18th century: Reference

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the 18th century American soldier Isaac Bowman, his father George Bowman, and his grandfather Jost Hite were all prominent pioneers in the Colony of Virginia?
the Hunnestad Monument (pictured), one of Scandinavia's largest Viking memorials, was destroyed at the end of the 18th century?
in the late 18th century, Russian ambassadors to Poland had power that rivalled and even exceeded that of the Polish king or parliament?
criminal and boxer, James Field, was so feared by the police force of London in the 18th century, that they would pretend not to recognize him rather than arresting him?
by the end of the 18th century, Native American women were decorating cloth with intricate ribbon work appliqué using French silk ribbon?
the Karamanli dynasty of 18th century Tripoli depended almost entirely on piracy for its income?
the Banksia menziesii (pictured), named after 18th-century physician and naturalist Archibald Menzies, is also known as the Firewood Banksia for its burning properties and abundancy?
the unfinished Ca' Rezzonico appears in a early 18th century painting of Venice's Grand Canal by Canaletto?
the horseman depicted on the Coat of arms of Moscow (pictured) was not identified with Saint George until the 18th century?
the construction of Tellico Dam on Little Tennessee River in 1979 put several 18th century Overhill Cherokee towns underwater?
the centre of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil is crossed by an 18th century aqueduct (pictured) nicknamed Arcos da Lapa?
veduta was the most popular genre of landscape painting in the 18th century?
Dr. John Stevenson, 18th century Scottish merchant and developer of Baltimore, was known as the "American Romulus"?
Anna Maria Garthwaite, the daughter of a Lincolnshire clergyman, became the leading designer of flowered fabrics for the Spitalfields silk-weaving trade in 18th century England?
Bodawpaya, an 18th-19th century king of Burma, fathered 120 children?
Wales had one of the highest literacy rates in eighteenth century Europe thanks to the wealthy Bridget Bevan (pictured), who sponsored a system of "circulating schools"?
Polish bishop Józef Andrzej Załuski, founded Załuski Library, one of the largest 18th century European libraries?
18th century French salons were often led by those who were creating the Encyclopédie?
Boyle Roche, an 18th-century Irish politician famous for his risible use of mixed metaphors and malapropisms, was a member of the same family as Diana, Princess of Wales?
Carl Johan Cronstedt increased the efficiency of wood-burning stoves in the 18th century by a factor of eight?
Jacob Bruce, a Russian nobleman of Scottish descent and one of the most educated people in Russia at the time, was famous among the 18th-century Muscovites as an alchemist and mage?
Elizabeth Godfrey was the most outstanding female goldsmith of her generation in 18th century Britain?
Dunston Pillar, a land lighthouse south of Lincoln, England, was built in the 18th century to aid navigation across the treacherous eastern heathlands?
Daskalogiannis was an 18th-century Cretan rebel skinned alive by Ottoman rulers?
18th century castrato Giuseppe Millico taught singing to Bourbon princesses and to Emma Hamilton?

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Categories: 2nd millennium > 18th century > Centuries

Encyclopedia

Updated live from Wikipedia, last check: February 08, 2012 11:35 UTC (51 seconds ago)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Washington crossing the Delaware, Dec. 25 1776, an iconic event of the American Revolution

Storming of the Bastille, July 14, 1789, an iconic event of the French Revolution

Millennium:	2nd millennium
Centuries:	17th century · 18th century · 19th century
Decades:	1700s 1710s 1720s 1730s 1740s 1750s 1760s 1770s 1780s 1790s
Categories:	Births – Deaths Establishments – Disestablishments

The 18th century lasted from 1701 to 1800 in the Gregorian calendar.

However, Western historians may sometimes specifically define the 18th century otherwise for the purposes of their work. For example, the "short" 18th century may be defined as 1715–1789, denoting the period of time between the death of Louis XIV of France and the start of the French Revolution with an emphasis on directly interconnected events.^[1]^[2]

To historians who expand the century to include larger historical movements, the "long" 18th century ^[3] may run from the Glorious Revolution of 1688 to the battle of Waterloo in 1815^[4] or even later.^[5] During the 18th century, the Enlightenment culminated in the French and American revolutions. Philosophy and science increased in prominence. Philosophers were dreaming about a better age without the Christian fundamentalism of earlier centuries. This dream turned into a nightmare during the terror of Maximilien Robespierre in the early 1790s. At first, the monarchies of Europe embraced enlightenment ideals, but with the French revolution, they were on the side of the counterrevolution.

Great Britain became a major power worldwide with the defeat of France in the Americas in the 1760s and the conquest of large parts of India. However, Britain lost much of her North American colonies after the American revolution. The industrial revolution started in Britain around the 1770s. Despite its modest beginnings in the 18th century, it would radically change human society and the geology of the surface of the earth.

Events

1700–1709

Peter the Great in the Battle of Poltava

Europe on the eve of the War of the Spanish Succession (1700)

John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough, English general.

1700: The 1700 Cascadia earthquake (magnitude 9) occurs off the coast of the Pacific Northwest; the coast of Japan is struck by a tsunami.
1700–21: Russia supplants Sweden as the dominant Baltic power after the Great Northern War.
1701–1714: War of the Spanish Succession was a conflict which involved most of Europe.^[6]
1701–1702: The Daily Courant and the The Norwich Post becomes the first daily newspapers in England.
1702: Forty-seven Ronin attack Kira Yoshinaka and then commit seppuku in Japan.
1702–1715: Camisard Rebellion in France.
1703: Saint Petersburg founded by Peter the Great. Russian capital until 1918.
1703–1711: The Rákóczi Uprising against the Habsburg Monarchy.
1704: End of Japan's Genroku period.
1707: Act of Union passed merging the Scottish and the English Parliaments, thus establishing The Kingdom of Great Britain.^[7]
1707: After Aurangzeb's death, the Mughal Empire enters a long decline and the Maratha Empire slowly replaces it.
1707: Mount Fuji erupts in Japan.
1707: War of 27 years between the Marathas and Mughals ends in India.
1708: The Company of Merchants of London Trading into the East Indies and English Company Trading to the East Indies merged to form the United Company of Merchants of England Trading to the East Indies.
1708–1709: Famine kills one-third of East Prussia's population.
Great Frost of 1709: Coldest winter in 500 years.
1709: Hotaki dynasty founded in Afghanistan.
1709: Charles XII of Sweden flees to Ottoman Empire after Peter I of Russia defeats his army at the Battle of Poltava.

1710s

Tokugawa Yoshimune, Shogun of Japan.

1710-1711: Ottoman Empire fights Russia in the Russo-Turkish War
1713-1714: Tarabai establishes rival Maratha Empire government in Kolhapur against Chattrapati Shahu.
1714: Accession of George I, Elector of Hanover, to the throne of Great Britain.
1715: First Jacobite rebellion breaks out
1715: Louis XIV dies, leaving France deep in debt.
1715: Pope Clement XI declares Catholicism and Confucianism incompatible.
1716: Establishment of the Sikh Confederacy along the India Pakistan border.
1718: City of New Orleans founded by the French in North America
1718: Blackbeard is killed by Robert Maynard in a North Carolina inlet on the inner side of Ocracoke Island
1718-1730: Tulip period of the Ottoman Empire
1719: Spanish attempt to restart the Jacobite rebellion fails.

1720s

1720: The South Sea Bubble
1720: Spanish military embarks on the Villasur expedition from Mexico and travel into the Great Plains
1720–1721: The Great Plague of Marseille
1721: Robert Walpole became the first Prime Minister of Great Britain (de facto).
1721: Treaty of Nystad signed, ending the Great Northern War.
1721: Kangxi Emperor bans Christian Missionaries because of Pope Clement XI's decree.
1721: Peter I reforms the Russian Orthodox Church
1722: Afghans conquered Iran, overthrowing the Safavid Shah Soltan Hosein.
1722: Kangxi Emperor of China died.
1722: Bartholomew Roberts is killed in a sea battle off the African coast.
1722–23: Russo-Persian War
1722–1725: Controversy over William Wood's halfpence leads to the Drapier's Letters and begins the Irish economic independence from England movement.
1723: Slavery abolished in Russia. Peter the Great converted the household slaves into house serfs.^[8]
1723–1730: The "Great Disaster" – an invasion of Kazakh territories by the Dzungars.
1725: The Fulani nomads took complete control of Fuuta Jallon and set up the first of many Fulani jihad states to come.^[9]
1726: The enormous Chinese encyclopedia Gujin Tushu Jicheng of over 100 million written Chinese characters in over 800,000 pages is printed in 60 different copies using copper-based Chinese movable type printing.
1727–1729: Anglo-Spanish War
1729–1735: Charles Wesley and John Wesley begin the Methodism in England

1730s

Qianlong Emperor

1730: Mahmud I takes over Ottoman Empire after the Patrona Halil revolt, ending the Tulip period.
1730–1760: First Great Awakening takes place in Great Britain and North America.
1732–1734: Crimean Tatar raids into Russia.^[10]
1733–1738: War of the Polish Succession.
1735–1739: Russo-Turkish War.
1735–1799: The Qianlong Emperor of China oversaw a huge expansion in territory.
1736: Nader Shah assumed title of Shah of Persia and founded the Afsharid dynasty. Ruled until his death in 1747.
1736: Qing Dynasty Chinese court painters recreate Zhang Zeduan's classic panoramic painting, Along the River During Qingming Festival.
1738–1756: Famine across the Sahel, half the population of Timbuktu died.^[11]
1738: Pope Clement XII issues the Eminenti Apostolatus Specula prohibiting Catholics from becoming Freemasons.
1739: Nader Shah defeated the Mughals at the Battle of Karnal and sacked Delhi.
1739: Great Britain and Spain fight the War of Jenkins' Ear in the Caribbean.

1740s

Frederick II the Great, King of Prussia.

The extinction of the Scottish clan system came with the defeat of the clansmen at the Battle of Culloden in 1746.^[12]

1740: Frederick the Great comes to power in Prussia.
1740: British attempt to capture St. Augustine, Florida but lose to the Spanish during the Siege of St. Augustine.
1740–1741: Famine in Ireland killed ten per cent of the population.
1740–1748: War of the Austrian Succession
1741: Russians began settling the Aleutian Islands.
1741: Pope Benedict XIV issues Immensa Pastorum principis against slavery.
1744: The First Saudi State is founded by Mohammed Ibn Saud.^[13]
1744: French attempt to restart the Jacobite rebellion fails
1744–1748: The First Carnatic War fought between the British, the French, the Marathas, and Mysore in India.
1745: Second Jacobite Rebellion began by Charles Edward Stuart in Scotland.
1747: Ahmed Shah Durrani founded the Durrani Empire in modern day Afghanistan.
1748: Treaty of Aix-La-Chapelle ends the War of the Austrian Succession and First Carnatic War.
1748–1754: The Second Carnatic War fought between the British, the French, the Marathas, and Mysore in India

1750s

The Death of General Wolfe

1750: Peak of the Little Ice Age
1754: Treaty of Pondicherry ends Second Carnatic War and recognizes Muhammed Ali Khan Wallajah as Nawab of the Carnatic.
1754–1763, The French and Indian War, Fought in the U.S. and Canada mostly between the French and French allies and the English and English allies. The North American chapter of the Seven Years' War.
1755: The Lisbon earthquake
1755–1763: The Great Upheaval, forced population transfer of the French Acadian population from Nova Scotia and New Brunswick
1756–1763: Seven Years' War fought among European powers in various theaters around the world.
1756–1763: The Third Carnatic War fought between the British, the French, the Marathas, and Mysore in India.
1757: Battle of Plassey signaled the beginning of formal British rule in India after years of commercial activity under the auspices of the East India Company.
1758: British colonel James Wolfe issues the Wolfe's Manifesto
1759: French commander Louis-Joseph de Montcalm and British commander James Wolfe die during the Battle of the Plains of Abraham.

1760s

George III, King of Great Britain.

1760: George III became King of Britain.
1760: Zand dynasty founded in Iran
1761: Maratha Empire defeated at Battle of Panipat
1762–1796: Reign of Catherine the Great of Russia.
1763: Treaty of Paris ends Seven Years' War and Third Carnatic War
1763: Kingdom of Mysore conquers the Kingdom of Keladi
1765: Stamp Act introduced into the American colonies by the UK Parliament.
1766–1799: Anglo-Mysore Wars
1767: Burmese conquered the Ayutthaya kingdom.
1768: Gurkhas conquered Nepal.
1768–1774: Russo-Turkish War
1769: Spanish missionaries established the first of 21 missions in California.
1769–1770: James Cook explores and maps New Zealand and Australia
1769–1773: The Bengal famine of 1770 killed one third of the Bengal population.

1770s

Rejtan and the Partitions of Poland

1770: James Cook claims the East Coast of Australia (New South Wales) for Great Britain.
1770–1771: Famine in Czech lands killed hundreds of thousands.
1771: The Plague Riot in Moscow.
1771: Richard Arkwright and his partners build the world's first water-powered mill at Cromford.
1772: Reformer Johann Friedrich Struensee executed in Denmark.
1772: Gustav III of Sweden stages a coup d'état, becoming almost an absolute monarch.
1772: Partitions of Poland marks the end of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
1772–1779: Maratha Empire fights England and Raghunathrao's forces during the First Anglo-Maratha War
1772–1795: The Partitions of Poland ended the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and erased Poland from the map for 123 years.
1773–1775: Pugachev's Rebellion was the largest peasant revolt in Russia's history.
1773: East India Company starts operations in Bengal to smuggle Opium into China.
1775 John Harrison H4 and Larcum Kendall K1 Marine chronometers are used to measure longitude by James Cook on his Second voyage (1772–1775)
1775–1782: First Anglo-Maratha War
1775–1783: American Revolutionary War
1776: Illuminati founded by Adam Weishaupt
1776: United States Declaration of Independence adopted by the Continental Congress in Philadelphia.
1778: Tây Sơn Dynasty established in Vietnam.
1778: James Cook becomes first European on the Hawaiian Islands.
1779–1879: Xhosa Wars between British and Boer settlers and the Xhosas in South African Republic

1780s

George Washington

1780: Outbreak of indigenous rebellion led by Túpac Amaru II in Peru.
1781: Spanish settlers founded Los Angeles.
1781–1785: Serfdom abolished in the Austrian monarchy (first step; second step in 1848)
1783: Famine in Iceland caused by the eruption of the Laki volcano.
1783: Russian Empire annexed the Crimean Khanate.
1783 The Treaty of Paris formally ends the American War of Independence.
1785–1791: Imam Sheikh Mansur, a Chechen warrior and Muslim mystic, led a coalition of Muslim Caucasian tribes from throughout the Caucasus in a holy war against the Russian invaders.^[14]
1785–1795: Northwest Indian War between the United States and Native Americans
1787: United States Constitution was written in Philadelphia and submitted to the states for ratification.
1787: Freed slaves from London founded Freetown in present-day Sierra Leone.
1787: Kansei Reforms instituted in Japan by Matsudaira Sadanobu.
1787–1792: Russo-Turkish War
1788: First European settlement established in Australia at Sydney.
1788: New Hampshire ratifies the United States Constitution as the 9th state, and by the terms of Article VII it is in effect.
1788–1789 Inconfidência Mineira, conspiracy against the colonial authorities in Brazil.
1789: George Washington elected President of the United States. Served until 1797.
1789: Great Britain and Spain dispute the Nootka Sound during the Nootka Crisis.
1789–1799: The French Revolution

Napoleon at the Bridge of the Arcole

1790s

The Battle of New Ross took place in Ireland, during the Irish Rebellion of 1798.

Kamehameha I, King of the Hawaiian Islands

1790: United States of Belgium proclaimed following the Brabant Revolution.
1790: Establishment of the Polish-Prussian Pact
1791 The Constitutional Act (Or Canada Act) creates the two provinces of Upper and Lower Canada in British North America.
1791–1795: George Vancouver explores the world during the Vancouver Expedition.
1791–1804: The Haitian Revolution
1792–1815: The Great French War started as the French Revolutionary Wars which lead into the Napoleonic Wars.
1792: New York Stock & Exchange Board founded.
1792: King Gustav III of Sweden was assassinated by a conspiracy of noblemen.
1793: Upper Canada bans slavery.
1793: The largest yellow fever epidemic in American history killed as many as 5,000 people in Philadelphia—roughly 10% of the population.^[15]
1793–1796: Revolt in the Vendée against the French Republic at the time of the Revolution.
1794: Polish revolt
1794: Jay's Treaty concluded between Great Britain and the United States, by which the Western outposts in the Great Lakes are returned to the U.S., and commerce between the two countries is regulated.
1794: Qajar dynasty founded in Iran after replacing the Zand dynasty.
1795: Mohammad Khan Qajar razes Tbilisi to the ground.
1795: Pinckney's Treaty between the United States and Spain granted the Mississippi Territory to the US.
1795: The Marseillaise officially adopted as the French national anthem.
1795: Kamehameha I of the Island of Hawaii defeats the Oahuans at the Battle of Nu'uanu.
1796: Edward Jenner administers the first smallpox vaccination. Smallpox killed an estimated 400,000 Europeans each year during the 18th century (including five reigning monarchs).^[16]
1796: Battle of Montenotte. Engagement in the War of the First Coalition. Napoleon Bonaparte's first victory as an army commander.
1796: British ejected Dutch from Ceylon.
1796: Mungo Park, backed by the African Association, is the first European to set eyes on the Niger River in Africa.
1796–1804: The White Lotus Rebellion against the Manchu Dynasty in China.
1797: Napoleon's invasion and partition of the Republic of Venice ended over 1,000 years of independence for the Serene Republic.
1798: The Irish Rebellion failed to overthrow British rule in Ireland.
1798–1800: Quasi-War between the United States and France.
1799: Napoleon staged a coup d'état and became dictator of France.
1799: Dutch East India Company is dissolved.
1799: The assassination of the 14th Tu'i Kanokupolu, Tukuʻaho, plunges Tonga into half a century of civil war.

Significant people

World leaders, politicians, military

Ahmed III

Queen Anne

Marie Antoinette, Queen of France and Archduchess of Austria

Yeongjo, King of the Joseon Dynasty in Korea.

John Adams, American statesman
Samuel Adams, American statesman
Ahmad Shah Abdali, Afghan King
Ahmed III, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire
Hyder Ali, Ruler of Mysore
Ethan Allen, American Revolutionary Army
Anne, Queen of Great Britain
Marie Antoinette, Austrian-born Queen of France
Augustus III, Elector of Saxony, King of Poland, and Grand Duke of Lithuania
Aurangzeb, Mughal Emperor
Boromakot, King of Ayutthaya
Boromaracha V, King of Ayutthaya
Aaron Burr, American statesman
William Cavendish, Anglo-Irish politician
John Carteret, Anglo-Irish politician
Catherine the Great, Tsaritsa of Russia
Charles III, King of Spain, Naples, and Sicily
Charles VI, Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, King of Bohemia and Hungary
Charles XII, King of Sweden, the Goths and the Wends;
Charlotte Corday, French revolutionary
Georges Danton, French revolutionary leader
Farrukhsiyar, Emperor of Mughal
Ferdinand I, King of Naples, Sicily, and the Two Sicilies
Benjamin Franklin, American leader, scientist and statesman
Juan Franscisco, Spanish naval officer and explorer
Adolf Frederick, King of Sweden, the Goths and the Wends
Frederick the Great, King of Prussia
George I, King of Great Britain and Ireland
George II, King of Great Britain and Ireland
George III, King of Great Britain and Ireland
Robert Gray, American revolutionary, merchant, and explorer
Gustav III, King of Sweden, the Goths and the Wends
Gyeongjong, King of Joseon Dynasty
Nathan Hale, American patriot, executed for espionage by the British
Abdul Hamid I, Sultan of Ottoman Empire
Alexander Hamilton, American statesman
Patrick Henry, American statesman
Emperor Higashiyama, Emperor of Japan
John Jay, American statesman
Thomas Jefferson, American statesman
Jeongjo, King of Joseon Dynasty
John Paul Jones, American naval commander
Joseph I, King of Portugal
Joseph II, Austrian Emperor
Kangxi Emperor, Chinese Emperor
Karim Khan, Shah of Iran and King of Persia
Marquis de Lafayette, Continental Army officer
Louis XIV, King of France
Louis XV, King of France
Louis XVI, King of France
Louis XVII, imprisoned King of France, never ruled
James Madison, American statesman
Madhavrao I, Peshwa/Prime Minister of Maratha Empire
Madhavrao I Scindia, Marathan leader
Mahmud I, Sultan of Ottoman Empire
Alessandro Malaspina, Spanish explorer
George Mason, American statesman
Michikinikwa, Miami chief and warrior
José Moñino y Redondo, Spanish statesman
Louis-Joseph de Montcalm, French officer
Mustafa III, Sultan of Ottoman Empire
Nadir Shah, King of Persia
Nakamikado, Emperor of Japan
Horatio Nelson, British admiral
Nanasaheb, Peshwa/Prime Minister of Maratha Empire
Shivappa Nayaka, King of Keladi Nayaka
Osman III, Sultan of Ottaman Empire
Peter I (Peter the Great), Tsar of Russian
Philip V, King of Spain
Pontiac, Ottawa chief and warrior
Qianlong, Emperor of China
Rajaram II of Satara, Monarch of the Maratha Confederacy
Francis II Rákóczi, Prince of Hungary and Transylvania, revolutionary leader
Tadeusz Rejtan, Polish politician
Paul Revere, American revolutionary leader and silversmith
Maximilien Robespierre, French revolutionary leader
Betsy Ross, American flag maker
Shah Rukh of Persia, King of Persia.
John Russell, Anglo-Irish politician
Lionel Sackville, Anglo-Irish politician
Sebastião de Melo, Prime Minister of Portugal
Chattrapati Shahu, Emperor of Maratha Empire
Selim III, Sultan of Ottoman Empire
Charles Edward Stuart, English Jacobite exile
Sukjong, King of Joseon Dynasty
Alexander Suvorov, Russian military leader
Maria Theresa, Austrian Empress
Tokugawa Ieharu, Japanese Shogun
Tokugawa Ienobu, Japanese Shogun
Tokugawa Ieshige, Japanese Shogun
Tokugawa Ietsugu, Japanese Shogun
Tokugawa Tsunayoshi, Japanese Shogun
Tokugawa Yoshimune, Japanese Shogun
Toussaint L'Ouverture, Haitian revolutionary leader
Túpac Amaru II, Peruvian revolutionary
George Vancouver, British Captain and explorer
Robert Walpole, Prime Minister of Great Britain
George Washington, American general and first President of the United States
James Wolfe, British officer
Yeongjo, King of Joseon Dynasty

Show business, theatre, entertainers

David Garrick

Barton Booth, actor
Colley Cibber, actor, poet, playwright
Thomas Doggett, actor
David Garrick, actor
John Gay, English dramatist and poet
Charles Johnson, English playwright
Charles Macklin, actor
Chikamatsu Monzaemon, Japanese dramatist, playwright
John O'Keeffee, Irish playwright
Anne Oldfield, English actress
Hannah Pritchard, English actress
Hester Santlow, English actress, ballerina, dancer
Kong Shangren, Chinese dramatist, poet
Richard Brinsley Sheridan, Irish playwright
John Small, English cricketer
Edward "Lumpy" Stevens, English cricketer
Robert Wilks, English actor
Wang Yun, Chinese playwright, poet

Musicians, composers

Main articles: List of Classical era composers and List of Baroque composers

Johann Sebastian Bach

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Tomaso Albinoni, Italian composer
Samuel Arnold, English composer and musician
Nidhu Babu, Indian and Bengali musician and composer
Johann Sebastian Bach, German composer
Charles Burney, English musician and music historian
François Couperin, French composer
William Cowper, English hymnist and poet
Dede Efendi, Turkish/Ottoman composer
Christoph Willibald Gluck, German composer
Francesco Geminiani, Italian violinist, composer, and music theorist.
George Frideric Handel, German-English composer
Joseph Haydn, Austrian composer
Antoine de Lhoyer, French composer and guitarist
Hampartsoum Limondjian, Armenian/Ottoman composer
Kali Mirza, Bengali composer
Leopold Mozart, Austrian composer
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Austrian composer
Johann Pachelbel, German composer, teacher
François-André Danican Philidor, French composer and chess master
Jean-Philippe Rameau, French composer
Bharatchandra Ray, Bengali composer, musician, and poet
Sadarang, Hindustani composer
Antonio Salieri, Venetian composer
Domenico Scarlatti, Italian composer.
Antonio Stradivari, Italian violin maker
Antonio Vivaldi, Italian composer
Isaac Watts, English hymnist

Visual artists, painters, sculptors, printmakers

Main articles: History of painting, Rococo, and Neoclassicism

William Blake

Jean-Baptiste-Siméon Chardin

Michel Benoist, French painter, architect, missionary in China
William Blake, English artist and poet
Edmé Bouchardon, French sculptor
François Boucher, French painter
Giuseppe Castiglione, Italian painter, architect, missionary in China
Jean-Baptiste-Siméon Chardin, French painter
John Singleton Copley, American painter
Jacques-Louis David, French painter
Étienne Maurice Falconet, French sculptor
Jean-Honoré Fragonard, French painter
Thomas Gainsborough, English painter
Francisco de Goya, Spanish painter
Jean-Baptiste Greuze, French painter
Suzuki Harunobu, Japanese woodblock printer
William Hogarth, English painter and engraver
Jean-Baptiste Lemoyne, French sculptor, student of his father
Jean-Louis Lemoyne, French sculptor
Robert Le Lorrain, French sculptor
Yuan Mei, Chinese painter, poet, essayist
Antoine Ignace Melling, French-German painter, architect
Gai Qi, Chinese painter, poet
Bartolomeo Rastrelli, Italian-born Russian architect
Joshua Reynolds, English painter
Gilbert Stuart, American painter
Nishikawa Sukenobu, Japanese printmaker, teacher
Giovanni Battista Tiepolo, Venetian painter
Jiang Tingxi, Chinese artist and scholar
Kitagawa Utamaro, Japanese printmaker and painter
Antoine Watteau, French painter

Writers, poets

Jane Austen, English writer
Anna Laetitia Barbauld, English Poet, essayist, and children's author
Pierre Beaumarchais, French writer
Nicolas Boileau-Despréaux, French poet and literary critic
James Boswell, Scottish biographer
Frances Burney, English novelist
Robert Burns, Scottish poet
Giacomo Casanova, Venetian adventurer, writer and womanizer
Pierre Choderlos de Laclos, French writer
Daniel Defoe, English novelist and journalist
Liang Desheng, Chinese poet and writer
Maria Edgeworth, Anglo-Irish novelist
Henry Fielding, English novelist
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, German writer
Oliver Goldsmith, Anglo-Irish writer, poet, children's writer, and playwright
Thomas Gray, English poet, scholar, and educator
Eliza Haywood, English writer
Wu Jingzi, Chinese writer
Samuel Johnson, British writer, lexicographer, poet, and literary critic
John Keats, British poet/writer
Ferenc Kazinczy, Hungarian writer
Charlotte Lennox, English novelist and poet
Matthew Lewis, English novelist and playwright
Sadhak Kamalakanta, Indian poet
Henry Mackenzie, Scottish novelist
Jean-Paul Marat, French journalist
Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos, Spanish writer
Yuan Mei, Chinese poet, scholar and artist
Honoré Mirabeau, French writer and politician
John Newbery, English children's literature publisher
Alexander Pope, English poet
Ann Radcliffe, English novelist
Samuel Richardson, English novelist
Li Ruzhen, Chinese novelist
Marquis de Sade, French writer and philosopher
Ramprasad Sen, Bengali poet and singer
Friedrich Schiller, German writer
Walter Scott, Scottish novelest and poet
Christopher Smart, English poet and actor
Robert Southey, English poet and biographer
Hester Thrale, English memoirist
Charlotte Turner Smith, English writer
Pu Songling, Chinese short story writer
Laurence Sterne, Anglo-Irish writer
Jonathan Swift, Anglo-Irish satirist and Church of Ireland Dean
Ueda Akinari, Japanese writer
Voltaire, French writer and philosopher
Horace Walpole, English writer and politician
Mary Wollstonecraft, British writer and feminist
Cao Xueqin, Chinese writer

Philosophers, theologians

Denis Diderot

Emanuel Swedenborg

Arai Hakuseki, Japanese scholar, writer and politician
Jeremy Bentham, English philosopher and reformer
George Berkeley, Irish empiricist philosopher
Edmund Burke, British statesman and philosopher
Frederick Cornwallis, Archbishop of Canterbury
Erasmus Darwin, English philosopher, poet and scientist
Denis Diderot, French writer and philosopher
William Godwin, English philosopher and novelist
Aaron Halle-Wolfssohn, German writer, Jewish theologian, translator, and professor
Johann Gottfried Herder, German philosopher, writer, and critic
Thomas Herring, Archbishop of Canterbury
David Hume, Scottish philosopher
Matthew Hutton, Archbishop of Canterbury
Immanuel Kant, German philosopher
Kamo no Mabuchi, Japanese philosopher
William Law, English theologian
Alphonsus Liguori, Italian bishop, founder of Redemptorists, Saint
Moses Mendelssohn, German philosopher
Charles de Secondat (Montesquieu), French thinker
John Moore, Archbishop of Canterbury
Motoori Norinaga, Japanese philosopher and scholar
Thomas Paine, English philosopher
Elihu Palmer, American deist
Thomas Percy, English bishop and editor
Joseph Perl, German writer, Jewish theologian, and educator
John Potter, Archbishop of Canterbury
Jean-Jacques Rousseau, French writer and philosopher
Thomas Secker, Archbishop of Canterbury
Sugita Genpaku, Japanese scholar and translator
Emanuel Swedenborg, Swedish scientist, thinker and mystic
Thomas Tenison, Archbishop of Canterbury
Christian Thomasius, German philosopher and jurist
Baal Shem Tov, Ukrainian rabbi
Muhammad ibn Abd al Wahhab, Arab Islamic theologian and founder of Wahhabism
William Wake, Archbishop of Canterbury
John Wesley, English theologian, founder of Methodism
Nikolaus Ludwig von Zinzendorf, German religious writer and bishop

Scientists, researchers

Edward Jenner

James Watt

Roger Joseph Boscovich, physicist, astronomer, mathematician, philosopher, diplomat, poet, and Jesuit
Maria Gaetana Agnesi, Italian mathematician^[17]
Jean le Rond d'Alembert, French mathematician, physicist and encyclopedist
Joseph Banks, English botanist
Laura Bassi, Italian scientist, the first European female college teacher^[17]
Daniel Bernoulli, Swiss mathematician and physicist
Anders Celsius, Swedish astronomer
Alexis Clairault, French mathematician
James Cook, English navigator, explorer and cartographer
Eugenio Espejo, Ecuadorian scientist
Leonhard Euler, Swiss mathematician
Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit, German physicist and engineer
George Fordyce, Scottish physician and chemist
Carl Friedrich Gauss, German mathematician, physicist and astronomer
Edward Gibbon, English historian
Edward Jenner, English inventor of vaccination
William Jones, English philologist
Joseph Louis Lagrange, Italian-French mathematician and physicist
Pierre Simon Laplace, French physicist and mathematician
Antoine Lavoisier, French chemist
John Law, Scottish economist
Pan Lei, Chinese scholar and mathematician
Adrien-Marie Legendre, French mathematician
Carolus Linnaeus (Carl von Linné), Swedish biologist
Mikhail Lomonosov, Russian scientist
Edmond Malone, Irish literary scholar
Thomas Malthus, English economist
Joseph Priestley, dissenting minister and chemist
John Smeaton, civil engineer and physicist
Adam Smith, Scottish economist and philosopher
Antonio de Ulloa, Spanish scientist and explorer
James Watt, Scottish scientist and inventor
John Whitehurst, English geologist
Dai Zhen, Chinese mathematician, geographer, phonologist and philosopher

Pirates

Blackbeard

Calico Jack

Edward Teach (Blackbeard)
John Rackham (Calico Jack)

Inventions, discoveries, introductions

Main articles: Timeline of historic inventions#18th century and Timeline_of_scientific_discoveries#18th_century

The Spinning Jenny

The Chinese Putuo Zongcheng Temple of Chengde, completed in 1771, during the reign of the Qianlong Emperor.

1709: The first piano was built by Bartolomeo Cristofori
1711: The Tuning fork invented by John Shore
1712: The Steam Engine invented by Thomas Newcomen
1714: The Mercury thermometer by Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit
1717: The diving bell was successfully tested by Edmond Halley, sustainable to a depth of 55 ft
c. 1730: The octant navigational tool was developed by John Hadley in England, and Thomas Godfrey in America
1733: Flying shuttle invented by John Kay
1736: Europeans discovered rubber – the discovery was made by Charles-Marie de la Condamine while on expedition in South America. It was named in 1770 by Joseph Priestly
c. 1740: Modern steel was developed by Benjamin Huntsman
1741: Vitus Bering discovered Alaska
1745: The Leyden jar invented by Ewald von Kleist was the first electrical capacitor
1752: The Lightning rod invented by Benjamin Franklin
1755: The tallest wooden Bodhisattva statue in the world is erected at Puning Temple, Chengde, China.
1764: The Spinning Jenny created by James Hargreaves brought on the Industrial Revolution
1765: James Watt enhances Newcomen's steam engine, allowing new steel technologies
1761: The problem of Longitude was finally resolved by the fourth chronometer of John Harrison
1768–1779: James Cook mapped the boundaries of the Pacific Ocean and discovered many Pacific Islands
1771: The enormous Putuo Zongcheng Temple complex of Chengde, China is completed
1773–1782: The Qing Dynasty huge literary compilation Siku Quanshu
1774: Joseph Priestley discovers "dephlogisticated air" Oxygen
1775: Joseph Priestley first synthesis of "phlogisticated nitrous air" Nitrous Oxide "laughing gas"
1776: The Steamboat invented by Claude de Jouffroy
1777: The Circular saw invented by Samuel Miller
1779: Photosynthesis was first discovered by Jan Ingenhousz
1784: The Bifocals invented by Benjamin Franklin
1784: The Oil lamp invented by Aimé Argand^[18]
1785: The Power loom invented by Edmund Cartwright
1785: The Automatic flour mill invented by Oliver Evans
1786: The Threshing machine invented by Andrew Meikle
1789: Antoine Lavoisier discovers the law of conservation of mass, the basis for chemistry, and begins modern chemistry
1798: Edward Jenner publishes a treatise about smallpox vaccination
1798: The Lithographic printing process invented by Alois Senefelder^[19]
1799: Rosetta stone discovered by Napoleon's troops

Literary and philosophical achievements

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

1703: The Love Suicides at Sonezaki by Chikamatsu first performed
1704–1717: One Thousand and One Nights translated into French by Antoine Galland. The work becomes immensely popular throughout Europe.
1704: A Tale of a Tub by Jonathan Swift first published
1712: The Rape of the Lock by Alexander Pope (publication of first version)
1719: Robinson Crusoe by Daniel Defoe
1725: The New Science by Giambattista Vico
1726: Gulliver's Travels by Jonathan Swift
1728: The Dunciad by Alexander Pope (publication of first version)
1744: A Little Pretty Pocket-Book becomes one of the first books marketed for children
1748: Chushingura (The Treasury of Loyal Retainers), popular Japanese puppet play, composed
1748: Clarissa by Samuel Richardson
1749: The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling by Henry Fielding
1751: Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard by Thomas Gray published
1751–1785: The French Encyclopédie
1755: A Dictionary of the English Language by Samuel Johnson
1759: Candide by Voltaire
1759: The Theory of Moral Sentiments by Adam Smith
1759–1767: Tristram Shandy by Laurence Sterne
1762: Emile: or, On Education by Jean-Jacques Rousseau
1762: The Social Contract, Or Principles of Political Right by Jean-Jacques Rousseau
1774: The Sorrows of Young Werther by Goethe first published
1776: Ugetsu monogatari (Tales of Moonlight and Rain) by Ueda Akinari
1776: The Wealth of Nations, foundation of the modern theory of economy, was published by Adam Smith
1776–1789: The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire was published by Edward Gibbon
1779: Amazing Grace published by John Newton
1779–1782: Lives of the Most Eminent English Poets by Samuel Johnson
1781: Critique of Pure Reason by Immanuel Kant (publication of first edition)
1781: The Robbers by Friedrich Schiller first published
1782: Les Liaisons dangereuses by Pierre Choderlos de Laclos
1786: Poems, Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect by Robert Burns
1787–1788: Federalist Papers by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison
1788: Critique of Practical Reason by Immanuel Kant
1789: Songs of Innocence by William Blake
1790: Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow by Alexander Radishchev
1790: Reflections on the Revolution in France by Edmund Burke
1791: Rights of Man by Thomas Paine
1792: Poor Liza by Nikolai Karamzin
1794: Songs of Experience by William Blake
1798: Lyrical Ballads by William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge
1798: An Essay on the Principle of Population published by Thomas Malthus
(mid-18th century): The Dream of the Red Chamber (authorship attributed to Cao Xueqin), one of the most famous Chinese novels

Musical works

1711: Rinaldo, Handel's first opera for the London stage, premiered
1721: Brandenburg concertos by J.S. Bach
1723: The Four Seasons, violin concertos by Antonio Vivaldi, composed
1724: St John Passion by J.S. Bach
1727: St Matthew Passion composed by J.S. Bach
1733: Hippolyte et Aricie, first opera by Jean-Philippe Rameau
1741: Goldberg Variations for harpsichord published by Bach
1742: Messiah, oratorio by Handel premiered in Dublin
1749: Mass in B Minor by J.S. Bach assembled in current form
1751: The Art of Fugue by J.S. Bach
1762: Orfeo ed Euridice, first "reform opera" by Gluck, performed in Vienna
1786: The Marriage of Figaro, opera by Mozart
1787: Don Giovanni, opera by Mozart
1788: Jupiter Symphony (Symphony No.41) composed by Mozart
1791: The Magic Flute, opera by Mozart
1791–1795: London symphonies by Haydn
1798: The Creation, oratorio by Haydn first performed

References

^ Anderson, M. S. (1979). Historians and the Eighteenth-Century Europe, 1715–1789. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0198225482. OCLC 185538307.
^ Ribeiro, Aileen (2002). Dress in Eighteenth-Century Europe 1715-1789 (revised edition). Yale University Press. ISBN 0300091516. OCLC 186413657.
^ Baines, Paul (2004). The Long 18th Century. London: Arnold. ISBN 0340813725.
^ Marshall, P. J. (Editor) (2001). The Oxford History of the British Empire: Volume II: The Eighteenth Century (Oxford History of the British Empire). Oxford University Press, USA. ISBN 0199246777. OCLC 174866045. , "Introduction" by P. J. Marshall, page 1
^ O'Gorman, Frank (1997). The Long Eighteenth Century: British Political and Social History 1688-1832 (The Arnold History of Britain Series). A Hodder Arnold Publication. ISBN 0340567511. OCLC 243883533.
^ "War of the Spanish Succession, 1701-1714". Historyofwar.org. http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/wars_spanishsuccession.html. Retrieved 2009-04-25.
^ Historic uk – heritage of britain accommodation guide (2007-05-03). "The history of Scotland – The Act of Union 1707". Historic-uk.com. http://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/Scotland-History/ActofUnion.htm. Retrieved 2009-04-25.
^ "Welcome to Encyclopædia Britannica's Guide to History". Britannica.com. 1910-01-31. http://www.britannica.com/blackhistory/article-24160. Retrieved 2009-04-25.
^ "Usman dan Fodio (Fulani leader)". Britannica.com. http://www.britannica.com/eb/topic-620352/Usman-dan-Fodio. Retrieved 2009-04-25.
^ "List of Wars of the Crimean Tatars". Zum.de. http://www.zum.de/whkmla/military/russia/milxcrimeantatars.html. Retrieved 2009-04-25.
^ "Len Milich: Anthropogenic Desertification vs 'Natural' Climate Trends". Ag.arizona.edu. 1997-08-10. http://ag.arizona.edu/~lmilich/desclim.html. Retrieved 2009-04-25.
^ "A guide to Scottish clans". Unique-cottages.co.uk. http://www.unique-cottages.co.uk/unspoilt/20/clans. Retrieved 2009-04-25.
^ "Saudi Arabia – The Saud Family and Wahhabi Islam". Countrystudies.us. http://countrystudies.us/saudi-arabia/7.htm. Retrieved 2009-04-25.
^ "Sufism in the Caucasus". Islamicsupremecouncil.org. http://www.islamicsupremecouncil.org/bin/site/wrappers/spirituality-sufism_caucasus.html. Retrieved 2009-04-25.
^ "Yellow Fever Attacks Philadelphia, 1793". EyeWitness to History. http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/yellowfever.htm. Retrieved 2007-06-22.
^ Riedel S (2005). "Edward Jenner and the history of smallpox and vaccination". Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent) 18 (1): 21–5. PMID 16200144. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1200696.
^ ^a ^b Porter, Roy (Editor) (2003). The Cambridge History of Science, Volume 4: The Eighteenth Century (The Cambridge History of Science). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521572436. OCLC 123123201. , "The Philosopher's Beard: Women and Gender in Science" by Londra Schiebinger, pages 184–210
^ Encyclopædia Britannica's Great Inventions, Encyclopædia Britannica
^ Meggs, Philip B. A History of Graphic Design. (1998) John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p 146 ISBN 0-471-291-98-6

Decades and years

18th century
16th century←17th century← ↔ →19th century→20th century

1690s	1690	1691	1692	1693	1694	1695	1696	1697	1698	1699
1700–1709	1700	1701	1702	1703	1704	1705	1706	1707	1708	1709
1710s	1710	1711	1712	1713	1714	1715	1716	1717	1718	1719
1720s	1720	1721	1722	1723	1724	1725	1726	1727	1728	1729
1730s	1730	1731	1732	1733	1734	1735	1736	1737	1738	1739
1740s	1740	1741	1742	1743	1744	1745	1746	1747	1748	1749
1750s	1750	1751	1752	1753	1754	1755	1756	1757	1758	1759
1760s	1760	1761	1762	1763	1764	1765	1766	1767	1768	1769
1770s	1770	1771	1772	1773	1774	1775	1776	1777	1778	1779
1780s	1780	1781	1782	1783	1784	1785	1786	1787	1788	1789
1790s	1790	1791	1792	1793	1794	1795	1796	1797	1798	1799
1800–1809	1800	1801	1802	1803	1804	1805	1806	1807	1808	1809

Centuries and millennia

Millennium	Century
BCE (BC)
4th	40th	39th	38th	37th	36th	35th	34th	33rd	32nd	31st
3rd	30th	29th	28th	27th	26th	25th	24th	23rd	22nd	21st
2nd	20th	19th	18th	17th	16th	15th	14th	13th	12th	11th
1st	10th	9th	8th	7th	6th	5th	4th	3rd	2nd	1st
CE (AD)
1st	1st	2nd	3rd	4th	5th	6th	7th	8th	9th	10th
2nd	11th	12th	13th	14th	15th	16th	17th	18th	19th	20th
3rd	21st	22nd	23rd	24th	25th	26th	27th	28th	29th	30th
4th	31st	32nd	33rd	34th	35th	36th	37th	38th	39th	40th

Genealogy

Up to date as of February 01, 2010

From Familypedia

Millennium:	2nd millennium
Centuries:	17th century · 18th century · 19th century
Decades:	1700s 1710s 1720s 1730s 1740s 1750s 1760s 1770s 1780s 1790s
Categories:	Births – Deaths Establishments – Disestablishments

The 18th Century lasted from 1701 through 1800 in the Gregorian calendar.

Historians sometimes specifically define the 18th Century otherwise for the purposes of their work. For example the "short" 18th Century may be defined as 1715-1789, denoting the period of time between the death of Louis XIV of France and the start of the French Revolution,^[1]^[2] while the "long" eighteenth century may run from the Glorious Revolution of 1689 to the battle of Waterloo in 1815^[3] or even later.^[4]

The storming of the Bastille, July 14, 1789, an iconic event of the French Revolution.

1 Events
- 1.1 1700s
- 1.2 1710s
- 1.3 1720s
- 1.4 1730s
- 1.5 1740s
- 1.6 1750s
- 1.7 1760s
- 1.8 1770s
- 1.9 1780s
- 1.10 1790s
2 Significant people
3 Inventions, discoveries, introductions
4 References
5 Decades and years

Events

1700s

John Churchill, ancestor of Winston Churchill and one of England's greatest generals.

1700-21: Russia supplants Sweden as the dominant Baltic power after the Great Northern War.
1701-1714: War of the Spanish Succession was a conflict which involved most of Europe.
1702-1715: Camisard Rebellion in France.
1703: Saint Petersburg founded by Peter the Great. Russian capital until 1918.
1703-1711: The Rákóczi Uprising against the Habsburg Monarchy.
1707: Act of Union passed merging the Scottish and the English Parliaments, thus establishing The Kingdom of Great Britain.
1707: After Aurangzeb's death, the Mughal Empire enters a long decline.
1708-1709: Famine killed one-third of East Prussia's population.

1710s

1715: First Jacobite Rebellion breaks out
1715: Louis XIV died leaving France deep in debt.
1718: City of New Orleans founded by the French in North America

1720s

1720: The South Sea Bubble
1720-1721: The Great Plague of Marseille
1721: Robert Walpole became the first Prime Minister of Great Britain (de facto).
1721: Treaty of Nystad signed, ending the Great Northern War.
1722-23: Russo-Persian War
1722: Afghans conquered Iran, ending the Safavid dynasty.
1722: Kangxi Emperor of China died.
1723: Slavery abolished in Russia. Peter the Great converted the household slaves into house serfs.^[5]
1726: The enormous Chinese encyclopedia Gujin Tushu Jicheng of over 100 million written Chinese characters in over 800,000 pages is printed in 60 different copies using copper-based Chinese movable type printing.

1730s

Qianlong Emperor

1733-38: War of the Polish Succession
1735-39: Russo-Turkish War
1735-99: The Qianlong Emperor of China oversaw a huge expansion in territory.
1736: Nadir Shah assumed title of Shah of Persia and founded the Afsharid dynasty. Ruled until his death in 1747.
1736: Qing Dynasty Chinese court painters recreate Zhang Zeduan's classic panoramic painting, Along the River During Qingming Festival.
1738-1756: Famine across the Sahel, half the population of Timbuktu died.
1739: Nadir Shah defeated the Mughals and sacked Delhi.

1740s

1740: Frederick the Great comes to power in Prussia.
1740-1741: Famine in Ireland killed ten per cent of the population.
1740-48: War of the Austrian Succession
1741: Russians began settling the Aleutian Islands.
1745: Second Jacobite Rebellion began in Scotland.
1747: Ahmed Shah Durrani founded the Durrani Empire in modern day Afghanistan.

1750s

1750: Peak of the Little Ice Age
1755: The Lisbon earthquake
1756-63: Seven Years' War fought among European powers in various theaters around the world.
1757: Battle of Plassey signaled the beginning of British rule in India.

Frederick II the Great, King of Prussia.

Significant people

Johann Sebastian Bach

Maria Gaetana Agnesi, Italian mathematician^[6]
Ahmad Shah Abdali, Afghan King
Ueda Akinari, Japanese writer
Tomaso Albinoni, Italian composer
Jean le Rond d'Alembert, French mathematician, physicist and encyclopedist
Queen Anne, British monarch
Aurangzeb, Mughal Emperor
Johann Sebastian Bach, German composer
Laura Bassi, Italian scientist, the first European female college teacher^[6]
George Berkeley, Irish empiricist philosopher
Pierre Beaumarchais, French writer
Jeremy Bentham, English philosopher and reformer
Daniel Bernoulli, Swiss mathematician and physicist
William Blake, English artist and poet
François Boucher, French painter
Edmund Burke, British statesman and philosopher
Robert Burns, Scottish poet
Giacomo Casanova, Venetian adventurer, writer and womanizer
Catherine the Great, Russian Tsaritsa
Cao Xueqin, Chinese writer
Alexis Clairault, French mathematician
James Cook, British navigator
François Couperin, French composer
Denis Diderot, French writer and philosopher
Eugenio Espejo, Ecuadorian scientist
Leonhard Euler, Swiss mathematician
Jean-Honoré Fragonard, French painter
Benjamin Franklin, American scientist and statesman
Frederick the Great, Prussian monarch
Thomas Gainsborough, English painter
Carl Friedrich Gauss, German mathematician, physicist and astronomer
King George III, British monarch
Christoph Willibald Gluck, German composer
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, German writer
Francesco Geminiani, Italian violinist, composer, and music theorist.
George Frideric Handel, German-English composer
Alexander Hamilton, American statesman
Joseph Haydn, Austrian composer
Eliza Haywood, English writer

Samuel Johnson

William Hogarth, English painter and engraver
David Hume, Scottish philosopher
Thomas Jefferson, American statesman
Edward Jenner, English inventor of vaccination
Jiang Tingxi, Chinese artist and scholar
Samuel Johnson, British writer and literary critic
Joseph II, Austrian Emperor
Kangxi Emperor, China
Immanuel Kant, German philosopher
Pierre Choderlos de Laclos, French writer
Joseph Louis Lagrange, Italian-French mathematician and physicist
Pierre Simon Laplace, French physicist and mathematician
John Law, Scottish economist
Mikhail Lomonosov, Russian scientist
Antoine Lavoisier, French chemist
Adrien-Marie Legendre, French mathematician
Alphonsus Liguori, Italian bishop, founder of Redemptorists, Saint
Carolus Linnaeus (Carl von Linné), Swedish biologist

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Louis XV of France, French monarch
Louis XVI of France, French monarch
James Madison, American statesman
Maria Theresa of Austria, Austrian Empress
Marie Antoinette, Austrian-born Queen of France
Michikinikwa, Miami tribe chief and war leader
Honoré Mirabeau French writer and politician
Charles de Secondat, French thinker
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Austrian composer
Nadir Shah, Persian King
Thomas Paine, British intellectual
Peter I of Russia (Peter the Great), Russian Tsar
Pius VI, Roman Pope
François-André Danican Philidor, French composer and chess master

Voltaire

Marquis of Pombal, Portuguese Prime Minister
Alexander Pope, British poet
Qianlong Emperor, China
Francis II Rákóczi, prince of Hungary and Transylvania, Revolutionary leader
Jean-Philippe Rameau, French composer
Bartolomeo Rastrelli, Italian-born Russian architect
Sir Joshua Reynolds, British painter
Maximilien Robespierre, French revolutionary leader
Jean-Jacques Rousseau, French writer and philosopher
Marquis de Sade, French writer and philosopher
Domenico Scarlatti, Italian composer.
Friedrich Schiller, German writer
John Small, English cricketer
Adam Smith, Scottish economist and philosopher
Laurence Sterne, British writer
Edward "Lumpy" Stevens, English cricketer

George Washington

Alexander Suvorov, Russian military leader
Emanuel Swedenborg, Swedish scientist, thinker and mystic
Jonathan Swift, Anglo-Irish satirist
Toussaint L'Ouverture, Haitian revolutionary leader
Túpac Amaru II, Peruvian revolutionary
Kitagawa Utamaro, Japanese printmaker and painter
Antonio Vivaldi, Italian composer
Voltaire, French writer and philosopher
Muhammad ibn Abd al Wahhab, Arab Islamic theologian and founder of Wahhabism
Robert Walpole, British Prime Minister
George Washington, American general and first President of USA
James Watt, Scottish scientist and inventor
Antoine Watteau, French painter
John Wesley, British churchman, founder of Methodism
Mary Wollstonecraft, British writer and feminist
William Pitt, British Prime Minister
Yuan Mei, Chinese poet, scholar and artist
Nikolaus Ludwig von Zinzendorf, German religious writer and bishop
Antonio Stradivari, violin maker in Cremona, Italy

See Founding Fathers of the United States

Inventions, discoveries, introductions

Main articles: Timeline of invention#18th century and Timeline_of_scientific_discoveries#18th_century

The Spinning Jenny

1709: The first piano was built by Bartolomeo Cristofori
1712: Steam Engine invented by Thomas Newcomen.
1717: The diving bell was successfully tested by Edmond Halley, sustainable to a depth of 55 ft.
c. 1730: The octant navigational tool was developed by John Hadley in England, and Thomas Godfrey in America
1736: Europeans discovered rubber - the discovery was made by Charles-Marie de la Condamine while on expedition in South America. It was named in 1770 by Joseph Priestly
c. 1740: Modern steel was developed by Benjamin Huntsman
1741: Vitus Bering discovered Alaska
1745: The Leyden jar invented by Ewald von Kleist was the first electrical capacitor
1751 - 1785: The French Encyclopédie
1755: The English Dictionary by Samuel Johnson
1755: The tallest wooden Bodhisattva statue in the world is erected at Puning Temple, Chengde, China.
1764: The Spinning Jenny created by James Hargreaves brought on the Industrial Revolution
1765: James Watt enhances Newcomen's steam engine, allowing new steel technologies
1761: The problem of Longitude was finally resolved by the fourth chronometer of John Harrison
1768–1779: James Cook mapped the boundaries of the Pacific Ocean and discovered many Pacific Islands
1771: The enormous Putuo Zongcheng Temple complex of Chengde, China is completed
1773–1782: The Qing Dynasty huge literary compilation Siku Quanshu
1776: The Wealth of Nations, foundation of the modern theory of economy, was published by Adam Smith
1779: Photosynthesis was first discovered by Jan Ingenhousz of the Netherlands
1798: Edward Jenner publishes a treatise about smallpox vaccination
1799: Rosetta stone discovered by Napoleon's troops
Over the period 1700 to 1750 tea establishes itself as the British national drink.

References

The Chinese Putuo Zongcheng Temple of Chengde, completed in 1771, during the reign of the Qianlong Emperor.

^ Anderson, M. S. (1979). Historians and the Eighteenth-Century Europe, 1715–1789. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0198225482.
^ Ribeiro, Aileen (2002). Dress in Eighteenth-Century Europe 1715-1789 (revised edition). Yale University Press. ISBN 0300091516.
^ Marshall, P. J. (Editor) (2001). The Oxford History of the British Empire: Volume II: The Eighteenth Century (Oxford History of the British Empire). Oxford University Press, USA. ISBN 0199246777. , "Introduction" by P. J. Marshall, page 1
^ O'Gorman, Frank (1997). The Long Eighteenth Century: British Political and Social History 1688-1832 (The Arnold History of Britain Series). A Hodder Arnold Publication. ISBN 0340567511.
^ Welcome to Encyclopædia Britannica's Guide to History
^ ^a ^b Porter, Roy (Editor) (2003). The Cambridge History of Science, Volume 4: The Eighteenth Century (The Cambridge History of Science). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521572436. , "The Philosopher's Beard: Women and Gender in Science" by Londra Schiebinger, pages 184-210

Decades and years

Decades and Years

18th century

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Centuries and Millennia

Millennium	Century
Before Christ / Before Common Era (BC/BCE)
4th:	40th	39th	38th	37th	36th	35th	34th	33rd	32nd	31st
3rd:	30th	29th	28th	27th	26th	25th	24th	23rd	22nd	21st
2nd:	20th	19th	18th	17th	16th	15th	14th	13th	12th	11th
1st:	10th	9th	8th	7th	6th	5th	4th	3rd	2nd	1st
Anno Domini / Common Era (AD/CE)
1st:	1st	2nd	3rd	4th	5th	6th	7th	8th	9th	10th
2nd:	11th	12th	13th	14th	15th	16th	17th	18th	19th	20th
3rd:	21st	22nd	23rd	24th	25th	26th	27th	28th	29th	30th
4th:	31st

This page uses content from the English language Wikipedia. The original content was at 18th century. The list of authors can be seen in the page history. As with this Familypedia wiki, the content of Wikipedia is available under the Creative Commons License.

Categories: 2nd millennium | 18th century | Centuries

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Simple English

Centuries:	17th century - 18th century - 19th century
Decades:	1700s 1710s 1720s 1730s 1740s 1750s 1760s 1770s 1780s 1790s

The 18th century is the century from 1701 to 1800.

Decades and years

Note: years before or after the 18th century are in italics.

1690s	1690	1691	1692	1693	1694	1695	1696	1697	1698	1699
1700s	1700	1701	1702	1703	1704	1705	1706	1707	1708	1709
1710s	1710	1711	1712	1713	1714	1715	1716	1717	1718	1719
1720s	1720	1721	1722	1723	1724	1725	1726	1727	1728	1729
1730s	1730	1731	1732	1733	1734	1735	1736	1737	1738	1739
1740s	1740	1741	1742	1743	1744	1745	1746	1747	1748	1749
1750s	1750	1751	1752	1753	1754	1755	1756	1757	1758	1759
1760s	1760	1761	1762	1763	1764	1765	1766	1767	1768	1769
1770s	1770	1771	1772	1773	1774	1775	1776	1777	1778	1779
1780s	1780	1781	1782	1783	1784	1785	1786	1787	1788	1789
1790s	1790	1791	1792	1793	1794	1795	1796	1797	1798	1799
1800s	1800	1801	1802	1803	1804	1805	1806	1807	1808	1809

People

James Watt, Scottish Engineer
Johann Sebastian Bach, composer
Leonhard Euler, Swiss mathematician

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Category: 18th century

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World leaders, politicians, military

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Musicians, composers

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Decades and years

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Contents

Events

Significant people

Inventions, discoveries, introductions

References

Decades and years

Decades and years

People