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Adolph Gottlieb (March 14, 1903 - March 4, 1974) was an American abstract expressionist painter, sculptor and graphic artist.

Biography

Gottlieb was born in New York to Jewish parents. From 1920-1921 he studied at the Art Students League of New York, after which he traveled in France and Germany for a year. Before his skills had fully developed he studied at the Académie de la Grande Chaumière in Paris. When he returned, he was one of the most traveled New York Artists. In the mid-1930’s, he became a teacher using his acquired technical and art history knowledge to teach while he painted.

After his 1930’s one man show he won respect amongst his peers. In 1935, he and nine others, including Ben-Zion, Ilya Bolotowsky, Louis Harris, Jack Kufeld, Mark Rothko, and Louis Schanker, known as “The Ten” exhibited their works together until 1940. They would come to be known as the Abstract Expressionists.

From 1937-1939, Gottlieb lived in the Arizona desert, and taking the cue from his environment he painted cacti and barren scenery. He transitioned from this into more Surrealist works like the Sea Chest which displays mysterious incongruities on an otherwise normal landscape. He expresses space most fully in his mature works. It is then that he conveys to the viewer the expansiveness he must have felt looking at Arizona desert sky, although he distills this expansiveness into a more basic abstract form.

During World War II, Gottlieb encountered exiled Surrealists in New York and they added to and reaffirmed his belief in the subconscious as the well for evocative and universal art. This belief led him to experiment with basic and elemental symbols. The results of his experiments manifested themselves in his series “Pictographs” which spanned from 1941-1950. In his painting Voyager’s Return, he juxtaposes these symbols in compartmentalized spaces. His symbols reflect those of indigenous populations of North America and the Ancient Near East. However, once he found out one of his symbols was not original, he no longer used it. He wanted his symbols to have the same impact on all his viewers, striking a chord not because they had seen it before, but because it was so basic and elemental that it resounded within them.

In the 1950 he began his new series Imaginary Landscapes he retained his usage of a ‘pseudo-language,’ but added the new element of space. He was not painting landscapes in the traditional sense, rather he modified that genre to match his own style of painting. He painted simple figures in the foreground, and simple figures in the background, and the viewer can read the depth.

In his last series Burst which started in 1957, he simplifies his representation down to two shapes discs and winding masses. His paintings are variations with these elements arranged in different ways. This series, unlike the Imaginary Landscape series, suggests a basic landscape with a sun and a ground. On another level, the shapes are so rudimentary; they are not limited to this one interpretation. Gottlieb was a masterful colorist as well and in the Burst series his use of color is particularly crucial. He is considered one of the first color field painters and is one of the forerunners of Lyrical Abstraction.

Gottlieb’s career was marked by the evolution of space and universality. Gottlieb had a stroke in 1970, but continued on with his painting and worked on the Burst series until his death in 1974. In 1976 the Adolph and Esther Gottlieb Foundation was formed, offering grants to visual artists.

See also

• Adolph and Esther Gottlieb Foundation

References

• The pictographs of Adolph Gottlieb /essays by Lawrence Alloway ... [et al.]. New York : Hudson Hills Press in association with Adolph & Esther Gottlieb Foundation, c1994.

Books

• Marika Herskovic, American Abstract Expressionism of the 1950s An Illustrated Survey, (New York School Press, 2003.) ISBN 0-9677994-1-4. pp. 142-145
• Marika Herskovic, New York School Abstract Expressionists Artists Choice by Artists, (New York School Press, 2000.) ISBN 0-9677994-0-6. p. 32; p. 37; pp. 158-161
• ART USA NOW Ed. by Lee Nordness;Vol.1, (The Viking Press, Inc., 1963.) pp. 118-121

External links

• Adolph and Esther Gottlieb Foundation

From Wikiquote

Adolph Gottlieb (March 14, 1903 - March 4, 1974) was an American abstract expressionist painter and sculptor.

Sourced

• In times of violence, personal predilections for niceties of colour and form seem irrelevant. All primitive expression (like the myths) reveals the constant awareness of powerful forces, the immediate presence of terror and fear.
  • radio broadcast with Mark Rothko, 1943, as quoted in Abstract Expressionism Creators and Critics, edited by Clifford Ross, Abrams Publishers New York 1990

• 1. To us art is an adventure into an unknown world, which can be explored only by those willing to take the risks.
• 2. This world of imagination is fancy-free and violently opposed to common sense.
• 3. It is our function as artists to make the spectator see the world our way not his way.
• 4. We favor the simple expression of the complex thought. We are for the large shape because it has the impact of the unequivocal. We wish to reassert the picture plane. We are for flat forms because they destroy illusion and reveal truth.
• 5. It is a widely accepted notion among painters that it does not matter what one paints as long as it is well painted. (Rothko said this is the essence of academicism.)
• 6. There is no such thing as a good painting about nothing.
• 7. We assert that the subject is crucial and only that subject matter is valid which is tragic and timeless. That is why we profess spiritual kinship with primitive and archaic art.
  • June 13, 1943 edition of the New York Times, brief manifesto: Adolph Gottlieb with Mark Rothko and Barnett Newman.

• The role of the artist, of course, has always been that of image-maker. Different times require different images. Today when our aspirations have been reduced to a desperate attempt to escape from evil, and times are out of joint, our obsessive, subterranean and pictographic images are the expression of the neurosis which is our reality. To my mind certain so-called abstraction is not abstraction at all. On the contrary, it is the realism of our time.
  • The Ideas of Art, Tiger’s Eye, Vol. 1, nr 2, December 1947, p. 43

• By now it has become a formula to attach new ideas on the grounds of extremism and unintelligibility. Every phase of modern art has in turn been attacked on these grounds, until the new phase became acceptable. Although the present attacks are focused on those who emphasize the subjective side of abstract painting, the threat to other sections of the modern painting is implicit. The attacks are always focused on those who are considered the black sheep, for reasons of non-conformity. They are conspicuous, because they are different, and therefore may be easy targets. ( his comment on the attacks on artistic freedom in 1948)
  • his lecture at '‘Forum: the Artist Speaks, museum of Modern Art, New York, May 5, 1948

• The true artist always refuses to conform to any standards others than his own. That’s why the attacks in Russia against Shostakovitch and Prokofiev are identical to the attacks that have been made here against American pioneers of abstract painting like Davis, Holty, or Morris. In Russia it was Malevich and Gabo, in this country at the moment it is people like Rothko, Baziotes, Pollock, my self and many others who are being attacked. The names may vary, but the methods, the motives; the objects of attack are essentially the same. Only meritocracy is forever immune, because it is forever ready to conform. (his comment on the attacks on artistic freedom in 1948)
  • his lecture at Forum: the Artist Speaks, museum of Modern Art, New York, May 5, 1948

• Now let acknowledge the fact that to explain the meaning of painting is difficult. And when the form and the content are really new, there is not even a vocabulary with which to attempt to explain the new work. This is a problem for critics and a difficult problem. I think it is about time for the critics to face this problem, as well as the fact that there are a few new forms and ideas in modern painting, that these have validity, that they are here to stay and will be developed whether opposed or not.. ..They should investigate the serious ideas underlying the painting which they malign. (his comment on the attacks of critics on abstract art, 1948)
  • his lecture, given at ‘Forum: the Artist Speaks’, museum of Modern Art, New York, May 5, 1948

• If we depart form tradition, it is out of knowledge, not innocence. (1950, discussing with De Kooning)
  • Abstract Expressionism, Davind Anfam, Thames and Hudson Ltd London, 1990, p. 51

• ..as for a few others, the vital task was a wedding of abstraction and surrealism. Out of these opposites something new could emerge, and Gorky’s work is a part of the evidence that this is true. What he felt, I suppose, was a sense of polarity, not of dichotomy; that opposites could exist simultaneously within a body, within a painting or within an entire art.. ..These are the opposites poles in his work. Logic and irrationality; violence and gentleness; happiness and sadness, surrealism and abstraction. Out of these elements I think Gorky evolved his style. (on Arshile Gorky’s death, fh)
  • Arshile Gorky Adolph Gottlieb in exhibition catalogue Kootz Gallery New York, 1950; as quoted in Abstract Painting in America, W.C, Seitz p. 104

• I have always worked on the assumption that if something is valid and meaningful to me, it will also be valid and meaningful to many others. Not to everyone of course. On the basis of this assumption I do not think of an audience when I work, but only of my own reactions. By the same token I do not worry whether what I am doing is art or not. If what I paint is expressive, if it seems to communicate the feeling that is important to me, then I am not concerned if my work does not have marked earmarks of art. My work has been called abstract, surrealistic, totemistic and primitive.. ..I chose my own label and called my paintings pictographs..
  • Arts and Architecture, vol. 68, no 9, September 1951, p. 21

• People frequently ask why my canvases are compartmentalized. No one ever asks this about a house. A man with a large family would not choose to live in a one-room house.. ..I am like a man with a large family and must have many rooms. The children of my imagination occupy the various compartments of my painting, each independent and occupying its own place. At the same time they have the proper atmosphere in which to function together, in harmony and as a unified group. One can say that my paintings are like a house, in which each occupant has a room of his own.’
  • Arts and Architecture, vol. 68, no 9, September 1951, p. 21

• We are going to have perhaps a thousand years of non-representational painting.
• To my mind certain so-called abstraction is not abstraction at all.. ..on the contrary it is realism of our time.
• We were outcasts, roughly expressionist painters not acceptable to most dealers and collectors.(A reference to the TEN group of painters)
• The role of the artist,of course,has always been that of image-maker. Different times require different images.
• To us art is an adventure into an unknown world, which can be explored only by those willing to take the risk.
• My favourite symbols were those I did not understand.
  • Conversations With Artists, Selden Rodman, 1957

• I was looking for some sort of systematic way of getting down these subjective images and I had always admired, particularly admired the early Italian painters who proceeded the Renaissance and I very much liked some of the altarpieces in which there would be, for example the story of Christ told in a series of boxes.. ..And it seemed to me this was a very rational method of conveying something. So I decided to try it. But I was not interested in telling, in giving something its chronological sequence. What I wanted to do was give something, to present what material I was interested in simultaneously so that you would get an instantaneous impact from it. So I made boxes..
  • interview with Dorothy Seckler, Archives of American Art, October 25, 1967; as quoted in Abstract Expressionist Painting in America, W.C, Seitz, Cambridge Massachusetts 1983, p. 58

• I wanted to do something figurative. Well I couldn’t visualize a whole man.. ..I felt that I wanted to make a painting primarily with painterly means. So I flattened out my canvas and made them roughly rectangular divisions, with lines going out in four directions. That is, vertically and horizontally.. ..And then I would free associate, putting whatever came to my mind freely within these different rectangles.. ..I thought of it as related tot the automatic writing the surrealists were interested in.
  • interview with Dorothy Seckler, Archives of American Art, October 25, 1967; as quoted in Abstract Expressionist Painting in America, W.C, Seitz, Cambridge Massachusetts 1983, pp. 55-59

• I was looking for some sort of systematic way of getting down these subjective images and I had always admired, particularly admired the early Italian painters who proceeded the Renaissance and I very much liked some of the altarpieces in which there would be, for example the story of Christ told in a series of boxes.. ..And it seemed to me this was a very rational method of conveying something. So I decided to try it. But I was not interested in telling, in giving something its chronological sequence. What I wanted to do was give something, to present what material I was interested in simultaneously so that you would get an instantaneous impact from it. So (around 1943, fh) I made boxes..
  • interview with Dorothy Seckler, Archives of American Art, October 25, 1967, as quoted in Abstract Expressionist Painting in America, W.C, Seitz, Cambridge Massachusetts 1983, pp. 55-59

• Well, I was interested in a subjective image(early 1940s, fh).. ..stemming perhaps from the subconscious. Because the external world as far as I was concerned had been totally explored in painting and there was a whole ripe new area in the inner world that we all have. Now in order to externalise this you have to use visual means and so the visual means may have some relation tot the external world. However what I was trying to focus on was what I experienced within my mind, within my feelings, rather than on the external world which I can see.
  • interview with Dorothy Seckler, Archives of American Art, October 25, 1967, as quoted in Abstract Expressionist Painting in America, W.C, Seitz, Cambridge Massachusetts 1983, pp. 55-59

• Around 1950-51.. ..I was finally getting away from the pictographs and looking for something.. ..So it was necessary to find other forms, a different changed concept. So finally after a certain period of transition I hit on dividing the canvas into two parts, which then became like an imaginary landscape.. ..What I was really trying to do when I got away from the pictographs was to make this notion of the kind of polarity clearer and more extreme. So the most extreme thing that I could think of doing at the time was dividing the canvas in half, make two big divisions and put something in the upper division and something in the lower section. So I painted that way.. ..I would say roughly from 1952 to 56/57. About five years.
  • interview with Dorothy Seckler, Archives of American Art, October 25, 1967, as Abstract Expressionist Painting in America, W.C, Seitz, Cambridge Massachusetts 1983, pp. 55-59

• See, I never understand why my paintings hold together because I don’t have any tricks for doing it and that is usually what makes a painting academic. There were some well-known devices for making a painting work hold together, ave cohesion. This seemed to be organized. But I don’t necessarily have to know what the mechanism is. For me, what it really is, is something you have in yourself that makes you feel, it gives the painting a feeling of unity, of oneness, and being of all of one piece.
  • interview with Dorothy Seckler, Archives of American Art, October 25, 1967, as Abstract Expressionist Painting in America, W.C, Seitz, Cambridge Massachusetts 1983, pp. 55-59

• ..after doing the imaginary landscapes until say 1956, in ’57 I came out with the first Burst painting.. ..There was a different type of space (in these paintings, fh) than I had ever used and it was a further clarification of what I was trying to do. The thing that was interesting that it was a return to a focal point, but it was a focal point with the kind of space that existed in traditional painting. Because this was like a solitary image or two images that were just floating in the canvas space. They had to hold the space and they also had to create all the movement – that took place within the rectangle.
  • interview with Dorothy Seckler, Archives of American Art, October 25, 1967, as quoted in Abstract Expressionist Painting in America, W.C, Seitz, Cambridge Massachusetts 1983, pp. 55-59

• When I started doing the Bursts I began to do part of the painting horizontally. It was necessary to do that because I was working with a type of paint which had a particular viscosity, which flowed, and if it were on a vertical surface it would just run. If it were on a horizontal surface, I could control it.. ..I was using a combination of brushes and knives, palette knives… ..and spatulas.. ..I’ve tried everything, rollers, rags, I’ve put paint on with everything.
  • interview with Dorothy Seckler, Archives of American Art, October 25, 1967, as quoted in Abstract Expressionist Painting in America, W.C, Seitz, Cambridge Massachusetts 1983, pp. 55-59

External links

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Adolph Gottlieb