From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
.^ Cats > Behavior > Behavior - Aggression between Cats .- Aggression Between Cats 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC www.vetinfo.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Agonistic behavior refers to the complex of aggression, appeasement and avoidance behavior that occurs between members of the same species.
^ Aggression: Aggression refers to behavior that is intended to cause harm or pain.- Nursing Management of Aggression 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC currentnursing.com [Source type: Academic]
Predatory or defensive behavior between members of different species is not normally considered "aggression." Aggression takes a variety of forms among humans and can be physical, mental, or verbal.
.^ However, in order for an owner to find the right kind of aggressive dog behavior they should be using to control this problem they need to understand the kinds of aggression that [...- Dog Obedience Training Secrets for Dog Aggression at DogTrainingAggression.com 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC www.dogtrainingaggression.com [Source type: General]
^ However, in order for an owner to find the right kind of Dog Aggression Training they should be using to control this problem they need to understand the kinds of aggression that [...- Dog Obedience Training Secrets for Dog Aggression at DogTrainingAggression.com 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC www.dogtrainingaggression.com [Source type: General]
^ However, in order for an owner to find the right kind of aggression dogs they should be using to control this problem they need to understand the kinds of aggression that [...- Dog Obedience Training Secrets for Dog Aggression at DogTrainingAggression.com 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC www.dogtrainingaggression.com [Source type: General]
an aggressive salesperson.
.^ Agonistic - There may be a personality conflict between two dogs and one or both dogs may without cause exhibit aggression .- Dog Obedience Training Secrets for Dog Aggression at DogTrainingAggression.com 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC www.dogtrainingaggression.com [Source type: General]
.^ In instrumental aggression, the player tries to inflict physical damage as a step towards the higher goal of winning.- Athletic Insight - Self Reported Aggression in Contact Athletes, No Contact Athletes and Non-athletes 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC www.athleticinsight.com [Source type: Academic]
^ In displacement theory , the activity must consist of hostile or perhaps instrumental aggression.- Athletic Insight - Self Reported Aggression in Contact Athletes, No Contact Athletes and Non-athletes 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC www.athleticinsight.com [Source type: Academic]
^ Is it time to pull the plug on the hostile versus instrumental aggression dichotomy?- Athletic Insight - Self Reported Aggression in Contact Athletes, No Contact Athletes and Non-athletes 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC www.athleticinsight.com [Source type: Academic]
- Books, Chapters and Articles in Social Psychology: Aggression (CROW) 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC jonathan.mueller.faculty.noctrl.edu [Source type: Academic]
[1][2][3][4] .^ The sizes of animals were an order of magnitude different between the two studies.- Circadian Rhythm of Aggression in Crayfish : A Blog Around The Clock 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Even so, while certain correlations were significant within the AAS using group, there were no differences reported between AAS users, non-using athletes, and non-using non-athletes.- Anabolic-Androgenic Steroid Use and Aggression (Part 1) by Jack Darkes, Ph.D. 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC www.mesomorphosis.com [Source type: Academic]
^ These two theories shed somewhat different lights on the origins of sex differences between men and women.- Sex Differences in Mate Preferences, Jealousy, and Aggression 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC www.personalityresearch.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Some research indicates that people with tendencies toward "affective" aggression, defined in this study as being "impulsive, unplanned, overt, or uncontrolled" have lower IQs than those with tendencies toward "predatory" aggression, defined here as being "goal-oriented, planned, hidden, or controlled".
[1]
.^ When it comes to physical aggression, women are more likely to scratch their mate.- Sex Differences in Mate Preferences, Jealousy, and Aggression 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC www.personalityresearch.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Archer (2000) discussed how sexual and physical aggression are more common in men than women.- Sex Differences in Mate Preferences, Jealousy, and Aggression 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC www.personalityresearch.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Its not going to be too many more years until humans will be to Mars and beyond.- Area 51 - A Personal Account - Transcript of Custer, South Dakota Meeting 10 February 2010 11:34 UTC www.all-natural.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ When it comes to physical aggression, women are more likely to scratch their mate.- Sex Differences in Mate Preferences, Jealousy, and Aggression 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC www.personalityresearch.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ That could give her an advantage if there is trouble and it might make it seem more like it is "her" house, which might slow Toby's aggression some.- Aggression Between Cats 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC www.vetinfo.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Women are more likely to show instrumental aggression, in which the primary goal is not to harm the victim but attainment of some other goal, such as access to valued resources.- Sex Differences in Mate Preferences, Jealousy, and Aggression 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC www.personalityresearch.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Evolution of aggression
.^ Most likely, if you stick to the scientific definition for dominance and then look more closely at the dog’s behavior, body language, and the reaction of the animals around him, you’ll find dog behavior to be much more nuanced and interesting.- Aggression : AskDrYin.com 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC askdryin.com [Source type: General]
^ Aggression during a veterinary examination was more likely in dogs from non-domestic maternal environments.
^ If this structure is disrupted, and animals must adjust to new situations such as crowding, 6 radical change of environment, or scarcity of food, aggression is most manifest.- AGGRESSION AND THE CONFLICT HELIX 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC www.hawaii.edu [Source type: Original source]
.^ Aggression is used for both humans and animals.
^ Dominance is defined in animal behavior as a relationship between individuals that is established by force, aggression and submission in order to determine who has priority access to multiple resources such as food, preferred resting spots, and access to mates.- Aggression : AskDrYin.com 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC askdryin.com [Source type: General]
^ Intermale aggression and territorial aggression, as well as sex- and rank-related aggression, all appear to be mediated by androgens (Bouissou 1983).- ILAR Journal Online, Volume 41(3) 2000: Mouse Behavioral Models in Biomedical Research 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC dels.nas.edu [Source type: Academic]
Researchers have theorized that aggression and the capacity for murder are products of our evolutionary past.
[5]
Aggression against outsiders
.^ Predatory aggression: Attack on prey by a predator.- Nursing Management of Aggression 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC currentnursing.com [Source type: Academic]
^ Aggression in dogs is an important behavioral problem; in fact, it is the most common problem seen at animal behavior clinics.- Dominance Aggression in Dogs 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC www.peteducation.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Dominance Aggression in Dogs 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC www.peteducation.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ It is individual centered, stressing the development of aggression as an interaction between response, reinforcement, stimuli, and so forth.- AGGRESSION AND THE CONFLICT HELIX 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC www.hawaii.edu [Source type: Original source]
.^ Is the nation that defends its borders against invasion aggressive?- AGGRESSION AND THE CONFLICT HELIX 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC www.hawaii.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ Moreover, the intent to do harm can exist without the quality of being offensive, as in a police unit defending itself against a guerrilla attack.- AGGRESSION AND THE CONFLICT HELIX 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC www.hawaii.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ With significant effects of our treatments on the distribution of the behaviours within each group, we can process the data in order to determine the effect of our treatments on the propensity of the animals to become aggressive.- Drosophila territoriality and aggression 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC brembs.net [Source type: Academic]
.^ In the case of the mb group, this is unlikely, because there still should be at least some aggression between mb- animals, even if mb+ animals attacked every other male they encountered.- Drosophila territoriality and aggression 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC brembs.net [Source type: Academic]
^ There was general agreement in Group 2 that it would be a good idea to use video images from cameras along the Beltway to ticket aggressive drivers.- Final Report Capital Beltway Update: Beltway User Focus Groups 15 September 2009 4:04 UTC www.nhtsa.dot.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Resident females' response to spayed/unspayed female intruders: Spaying female intruders does not reduce the amount of aggression they receive from resident females: resident females attack spayed females just as much as they attack intact females.
[6] .^ The moderator asked Group 4 how they defined aggressive driving.- Final Report Capital Beltway Update: Beltway User Focus Groups 15 September 2009 4:04 UTC www.nhtsa.dot.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Normally nonaggressive people become quite aggressive if they perceive threats to their security, attacks on their values, or slurs on their self.- AGGRESSION AND THE CONFLICT HELIX 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC www.hawaii.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ How much gamma radiation, how much beta, how many neutrons they could absorb, these were animals.- Area 51 - A Personal Account - Transcript of Custer, South Dakota Meeting 10 February 2010 11:34 UTC www.all-natural.com [Source type: Original source]
The need to survive and the viability of cooperative behavior as a survival strategy leads to a phenomenon known as
altruism. An example of an altruistic act is the alarm call that is given when a predator is approaching. While this call will inform the community of a predator’s presence, it will also inform the predator of the whereabouts of the animal that gave the alarm call.
.^ The Skippy's Trucking drivers disagreed with the policy of giving drivers license exams in foreign languages because they felt that the drivers would not be able to read road signs.- Final Report Capital Beltway Update: Beltway User Focus Groups 15 September 2009 4:04 UTC www.nhtsa.dot.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Personally, I happen to believe that was the thing to do because I think a million or more Americans, soldiers would have died and a lot of Japanese people would have died if we had invaded the homeland.- Area 51 - A Personal Account - Transcript of Custer, South Dakota Meeting 10 February 2010 11:34 UTC www.all-natural.com [Source type: Original source]
^ I know that her dog is her ''baby'', but my daughter's wellbeing is more important and would not hesitate to report the dog to animal welfare if it EVER happens again.- Berkeley Parents Network: Aggressive Dogs and Kids 15 September 2009 4:04 UTC parents.berkeley.edu [Source type: General]
[7]According to many researchers, predation is not aggression.
.^ In rats and mice, a single area, largely coincident with the intermediate hypothalamic area, is crucial for the expression of offensive aggression (Siegel et al.- ILAR Journal Online, Volume 41(3) 2000: Mouse Behavioral Models in Biomedical Research 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC dels.nas.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ However, this theory also demands that aggression should be greater for contact athletes than for their bigger non-athlete counterparts, and similar for bigger and smaller non-athletes.- Athletic Insight - Self Reported Aggression in Contact Athletes, No Contact Athletes and Non-athletes 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC www.athleticinsight.com [Source type: Academic]
^ The problem with TV and video games is more dissociation than aggression.- A "video game" to reduce aggression : Cognitive Daily 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: General]
[8]Aggression within a species
.^ Freud hypothized that through the mechanism such as displacement, the energy of Thanatos is redirected towards and serve as the basis of aggression against others.- Nursing Management of Aggression 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC currentnursing.com [Source type: Academic]
.^ Well, one of the most common causes is territoriality .- Aggression : AskDrYin.com 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC askdryin.com [Source type: General]
^ Interestingly, five weeks after the hierarchy was established, the dominant male became ill and stayed in his burrow for a week.
^ Males tend to develop dominance hierarchies, which are less common in females.
.^ The first behavioral statement of this theory was by J. Dollard et al., in their well-known Frustration and Aggression (1939), in which they asserted that aggression always results from frustration (p.- AGGRESSION AND THE CONFLICT HELIX 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC www.hawaii.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ But in order for an owner to find the right sort of Dog Aggression Training to help solve the problem they first need to understand a little about the types of aggression a [...- Dog Obedience Training Secrets for Dog Aggression at DogTrainingAggression.com 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC www.dogtrainingaggression.com [Source type: General]
^ As with the previous generation, winners and losers were reversed frequently and they didn't develop any stable dominance hierarchy.
[9] .^ The aggressive driver groups were more aware of the campaign than general drivers.- Final Report Capital Beltway Update: Beltway User Focus Groups 15 September 2009 4:04 UTC www.nhtsa.dot.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ This group serves as the positive control , as it is known that e flies are more aggressive than b flies (Jacobs, 1978).- Drosophila territoriality and aggression 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC brembs.net [Source type: Academic]
^ As might have been expected, fewer participants in the aggressive driver groups (15 percent) identified aggressive driving as a major crash cause than participants in the general groups (53 percent).- Final Report Capital Beltway Update: Beltway User Focus Groups 15 September 2009 4:04 UTC www.nhtsa.dot.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Mice treated with 7-NI displayed substantially increased aggression in two different tests of aggressiveness compared with control animals (Demas et al.- ILAR Journal Online, Volume 41(3) 2000: Mouse Behavioral Models in Biomedical Research 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC dels.nas.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ It is tempting to interpret this phenocopy of the octopamine mutants as resulting from Kenyon cells being the major regulators of octopamine- (and/or dopamine-) mediated aggression.- Drosophila territoriality and aggression 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC brembs.net [Source type: Academic]
^ Because most of the animal studies of aggression have been conducted on mice, this problem is not as great as it is for studies of learning or mating behavior in which the vast majority of studies have been conducted on rats.- ILAR Journal Online, Volume 41(3) 2000: Mouse Behavioral Models in Biomedical Research 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC dels.nas.edu [Source type: Academic]
[9] [12]
.^ How many feel that there is too much?- Final Report Capital Beltway Update: Beltway User Focus Groups 15 September 2009 4:04 UTC www.nhtsa.dot.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The male investigated, sniffed, and mounted spayed females somewhat less than intact females, though the differences were not significant.
^ In general, there was no significant difference in aggressiveness between WT and OT-/+ mice.- ILAR Journal Online, Volume 41(3) 2000: Mouse Behavioral Models in Biomedical Research 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC dels.nas.edu [Source type: Academic]
.^ Intra-sex - This is aggression behavior that female dogs have only towards other female dogs or male dogs have only towards other male dogs.- Dog Obedience Training Secrets for Dog Aggression at DogTrainingAggression.com 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC www.dogtrainingaggression.com [Source type: General]
^ Taylor (1975) found that male rats attacked others at much higher frequencies after just smelling a female rat in heat.
^ More is spent on health care in the United States on a per capita basis than in any other nation in the world.- Austin Area Birthing Center - Your Austin Birth Center 10 February 2010 11:34 UTC www.austinabc.com [Source type: General]
It also holds that reproductive success is cardinal to the perpetuation an organism's lineage and hereditary characteristics.
.^ Dominance is defined in animal behavior as a relationship between individuals that is established by force, aggression and submission in order to determine who has priority access to multiple resources such as food, preferred resting spots, and access to mates.- Aggression : AskDrYin.com 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC askdryin.com [Source type: General]
^ Interestingly, five weeks after the hierarchy was established, the dominant male became ill and stayed in his burrow for a week.
^ Over time, one of the young dominant males established himself as dominant over the other.
.^ Dominant males from colonies containing at least one lactating female and litter attacked male intruders severely and at great length (Lore and Luciano 1977).
^ Lactating female 5-HT 1B -/-mice also attack unfamiliar male mice more rapidly and violently (R. Hen, Columbia University, personal communication, 2000).- ILAR Journal Online, Volume 41(3) 2000: Mouse Behavioral Models in Biomedical Research 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC dels.nas.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ In female mice, aggressive behavior is generally observed only when parturient females are approached by strange intruders during the first part of the lactating period.- ILAR Journal Online, Volume 41(3) 2000: Mouse Behavioral Models in Biomedical Research 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC dels.nas.edu [Source type: Academic]
.^ Effect of other rats on male aggression .
^ This male copulated with females twice as often as any other male.
^ In the case of the mb group, this is unlikely, because there still should be at least some aggression between mb- animals, even if mb+ animals attacked every other male they encountered.- Drosophila territoriality and aggression 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC brembs.net [Source type: Academic]
Males even go as far as killing one another, although this is rare.
.^ Inter-male aggression: Competition between males of the same species over access to resources such as females, dominance, status, etc.- Nursing Management of Aggression 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC currentnursing.com [Source type: Academic]
In contrast, females compete with one another for resources, which can be converted to offspring.
.^ Female dominance: Females dominance wasn't as salient as that of males.
^ Males tend to develop dominance hierarchies, which are less common in females.
^ The male investigated, sniffed, and mounted spayed females somewhat less than intact females, though the differences were not significant.
.^ In mixed-sex colonies, male residents -- especially the socially dominant male -- attack intruders more than females and subordinates do (Blanchard et al.
^ Household fights were more serious than fights with outsiders; fights between female house-mates tended to be more severe than other gender combinations.
^ The presence of a juvenile reduces aggression between adult males, but juvenile females and castrated juvenile males are more effective in inhibiting adult male aggression than intact juvenile males (Taylor and Weiss 1982).
.^ They used only females.- Circadian Rhythm of Aggression in Crayfish : A Blog Around The Clock 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Various mental health symptoms caused by rare epilepsy : Temporal lobe epilepsy is a less common form of epilepsy that does not have the typical physical seizures.
^ There was general agreement in Group 2 that it would be a good idea to use video images from cameras along the Beltway to ticket aggressive drivers.- Final Report Capital Beltway Update: Beltway User Focus Groups 15 September 2009 4:04 UTC www.nhtsa.dot.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Introduction Aggression is overt behavior with the intention of inflicting physical damage on another individual (Moyer 1968, 1971).- ILAR Journal Online, Volume 41(3) 2000: Mouse Behavioral Models in Biomedical Research 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC dels.nas.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ As a result, in a pasture of several males and many females, the calves will be sired by more than one bull, but the highest ranked bull will get the most matings.- Aggression : AskDrYin.com 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC askdryin.com [Source type: General]
^ Generally, these conflicts were resolved when one female dropped to a sidling-biting posture.
.^ One final need is less solidly based in the scientific evidence than self-assertion, but there is systematic support for its existence.- AGGRESSION AND THE CONFLICT HELIX 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC www.hawaii.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ These results suggest that a relationship exists between serum lipid profile and dominance aggression in dogs, and hypocholesterolaemia exists in dogs with dominance aggression.
^ Their violations might not be any different than those committed by less aggressive drivers, but these are the ones who should be stopped.- Final Report Capital Beltway Update: Beltway User Focus Groups 15 September 2009 4:04 UTC www.nhtsa.dot.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Once learned, and reinforced through social approval and acquired status, through the esteem and pride of success, and through observing the success of others, aggression will be avoided only if it becomes risky, if costs in punishment or negative sanctions develop and nonaggressive behavioral alternatives are rewarded (Bandura, 1973:222).- AGGRESSION AND THE CONFLICT HELIX 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC www.hawaii.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ The keys to understanding environmentally based aggression are our dynamic attitudes as they are integrated into a self striving for esteem.- AGGRESSION AND THE CONFLICT HELIX 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC www.hawaii.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ Storr feels that aggression is an essential element in society, encouraging competition for food and sex, and ensuring peace and order through status hierarchies.- AGGRESSION AND THE CONFLICT HELIX 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC www.hawaii.edu [Source type: Original source]
.^ That could give her an advantage if there is trouble and it might make it seem more like it is "her" house, which might slow Toby's aggression some.- Aggression Between Cats 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC www.vetinfo.com [Source type: Original source]
^ About the Author: To read more excellent dog training resource please visit Dog Aggression Training as well as Dog Training Hand Commands [...- Dog Obedience Training Secrets for Dog Aggression at DogTrainingAggression.com 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC www.dogtrainingaggression.com [Source type: General]
^ Aggression during a veterinary examination was more likely in dogs from non-domestic maternal environments.
.^ Aggression is used for both humans and animals.
^ However, there were significant reductions in the duration of aggressive behaviors among OT-/- animals, especially in agonistic encounters within neutral arenas.- ILAR Journal Online, Volume 41(3) 2000: Mouse Behavioral Models in Biomedical Research 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC dels.nas.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ However, in order for an owner to find the right kind of aggressive dog behavior they should be using to control this problem they need to understand the kinds of aggression that [...- Dog Obedience Training Secrets for Dog Aggression at DogTrainingAggression.com 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC www.dogtrainingaggression.com [Source type: General]
Aggression in humans
.^ Aggression is used for both humans and animals.
^ Equating such behavior with aggression misses the subjective nature of aggression and focuses on physical characteristics that apply only to some forms of aggression in some cultures.- AGGRESSION AND THE CONFLICT HELIX 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC www.hawaii.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ They differ from the ethological approach of Lorenz in emphasizing the particularly human organization, psychological processes, and mechanisms involved.- AGGRESSION AND THE CONFLICT HELIX 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC www.hawaii.edu [Source type: Original source]
A wide variety of studies have been done on these situations.
Aggression and culture
.^ It is within this dynamic system of attitudes that cultural learning and experience play their roles.- AGGRESSION AND THE CONFLICT HELIX 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC www.hawaii.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ Similar things could happen where humans play the role of the rats.- "Aggression" versus "Harm" in Libertarianism - Stephan Kinsella - Mises Economics Blog 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC blog.mises.org [Source type: General]
^ The negative effect of aggression is due to confusion between it and paranoid hostility or hatred (in which frustration plays a large role).- AGGRESSION AND THE CONFLICT HELIX 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC www.hawaii.edu [Source type: Original source]
Kung Bushmen were described as the "harmless people" by Elizabeth Marshall Thomas (1958).
.^ However, if displacement catharsis theory is correct, aggression might be lower in contact athletes than in the other two groups.- Athletic Insight - Self Reported Aggression in Contact Athletes, No Contact Athletes and Non-athletes 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC www.athleticinsight.com [Source type: Academic]
^ Most, however, did not think it more hazardous than travel on other urban interstates.- Final Report Capital Beltway Update: Beltway User Focus Groups 15 September 2009 4:04 UTC www.nhtsa.dot.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Should penalties be higher on the Beltway than on other roads?- Final Report Capital Beltway Update: Beltway User Focus Groups 15 September 2009 4:04 UTC www.nhtsa.dot.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Lawrence Keeley argues that the "peaceful savage" is a myth that is unsupported by the bulk of anthropological and
archeological evidence.
.^ However, older males who were still inclined to fight with intruders did so readily, with the same intensity and duration as when they were young, though with less coordination.
^ Competitive - Dogs that are housemates may fight, over social status (wanting to be top dog).- Dog Obedience Training Secrets for Dog Aggression at DogTrainingAggression.com 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC www.dogtrainingaggression.com [Source type: General]
.^ To understand it, the research should focus on the cultural context of aggression and its function in the maintenance and development of the culture.- AGGRESSION AND THE CONFLICT HELIX 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC www.hawaii.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ Surely, cross-sectionally, some cultures manifest little aggression.- AGGRESSION AND THE CONFLICT HELIX 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC www.hawaii.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ In some cultures merely crossing another person's shadow is interpreted as an act of aggression on that person's spirit.- AGGRESSION AND THE CONFLICT HELIX 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC www.hawaii.edu [Source type: Original source]
.^ Study 2: Blanchard et al.
^ Aggression can be either physical or verbal.- Nursing Management of Aggression 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC currentnursing.com [Source type: Academic]
^ Recently, the dichotomy between hostile and instrumental aggression has been questioned by Bushman and Anderson (2001), who argue that it is confounded with automatic-controlled processing and does not take account of aggression stemming from more than one motive.- Athletic Insight - Self Reported Aggression in Contact Athletes, No Contact Athletes and Non-athletes 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC www.athleticinsight.com [Source type: Academic]
1998).
.^ This group serves as the positive control , as it is known that e flies are more aggressive than b flies (Jacobs, 1978).- Drosophila territoriality and aggression 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC brembs.net [Source type: Academic]
^ Because nNOS-/- mice display elevated levels of aggressive behavior compared with WT mice, we recently investigated aggression in eNOS-/- mice (Demas et al.- ILAR Journal Online, Volume 41(3) 2000: Mouse Behavioral Models in Biomedical Research 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC dels.nas.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ The effect of the home cage Rats tend to be more aggressive toward intruders in their home cage than two strange rats are toward each other in a neutral area.
1996).
.^ More is spent on health care in the United States on a per capita basis than in any other nation in the world.- Austin Area Birthing Center - Your Austin Birth Center 10 February 2010 11:34 UTC www.austinabc.com [Source type: General]
^ The relative position of the United States in comparison to countries with the lowest infant mortality rates, appears to be worsening.- Austin Area Birthing Center - Your Austin Birth Center 10 February 2010 11:34 UTC www.austinabc.com [Source type: General]
^ I was there during the visit of two presidents of the United States, Lyndon Johnson was one of them, Gerald Ford was the other one.- Area 51 - A Personal Account - Transcript of Custer, South Dakota Meeting 10 February 2010 11:34 UTC www.all-natural.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ What causes this behavior and what can be done to change it?- Aggression Between Cats 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC www.vetinfo.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Testosterone, cognition, and social status .
^ Juveniles appear to be immune from attack because of their low levels of testosterone, their small size, and possibly their juvenile behavior.
Reports of changes in testeosterone of young men during athletic events, which involve face-to-face competition with a winner and a loser, reveal that testosterone rises shortly before their matches, as if in anticipation of the competition.
.^ La Labbra Del Tempo rocks more and works easier, even if that remains relative given the high level of boiling creativity here.- AREA music, discography, MP3, videos and reviews 10 February 2010 11:34 UTC www.progarchives.com [Source type: General]
^ During the first month after the colonies were created, aggression levels were relatively high in four of the colonies.
^ However, one woman said that it is pretty hazardous during rush hours and tries to avoid using it during those times.- Final Report Capital Beltway Update: Beltway User Focus Groups 15 September 2009 4:04 UTC www.nhtsa.dot.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ In captivity, intruders cannot run away, so conflicts tend to escalate into serious and sometimes lethal fights (more on wild rat aggression ).
^ Types of Aggression in Mice Aggression has been divided into various types for ease of classification (Moyer 1968, 1971; Wilson 1975)(Table 1), and the different types of aggression appear to have different neuroendocrine bases.- ILAR Journal Online, Volume 41(3) 2000: Mouse Behavioral Models in Biomedical Research 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC dels.nas.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ Third, and most important, we must channel aggression onto substitute objects or into aggression-draining activities, such as sports and athletic competition.- AGGRESSION AND THE CONFLICT HELIX 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC www.hawaii.edu [Source type: Original source]
Is the conflict between groups, within a group, within a family? The sex of those involved in the conflict is also critical.
.^ Dominant males from colonies containing at least one lactating female and litter attacked male intruders severely and at great length (Lore and Luciano 1977).
^ Patients with a mental disorder and a comorbid substance abuse disorder had the highest probabilities of all—12.6 times higher for males and 9.1 times higher for females.
^ Flannelly and Lore (1977) housed males for one week with intact females, or spayed females, or small intact males.
.^ That could give her an advantage if there is trouble and it might make it seem more like it is "her" house, which might slow Toby's aggression some.- Aggression Between Cats 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC www.vetinfo.com [Source type: Original source]
^ When client continues to exhibit aggression more than several weeks choice of medication is based on underlying condition.- Nursing Management of Aggression 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC currentnursing.com [Source type: Academic]
^ A: Once you get more than two cats, the possibility of territorial aggression surfacing gets pretty high.- Aggression Between Cats 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC www.vetinfo.com [Source type: Original source]
Aggression in media
.^ Like behaviors, expectations are wholly learned.- AGGRESSION AND THE CONFLICT HELIX 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC www.hawaii.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ Intra-sex - This is aggression behavior that female dogs have only towards other female dogs or male dogs have only towards other male dogs.- Dog Obedience Training Secrets for Dog Aggression at DogTrainingAggression.com 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC www.dogtrainingaggression.com [Source type: General]
^ We are intrigued or amused by aggressive behaviors like chasing and sidling, but we hate it when our pets hurt each other.
.^ The more televised violence children watch, the greater is their level of aggression against others.- Nursing Management of Aggression 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC currentnursing.com [Source type: Academic]
^ It has been also suggested that a disruption in the mother infant bonding process can lead to the development of poor interpersonal behavior that may increase the likelihood of violent behavior.- Nursing Management of Aggression 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC currentnursing.com [Source type: Academic]
^ Terms such as aggression, violence, crime, and hostility are observed in medical literature.
.^ Aggression and submission may represent the end points of a single behavioral continuum; alternatively, they may represent two independent, but interacting, dimensions of the behaving individual.- ILAR Journal Online, Volume 41(3) 2000: Mouse Behavioral Models in Biomedical Research 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC dels.nas.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ Persistent (recidivistic) and transient violence may differ in cause, management, and social consequences.
^ The moderator asked the group how they individually deal with aggressive drivers.- Final Report Capital Beltway Update: Beltway User Focus Groups 15 September 2009 4:04 UTC www.nhtsa.dot.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Haloperidol was used successfully in a sample of 11 patients who developed violent, aggressive behavior after a severe closed head injury.
^ Apparently, patients who are transiently violent are more responsive to typical neuroleptic medication and have less neurological impairment than those who are persistently violent.
^ In contrast to the patient who is persistently violent, those who are transiently violent respond to the introduction of a new, structured environment.
.^ The influence of media violence on youth .
^ On the one hand, the media may give greater coverage to criminal acts by people who are well known than by those who are unknown.- Athletic Insight - Self Reported Aggression in Contact Athletes, No Contact Athletes and Non-athletes 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC www.athleticinsight.com [Source type: Academic]
.^ In other animals, the dominance pattern has been found associated with masculine sexual aggression, grabbing food from others, and bullying, as well as concentration of the male hormone (testosterone).- AGGRESSION AND THE CONFLICT HELIX 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC www.hawaii.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ One retrospective study in a state hospital found that the number of violent episodes among inpatients with schizophrenia decreased after they began clozapine treatment.
^ Short-term and long-term effects of violent media on aggression in children and adults .
The results remained the same in spite of factors such as family income, parental education and neighborhood violence (Aronson, Wilson, & Akert, 2005).
.^ Theory in the study of media violence: The General Aggression Model .
^ Media violence, aggression, and public policy .
^ When studying canine aggression, the information provided by the owners of the dogs is often not detailed and reliable enough for this purpose.
.^ Time of day may be a factor, with a peak problem period of 7:00-9:00 AM reported in one facility.
^ Contact sports may attract people who are already aggressive or engaging in contact sports may promote aggression (the selection and developmental hypotheses respectively, Cox, 2002).- Athletic Insight - Self Reported Aggression in Contact Athletes, No Contact Athletes and Non-athletes 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC www.athleticinsight.com [Source type: Academic]
^ On the one hand, the media may give greater coverage to criminal acts by people who are well known than by those who are unknown.- Athletic Insight - Self Reported Aggression in Contact Athletes, No Contact Athletes and Non-athletes 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC www.athleticinsight.com [Source type: Academic]
Situational factors
.^ Intact male residents attack castrated male intruders about half as much as they attack intact intruders (Debold and Miczek 1984, Christie and Barfield 1979, see also Flannely and Thor 1976, Barfield et al.
^ What kinds of roadway design, marking, signage and roadway maintenance situations do you feel make the Beltway less safe than it could be?- Final Report Capital Beltway Update: Beltway User Focus Groups 15 September 2009 4:04 UTC www.nhtsa.dot.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Damage to the frontal lobes can result in impaired judgment, personality changes, and problems in decision making, inappropriate conduct and aggressive outbursts.- Nursing Management of Aggression 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC currentnursing.com [Source type: Academic]
1996).
.^ It is important to remember that your consultation is a two-way process and any extra information you can share with your doctor about your symptoms may help them with their diagnosis.
.^ A more ethologic approach of analysis, including the total time spent in aggressive behavior, would likely provide a more sensitive evaluation.- ILAR Journal Online, Volume 41(3) 2000: Mouse Behavioral Models in Biomedical Research 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC dels.nas.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ If esteem is tied to command and coercive power over others, one may ape the more successful and aggressive villains in movies and television.- AGGRESSION AND THE CONFLICT HELIX 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC www.hawaii.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ He said that he thinks there are more drivers like that every year and that it is a nationwide problem, not one that is confined to the Capital area.- Final Report Capital Beltway Update: Beltway User Focus Groups 15 September 2009 4:04 UTC www.nhtsa.dot.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Pain and discomfort also increase aggression.
.^ However rats do exist and therefore, even if they don't happen to be causing a problem at the moment the mere act of leaving the shit around is endangering.- "Aggression" versus "Harm" in Libertarianism - Stephan Kinsella - Mises Economics Blog 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC blog.mises.org [Source type: General]
^ On the other hand, we may act aggressively even though such needs are satiated, because it is in our character to do so in the perceived situation.- AGGRESSION AND THE CONFLICT HELIX 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC www.hawaii.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ On the one hand, the media may give greater coverage to criminal acts by people who are well known than by those who are unknown.- Athletic Insight - Self Reported Aggression in Contact Athletes, No Contact Athletes and Non-athletes 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC www.athleticinsight.com [Source type: Academic]
Hot temperatures have been implicated as a factor in a number of studies.
.^ While that may not be a novel approach these days, Shane's fertile intelligence makes EFS more than just the sum of his influences.
^ Moreover, the targets of patient violence were more likely to be family members, friends, or acquaintances (89.3%) rather than strangers (10.7%).
^ Adult rats almost never attack juvenile rats -- adults are far more likely to attack another adult or an infant (see infanticide ) than a juvenile.
.^ Because nNOS-/- mice display elevated levels of aggressive behavior compared with WT mice, we recently investigated aggression in eNOS-/- mice (Demas et al.- ILAR Journal Online, Volume 41(3) 2000: Mouse Behavioral Models in Biomedical Research 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC dels.nas.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ Others Both male and female mice that lack a functional tailless protein, an orphan nuclear receptor, are dramatically aggressive (Monaghan et al.- ILAR Journal Online, Volume 41(3) 2000: Mouse Behavioral Models in Biomedical Research 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC dels.nas.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ Because murine aggressive behavior can also be motivated by fear, studies investigating knockout mice typically evaluate the mutants' response to fearful stimuli-- a -CaMKII mutant mice display reduced fear when tested in a number of tasks (Chen et al.- ILAR Journal Online, Volume 41(3) 2000: Mouse Behavioral Models in Biomedical Research 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC dels.nas.edu [Source type: Academic]
.^ The M18 P-element octopamine mutant and control stocks (Monastirioti et al., 1996) were kept at 25 C for two generations after arrival.- Drosophila territoriality and aggression 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC brembs.net [Source type: Academic]
^ This strain has normal levels of octopamine (Monastirioti et al., 1996) and will be denoted the high subgroup (oa+).- Drosophila territoriality and aggression 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC brembs.net [Source type: Academic]
^ The P[GAL4] line mb247 (Schulz et al., 1996) served as a mushroom body specific GAL4 driver (Zars et al., 2000) for both toxins.- Drosophila territoriality and aggression 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC brembs.net [Source type: Academic]
1987).
.^ Most of the more aggressive drivers in Group 5 regularly drive the Beltway at 65 to 70 when conditions permit.- Final Report Capital Beltway Update: Beltway User Focus Groups 15 September 2009 4:04 UTC www.nhtsa.dot.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ He said that he thinks there are more drivers like that every year and that it is a nationwide problem, not one that is confined to the Capital area.- Final Report Capital Beltway Update: Beltway User Focus Groups 15 September 2009 4:04 UTC www.nhtsa.dot.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ One of the most aggressive drivers in the group said he thought that just more law enforcement cars on the road would help a lot.- Final Report Capital Beltway Update: Beltway User Focus Groups 15 September 2009 4:04 UTC www.nhtsa.dot.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Frustration is another major cause of aggression.
.^ Aggression depends on the sex, age, experience and hormonal status of the resident and the intruder, and the presence of females and juveniles (for a review, see Lore et al.
^ Examination of the evidence indicates that whether frustration increases or fails to enhance covert aggression depends largely on two factors.- Nursing Management of Aggression 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC currentnursing.com [Source type: Academic]
^ Moreover, the strength of the actualized need depends on a person's physiological state in relation to the degree of associated goal gratification.- AGGRESSION AND THE CONFLICT HELIX 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC www.hawaii.edu [Source type: Original source]
2005).
.^ For example, one study found that 90% of the bites inflicted on an intruder were made by the resident alpha male (Takahashi and Blanchard 1982).
^ It was targeted at motorists, and one of its primary goals was to make the public more aware of jurisdictional efforts to reduce aggressive driving.- Aggressive Driving Programs (DOT HS 808 730, February 2001) 15 September 2009 4:04 UTC www.nhtsa.dot.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ One retrospective study in a state hospital found that the number of violent episodes among inpatients with schizophrenia decreased after they began clozapine treatment.
.^ This group serves as the positive control , as it is known that e flies are more aggressive than b flies (Jacobs, 1978).- Drosophila territoriality and aggression 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC brembs.net [Source type: Academic]
^ The effect of the home cage Rats tend to be more aggressive toward intruders in their home cage than two strange rats are toward each other in a neutral area.
^ Noise: several studies have reported that persons exposed to loud ,irritating noise direct stronger assaults against others than those not exposed to such environmental conditions.- Nursing Management of Aggression 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC currentnursing.com [Source type: Academic]
Unexpected frustration may be another factor. In a separate study, a group of students were collecting donations over the phone.
.^ They called some woman in the midwest or back east (forget where), and she informed them all about the dog's issues with his owners and the two cats.- Berkeley Parents Network: Aggressive Dogs and Kids 15 September 2009 4:04 UTC parents.berkeley.edu [Source type: General]
^ It was as if the people in the room were rehearsing their righteous indignation against the time they would need to spend in court.- Final Report Capital Beltway Update: Beltway User Focus Groups 15 September 2009 4:04 UTC www.nhtsa.dot.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ She thinks the problem is attitudinal and that attitudes would be different if people had some fear that they could get arrested.- Final Report Capital Beltway Update: Beltway User Focus Groups 15 September 2009 4:04 UTC www.nhtsa.dot.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ One member of the group volunteered that it is no worse than similar kinds of interstate highways around other major cities.- Final Report Capital Beltway Update: Beltway User Focus Groups 15 September 2009 4:04 UTC www.nhtsa.dot.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The reasons given for driving the Beltway did not vary much between groups and there were no discernible differences among general drivers, aggressive drivers, and truckers.- Final Report Capital Beltway Update: Beltway User Focus Groups 15 September 2009 4:04 UTC www.nhtsa.dot.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ After the 8-week follow up period, 14 dogs (70%) had responded to the treatment to some degree and 6 dogs did not demonstrate any reduction in aggressive behaviour or became more aggressive.
^ Most of the more aggressive drivers in Group 5 regularly drive the Beltway at 65 to 70 when conditions permit.- Final Report Capital Beltway Update: Beltway User Focus Groups 15 September 2009 4:04 UTC www.nhtsa.dot.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ One member (again the second most aggressive driver) argued that the limits should be higher and law enforcement should give no tolerance.- Final Report Capital Beltway Update: Beltway User Focus Groups 15 September 2009 4:04 UTC www.nhtsa.dot.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ That could give her an advantage if there is trouble and it might make it seem more like it is "her" house, which might slow Toby's aggression some.- Aggression Between Cats 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC www.vetinfo.com [Source type: Original source]
^ There is one final approach to consider, that of the cultural anthropologists such as Alexander Alland, Jr. Aggression is seated within a culture; it is learned in the same way a language is learned.- AGGRESSION AND THE CONFLICT HELIX 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC www.hawaii.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ Even when they are housed with littermates, there is increased evidence of aggression among the mutants (Scearce-Levie et al.- ILAR Journal Online, Volume 41(3) 2000: Mouse Behavioral Models in Biomedical Research 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC dels.nas.edu [Source type: Academic]
In a study done by Leonard Berkowitz and Anthony Le Page (1967), college students were made angry and then left in the presence of a gun or badminton racket. They were then led to believe they were delivering electric shocks to another student, as in the
Milgram experiment.
.^ In contrast to omegas, betas become fully submissive toward the dominant rat, who in turn tolerates their presence more (Pellis et al.
^ Those who did not want the limit raised said that everyone would drive 75 and more lives would be lost.- Final Report Capital Beltway Update: Beltway User Focus Groups 15 September 2009 4:04 UTC www.nhtsa.dot.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Apparently, patients who are transiently violent are more responsive to typical neuroleptic medication and have less neurological impairment than those who are persistently violent.
.^ This finding suggests that NCAM-/- mice may experience a heightened "emotional" response to the presentation of a threatening stimulus, thereby leading to an increase in aggressive behavior.- ILAR Journal Online, Volume 41(3) 2000: Mouse Behavioral Models in Biomedical Research 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC dels.nas.edu [Source type: Academic]
Aggression and gender
.^ Aggression is used for both humans and animals.
^ Similar things could happen where humans play the role of the rats.- "Aggression" versus "Harm" in Libertarianism - Stephan Kinsella - Mises Economics Blog 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC blog.mises.org [Source type: General]
^ The negative effect of aggression is due to confusion between it and paranoid hostility or hatred (in which frustration plays a large role).- AGGRESSION AND THE CONFLICT HELIX 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC www.hawaii.edu [Source type: Original source]
.^ The aggressive driver groups were more aware of the campaign than general drivers.- Final Report Capital Beltway Update: Beltway User Focus Groups 15 September 2009 4:04 UTC www.nhtsa.dot.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The male investigated, sniffed, and mounted spayed females somewhat less than intact females, though the differences were not significant.
^ This group serves as the positive control , as it is known that e flies are more aggressive than b flies (Jacobs, 1978).- Drosophila territoriality and aggression 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC brembs.net [Source type: Academic]
.^ Unlike a personality, which by definition is a set of behavioral characteristics that stays the same across different contexts, rank changes depending on the group in which an animal inhabits .- Aggression : AskDrYin.com 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC askdryin.com [Source type: General]
^ Most of the members of this group were in favor of activities like this one.- Final Report Capital Beltway Update: Beltway User Focus Groups 15 September 2009 4:04 UTC www.nhtsa.dot.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Excessive speed, aggressive driving, inattention, unsafe lane changing and tailgating were the most frequently designated behaviors in the 1997 groups.- Final Report Capital Beltway Update: Beltway User Focus Groups 15 September 2009 4:04 UTC www.nhtsa.dot.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Because nNOS-/- mice display elevated levels of aggressive behavior compared with WT mice, we recently investigated aggression in eNOS-/- mice (Demas et al.- ILAR Journal Online, Volume 41(3) 2000: Mouse Behavioral Models in Biomedical Research 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC dels.nas.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ Others Both male and female mice that lack a functional tailless protein, an orphan nuclear receptor, are dramatically aggressive (Monaghan et al.- ILAR Journal Online, Volume 41(3) 2000: Mouse Behavioral Models in Biomedical Research 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC dels.nas.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ Mice treated with 7-NI displayed substantially increased aggression in two different tests of aggressiveness compared with control animals (Demas et al.- ILAR Journal Online, Volume 41(3) 2000: Mouse Behavioral Models in Biomedical Research 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC dels.nas.edu [Source type: Academic]
.^ That could give her an advantage if there is trouble and it might make it seem more like it is "her" house, which might slow Toby's aggression some.- Aggression Between Cats 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC www.vetinfo.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Moreover, the targets of patient violence were more likely to be family members, friends, or acquaintances (89.3%) rather than strangers (10.7%).
^ Because nNOS-/- mice display elevated levels of aggressive behavior compared with WT mice, we recently investigated aggression in eNOS-/- mice (Demas et al.- ILAR Journal Online, Volume 41(3) 2000: Mouse Behavioral Models in Biomedical Research 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC dels.nas.edu [Source type: Academic]
1994).
.^ Where there is environmental stability and interpersonal relations have become locked together in overlapping, crosscutting, and intersecting expectations, nested upward into a crystallized cultural system, there is little social aggression.- AGGRESSION AND THE CONFLICT HELIX 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC www.hawaii.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ Activities such as violent crime, aggressive sports, and war depicted through the media or witnessed, in person reinforce aggressive behavior.- Nursing Management of Aggression 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC currentnursing.com [Source type: Academic]
^ This form of aggression is therefore characteristic of some people but not all.- AGGRESSION AND THE CONFLICT HELIX 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC www.hawaii.edu [Source type: Original source]
.^ In addition, they use non traditional police vehicles, aircraft, and weather permitting, motorcycles to conduct their operations.- Aggressive Driving Programs (DOT HS 808 730, February 2001) 15 September 2009 4:04 UTC www.nhtsa.dot.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The latent definition underlying this variety, the core meaning in aggression, is the use of power to produce offensive effects.- AGGRESSION AND THE CONFLICT HELIX 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC www.hawaii.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ During these times of stress acts of physical aggression or violence can occur.- Nursing Management of Aggression 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC currentnursing.com [Source type: Academic]
.^ It is true that many modern forms of collective aggression are passed from culture to culture, like useful technological innovations.- AGGRESSION AND THE CONFLICT HELIX 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC www.hawaii.edu [Source type: Original source]
.^ The dominant male also tends to be the most active and to copulate most frequently with the females.
^ Moreover, the targets of patient violence were more likely to be family members, friends, or acquaintances (89.3%) rather than strangers (10.7%).
^ The effect of the home cage Rats tend to be more aggressive toward intruders in their home cage than two strange rats are toward each other in a neutral area.
.^ They also rejected the concept of using breakdown lanes as travel lanes during rush hours because it makes them nervous.- Final Report Capital Beltway Update: Beltway User Focus Groups 15 September 2009 4:04 UTC www.nhtsa.dot.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ These two young males grew up to be dominant, even though they weren't the biggest play fighters.
^ Obviously, your neighbors don't get it, and it's up to you to make sure that they do.- Berkeley Parents Network: Aggressive Dogs and Kids 15 September 2009 4:04 UTC parents.berkeley.edu [Source type: General]
.^ I didn't want to do this either, until I actually thought about how I would feel should my son be harmed (potentially very badly).- Berkeley Parents Network: Aggressive Dogs and Kids 15 September 2009 4:04 UTC parents.berkeley.edu [Source type: General]
^ Through the love of his mistress, a man may induce her to help him kill his wife; through the love of her child, a mother may heed his cries for help and attack his assailant; and through the love of his country, a person may be induced to assassinate a president.- AGGRESSION AND THE CONFLICT HELIX 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC www.hawaii.edu [Source type: Original source]
.^ Every Friday, an officer from these two programs coordinates a city wide traffic operation with both patrol and community policing officers.- Aggressive Driving Programs (DOT HS 808 730, February 2001) 15 September 2009 4:04 UTC www.nhtsa.dot.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Forceful aggression , which usually involves violence but not necessarily injury to another, is the offensive use of force.- AGGRESSION AND THE CONFLICT HELIX 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC www.hawaii.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ Aggressive and violent behavior can be viewed along a continuum with verbal aggression at one end and physical violence at other end.- Nursing Management of Aggression 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC currentnursing.com [Source type: Academic]
Aggression in children
.^ In humans, aggression can denote verbal aggression, physical aggression against objects, or physical aggression against people.
^ Testosterone profiles of young rats: Testosterone is low in young rats until age 40 days (1.6 ng/2 ml), increases from age 40 to 60 days and reaches its highest peak around 60 days (11.4 ng/2 ml).
^ Lorenzs view: According to Konard Lorenz , aggression that causes physical harm to others springs from a fighting instinct that humans share with other organisms.- Nursing Management of Aggression 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC currentnursing.com [Source type: Academic]
It then declines gradually on average
[18].
.^ This suggests that whereas the 5-HT 1B receptor contributes to aggression, it is not the sole 5-HT receptor subtype modulating this behavior.- ILAR Journal Online, Volume 41(3) 2000: Mouse Behavioral Models in Biomedical Research 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC dels.nas.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ This means that pugnacity or self-assertion or protectiveness may be aroused, but no aggression may occur because the self wills otherwise, because no triggering situation is perceived, because expectations suggest defensive behavior, or because one's mood is inappropriate.- AGGRESSION AND THE CONFLICT HELIX 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC www.hawaii.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ These data, in combination with the nNOS-/- data, suggest that the two isoforms of NOS may normally act to increase (eNOS-/-) and decrease (nNOS-/-) aggressive behavior in vivo.- ILAR Journal Online, Volume 41(3) 2000: Mouse Behavioral Models in Biomedical Research 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC dels.nas.edu [Source type: Academic]
.^ However, the pattern of asymmetry does not seem to match the pattern of asymmetry in the level of aggression (see Discussion).- Drosophila territoriality and aggression 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC brembs.net [Source type: Academic]
^ To anticipate my discussion below, it is the self-assertive and forceful meaning of aggression that is important in intercultural comparisons, not an objective manifestation such as physical violence.- AGGRESSION AND THE CONFLICT HELIX 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC www.hawaii.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ However, this low level of female aggression toward intruders may be due to the presence of males.
.^ These data, in combination with the nNOS-/- data, suggest that the two isoforms of NOS may normally act to increase (eNOS-/-) and decrease (nNOS-/-) aggressive behavior in vivo.- ILAR Journal Online, Volume 41(3) 2000: Mouse Behavioral Models in Biomedical Research 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC dels.nas.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ It has been also suggested that a disruption in the mother infant bonding process can lead to the development of poor interpersonal behavior that may increase the likelihood of violent behavior.- Nursing Management of Aggression 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC currentnursing.com [Source type: Academic]
^ When combined with neurological deficits, the risk of violent behavior is increased.- Nursing Management of Aggression 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC currentnursing.com [Source type: Academic]
- What is typically expected of children?
.
- Young children preparing to enter kindergarten need to develop the socially important skill of being assertive.^ Animals, including humans, develop a social structure mediating between their needs and the environment.
- AGGRESSION AND THE CONFLICT HELIX 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC www.hawaii.edu [Source type: Original source]
.
- In contrast, some young children use aggressive behavior, such as hitting or biting, as a form of communication.
- Aggressive behavior can impede learning as a skill deficit, while assertive behavior can facilitate learning.^ Some reasons have to do with a single event and others are long-term behavioral in nature.An aggressive dog owners has a great responsibility to keep the dog under control.To train an aggressive dog first requires some basic understanding the Causes for dog aggression : .
- Dog Obedience Training Secrets for Dog Aggression at DogTrainingAggression.com 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC www.dogtrainingaggression.com [Source type: General]
^ Learning aggressive behavior also takes place by direct experiences.- Nursing Management of Aggression 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC currentnursing.com [Source type: Academic]
^ Equating such behavior with aggression misses the subjective nature of aggression and focuses on physical characteristics that apply only to some forms of aggression in some cultures.- AGGRESSION AND THE CONFLICT HELIX 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC www.hawaii.edu [Source type: Original source]
However, with young children, aggressive behavior is developmentally appropriate and can lead to opportunities of building conflict resolution and communication skills.
- By school age, children should learn more socially appropriate forms of communicating such as expressing themselves through verbal or written language; if they have not, this behavior may signify a disability or developmental delay
- What triggers aggressive behavior in children?
- Physical fear of others
- Family difficulties
- Learning, neurological, or conduct/behavior disorders
- Emotional trauma
.^ This group serves as the positive control , as it is known that e flies are more aggressive than b flies (Jacobs, 1978).- Drosophila territoriality and aggression 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC brembs.net [Source type: Academic]
^ The effect of the home cage Rats tend to be more aggressive toward intruders in their home cage than two strange rats are toward each other in a neutral area.
^ Adult rats almost never attack juvenile rats -- adults are far more likely to attack another adult or an infant (see infanticide ) than a juvenile.
.^ As them for suggestions about what they might do to improve the situation -- i.e.- Berkeley Parents Network: Aggressive Dogs and Kids 15 September 2009 4:04 UTC parents.berkeley.edu [Source type: General]
^ When new people come to the site to learn, they don't know who to pay attention to and who to ignore.- "Aggression" versus "Harm" in Libertarianism - Stephan Kinsella - Mises Economics Blog 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC blog.mises.org [Source type: General]
[20].
- Summaries of best practice recommendations
.
- American Academy of Pediatrics : 'Set firm, consistent limits to help children self monitor emotions and behavior; make sure all care takers agree to the same limits.^ I have two dogs and make sure that my dogs meet all the neighbors in my building (5 apartments).
- Berkeley Parents Network: Aggressive Dogs and Kids 15 September 2009 4:04 UTC parents.berkeley.edu [Source type: General]
^ In part, this may be because owners who frequent dog parks are self-selecting, self-monitoring and self-limiting in regard to dog aggression.
^ I have had dogs all of my life and if I had one like the one you describe (and I have in the past) I would keep him away from children and get a qualified trainer to help with aggression.- Berkeley Parents Network: Aggressive Dogs and Kids 15 September 2009 4:04 UTC parents.berkeley.edu [Source type: General]
.^ In emphasizing a social definition of aggression, as does Bandura (1973:8), for example, social learning theory has made a significant advance over other theories.- AGGRESSION AND THE CONFLICT HELIX 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC www.hawaii.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ Teaching anger management in the community involves both didactic and experiential components, as well as homework to reinforce the points made.
^ And social structure often appears to be the key to understanding the more violent forms of aggression.- AGGRESSION AND THE CONFLICT HELIX 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC www.hawaii.edu [Source type: Original source]
Also, model acceptable behavior as a caretaker by managing your own temper. Remember that occasional outbursts are normal. .^ This group serves as the positive control , as it is known that e flies are more aggressive than b flies (Jacobs, 1978).- Drosophila territoriality and aggression 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC brembs.net [Source type: Academic]
^ "Your book helped more than a professional trainer I hired for my adopted Golden."- Dog Aggression | Dog Training To Stop Your Dog Aggression Problems -- Works On Any Breed, Any Age. 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC www.dogproblems.com [Source type: General]
^ The effect of the home cage Rats tend to be more aggressive toward intruders in their home cage than two strange rats are toward each other in a neutral area.
[1]
.^ What driving behaviors do you associate with aggressive driving?- Final Report Capital Beltway Update: Beltway User Focus Groups 15 September 2009 4:04 UTC www.nhtsa.dot.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Aggression: Overly aggressive behavior.
^ Social and cultural factors also may influence aggressive behavior.- Nursing Management of Aggression 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC currentnursing.com [Source type: Academic]
(NASP Best Practices in School Psychology 2002):[2]
Biology of aggression
Aggression is directed to and often originates from outside stimuli, but has a very distinct internal character.
.^ Various tests are used in the diagnosis of Aggression.
^ In a first attempt to characterize the effects of various candidates for neurobiological factors regulating aggression, we report here the results of a competition experiment.- Drosophila territoriality and aggression 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC brembs.net [Source type: Academic]
^ During a consultation, your doctor will use various techniques in their assessment of Aggression.
Aggression in the brain
.^ To understand it, the research should focus on the cultural context of aggression and its function in the maintenance and development of the culture.- AGGRESSION AND THE CONFLICT HELIX 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC www.hawaii.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ Although the brain systems that mediate aggression appear to remain fairly constant among mammals, many details of the regulatory pathways appear to be species specific (Grisola 1997).- ILAR Journal Online, Volume 41(3) 2000: Mouse Behavioral Models in Biomedical Research 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC dels.nas.edu [Source type: Academic]
.^ Current biological research ahs focused on three areas of the brain believed to be involved in aggression: .- Nursing Management of Aggression 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC currentnursing.com [Source type: Academic]
^ Future experiments definitely should include shibire ts1 constructs to replicate our mb- results, examine the high levels of aggression in the mb+ flies and look for other brain areas involved in aggression.- Drosophila territoriality and aggression 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC brembs.net [Source type: Academic]
^ In the rat CNS, a 2C -R immuno-reactivity is observed in cortex, septum, amygdala, hippo-campus, raphe, striatum, and hypothalamic nuclei (Rosin et al.- ILAR Journal Online, Volume 41(3) 2000: Mouse Behavioral Models in Biomedical Research 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC dels.nas.edu [Source type: Academic]
.^ Maternal aggression may discourage other animals from approaching and possibly harming her offpsring (e.g.
^ Animals may also participate in psychological intimidation by engaging in threat displays or ritualized combat in which dominance is determined, but no physical damage is inflicted.- ILAR Journal Online, Volume 41(3) 2000: Mouse Behavioral Models in Biomedical Research 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC dels.nas.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ Offensive behavior in this context is characterized by initiation on the part of the aggressive animal that often leads to damage to the opponents (Krsiak 1974).- ILAR Journal Online, Volume 41(3) 2000: Mouse Behavioral Models in Biomedical Research 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC dels.nas.edu [Source type: Academic]
In many animals, aggression is encoded by
pheromones.
.^ Serotonin is involved in the aggressive behavior of male nNOS null mice.- ILAR Journal Online, Volume 41(3) 2000: Mouse Behavioral Models in Biomedical Research 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC dels.nas.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ Because nNOS-/- mice display elevated levels of aggressive behavior compared with WT mice, we recently investigated aggression in eNOS-/- mice (Demas et al.- ILAR Journal Online, Volume 41(3) 2000: Mouse Behavioral Models in Biomedical Research 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC dels.nas.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ Others Both male and female mice that lack a functional tailless protein, an orphan nuclear receptor, are dramatically aggressive (Monaghan et al.- ILAR Journal Online, Volume 41(3) 2000: Mouse Behavioral Models in Biomedical Research 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC dels.nas.edu [Source type: Academic]
[21] .^ Behavioral phenotyping of transgenic and knockout mice: Experimental design and evaluation of general health, sensory functions, motor abilities, and specific behavioral tests.- ILAR Journal Online, Volume 41(3) 2000: Mouse Behavioral Models in Biomedical Research 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC dels.nas.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ To examine the specific behavioral role of NO in neurons, homologous recombination was used to create nNOS-/- mice.- ILAR Journal Online, Volume 41(3) 2000: Mouse Behavioral Models in Biomedical Research 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC dels.nas.edu [Source type: Academic]
[23].^ These types of aggression are most commonly studied in the laboratory and are tested by the so-called resident-intruder paradigm (see below).- ILAR Journal Online, Volume 41(3) 2000: Mouse Behavioral Models in Biomedical Research 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC dels.nas.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ In both rat and cat models of aggression, electrical stimulation of the medial amygdala, or the so-called "rage centers" in the hypothalamus, induces immediate attack behavior (or sham-rage) directed at cage-mates or the experimenter (Grisolia 1997).- ILAR Journal Online, Volume 41(3) 2000: Mouse Behavioral Models in Biomedical Research 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC dels.nas.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ Because most of the animal studies of aggression have been conducted on mice, this problem is not as great as it is for studies of learning or mating behavior in which the vast majority of studies have been conducted on rats.- ILAR Journal Online, Volume 41(3) 2000: Mouse Behavioral Models in Biomedical Research 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC dels.nas.edu [Source type: Academic]
.^ Notably, the physiologic control of aggression in these contrived situations is likely to differ from the physiologic mechanisms underlying natural expressions of aggressive behavior.- ILAR Journal Online, Volume 41(3) 2000: Mouse Behavioral Models in Biomedical Research 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC dels.nas.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ In rats and mice, a single area, largely coincident with the intermediate hypothalamic area, is crucial for the expression of offensive aggression (Siegel et al.- ILAR Journal Online, Volume 41(3) 2000: Mouse Behavioral Models in Biomedical Research 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC dels.nas.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ Beta-blockers, well studied in the treatment of aggressive behavior in patients with brain injury, also may be helpful as an adjunctive agent to antipsychotics for aggression and schizophrenia.
.^ In the rat CNS, a 2C -R immuno-reactivity is observed in cortex, septum, amygdala, hippo-campus, raphe, striatum, and hypothalamic nuclei (Rosin et al.- ILAR Journal Online, Volume 41(3) 2000: Mouse Behavioral Models in Biomedical Research 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC dels.nas.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ These adult mutant mice show a reduction in the size of rhinencephalic and limbic structures, including the olfactory, infrarhinal, and entorhinal cortex, amygdala, and dentate gyms.- ILAR Journal Online, Volume 41(3) 2000: Mouse Behavioral Models in Biomedical Research 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC dels.nas.edu [Source type: Academic]
.^ Serotonin receptors and animal models of aggressive behavior.- ILAR Journal Online, Volume 41(3) 2000: Mouse Behavioral Models in Biomedical Research 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC dels.nas.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ Aggression: Overly aggressive behavior.
^ Drug interactions causing Aggression: .
[25]
The
amygdala is also critically involved in aggression.
.^ What driving behaviors do you associate with aggressive driving?- Final Report Capital Beltway Update: Beltway User Focus Groups 15 September 2009 4:04 UTC www.nhtsa.dot.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Aggression: Overly aggressive behavior.
^ Drug-induced aggression - Certain medications can have aggressive behavior as a side-effect because the dog’s perceptions have been affected.- Dog Obedience Training Secrets for Dog Aggression at DogTrainingAggression.com 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC www.dogtrainingaggression.com [Source type: General]
2006).
.^ Lithium has been reported as being useful in reducing aggression in people who are mentally retarded and in reducing the number of infractions involving violent behavior in a study of prisoners who are recurrently violent.
^ First, aggression is disposed to be, becoming, or being offensive ; that is, a disposition, power, or effect characterized by assault, attack, invasion.- AGGRESSION AND THE CONFLICT HELIX 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC www.hawaii.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ But rather than being an innate drive in search of gratification, aggression is said to be acquired through experience, behavioral models, and reward and punishment.- AGGRESSION AND THE CONFLICT HELIX 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC www.hawaii.edu [Source type: Original source]
Using expression of
c-fos as a neuroanatomically localized marker of activity, the neural circuitry involved in the state of “attack readiness” in attack primed hamsters was studied.
.^ In the aggressive group, 40 percent sometimes block cars trying to change lanes compared to only 10 percent in the general groups.- Final Report Capital Beltway Update: Beltway User Focus Groups 15 September 2009 4:04 UTC www.nhtsa.dot.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Asked what specific violations they associate with aggressive driving, the group said improper lane changing, tailgating and excessive speed.- Final Report Capital Beltway Update: Beltway User Focus Groups 15 September 2009 4:04 UTC www.nhtsa.dot.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ As noted earlier in this report, there were distinctive differences in perceptions between the three sessions composed of a general mix of drivers and the two that were designed to represent aggressive drivers.- Final Report Capital Beltway Update: Beltway User Focus Groups 15 September 2009 4:04 UTC www.nhtsa.dot.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
In addition, c-fos expression was found most clearly in the most dorsal and caudal aspects of the corticomedial amygdala (CMA).
.^ Aggressive behavior in birds: An experimental model for studies of brain-steroid interactions.- ILAR Journal Online, Volume 41(3) 2000: Mouse Behavioral Models in Biomedical Research 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC dels.nas.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ Because murine aggressive behavior can also be motivated by fear, studies investigating knockout mice typically evaluate the mutants' response to fearful stimuli-- a -CaMKII mutant mice display reduced fear when tested in a number of tasks (Chen et al.- ILAR Journal Online, Volume 41(3) 2000: Mouse Behavioral Models in Biomedical Research 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC dels.nas.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ A small retrospective uncontrolled study confirmed the antiaggressive effects of lithium in patients who were mentally retarded; self-injurious behavior exhibited by these aggressive individuals was also reduced by the treatment.
Eight of eleven subjects failed to attack.
.^ He who initially attacks another physically or with threats is coercively aggressive if this behavior is directed at another's self.- AGGRESSION AND THE CONFLICT HELIX 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC www.hawaii.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ A more ethologic approach of analysis, including the total time spent in aggressive behavior, would likely provide a more sensitive evaluation.- ILAR Journal Online, Volume 41(3) 2000: Mouse Behavioral Models in Biomedical Research 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC dels.nas.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ In general, the A 2a -/- residents engaged in three to five times more aggressive encounters than the WT residents.- ILAR Journal Online, Volume 41(3) 2000: Mouse Behavioral Models in Biomedical Research 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC dels.nas.edu [Source type: Academic]
The
prefrontal cortex (PFC) has been implicated in aggressive psychopathology.
.^ Maternal aggression, which serves to protect the offspring from intruders, appears to be mediated by hormonal changes associated with the production of offspring (Gammie and Nelson 1999).- ILAR Journal Online, Volume 41(3) 2000: Mouse Behavioral Models in Biomedical Research 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC dels.nas.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ I. Limbic system: It is associated with the mediation of basic drives and the expression of human emotions and behaviors such as eating, aggression and sexual response.- Nursing Management of Aggression 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC currentnursing.com [Source type: Academic]
^ Both the unit norms and the rewards associated with such activities may reduce the amount of disorganised patient behaviour and the number of aggressive acts.- Nursing Management of Aggression 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC currentnursing.com [Source type: Academic]
.^ Serotonin is involved in the aggressive behavior of male nNOS null mice.- ILAR Journal Online, Volume 41(3) 2000: Mouse Behavioral Models in Biomedical Research 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC dels.nas.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ Tests of aggressive behavior in mice with targeted deletion of specific genes have been limited to isolation-induced and resident-intruder tests of males and maternal aggression of females (Table 2).- ILAR Journal Online, Volume 41(3) 2000: Mouse Behavioral Models in Biomedical Research 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC dels.nas.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ Drug-induced aggression - Certain medications can have aggressive behavior as a side-effect because the dog’s perceptions have been affected.- Dog Obedience Training Secrets for Dog Aggression at DogTrainingAggression.com 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC www.dogtrainingaggression.com [Source type: General]
Neurotransmitters and hormones
.^ Neurotransmitters have also been suggested as having a role in the expression or expression of the aggressive behavior.- Nursing Management of Aggression 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC currentnursing.com [Source type: Academic]
^ Steroid hormones also underlie other types of aggressive behavior.- ILAR Journal Online, Volume 41(3) 2000: Mouse Behavioral Models in Biomedical Research 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC dels.nas.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ Specific reasons for aggressive behavior vary from person to person.- Nursing Management of Aggression 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC currentnursing.com [Source type: Academic]
.^ Studies of aggression in mice with targeted disruption of specific genes often fail to include measurements of testosterone, thereby complicating interpretation of the results from these studies.- ILAR Journal Online, Volume 41(3) 2000: Mouse Behavioral Models in Biomedical Research 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC dels.nas.edu [Source type: Academic]
.^ One member (again the second most aggressive driver) argued that the limits should be higher and law enforcement should give no tolerance.- Final Report Capital Beltway Update: Beltway User Focus Groups 15 September 2009 4:04 UTC www.nhtsa.dot.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ When asked whether double fines in work zones have any impact, one of the most aggressive males said it has no effect.- Final Report Capital Beltway Update: Beltway User Focus Groups 15 September 2009 4:04 UTC www.nhtsa.dot.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Testosterone concentrations are highly correlated with aggression in rodent species; castrated mice rarely display aggressive behavior, and testosterone replacement restores aggression to pre-castration values (reviewed in Gandelman 1980).- ILAR Journal Online, Volume 41(3) 2000: Mouse Behavioral Models in Biomedical Research 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC dels.nas.edu [Source type: Academic]
.^ In other animals, the dominance pattern has been found associated with masculine sexual aggression, grabbing food from others, and bullying, as well as concentration of the male hormone (testosterone).- AGGRESSION AND THE CONFLICT HELIX 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC www.hawaii.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ These confounding factors were controlled for in a study of 27 outpatients who were Vietnam War veterans with PTSD and 15 controls who were Vietnam War combat veterans without PTSD. Subjects with PTSD scored significantly higher than subjects without PTSD on measures of hostility and violence.
^ Although patients with mental disorders do not commit most violent crimes (a recent study from Sweden found that patients with severe mental illness commit 1 in 20 violent crimes 2 ), they are at an increased relative risk for committing them.
.^ However, castration does not eliminate aggression entirely.
^ Testosterone implants brings male aggression back to pre-castration levels (Albert et al.
^ Some human studies have indicated that 5-HIAA levels in CSF inversely correlates with the frequency of aggression, particularly among persons who commit suicide.- Nursing Management of Aggression 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC currentnursing.com [Source type: Academic]
.^ Takahashi and Lore (1983) also found high levels of aggression in male rats that were 6.7 months old.
^ Testosterone profiles vary with experience: Experience and events in the environment influence testosterone levels.
^ During the first month after the colonies were created, aggression levels were relatively high in four of the colonies.
.^ The male investigated, sniffed, and mounted spayed females somewhat less than intact females, though the differences were not significant.
^ If the female is spayed before introduction, the male's behavior is similar, but he investigates, sniffs, and mounts her somewhat less than intact females.
^ Similarly, adult male mice attack females who have been injected with testosterone (Mugford and Nowell 1970).
.^ This increasing level of testosterone may therefore be indirectly responsible for increased adult aggression associated with age.
^ There were no differences between nNOS-/- and WT mice in blood testosterone concentrations either before or after agonistic encounters.- ILAR Journal Online, Volume 41(3) 2000: Mouse Behavioral Models in Biomedical Research 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC dels.nas.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ However, no significant differences in the number of attacks were detected.- ILAR Journal Online, Volume 41(3) 2000: Mouse Behavioral Models in Biomedical Research 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC dels.nas.edu [Source type: Academic]
.^ Testosterone profiles vary with experience: Experience and events in the environment influence testosterone levels.
^ Some reasons have to do with a single event and others are long-term behavioral in nature.An aggressive dog owners has a great responsibility to keep the dog under control.To train an aggressive dog first requires some basic understanding the Causes for dog aggression : .- Dog Obedience Training Secrets for Dog Aggression at DogTrainingAggression.com 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC www.dogtrainingaggression.com [Source type: General]
^ Testosterone concentrations are highly correlated with aggression in rodent species; castrated mice rarely display aggressive behavior, and testosterone replacement restores aggression to pre-castration values (reviewed in Gandelman 1980).- ILAR Journal Online, Volume 41(3) 2000: Mouse Behavioral Models in Biomedical Research 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC dels.nas.edu [Source type: Academic]
[33][34][35] .^ Although some may appear frail, serious injury to self and others can result from a rage reaction to a perceived threat.
^ I imagine it could help matters to have a better introduction between dog and kids- no bones or toys present and with gentle voices and hands, the dog may then become used to your kids and stop the aggression.- Berkeley Parents Network: Aggressive Dogs and Kids 15 September 2009 4:04 UTC parents.berkeley.edu [Source type: General]
^ Low testosterone not only inhibits attacks on the juvenile, it also reduces aggression between adult males.
.^ Although the brain systems that mediate aggression appear to remain fairly constant among mammals, many details of the regulatory pathways appear to be species specific (Grisola 1997).- ILAR Journal Online, Volume 41(3) 2000: Mouse Behavioral Models in Biomedical Research 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC dels.nas.edu [Source type: Academic]
Testosterone can be metabolized to 17b-estradiol by the enzyme
aromatase or to 5a-dihydrotestosterone by
5a-reductase.
.^ Enkephalinergic neurons are present in many regions involved in modulating emotional behaviors including the amygdala, hypothalamus, septum, cingulate, and entorhinal cortex (Nieuwenhuys 1985).- ILAR Journal Online, Volume 41(3) 2000: Mouse Behavioral Models in Biomedical Research 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC dels.nas.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ Activities such as violent crime, aggressive sports, and war depicted through the media or witnessed, in person reinforce aggressive behavior.- Nursing Management of Aggression 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC currentnursing.com [Source type: Academic]
^ If, for a gang member, it is his ability to beat up an old lady, his esteem will be linked to such aggressive attitudes, and this aggression will be an integrated part of his behavior.- AGGRESSION AND THE CONFLICT HELIX 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC www.hawaii.edu [Source type: Original source]
.^ The use of genetic "knock-out" mice in behavioral endocrinology research.- ILAR Journal Online, Volume 41(3) 2000: Mouse Behavioral Models in Biomedical Research 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC dels.nas.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ Because nNOS-/- mice display elevated levels of aggressive behavior compared with WT mice, we recently investigated aggression in eNOS-/- mice (Demas et al.- ILAR Journal Online, Volume 41(3) 2000: Mouse Behavioral Models in Biomedical Research 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC dels.nas.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ Altered nociception, analgesia and aggression in mice lacking the receptor for substance P. Nature 392:394-407.- ILAR Journal Online, Volume 41(3) 2000: Mouse Behavioral Models in Biomedical Research 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC dels.nas.edu [Source type: Academic]
.^ Effect of other rats on male aggression .
^ Behavioral effects of estrogen receptor gene disruption in male mice.- ILAR Journal Online, Volume 41(3) 2000: Mouse Behavioral Models in Biomedical Research 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC dels.nas.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ Serotonin is involved in the aggressive behavior of male nNOS null mice.- ILAR Journal Online, Volume 41(3) 2000: Mouse Behavioral Models in Biomedical Research 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC dels.nas.edu [Source type: Academic]
.^ The biochemical mechanism of adenosine receptor action with respect to aggression is unknown but may include neuromodulatory effects on the release of other neurotransmitters.- ILAR Journal Online, Volume 41(3) 2000: Mouse Behavioral Models in Biomedical Research 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC dels.nas.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ Mice treated with 7-NI displayed substantially increased aggression in two different tests of aggressiveness compared with control animals (Demas et al.- ILAR Journal Online, Volume 41(3) 2000: Mouse Behavioral Models in Biomedical Research 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC dels.nas.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ Effects of serotonergic 1A and 1B agonists in androgenic versus estrogenic systems fur aggression.- ILAR Journal Online, Volume 41(3) 2000: Mouse Behavioral Models in Biomedical Research 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC dels.nas.edu [Source type: Academic]
.^ Aggression: Overly aggressive behavior.
^ Displaying aggressive behavior .- Dog Aggression | Dog Training To Stop Your Dog Aggression Problems -- Works On Any Breed, Any Age. 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC www.dogproblems.com [Source type: General]
^ A small retrospective uncontrolled study confirmed the antiaggressive effects of lithium in patients who were mentally retarded; self-injurious behavior exhibited by these aggressive individuals was also reduced by the treatment.
.^ The authors measured the male rat's aggression toward a strange male before and after living with these different cagemates.
^ Low testosterone not only inhibits attacks on the juvenile, it also reduces aggression between adult males.
^ Therefore, castration of resident male rats results in a powerful decline in aggression toward intruders, but not necessarily a complete elimination of aggression.
.^ However, there were significant reductions in the duration of aggressive behaviors among OT-/- animals, especially in agonistic encounters within neutral arenas.- ILAR Journal Online, Volume 41(3) 2000: Mouse Behavioral Models in Biomedical Research 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC dels.nas.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ However, when aggressive behavior was examined in female nNOS-/- mice in the context of maternal aggression when WT females are highly aggressive toward an intruder, nNOS-/- dams were very docile (Gammie and Nelson 1999).- ILAR Journal Online, Volume 41(3) 2000: Mouse Behavioral Models in Biomedical Research 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC dels.nas.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ Activities such as violent crime, aggressive sports, and war depicted through the media or witnessed, in person reinforce aggressive behavior.- Nursing Management of Aggression 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC currentnursing.com [Source type: Academic]
.^ Because nNOS-/- mice display elevated levels of aggressive behavior compared with WT mice, we recently investigated aggression in eNOS-/- mice (Demas et al.- ILAR Journal Online, Volume 41(3) 2000: Mouse Behavioral Models in Biomedical Research 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC dels.nas.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ Because 7-NI treatment in WT mice increased aggression to the levels displayed by nNOS-/- mice, it appears that nNOS is an important mediator of aggression in male mice.- ILAR Journal Online, Volume 41(3) 2000: Mouse Behavioral Models in Biomedical Research 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC dels.nas.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ Because of the large numbers of knockout mice being generated and because there are many neurobiologic pathways underlying aggression, it is likely that many knockout mice will exhibit increased aggression.- ILAR Journal Online, Volume 41(3) 2000: Mouse Behavioral Models in Biomedical Research 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC dels.nas.edu [Source type: Academic]
.^ The psychotherapeutic perspectives that have been reviewed constitute the major ones in which aggression plays an important role.- AGGRESSION AND THE CONFLICT HELIX 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC www.hawaii.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ Taken together, these findings strongly suggest that the serotonergic system plays an important role in the aggressive behavior through 5-HT 1A and/or 5-HT 1B receptors subtypes.- ILAR Journal Online, Volume 41(3) 2000: Mouse Behavioral Models in Biomedical Research 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC dels.nas.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ It has been suggested that SP plays a role in emotional behavior (Maeno et al.- ILAR Journal Online, Volume 41(3) 2000: Mouse Behavioral Models in Biomedical Research 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC dels.nas.edu [Source type: Academic]
.^ However, there were significant reductions in the duration of aggressive behaviors among OT-/- animals, especially in agonistic encounters within neutral arenas.- ILAR Journal Online, Volume 41(3) 2000: Mouse Behavioral Models in Biomedical Research 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC dels.nas.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ However, when aggressive behavior was examined in female nNOS-/- mice in the context of maternal aggression when WT females are highly aggressive toward an intruder, nNOS-/- dams were very docile (Gammie and Nelson 1999).- ILAR Journal Online, Volume 41(3) 2000: Mouse Behavioral Models in Biomedical Research 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC dels.nas.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ Because nNOS-/- mice display elevated levels of aggressive behavior compared with WT mice, we recently investigated aggression in eNOS-/- mice (Demas et al.- ILAR Journal Online, Volume 41(3) 2000: Mouse Behavioral Models in Biomedical Research 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC dels.nas.edu [Source type: Academic]
In addition, glucocorticoids affect development of aggression and establishment of social hierarchies.
.^ Moreover, the targets of patient violence were more likely to be family members, friends, or acquaintances (89.3%) rather than strangers (10.7%).
^ Men with major mental disorders were approximately 4 times more likely to have been convicted of a violent offense than men without any mental disorder, and women with mental disorders were approximately 27 times more likely to be convicted than women without mental disorders.
^ Informal observation of the nNOS-/- mice revealed high levels of aggressiveness among male cage mates.- ILAR Journal Online, Volume 41(3) 2000: Mouse Behavioral Models in Biomedical Research 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC dels.nas.edu [Source type: Academic]
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is the most abundant circulating androgen and can be rapidly metabolized within target tissues into potent androgens and estrogens.
.^ Food aggression may also be directed at other dogs or other pets during feeding times for the same reasons.- Dog Obedience Training Secrets for Dog Aggression at DogTrainingAggression.com 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC www.dogtrainingaggression.com [Source type: General]
^ Aggression may be present during all these phases.- AGGRESSION AND THE CONFLICT HELIX 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC www.hawaii.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ Aggressive drivers also admitted to going much faster than the general groups -- at speeds of 60-70 during non-peak hours.- Final Report Capital Beltway Update: Beltway User Focus Groups 15 September 2009 4:04 UTC www.nhtsa.dot.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Taken together, these results suggest that NO from neurons has important, but opposite, effects in the mediation of aggression in male and female mice.- ILAR Journal Online, Volume 41(3) 2000: Mouse Behavioral Models in Biomedical Research 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC dels.nas.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ No wonder, then, that the asserted causes and cures of aggression vary so remarkably.- AGGRESSION AND THE CONFLICT HELIX 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC www.hawaii.edu [Source type: Original source]
In several avian studies, circulating DHEA has been found to be elevated in birds during the non-breeding season. These data support the idea that non-breeding birds combine adrenal and/or gonadal DHEA synthesis with neural DHEA metabolism to maintain territorial behavior when gonadal testosterone secretion is low.
.^ Because most of the animal studies of aggression have been conducted on mice, this problem is not as great as it is for studies of learning or mating behavior in which the vast majority of studies have been conducted on rats.- ILAR Journal Online, Volume 41(3) 2000: Mouse Behavioral Models in Biomedical Research 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC dels.nas.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ Furthermore, because of marked species differences in the mechanisms underlying aggression, it is not obvious that similar neurotransmitters will be involved in the expression of specific types of aggression.- ILAR Journal Online, Volume 41(3) 2000: Mouse Behavioral Models in Biomedical Research 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC dels.nas.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ Studies of aggression in mice with targeted disruption of specific genes often fail to include measurements of testosterone, thereby complicating interpretation of the results from these studies.- ILAR Journal Online, Volume 41(3) 2000: Mouse Behavioral Models in Biomedical Research 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC dels.nas.edu [Source type: Academic]
.^ The negative effect of aggression is due to confusion between it and paranoid hostility or hatred (in which frustration plays a large role).- AGGRESSION AND THE CONFLICT HELIX 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC www.hawaii.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ Enkephalin The endogenous opioid system appears to play a role in pain perception, anxiety, and aggression (Mansour et al.- ILAR Journal Online, Volume 41(3) 2000: Mouse Behavioral Models in Biomedical Research 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC dels.nas.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ The psychotherapeutic perspectives that have been reviewed constitute the major ones in which aggression plays an important role.- AGGRESSION AND THE CONFLICT HELIX 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC www.hawaii.edu [Source type: Original source]
Circulating DHEAS (its sulfated ester) levels rise during adrenarche (~7 years of age) while plasma testosterone levels are relatively low.
.^ Testosterone concentrations are highly correlated with aggression in rodent species; castrated mice rarely display aggressive behavior, and testosterone replacement restores aggression to pre-castration values (reviewed in Gandelman 1980).- ILAR Journal Online, Volume 41(3) 2000: Mouse Behavioral Models in Biomedical Research 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC dels.nas.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ Drug-induced aggression - Certain medications can have aggressive behavior as a side-effect because the dog’s perceptions have been affected.- Dog Obedience Training Secrets for Dog Aggression at DogTrainingAggression.com 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC www.dogtrainingaggression.com [Source type: General]
^ As might have been expected, fewer participants in the aggressive driver groups (15 percent) identified aggressive driving as a major crash cause than participants in the general groups (53 percent).- Final Report Capital Beltway Update: Beltway User Focus Groups 15 September 2009 4:04 UTC www.nhtsa.dot.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Another chemical messenger with implications for aggression is the neurotransmitter
serotonin.
.^ Because nNOS-/- mice display elevated levels of aggressive behavior compared with WT mice, we recently investigated aggression in eNOS-/- mice (Demas et al.- ILAR Journal Online, Volume 41(3) 2000: Mouse Behavioral Models in Biomedical Research 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC dels.nas.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ Mice treated with 7-NI displayed substantially increased aggression in two different tests of aggressiveness compared with control animals (Demas et al.- ILAR Journal Online, Volume 41(3) 2000: Mouse Behavioral Models in Biomedical Research 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC dels.nas.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ Even when they are housed with littermates, there is increased evidence of aggression among the mutants (Scearce-Levie et al.- ILAR Journal Online, Volume 41(3) 2000: Mouse Behavioral Models in Biomedical Research 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC dels.nas.edu [Source type: Academic]
1997).
.^ Fluoxetine, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, decreased impulsive aggression (including assaultiveness) in 3 patients with personality disorders; this was an open trial.
^ These data are consistent with the dose-dependent decrease in male rodent aggression by the 5-HTlw B agonist eltoprazine and by the selective 5-HTlA agonist 8-hydroxy-2-(di- n -propylamino)tetralin (Olivier et al.- ILAR Journal Online, Volume 41(3) 2000: Mouse Behavioral Models in Biomedical Research 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC dels.nas.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ In rats and mice, a single area, largely coincident with the intermediate hypothalamic area, is crucial for the expression of offensive aggression (Siegel et al.- ILAR Journal Online, Volume 41(3) 2000: Mouse Behavioral Models in Biomedical Research 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC dels.nas.edu [Source type: Academic]
1997), aka prozac.
.^ Steroid hormones also underlie other types of aggressive behavior.- ILAR Journal Online, Volume 41(3) 2000: Mouse Behavioral Models in Biomedical Research 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC dels.nas.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ Some reasons have to do with a single event and others are long-term behavioral in nature.An aggressive dog owners has a great responsibility to keep the dog under control.To train an aggressive dog first requires some basic understanding the Causes for dog aggression : .- Dog Obedience Training Secrets for Dog Aggression at DogTrainingAggression.com 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC www.dogtrainingaggression.com [Source type: General]
^ Intra-sex - This is aggression behavior that female dogs have only towards other female dogs or male dogs have only towards other male dogs.- Dog Obedience Training Secrets for Dog Aggression at DogTrainingAggression.com 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC www.dogtrainingaggression.com [Source type: General]
.^ Because nNOS-/- mice display elevated levels of aggressive behavior compared with WT mice, we recently investigated aggression in eNOS-/- mice (Demas et al.- ILAR Journal Online, Volume 41(3) 2000: Mouse Behavioral Models in Biomedical Research 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC dels.nas.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ Others Both male and female mice that lack a functional tailless protein, an orphan nuclear receptor, are dramatically aggressive (Monaghan et al.- ILAR Journal Online, Volume 41(3) 2000: Mouse Behavioral Models in Biomedical Research 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC dels.nas.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ Because murine aggressive behavior can also be motivated by fear, studies investigating knockout mice typically evaluate the mutants' response to fearful stimuli-- a -CaMKII mutant mice display reduced fear when tested in a number of tasks (Chen et al.- ILAR Journal Online, Volume 41(3) 2000: Mouse Behavioral Models in Biomedical Research 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC dels.nas.edu [Source type: Academic]
1997). The effects of norepinephrine, cortisol, and other neurotransmitters are still being studied.
Genetics and aggression
In a nonmammilian example, the
fruitless gene in
Drosophila melanogaster is a critical determinant for how fruit flies fight.
.^ Intra-sex - This is aggression behavior that female dogs have only towards other female dogs or male dogs have only towards other male dogs.- Dog Obedience Training Secrets for Dog Aggression at DogTrainingAggression.com 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC www.dogtrainingaggression.com [Source type: General]
^ In other animals, the dominance pattern has been found associated with masculine sexual aggression, grabbing food from others, and bullying, as well as concentration of the male hormone (testosterone).- AGGRESSION AND THE CONFLICT HELIX 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC www.hawaii.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ The males were more likely to have an organic brain syndrome, and the females were more likely to have a personality disorder.
Candidate genes for differentiating aggression between the sexes are the Sry (sex determining region Y) gene, located on the Y chromosome and the Sts (steroid sulfatase) gene. The Sts gene encodes the steroid sulfatase enzyme, which is pivotal in the regulation of neurosteroid biosynthesis.
.^ Intra-sex - This is aggression behavior that female dogs have only towards other female dogs or male dogs have only towards other male dogs.- Dog Obedience Training Secrets for Dog Aggression at DogTrainingAggression.com 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC www.dogtrainingaggression.com [Source type: General]
^ However, when aggressive behavior was examined in female nNOS-/- mice in the context of maternal aggression when WT females are highly aggressive toward an intruder, nNOS-/- dams were very docile (Gammie and Nelson 1999).- ILAR Journal Online, Volume 41(3) 2000: Mouse Behavioral Models in Biomedical Research 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC dels.nas.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ Because nNOS-/- mice display elevated levels of aggressive behavior compared with WT mice, we recently investigated aggression in eNOS-/- mice (Demas et al.- ILAR Journal Online, Volume 41(3) 2000: Mouse Behavioral Models in Biomedical Research 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC dels.nas.edu [Source type: Academic]
See also
Notes
- ^ a b Behar, D., J. Hunt, A. Ricciuti, D. Stoff, and B. Vitiello. "Subtyping Aggression in Children and Adolescents." The Journal of Neuropsychiatry & Clinical Neurosciences 2 (1990): 189-192. 7 Dec. 2006 <http://neuro.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/2/2/189>
- ^ Berkowitz, L. (1993). Aggression: Its causes, consequences, and control. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
- ^ Bushman, B.J. & Anderson, C. A. (2001) Is it time to pull the plug on the hostile versus instrumental aggression dichotomy? Psychological Review 108:273-279.
- ^ McElliskem, Joseph E. "Affective and Predatory Violence: a Bimodal Classification System of Human Aggression and Violence." Aggression & Violent Behavior 10 (2004): 1-30. 7 Dec. 2006 <http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=16141579>
- ^ Buss, D. M. (2005). The murderer next door: Why the mind Is designed to kill. New York: Penguin Press.
- ^ Tanner, C J. "Numerical Assessment Affects Aggression and Competitive Ability: a Team-Fighting Strategy for the Ant Formica Xerophila." Proceedings. Biological Sciences / the Royal Society (2006).<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=17015327&query_hl=5&itool=pubmed_docsum>.
- ^ Hamilton, W D. "The Evolution of Altruistic Behavior." American Naturalist 97 (1963): 354-356.<http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0003-0147%28196309%2F10%2997%3A896%3C354%3ATEOAB%3E2.0.CO%3B2-8&size=LARGE>.
- ^ Gleitman, Henry, Alan J. Fridlund, and Daniel Reisberg. Psychology. 6th ed. New York: W W Norton and Company, 2004. 431-432.
- ^ a b Adamson, D J., D H. Edwards, and F A. Issa. "Dominance Hierarchy Formation in Juvenile Crayfish Procambarus Clarkii." Journal of Experimental Biology 202 (1999): 3497-3506.<http://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/content/abstract/202/24/3497>.
- ^ Heitor, F, M Do Mar Oom, and L Vincente. "Social Relationships in a Herd of Sorraia Horses Part I. Correlates of Social Dominance and Contexts of Aggression." Behavioural Processes 73 (2006): 170-177.<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=16815645&query_hl=13&itool=pubmed_docsum>.
- ^ Cant, MA, Llop J, Field J. "Individual variation in social aggression and the probability of inheritance: theory and a field test." American Naturalist 167 (2006): 837-852.<http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/press/051006_1_AN.html>.
- ^ Bragin, A.V., A. V. Osadchuk, and L V. Osadchuk. "The Experimental Model of Establishment and Maintenance of Social Hierarchy in Laboratory Mice." Zhurnal Vysshei Nervnoi Delatelnosti Imeni I P Pavlova 56 (2006): 412-419.<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=16869278&query_hl=7&itool=pubmed_docsum>.
- ^ Campbell,Anne.“Staying Alive: Evolution, culture, and women’s intrasexual aggression.”Behavioral and Brain Sciences.1999.Vol 22.Pg 203-252.
- ^ Zuk, M. "Sexual Selections: What We Can and Can't Learn about Sex from Animals." University of California Press, 2002
- ^ Schellenberg, R. (2000). Aggressive personality: When does it develop and why? Virginia Counselors Journal, 26-67-76.
- ^ Booth,Alan and Allan Mazur.“Testosterone and dominance in men.”Behavioral and Brain Sciences.1998.
- ^ a b Bjorkqvist,Kaj.“Sex differences in physical, verbal, and indirect aggression: a review of recent research.”Sex Roles: A Journal of Research.1994 Feb.http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2294/is_n3-4_v30/ai_15383471
- ^ Tremblay 2000
- ^ Bongers et al. 2004; National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Early Child Care Research Network 2004
- ^ "Bobo doll experiment". Wikipedia
- ^ "Aggression protein found in mice". BBC News. 5 December 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7129176.stm. Retrieved 26 September 2009.
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- ^ Krieger J, Schmitt A, Löbel D, et al (February 1999). "Selective activation of G protein subtypes in the vomeronasal organ upon stimulation with urine-derived compounds". J. Biol. Chem. 274 (8): 4655–62. PMID 9988702. http://www.jbc.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=9988702.
- ^ Hermans, J, M R. Kruk, A H. Lohman, W Meelis, J Mos, P G. Mostert, and A M. Van Der Poel. "Discriminant Analysis of the Localization of Aggression-Inducing Electrode Placements in the Hypothalamus of Male Rats." Brain Research 260 (1983): 61-79.<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=6681724&dopt=Citation>.
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- ^ Decoster, M, M Herbert, J L. Meyerhoff, and M Potegal. "Brief, High-Frequency Stimulation of the Corticomedial Amygdala Induces a Delayed and Prolonged Increase of Aggressiveness in Male Syrian Golden Hamsters." Behavioral Neuroscience 110 (1996): 401-412. 7 Dec. 2006 <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=8731066&dopt=Citation>.
- ^ Ferris, C F., M Herbert, J Meyerhoff, M Potegal, and L Skaredoff. "Attack Priming in Female Syrian Golden Hamsters is Associated with a C-Fos-Coupled Process Within the Corticomedial Amygdala." Neuroscience 75 (1996): 869-880. 7 Dec. 2006 <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=8951880&dopt=Citation>.
- ^ Crews, D, N Greenberg, and M Scott. "Role of the Amygdala in the Reproductive and Aggressive Behavior of the Lizard, Anolis Carolinensis." Physiology & Behavior 32 (1984): 147-151.<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=6538977&dopt=Citation>.
- ^ a b Potegal, M, Ferris, CF, Herbert, M, Meyerhoff, J, and Skaredoff, L. “Attack Priming In Female Syrian Golden Hamsters is Associated with a c-fos-coupled Process within the Corticomedial Amygdala.” Neuroscience. 1996. Vol. 75, pp. 869-880.
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- ^ Mazur, Allan, Booth, Allan. “Testosterone and dominance in men.” Behavioral and Brain Sciences. 1998. Vol. 21, Pp. 353-397.
- ^ Gerra, Gilberto, Amir Zaimovic, Paola Avanzini, Beatrice Chittolini, Giuliano Giucastro, Rocco Caccavari, Mariella Palladino, Dante Maestri, Cesare Monica, Roberto Delsignore, and Francesca Brambilla. "Neurotransmitter-Neuroendocrine Responses to Experimentally Induced Aggression in Humans: Influence of Personality Variable." Psychiatry Research 66 (1997): 33-43.<http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6TBV-3W3FJMB-4&_coverDate=01%2F15%2F1997&_alid=480296893&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_qd=1&_cdi=5152&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=30cd1028c2cb69ebf7f2d4662a2aa0d5>.
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- Anderson, C.A., Dill, K.E.. .^ Panic disorder with aggressive thoughts and behaviors in association with panic symptoms has been reported in a series of 3 patients.
^ WebMD, Violent Video Games Linked to Aggressive Behavior WebMD, Lead Exposure May Increase Violent Behavior eMedicineHealth, Alzheimer Disease eMedicineHealth, Panic Attacks .
^ A thoughtful review and reinterpretation of the emergence of suicidal and aggressive behavior during antidepressant treatment places this clinical issue in perspective.
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- ILAR Journal Online, Volume 41(3) 2000: Mouse Behavioral Models in Biomedical Research 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC dels.nas.edu [Source type: Academic]
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- ILAR Journal Online, Volume 41(3) 2000: Mouse Behavioral Models in Biomedical Research 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC dels.nas.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ Others Both male and female mice that lack a functional tailless protein, an orphan nuclear receptor, are dramatically aggressive (Monaghan et al.- ILAR Journal Online, Volume 41(3) 2000: Mouse Behavioral Models in Biomedical Research 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC dels.nas.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ Male nNOS-/-residents engaged in three to four times more aggressive encounters than WT mice in the intruder-resident model (Nelson et al.- ILAR Journal Online, Volume 41(3) 2000: Mouse Behavioral Models in Biomedical Research 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC dels.nas.edu [Source type: Academic]
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- ILAR Journal Online, Volume 41(3) 2000: Mouse Behavioral Models in Biomedical Research 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC dels.nas.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ Violence is used only when describing human behavior and denotes physical aggression by one person against another.
^ A survey of the literature indicates the many different senses in which "aggression" is used.- AGGRESSION AND THE CONFLICT HELIX 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC www.hawaii.edu [Source type: Original source]
Violence and Victims 18 (2003): 197-217. 7 Dec. 2006 <http://www.atypon-link.com/SPC/doi/abs/10.1891/vivi.2003.18.2.197?cookieSet=1&journalCode=vivi>.
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- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Early Child Care Research Network (2004).^ To understand it, the research should focus on the cultural context of aggression and its function in the maintenance and development of the culture.
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^ The biological approach seeks the sources of aggression in our phylogenetic nature, mainly through the ethological study of human beings as members of the animal kingdom.- AGGRESSION AND THE CONFLICT HELIX 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC www.hawaii.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ Yes, the dominance versus submissiveness component , 22 which manifests the behavior associated with aggression in both primates and humans.- AGGRESSION AND THE CONFLICT HELIX 1 February 2010 1:01 UTC www.hawaii.edu [Source type: Original source]
The harmless people. New York: Vintage Books.
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