A door opens, a breath a voice
  From the ancient room,
  Speaks to him now. Be it dark or bright
  He is knit with his doom.
  • "Germinal" in Vale and Other Poems (1931)

• We may fight against what is wrong, but if we allow ourselves to hate, that is to insure our spiritual defeat and our likeness to what we hate.
  • As quoted in The Living Torch, A.E. (1937) by Monk Gibbon

• Seek on earth what you have found in heaven.
  • As quoted in The Unpractised Heart (1942) by Leonard Alfred George Strong, p. 147

• I remember once quarreling with Yeats who was walking around the room with a sword in one hand muttering spells to ward off evil spirits, and I noticed that every time he passed a plate of plums he put down his unoccupied hand and took a plum and I said, 'Yeats, you cannot evoke great spirits and eat plums at the same time."
  • As quoted in Across My Path (1952) by Pelham Edgar, p. 148

Letter to Mrs. T. P. Hyatt (1895)

Published in the Canadian Theosophist Volume 20, #1 (1939)

• There are heaps of things I would like to do, but there is no time to do them. The most gorgeous ideas float before the imagination, but time, money, and alas! inspiration to complete them do not arrive, and for any work to be really valuable we must have time to brood and dream a little over it, or else it is bloodless and does not draw forth the God light in those who read. I believe myself, that there is a great deal too much hasty writing in our magazines and pamphlets. No matter how kindly and well disposed we are when we write we cannot get rid of the essential conditions under which really good literature is produced, love for the art of expression in itself; a feeling for the music of sentences, so that they become mantrams, and the thought sings its way into the soul. To get this, one has to spend what seems a disproportionate time in dreaming over and making the art and workmanship as perfect as possible.
  I could if I wanted, sit down and write steadily and without any soul; but my conscience would hurt me just as much as if I had stolen money or committed some immorality. To do even a ballad as long as The Dream of the Children, takes months of thought, not about the ballad itself, but to absorb the atmosphere, the special current connected with the subject. When this is done the poem shapes itself readily enough; but without the long, previous brooding it would be no good. So you see, from my slow habit of mind and limited time it is all I can do to place monthly, my copy in the hands of my editor when he comes with a pathetic face to me.

• If the Gods would only inspire me a little more vigorously I would write no end, but as it is I have to sweat over my work, such as it is, and often groan that I never have a chance to do it properly.

The Nuts Of Knowledge (1903)

The Nuts Of Knowledge, Lyrical Poems Old and New By Æ, "Finished on the tenth day of October, in the year Nineteen Hundred & Three."

• I thought, beloved, to have brought to you
  A gift of quietness and ease and peace,
  Cooling your brow as with the mystic dew
  Dropping from twilight trees.
  Homeward I go not yet; the darkness grows;
  Not mine the voice to still with peace divine:
  From the first fount the stream of quiet flows
  Through other hearts than mine.
  Yet of my night I give to you the stars,
  And of my sorrow here the sweetest gains,
  And out of hell, beyond its iron bars,
  My scorn of all its pains.
  • "For Brian when he is grown up this handful of The Nuts of Knowledge I have gathered on The Secret Streams"

The Nuts of Knowledge

• For sure the enchanted waters pour through every wind that blows.
  I think when night towers up aloft and shakes the trembling dew
  How every high and lonely thought that thrills my being through
  Is but a ruddy berry dropped down through the purple air,
  And from the magic tree of life the fruit falls everywhere.

Immortality

• We must pass like smoke or live within the spirit's fire;
  For we can no more than smoke unto the flame return
  If our thought has changed to dream, our will unto desire,
  As smoke we vanish though the fire may burn.

• In the fire of love we live, or pass by many ways,
  By unnumbered ways of dream to death.

The Hermit

• Now the quietude of earth
  Nestles deep my heart within;
  Friendships new and strange have birth
  Since I left the city's din.

• Here the ancient mystery
  Holds its hands out day by day,
  Takes a chair and croons with me
  By my cabin built of clay.
  When the dusky shadow flits,
  By the chimney nook I see
  Where the old enchanter sits,
  Smiles, and waves, and beckons me.

The Great Breath

• Its edges foamed with amethyst and rose,
  Withers once more the old blue flower of day:
  There where the ether like a diamond glows
  Its petals fade away.

• The great deep thrills for through it everywhere
  The breath of beauty blows.

• I saw how all the trembling ages past,
  Moulded to her by deep and deeper breath,
  Neared to the hour when Beauty breathes her last
  And knows herself in death.

The Divine Vision

• This mood hath known all beauty for it sees
  O'erwhelmed majesties
  In these pale forms, and kingly crowns of gold
  On brows no longer bold,
  And through the shadowy terrors of their hell
  The love for which they fell,
  And how desire which cast them in the deep
  Called God too from his sleep.

• Whatever time thy golden eyelids ope
  They travel to a hope;
  Not only backward from these low degrees
  To starry dynasties,
  But, looking far where now the silence owns
  And rules from empty thrones,
  Thou seest the enchanted halls of heaven burn
  For joy at our return.

• Thy tender kiss hath memory we are kings
  For all our wanderings.
  Thy shining eyes already see the after
  In hidden light and laughter.

The Burning Glass

• A shaft of fire that falls like dew,
  And melts and maddens all my blood,
  From out thy spirit flashes through
  The burning glass of womanhood.

• I must endure the torturing ray,
  And, with all beauty, all desire.
  Ah, time-long must the effort be,
  And far the way that I must go
  To bring my spirit unto thee,
  Behind the glass, within the glow.

A Vision Of Beauty

• Where we sat at dawn together, while the star-rich heavens shifted,
  We were weaving dreams in silence, suddenly the veil was lifted.
  By a hand of fire awakened, in a moment caught and led
  Upward to the wondrous vision: through the star-mists overhead
  Flare and flaunt the monstrous highlands; on the sapphire coast of night
  Fall the ghostly froth and fringes of the ocean of the light.

• We and it and all together flashing through the starry spaces
  In a tempest dream of beauty lighting up the place of places.
  Half our eyes behold the glory: half within the spirit's glow
  Echoes of the noiseless revels and the will of beauty go.
  By a hand of fire uplifted—to her star-strewn palace brought,
  To the mystic heart of beauty and the secret of her thought:

• Here the wild will woke within her lighting up her flying dreams,
  Round and round the planets whirling break in woods and flowers and streams,
  And the winds are shaken from them as the leaves from off the rose,
  And the feet of earth go dancing in the way that beauty goes,
  And the souls of earth are kindled by the incense of her breath
  As her light alternate lures them through the gates of birth and death.

• O'er the fields of space together following her flying traces,
  In a radiant tumult thronging, suns and stars and myriad races
  Mount the spirit spires of beauty, reaching onward to the day
  When the Shepherd of the Ages draws his misty hordes away
  Through the glimmering deeps to silence, and within the awful fold
  Life and joy and love forever vanish as a tale is told,
  Lost within the mother's being. So the vision flamed and fled,
  And before the glory fallen every other dream lay dead.

The Master Singer

• I am the sunlight in the heart, the silver moonglow in the mind;
  My laughter runs and ripples through the wavy tresses of the wind.
  I am the fire upon the hills, the dancing flame that leads afar
  Each burning-hearted wanderer, and I the dear and homeward star.

• They knew me from the dawn of time: if Hermes beats his rainbow wings,
  If Angus shakes his locks of light, or golden-haired Apollo sings,
  It matters not the name, the land; my joy in all the gods abides:
  Even in the cricket in the grass some dimness of me smiles and hides.
  For joy of me the day star glows, and in delight and wild desire
  The peacock twilight rays aloft its plumes and blooms of shadowy fire,
  Where in the vastness too I burn through summer nights and ages long,
  And with the fiery footed Watchers shake in myriad dance and song.

Aphrodite

• Not unremembering we pass our exile from the starry ways:
  One timeless hour in time we caught from the long night of endless days.

• For beauty called to beauty and there thronged at the enchanter's will
  The vanished hours of love that burn within the Ever-living still.

• As to her worshippers she came descending from her glowing skies
  So Aphrodite I have seen with shining eyes look through your eyes:
  One gleam of the ancestral face which lighted up the dawn for me:
  One fiery visitation of the love the gods desire in thee!

Babylon

• The blue dusk ran between the streets; my love was winged within my mind;
  It left to-day and yesterday and thrice a thousand years behind.
  To-day was past and dead for me for from to-day my feet had run
  Through thrice a thousand years to walk the ways of ancient Babylon.

• The tower of heaven turns darker blue; a starry sparkle now begins;
  The mystery and magnificence, the myriad beauty and the sins
  Come back to me.

• Oh real as in dream all this; and then a hand on mine is laid:
  The wave of phantom time withdraws; and that young Babylonian maid,
  One drop of beauty left behind from all the flowing of that tide,
  Is looking with the self-same eyes, and here in Ireland by my side.
  Oh, light our life in Babylon, but Babylon has taken wings,
  While we are in the calm and proud procession of eternal things.

Alter Ego

• All the morn a spirit gay
  Breathes within my heart a rhyme,
  'Tis but hide and seek we play
  In and out the courts of Time.

• Where the ring of twilight gleams
  Round the sanctuary wrought,
  Whispers haunt me — in my dreams
  We are one yet know it not.
  Some for beauty follow long
  Flying traces; some there be
  Seek thee only for a song:
  I to lose myself in thee.

Symbolism

• Now when the spirit in us wakes and broods,
  Filled with home yearnings, drowsily it flings
  From its deep heart high dreams and mystic moods,
  Mixed with the memory of the loved earth things;
  Clothing the vast with a familiar face;
  Reaching its right hand forth to greet the starry race.

• Nearer to Thee, not by delusion led,
  Though there no house fires burn nor bright eyes gaze,
  We rise, but by the symbol charioted,
  Through loved things rising up to Love's own ways
  By these the soul unto the vast has wings
  And sets the seal celestial on all mortal things.

Sung On A By-Way

• What of all the will to do?
  It has vanished long ago,
  For a dream-shaft pierced it through
  From the Unknown Archer's bow.

• Only in the self we grope
  To the misty end of time:
  Truth has put an end to hope.
  What of all the heart to love?
  Sadder than for will or soul,
  No light lured it on above;
  Love has found itself the whole.

The Hunter Also known as "Refuge"

• Twilight, a timid fawn, went glimmering by,
  And night, the dark blue hunter, followed fast:
  Ceaseless pursuit and flight were in the sky,
  But the long chase had ceased for us at last.

The Vision Of Love

• The twilight fleeted away in pearl on the stream,
  And night, like a diamond dome, stood still in our dream.

• We loved in infinite spaces, forgetting here
  The breasts that were lit with life and the lips so near;
  Till the wizard willows waved in the wind and drew
  Me away from the fulness of love and down to you.

• Our love was so vast that it filled the heavens up:
  But the soft white form I held was an empty cup,
  When the willows called me back to earth with their sigh,
  And we moved as shades through the deep that was you and I.

A Call of the Sidhe

• Hush, not a whisper! Let your heart alone go dreaming.
  Dream unto dream may pass: deep in the heart alone
  Murmurs the Mighty One his solemn undertone.

• Canst thou not see adown the silver cloudland streaming
  Rivers of faery light, dewdrop on dewdrop falling,
  Starfire of silver flames, lighting the dark beneath?
  And what enraptured hosts burn on the dusky heath!
  Come thou away with them, for Heaven to Earth is calling.

• Drink: the immortal waters quench the spirit's longing.
  Art thou not now, bright one, all sorrow past, in elation,
  Made young with joy, grown brother-hearted with the vast,
  Whither thy spirit wending flits the dim stars past
  Unto the Light of Lights in burning adoration.

Janus

• Image of beauty, when I gaze on thee,
  Trembling I waken to a mystery,
  How through one door we go to life or death
  By spirit kindled or the sensual breath.

• The life which passes mourns its wasted hour.
  And, ah, to think how thin the veil that lies
  Between the pain of hell and paradise!

The Grey Eros

• We are desert leagues apart;
  Time is misty ages now
  Since the warmth of heart to heart
  Chased the shadows from my brow.

• Oh, I am so old, meseems
  I am next of kin to Time,
  The historian of her dreams
  From the long forgotten prime.

• Though the dream of love may tire,
  In the ages long agone
  There were ruby hearts of fire —
  Ah, the daughters of the dawn!

• Age is no more near than youth
  To the sceptre and the crown.
  Vain the wisdom, vain the truth;
  Do not lay thy rapture down.

By The Margin Of The Great Deep

• When the breath of twilight blows to flame the misty skies,
  All its vaporous sapphire, violet glow, and silver gleam,
  With their magic flood me through the gateway of the eyes;
  I am one with the twilight's dream.

• Aye, and deep and deep and deeper let me drink and draw,
  From the olden fountain more than light or peace or dream,
  Such primeval being as o'erfills the heart with awe,
  Growing one with its silent stream.

Three Counsellors

• It was the fairy of the place,
  Moving within a little light,
  Who touched with dim and shadowy grace
  The conflict at its fever height.
  It seemed to whisper 'Quietness,'
  Then quietly itself was gone:
  Yet echoes of its mute caress
  Were with me as the years went on.

• It was the warrior within
  Who called 'Awake, prepare for fight:
  Yet lose not memory in the din:
  Make of thy gentleness thy might:
  'Make of thy silence words to shake
  The long-enthroned kings of earth:
  Make of thy will the force to break
  Their towers of wantonness and mirth.'

• It was the wise all-seeing soul
  Who counselled neither war nor peace:
  'Only be thou thyself that goal
  In which the wars of time shall cease.'

Desire

• Search for the high austere and lonely way
  The Spirit moves in through eternities.
  Ah, in the soul what memories arise!
  And with what yearning inexpressible,
  Rising from long forgetfulness I turn
  To Thee, invisible, unrumoured, still:
  White for Thy whiteness all desires burn.
  Ah, with what longing once again I turn!

Sacrifice

• The offerings arise:
  Hazes of rainbow light,
  Pure crystal, blue, and gold,
  Through dreamland take their flight;
  And 'mid the sacrifice
  God moveth as of old.
  In miracles of fire
  He symbols forth his days;
  In gleams of crystal light
  Reveals what pure pathways
  Lead to the soul's desire,
  The silence of the height.

Reconciliation

• Of the Earth, of the Mother, my heart with her heart in accord:
  As I lie mid the cool green tresses that mantle her breast
  I begin with the grass once again to be bound to the Lord.

• On the laugh of a child I am borne to the joy of the King.

Well, when all is said and done

• Well, when all is said and done
  Best within my narrow way,
  May some angel of the sun
  Muse memorial o'er my clay:
  'Here was beauty all betrayed
  From the freedom of her state;
  From her human uses stayed
  On an idle rhyme to wait.

• He has built his monument
  With the winds of time at strife,
  Who could have before he went
  Written in the book of life.
  To the stars from which he came
  Empty handed he goes home;
  He who might have wrought in flame
  Only traced upon the foam.'

By Still Waters (1906)

By Still Waters, Lyrical Poems Old And New By Æ, "Finished on All Soul's Eve, in the year 1906."

• Silence and coolness now the earth enfold:
  Jewels of glittering green, long mists of gold,
  Hazes of nebulous silver veil the height,
  And shake in tremors through the shadowy night.
  Heard through the stillness, as in whispered words,
  The wandering God-guided wings of birds
  Ruffle the dark. The little lives that lie
  Deep hid in grass join in a long-drawn sigh
  More softly still; and unheard through the blue
  The falling of innumerable dew,
  Lifts with grey fingers all the leaves that lay
  Burned in the heat of the consuming day.
  • "A Summer Night"

• Sacred thy laughter on the air,
  Holy thy lightest word that fell,
  Proud the innumerable hair
  That waved at the enchanter's spell.
  Oh Master of the Beautiful,
  Creating us from hour to hour,
  Give me this vision to the full
  To see in lightest things thy power!
  This vision give, no heaven afar,
  No throne, and yet I will rejoice,
  Knowing beneath my feet a star,
  Thy word in every wandering voice.
  • "Creation"

• Only in clouds and dreams I felt those souls
  In the abyss, each fire hid in its clod,
  From which in clouds and dreams the spirit rolls
  Into the vast of God.
  • "Dusk"

• Heart-hidden from the outer things I rose;
  The spirit woke anew in nightly birth
  Unto the vastness where forever glows
  The star-soul of the earth.
  There all alone in primal ecstasy,
  Within her depths where revels never tire,
  The Olden Beauty shines: each thought of me
  Is veined through with its fire.
  • "Night"

• Still as the holy of holies breathes the vast
  Within its crystal depths the stars grow dim;
  Fire on the altar of the hills at last
  Burns on the shadowy rim.
  Moments that holds all moments; white upon
  The verge it trembles; then like mists of flowers
  Break from the fairy fountain of the dawn
  The hues of many hours.
  • "Dawn"

• In day from some titanic past it seems
  As if a thread divine of memory runs;
  Born ere the Mighty One began his dreams,
  Or yet were stars and suns.
  • "Day"

• Each dream remembered is a burning-glass,
  Where through to darkness from the Light of Lights
  Its rays in splendour pass.
  • "Day"

Dana

• I am the tender voice calling 'Away,'
  Whispering between the beatings of the heart,
  And inaccessible in dewy eyes
  I dwell, and all unkissed on lovely lips,
  Lingering between white breasts inviolate,
  And fleeting ever from the passionate touch,
  I shine afar, till men may not divine
  Whether it is the stars or the beloved
  They follow with wrapt spirit.

• I can enchant the trees and rocks, and fill
  The dumb brown lips of earth with mystery,
  Make them reveal or hide the god. I breathe
  A deeper pity than all love, myself
  Mother of all, but without hands to heal:
  Too vast and vague, they know me not.

• I am the heartbreak over fallen things,
  The sudden gentleness that stays the blow,
  And I am in the kiss that foemen give
  Pausing in battle, and in the tears that fall
  Over the vanquished foe, and in the highest;
  Among the Danaan gods, I am the last
  Council of mercy in their hearts where they
  Mete justice from a thousand starry thrones.

Remembrance

• There were many burning hours on the heart-sweet tide,
  And we passed away from ourselves, forgetting all
  The immortal moods that faded, the god who died,
  Hastening away to the King on a distant call.

• There were ruby dews were shed when the heart was riven,
  And passionate pleading and prayers to the dead we had wronged;
  And we passed away unremembering and unforgiven,
  Hastening away to the King for the peace we longed.

The Hour of the King

• Who would think this quiet breather
  From the world had taken flight?
  Yet within the form we see there
  Wakes the golden King to-night.

• When he wakes, the dreamy-hearted,
  He will know not whence he came,
  And the light from which he parted
  Be the seraph's sword of flame,
  And behind it hosts supernal
  Guarding the lost paradise,
  And the tree of life eternal
  From the weeping human eyes.

The Winds of Angus

• The grey road whereupon we trod became as holy ground:
  The eve was all one voice that breathed its message with no sound:
  And burning multitudes pour through my heart, too bright, too blind,
  Too swift and hurried in their flight to leave their tale behind.

• And sun and moon and starry fires and earth and air and sea
  Are creatures from the deep let loose who pause in ecstasy,
  Or wing their wild and heavenly way until again they find
  The ancient deep and fade therein, enraptured, bright and blind.

Reflections

• How shallow is this mere that gleams!
  Its depth of blue is from the skies;
  And from a distant sun the dreams
  And lovely light within your eyes.

• We deem our love so infinite
  Because the Lord is everywhere,
  And love awakening is made bright
  And bathed in that diviner air.

• We go on our enchanted way
  And deem our hours immortal hours,
  Who are but shadow kings that play
  With mirrored majesties and powers.

Natural Magic

• We are tired who follow after
  Phantasy and truth that flies:
  You with only look and laughter
  Stain our hearts with richest dyes.

• Pain and penitence forsaking,
  Hearts like cloisters dim and grey,
  By your laughter lured, awaking
  Join with you the dance of day.

Forgiveness

• I needed love no words could say;
  She drew me softly nigh her chair,
  My head upon her knees to lay,
  With cool hands that caressed my hair.
  She sat with hands as if to bless,
  And looked with grave, ethereal eyes;
  Ensouled by ancient quietness,
  A gentle priestess of the Wise.

A Woman's Voice

• When the lips I breathed upon
  Asked for such love as equals claim
  I looked where all the stars were gone
  Burned in the day's immortal flame.
  'Come thou like yon great dawn to me
  From darkness vanquished, battles done:
  Flame unto flame shall flow and be
  Within thy heart and mine as one.'

The Heroes

• By many a dream of God and man my thoughts in shining flocks were led:
  But as I went through Patrick Street the hopes and prophecies were dead.
  The hopes and prophecies were dead: they could not blossom where the feet
  Walked amid rottenness, or where the brawling shouters stamped the street.

• Where was the beauty that the Lord gave man when first he towered in pride?
  But one came by me at whose word the bitter condemnation died.
  His brows were crowned with thorns of light: his eyes were bright as one who sees
  The starry palaces shine o'er the sparkle of the heavenly seas.
  'Is it not beautiful?' he cried. Our Faery Land of Hearts' Desire
  Is mingled through the mire and mist, yet stainless keeps its lovely fire.
  The pearly phantoms with blown hair are dancing where the drunkards reel:
  The cloud frail daffodils shine out where filth is splashing from the heel.
  O sweet, and sweet, and sweet to hear, the melodies in rivers run:
  The rapture of their crowded notes is yet the myriad voice of One.

• We cannot for forgetfulness forego the reverence due to them
  Who wear at times they do not guess the sceptre and the diadem.
  As bright a crown as this was theirs when first they from the Father sped;
  Yet look with deeper eyes and still the ancient beauty is not dead.
  He mingled with the multitude. I saw their brows were crowned and bright,
  A light around the shadowy heads, a shadow round the head of light.

Blindness

• Our true hearts are forever lonely:
  A wistfulness is in our thought:
  Our lights are like the dawns which only
  Seem bright to us and yet are not.

• Something you see in me I wis not:
  Another heart in you I guess:
  A stranger's lips — but thine I kiss not,
  Erring in all my tenderness.

• I sometimes think a mighty lover
  Takes every burning kiss we give:
  His lights are those which round us hover:
  For him alone our lives we live.

• Ah, sigh for us whose hearts unseeing
  Point all their passionate love in vain,
  And blinded in the joy of being,
  Meet only when pain touches pain.

Brotherhood

• Here in these shades the Ancient knows itself, the Soul,
  And out of slumber waking starts unto the goal.

• Dread deities, the giant powers that warred on men
  Grow tender brothers and gay children once again;
  Fades every hate away before the Mother's breast
  Where all the exiles of the heart return to rest.

The Man to the Angel

• I have wept a million tears:
  Pure and proud one, where are thine,
  What the gain though all thy years
  In unbroken beauty shine?
  All your beauty cannot win
  Truth we learn in pain and sighs:
  You can never enter in
  To the circle of the wise.

Endurance

• He bent above: so still her breath
  What air she breathed he could not say,
  Whether in worlds of life or death:
  So softly ebbed away, away
  The life that had been light to him,
  So fled her beauty leaving dim
  The emptying chambers of his heart
  Thrilled only by the pang and smart,
  The dull and throbbing agony
  That suffers still, yet knows not why.

• Love's immortality so blind
  Dreams that all things with it conjoined
  Must share with it immortal day:
  But not of this—but not of this—
  The touch, the eyes, the laugh, the kiss,
  Fall from it and it goes its way.

• Ah, immortality so blind,
  To dream all things with it conjoined
  Must follow it from star to star
  And share with it immortal years.
  The memory, yearning, grief, and tears,
  Fall from it and it goes afar.

• He felt an inner secret joy!
  A spirit of unfettered will
  Through light and darkness moving still
  Within the All to find its own,
  To be immortal and alone.

The Vesture of the Soul

• I pitied one whose tattered dress
  Was patched, and stained with dust and rain;
  He smiled on me; I could not guess
  The viewless spirit's wide domain.

• He said, 'The royal robe I wear
  Trails all along the fields of light:
  Its silent blue and silver bear
  For gems the starry dust of night.'
  'The breath of joy unceasingly
  Waves to and fro its folds starlit,
  And far beyond earth's misery
  I live and breathe the joy of it.'

The Twilight of Earth

• The wonder of the world is o'er:
  The magic from the sea is gone:
  There is no unimagined shore,
  No islet yet to venture on.
  The Sacred Hazels' blooms are shed,
  The Nuts of Knowledge harvested.

• Oh, what is worth this lore of age
  If time shall never bring us back
  Our battle with the gods to wage
  Reeling along the starry track.
  The battle rapture here goes by
  In warring upon things that die.

• The power is ours to make or mar
  Our fate as on the earliest morn,
  The Darkness and the Radiance are
  Creatures within the spirit born.
  Yet, bathed in gloom too long, we might
  Forget how we imagined light.
  Not yet are fixed the prison bars:
  The hidden light the spirit owns
  If blown to flame would dim the stars
  And they who rule them from their thrones:
  And the proud sceptred spirits thence
  Would bow to pay us reverence.

The Dream

• Let me dream only with my heart,
  Love first, and after see:
  Know thy diviner counterpart
  Before I kneel to thee.
  So in thy motions all expressed
  Thy angel I may view:
  I shall not on thy beauty rest,
  But Beauty's ray in you.

The Parting Of Ways

• Aye, after victory, the crown;
  Yet through the fight no word of cheer;
  And what would win and what go down
  No word could help, no light make clear.
  A thousand ages onward led
  Their joys and sorrows to that hour;
  No wisdom weighed, no word was said,
  For only what we were had power.

The Virgin Mother

• Who is that goddess to whom men should pray
  But her from whom their hearts have turned away,
  Out of whose virgin being they were born,
  Whose mother nature they have named in scorn
  Calling its holy substance common clay.
  Yet from this so despised earth was made
  The milky whiteness of those queens who swayed
  Their generations with a light caress,
  And from some image of whose loveliness
  The heart built up high heaven when it prayed.

• Ah, when I think this earth on which we tread
  Hath borne these blossoms of the lovely dead,
  And made the living heart I love to beat,
  I look with sudden awe beneath my feet
  As you with erring reverence overhead.

Open letter to the Masters of Dublin (1913)

The Irish Times (7 October 1913) Full text online

• Sirs, I address this warning to you, the aristocracy of industry in this city, because, like all aristocracies, you tend to grow blind in long authority, and to be unaware that you and your class and its every action are being considered and judged day by day by those who have power to shake or overturn the whole social order, and whose restlessness in poverty today is making our industrial civilisation stir like a quaking bog. You do not seem to realise that your assumption that you are answerable to yourselves alone for your actions in the industries you control is one that becomes less and less tolerable in a world so crowded with necessitous life.

• The relation of landlord and tenant is not an ideal one, but any relations in a social order will endure if there is infused into them some of that spirit of human sympathy, which qualifies life for immortality. Despotisms endure while they are benevolent, and aristocracies while noblesse oblige is not a phrase to be referred to with a cynical smile. Even an oligarchy might be permanent if the spirit of human kindness, which harmonises all things otherwise incompatible, is present.

• The conception of yourselves as altogether virtuous and wronged is, I assure you, not at all the one which onlookers hold of you. No doubt, you have rights on your side. No doubt, some of you suffered without just cause. But nothing which has been done to you cries aloud to Heaven for condemnation as your own actions.

• You assumed that no other guarantees than those you asked were possible, and you determined deliberately, in cold anger, to starve out one third of the population of the city, to break the manhood of the men by the sight of the suffering of their wives and the hunger of their children. We read in the Dark Ages of the rack and thumb screw. But these iniquities were hidden and concealed from the knowledge of men in dungeons and torture chambers. Even in the Dark Ages, humanity could not endure the sight of such suffering, and it learnt of such misuse of power by slow degrees, through rumour, and when it was certain it razed its Bastilles to their foundations. It remained for the twentieth century and the capital city of Ireland to see an oligarchy of four hundred masters deciding openly upon starving one hundred thousand people, and refusing to consider any solution except that fixed by their pride. You, masters, asked men to do that which masters of labour in any other city in these islands had not dared to do. You insolently demanded of those men who were members of a trade union that they should resign from that union; and from those who were not members, you insisted on a vow that they would never join it.

• Your insolence and ignorance of the rights conceded to workers universally in the modern world were incredible, and as great as your inhumanity. If you had between you collectively a portion of human soul as large as a threepenny bit, you would have sat night and day with the representatives of labour, trying this or that solution of the trouble, mindful of the women and children, who at least were innocent of wrong against you. But no! You reminded labour you could always have your three square meals a day while it went hungry.

• Cry aloud to heaven for new souls. The souls you have got cast upon the screens of publicity appear like the horrid and writhing creatures enlarged from the insect world, and revealed to us by the cinematographer.
  You may succeed in your policy and ensure your own damnation by your victory. The men whose manhood you have broken will loathe you, and will always be brooding and scheming to strike a fresh blow. The children will be taught to curse you. The infant being moulded in the womb will have breathed into its starved body the vitality of hate. It is not they — it is you who are the blind Samsons pulling down the pillars of the social order.

• There was autocracy in political life, and it was superseded by democracy. So surely will democratic power wrest from you the control of industry. The fate of you, the aristocracy of industry, will be as the fate of the aristocracy of land if you do not now show that you have some humanity still among you. Humanity abhors, above all things, a vacuum in itself, and your class will be cut off from humanity as the surgeon cuts the cancer and alien growth from the body. Be warned ere it is too late.

To the Memory of Some I knew Who are Dead and Who Loved Ireland (1917)

Also known as "Salutation"

• Their dream had left me numb and cold,
  But yet my spirit rose in pride,
  Refashioning in burnished gold
  The images of those who died,
  Or were shut in the penal cell.
  Here's to you, Pearse, your dream not mine,
  But yet the thought, for this you fell,
  Has turned life's water into wine.

• You who have died on Eastern hills
  Or fields of France as undismayed,
  Who lit with interlinked wills
  The long heroic barricade,
  You, too, in all the dreams you had,
  Thought of some thing for Ireland done.

• Life cannot utter words more great
  Than life may meet by sacrifice,
  High words were equaled by high fate,
  You paid the price. You paid the price.

• The hope lives on age after age,
  Earth with its beauty might be won
  For labor as a heritage,
  For this has Ireland lost a son.

• Here's to you, men I never met,
  Yet hope to meet behind the veil,
  Thronged on some starry parapet,
  That looks down upon Innisfail,
  And sees the confluence of dreams
  That clashed together in our night,
  One river, born from many streams,
  Roll in one blaze of blinding light.

You Would Have Understood Me

• You would have understood me, had you waited;
  I could have loved you, dear! as well as he:
  Had we not been impatient, dear! and fated
  Always to disagree.

• What is the use of speech? Silence were fitter:
  Lest we should still be wishing things unsaid.
  Though all the words we ever spake were bitter,
  Shall I reproach you, dead?

• Nay, let this earth, your portion, likewise cover
  All the old anger, setting us apart:
  Always, in all, in truth was I your lover;
  Always, I held your heart.

• I have met other women who were tender,
  As you were cold, dear! with a grace as rare.
  Think you, I turned to them, or made surrender,
  I who had found you fair?

• Late, late, I come to you, now death discloses
  Love that in life was not to be our part:
  On your low lying mound between the roses,
  Sadly I cast my heart.

Unsourced

• When steam first began to pump and wheels go round at so many revolutions per minute, what are called business habits were intended to make the life of man run in harmony with the steam engine, and his movement rival the train in punctuality.

External links

• Brief biography
• Retrospectives on Russell from The Canadian Theosophist (15 August 1935)
• Chronology of Russell's life
• The Candle of Vision (1918)
• Collected Poems by Æ (1913)
• Russell at the Online Books Page (University of Pennsylvania)
• Online books ~ This page links to material under several variants of Russell's name at Project Gutenberg but also confuses him with a contemporary: George William Erskine Russell (1853 - 1919)

Definition from Wiktionary, a free dictionary

Contents 1 Translingual 1.1 Letter 2 Old English 2.1 Letter

Translingual

The Latin script
Aa	Bb	Cc	Dd	Ee	Ff	Gg	Hh	Ii	Jj	Kk	Ll	Mm	Nn	Oo	Pp	Qq	Rr	Ss	Tt	Uu	Vv	Ww	Xx	Yy	Zz
Variations of letter A Áá Àà Ââ Ǎǎ Ăă Ãã Ảả Ȧȧ Ạạ Ää Åå Ḁḁ Āā Ąą ᶏ Ⱥⱥ Ȁȁ Ấấ Ầầ Ẫẫ Ẩẩ Ậậ Ắắ Ằằ Ẵẵ Ẳẳ Ặặ Ǻǻ Ǡǡ Ǟǟ Ȁȁ Ȃȃ Ɑɑ ᴀ Ɐɐ ɒ Ａａ Ææ Ǽǽ Ǣǣ Variations of letter E Éé Èè Êê Ḙḙ Ěě Ĕĕ Ẽẽ Ḛḛ Ẻẻ Ėė Ëë Ēē Ȩȩ Ęę ᶒ Ɇɇ Ȅȅ Ếế Ềề Ễễ Ểể Ḝḝ Ḗḗ Ḕḕ Ȇȇ Ẹẹ Ệệ ⱸ ᴇ Ｅｅ Ææ Ǽǽ Ǣǣ Œœ Letter combinations Ææ Ǽǽ Ǣǣ ȸ DZDzdz DZDzdz ff fi fl IJij IJij LJLjlj LJLjlj Ŋŋ NJNjnj NJNjnj Œœ ȹ

Letter

Æ upper case (lower case æ)

1. A ligature from the letters A and E.

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Old English

Letter

Æ

1. Uppercase ash, the second letter of the Old English (Anglo-Saxon) alphabets