From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| Alexander Hamilton |
|
|
In office
September 11, 1789 – January 31, 1795 |
| President |
George Washington |
| Succeeded by |
Oliver Wolcott, Jr. |
|
In office
1788–1789 |
|
In office
1787–1787 |
|
In office
1787–1788 |
|
In office
1786–1786 |
|
In office
1782–1783 |
|
| Born |
January 11, 1755 or 1757
Nevis, Caribbean (now Saint Kitts and Nevis) |
| Died |
July 12, 1804 (aged 49 or 47)
New York City, New York |
| Political party |
Federalist |
| Spouse(s) |
Elizabeth Schuyler Hamilton |
| Profession |
military officer, lawyer, financier, political theorist |
| Religion |
Episcopal at his death |
| Signature |
 |
| Military service |
| Allegiance |
Province of New York (began 1775)
State of New York (began 1776)
United States of America (began 1777) |
| Service/branch |
New York Provincial Company of Artillery
Continental Army
United States Army |
| Years of service |
1775–1776 (Militia)
1776–1781
1798–1800 |
| Rank |
Beginning:
 Lieutenant (Artillery)
Highest:
 Major General (Senior Officer of the United States Army) |
| Battles/wars |
American Revolutionary War
Battle of Harlem Heights
Battle of White Plains
Battle of Trenton
Battle of Princeton
Battle of Monmouth
Battle of Yorktown
Quasi-War |
.^ The first treasury secretary, Hamilton was for all practical purposes the creator of modern American finance and the founding wealth of the United States.- Boston Review — hogeland.php 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC bostonreview.net [Source type: Original source]
^ THE CREATOR Alexander Hamilton (1755–1804) .- Alexander Hamilton, an excerpt from Financial Founding Fathers: The Men Who Made America Rich by Robert E. Wright and David J. Cowen 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.press.uchicago.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ During Alexander Hamilton's term as Treasury secretary, the United States managed to avoid a European war.- Max M. Edling | "So immense a power in the affairs of war": Alexander Hamilton and the Restoration of Public Credit | The William and Mary Quarterly, 64.2 | The History Cooperative 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.historycooperative.org [Source type: Original source]
.^ The most critical relationship forged during the Revolutionary War years is without a doubt that forged with General Washington (future first president).- Geometry.Net - Authors Books: Hamilton Alexander 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.geometry.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Burr joined the revolutionary army and served as aide-de-camp to one of Washington's rival Generals, Israel Putnam.
^ We shall never know what percentage of the American electorate wished to see adoption, but we do know what happened in each state convention, and that Hamilton was the leader of the victorious pro-Constitutional forces in New York's ratifying convention.- Alexander Hamilton, an excerpt from Financial Founding Fathers: The Men Who Made America Rich by Robert E. Wright and David J. Cowen 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.press.uchicago.edu [Source type: Original source]
.^ Despite its role in provoking the split between Federalists and Republicans, the funding act introduced policies and institutions of debt management that outlived the Federalist administrations of George Washington and John Adams.- Max M. Edling | "So immense a power in the affairs of war": Alexander Hamilton and the Restoration of Public Credit | The William and Mary Quarterly, 64.2 | The History Cooperative 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.historycooperative.org [Source type: Original source]
^ In the early days of George Washington's administration, Thomas Jefferson shared the Federalists' belief in the importance of restoring public credit.- Max M. Edling | "So immense a power in the affairs of war": Alexander Hamilton and the Restoration of Public Credit | The William and Mary Quarterly, 64.2 | The History Cooperative 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.historycooperative.org [Source type: Original source]
^ It was during this time that the already steaming Federalist and Republican press hostilities boiled over, galvanizing the intensity of feelings within each party, and animosity within the Washington cabinet.
.^ He promoted the chartering of the Bank of the United States as the keystone to his financial plan.- Geometry.Net - Authors Books: Hamilton Alexander 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.geometry.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ This lead of course to his plan for chartering the Bank of the United States.- Geometry.Net - Authors Books: Hamilton Alexander 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.geometry.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The growth of manufacturing in the United States, in Hamilton's view, would parallel the growth of great population centers, thus creating more of a market for the produce of farms.
.^ Hamilton reached New York Harbor in early 1773, entered King's College (now Columbia University) in 1774, and began his studies in medicine.
^ Columbia, then King's College, was more accommodating.- Alexander Hamilton, an excerpt from Financial Founding Fathers: The Men Who Made America Rich by Robert E. Wright and David J. Cowen 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.press.uchicago.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ He was a graduate of King's College, or as it is known to through conservatives, or Columbia to you neocons co-founded the city's first local bank in the year 1784, the Bank of New York, and founded the New York Post.
.^ His role in the commercial sphere of American life and the Revolutionary War play hugely important roles in the shaping of the man to become such a predominant force in American politics.- Geometry.Net - Authors Books: Hamilton Alexander 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.geometry.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ He served in the Revolution as General Washington s chief aide-de-camp and as an officer in combat units.- Geometry.Net - Authors Books: Hamilton Alexander 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.geometry.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ As secretary and aide to Washington, the Virginian being for all intents and purposes secretary of war as well as commanding general of the army, Hamilton soon became privy to the inner workings of the Articles of Confederation government and the military system, both of which he now sought to purge of their defects by constructive reforms.- Alexander Hamilton: From Caesar to Christ 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC catholiceducation.org [Source type: Original source]
^ General Washington himself was impressed, although in the end it was Hamiltons other talentshis gift for writing and keen intelligencewhich led the commander-in-chief on March 1, 1777 to name the young captain his aide-de-camp with the rank of lieutenant-colonel.- Alexander Hamilton: From Caesar to Christ 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC catholiceducation.org [Source type: Original source]
.^ More on Hamilton's war on Congress.- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Hamilton went to university, joined the army, and practiced law in New York.
^ He was a graduate of King's College, or as it is known to through conservatives, or Columbia to you neocons co-founded the city's first local bank in the year 1784, the Bank of New York, and founded the New York Post.
.^ The pro-constitution, or Federalist, attendees were outnumbered two to one by Clinton's minions, indicating that Publius was largely ineffective in turning the political tide in New York.
^ The purpose of this onslaught was to put the case for the Constitution before the New York public for its review.- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
^ As Hamilton had predicted early on, it was only when Virginia ratified that the New York resistance began to crack.
.^ He also knew that it was desperately important for New York to ratify the constitution.
^ With his then-friend James Madison and John Jay (whom rheumatism soon sidelined), he began the greatest propaganda campaign ever in favor of the Constitutions ratification The Federalist Papers , 85 newspaper columns, some 50 of which Hamilton wrote, sometimes two, occasionally five or even six, a week.- Alexander Hamilton, Modern America’s Founding Father by Myron Magnet, City Journal Winter 2009 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.city-journal.org [Source type: Original source]
^ The pro-constitution, or Federalist, attendees were outnumbered two to one by Clinton's minions, indicating that Publius was largely ineffective in turning the political tide in New York.
.^ Hamilton was a supremely ambitious man, yet his aspirations propelled him not to be a king or a president or a conquering general.When the new American government formed following the revolution, the only post he desired - easily granted to him by Washington - was Treasury Secretary.- Geometry.Net - Authors Books: Hamilton Alexander 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.geometry.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ To ensure the safety of the government's deposits, the Secretary of the Treasury was empowered to inspect the state of the Bank as frequently as once a week.- Alexander Hamilton, an excerpt from Financial Founding Fathers: The Men Who Made America Rich by Robert E. Wright and David J. Cowen 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.press.uchicago.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ Soon after Congress created the Treasury Department in September 1789, Washington offered Hamilton the post of Treasury secretary, and the Senate concurred.- Alexander Hamilton, an excerpt from Financial Founding Fathers: The Men Who Made America Rich by Robert E. Wright and David J. Cowen 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.press.uchicago.edu [Source type: Original source]
.^ ALEXANDER HAMILTON state governments had contracted debts.- Full text of "Alexander Hamilton, an essay" 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Hamilton signed the constitution of the United States on September 17, 1787.
^ So why did Hamilton argue that the national government should "service" this debt?- Alexander Hamilton, an excerpt from Financial Founding Fathers: The Men Who Made America Rich by Robert E. Wright and David J. Cowen 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.press.uchicago.edu [Source type: Original source]
.^ He favored import duties and excise duties, such as the whiskey and carriage tax, but he feared that direct taxes on land would incite rapid settlement to new lands.- Full text of "Alexander Hamilton, an essay" 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Revenue, the most important issue, was to be generated primarily through a tax on imports, and an excise.
.^ Hamilton's views "almost led him to despair," Madison noted, "that a republican government could be established over so great an extent."- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
^ He and James Madison were the prime movers behind the summoning of the Constitutional Convention and the chief authors of that classic gloss on the national charter, The Federalist , which Hamilton supervised.- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Washington, and Martha, and John Jay, and that Duane guy, and Madison, and an incredible one of Thomas Jefferson that I don't think I had seen before.- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ Hamilton headed the rightists, the Federalists; Jefferson headed the leftists, the Republicans.- Geometry.Net - Authors Books: Hamilton Alexander 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.geometry.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Burr had alienated Jefferson and the triumphant Republican party by his disloyalty as a vice president and had lost by a landslide in his bid to become a Federalist governor of New York.- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Again, Hamilton supported his Republican rival, John Lansing (and later Morgan Lewis when Lansing bowed out), and because of his stance, was all but ostracized by his own party.
.^ Fearing the consequences of a trade war with Britain, Hamilton communicated to Beckwith, in a series of meetings, his wish to see improved relations and a commercial treaty between the United States and Britain.
^ Hamilton understood that the Jay Treaty was the best a new nation could expect from a world power, which was not obligated in the least to even consider its trading rights let alone treat with it like an equal.
^ The principle which divided the parties in Hamilton's day was not socialistic but national- istic.- Full text of "Alexander Hamilton, an essay" 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Original source]
.^ Hamilton went to university, joined the army, and practiced law in New York.
^ Hamilton died in New York City, surrounded by his wife and seven children and mourned by a nation.- Alexander Hamilton: From Caesar to Christ 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC catholiceducation.org [Source type: Original source]
^ In February of 1784, he wrote the charter for and became a founding member of the Bank of New York, the state's first bank.
.^ A wealthy landowner, he served with distinction in the French and Indian War, and in 1768 was made a member of the Colonial Assembly.- Our Aaron Burr / Alexander Hamilton Connections 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC ntgen.tripod.com [Source type: General]
^ President Adams called Washington out of retirement to act as commander-in-chief for raising the forces requisite for the war with France.
^ The Quasi-War was a roughly two-year period of severe friction between France and the United States during which war seemed inevitable.
[2]
.^ As the leader of the Federalists during the election season of 1800, Hamilton headed a party in crisis.
^ Again, Hamilton supported his Republican rival, John Lansing (and later Morgan Lewis when Lansing bowed out), and because of his stance, was all but ostracized by his own party.
^ The voice of the opposition came from James Madison, whom Hamilton considered a friend and ardent fellow Federalist.
.^ The duel between Aaron Burr and Alexander Hamilton is a famous piece of American history, which we are all taught in our history classes.- Our Aaron Burr / Alexander Hamilton Connections 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC ntgen.tripod.com [Source type: General]
^ When he stops, my article is completed. And when Vice President Aaron Burr, knowing that Jefferson would drop him from the ticket in the 1804 election, decided to run for governor of New York instead, Hamilton roused all his political skill and passion to stop him.- Alexander Hamilton, Modern America’s Founding Father by Myron Magnet, City Journal Winter 2009 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.city-journal.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Thereafter, Hamilton likely considered Burr his most dangerous enemy.
.^ The principle which divided the parties in Hamilton's day was not socialistic but national- istic.- Full text of "Alexander Hamilton, an essay" 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Hamilton waited anxiously, and monitored the proceedings with mounting anguish as his former ally denounced his work and endeavored to defeat it.
^ Some writers have noticed that Hamilton seemed in his report to be famihar with the state of industry in this country but they give no expla- nation of how he obtained his information.- Full text of "Alexander Hamilton, an essay" 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Original source]
.^ The duel between Aaron Burr and Alexander Hamilton is a famous piece of American history, which we are all taught in our history classes.- Our Aaron Burr / Alexander Hamilton Connections 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC ntgen.tripod.com [Source type: General]
^ A current historian believes the duel was sparked by a remark that Alexander Hamilton made that suggested that Aaron Burr's relationship with his daughter was so close, that it suggested an incestuous relationship.- Our Aaron Burr / Alexander Hamilton Connections 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC ntgen.tripod.com [Source type: General]
^ Hamilton and Burr: Infinite Shades of Ambition The Hamilton/Burr rivalry is one of the most famous in American politics, and certainly their duel is the most notorious in history.
.^ Appointed Treasury secretary in Septemberthe startled Washington had only recently learned that his ex-aide was a financial whizHamilton, now 34 and the administrations chief policymaker, turned to the financial crisis undermining the nation.- Alexander Hamilton, Modern America’s Founding Father by Myron Magnet, City Journal Winter 2009 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.city-journal.org [Source type: Original source]
^ As a military aide to George Washington, forceful critic of the Articlesof Confederation, persuasive proponent of ratification of the Constitution,first Secretary of the Treasury, and leader of the Federalist party, Hamiltondevoted himself to the creation of a militarily and economically powerfulAmerican nation guided by a strong republican government.- Geometry.Net - Authors Books: Hamilton Alexander 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.geometry.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The impetus for of the funding act came right after Hamilton's appointment as secretary of the Treasury in September 1789, when the House of Representatives asked him to prepare a plan "for the support of the public credit, as a matter of high importance to the national honor and prosperity."- Max M. Edling | "So immense a power in the affairs of war": Alexander Hamilton and the Restoration of Public Credit | The William and Mary Quarterly, 64.2 | The History Cooperative 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.historycooperative.org [Source type: Original source]
[3]
Childhood in the Caribbean
.^ He was most likely born on the island of Nevis in the British West Indies in 1755.
^ On this day, in 1755, Alexander Hamilton was born in the British West Indies.- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Especially insulting to the American people was a seventy ton limit on American ships trading in the British West Indies, effectively locking Americans out of the lucrative lumber trade.
.^ Hamilton's father, James Hamilton, was the fourth son of a Scottish aristocrat.- Alexander Hamilton, an excerpt from Financial Founding Fathers: The Men Who Made America Rich by Robert E. Wright and David J. Cowen 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.press.uchicago.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ Son of James Hamilton and Rachel (Faucette) Hamilton; married 1780 to Elizabeth Schuyler (daughter of Philip John Schuyler ; sister of Philip Jeremiah Schuyler ); father of William Stephen Hamilton ; ancestor of Robert Hamilton Woodruff .- The Political Graveyard: Index to Politicians: Hamilton 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC politicalgraveyard.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Born around 1718, he was the fourth of eleven children (nine sons, two daughters) of Alexander Hamilton, the laird of Grange in Stevenston Parish in Ayrshire, Scotland, southwest of Glasgow.- WNYC - Books: Alexander Hamilton 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.wnyc.org [Source type: Original source]
[4] .^ For a long time, historians accepted 1757, the year used by Hamilton himself and his family.- WNYC - Books: Alexander Hamilton 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.wnyc.org [Source type: Original source]
^ The mass of evidence from the period after Hamilton's arrival in North America does suggest 1757 as his birth year, but, preferring the integrity of contemporary over retrospective evidence, we will opt here for a birthday of January 11, 1755.- WNYC - Books: Alexander Hamilton 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.wnyc.org [Source type: Original source]
^ This new biography introduces the general reader to some of the challenges and controversies of the early days of the Republic and highlights Hamilton's brilliant contributions to US policy and structure.- Geometry.Net - Authors Books: Hamilton Alexander 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.geometry.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Yet several cogent pieces of evidence from his Caribbean period have caused many recent historians to opt for 1755.- WNYC - Books: Alexander Hamilton 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.wnyc.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Hamilton's principal aim, most historians agree, was to ensure the stability of the new regime by giving the elite a reason to support it.- Max M. Edling | "So immense a power in the affairs of war": Alexander Hamilton and the Restoration of Public Credit | The William and Mary Quarterly, 64.2 | The History Cooperative 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.historycooperative.org [Source type: Original source]
^ A couple years ago, the New York Historical Society had a massive Alexander Hamilton exhibit and Bill McCabe and I went - it was so so terrific.- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
However, probate papers from
St. Croix in 1768 after the death of Hamilton's mother list him as 13 years old,
[6] a date that would support a birth year of 1755. If Hamilton's birth year were, in fact, 1755, there would be a number of possible explanations.
.^ This argument Hamilton refers to as "both quaint and superficial."^ The skill of man, he argues, laid out on manufactured products may be more productive of value than the labor of nature and man combined.- Full text of "Alexander Hamilton, an essay" 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Original source]
^ His French Huguenot mother may also have instructed Hamilton, for he was comfortably bilingual and later was more at ease in French than Franklin, Adams, Jefferson, and other American diplomats who had spent years struggling to master the tongue in Paris.- WNYC - Books: Alexander Hamilton 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.wnyc.org [Source type: Original source]
^ As we shall see, there is a possible reason why James Hamilton may have felt less than paternal toward his son and Alexander less than filial toward him.- WNYC - Books: Alexander Hamilton 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.wnyc.org [Source type: Original source]
[7]
Hamilton's mother had been separated previously from Johann Michael Lavien of
St. Croix ("a much older German Jewish merchant-planter"
[4]);
[8] to escape an unhappy marriage, Rachel left her husband and first son for
St. Kitts in 1750, where she met James.
[9] .^ With no chance of inheriting his father's property, he traveled the Caribbean seeking his fortune.- Alexander Hamilton, an excerpt from Financial Founding Fathers: The Men Who Made America Rich by Robert E. Wright and David J. Cowen 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.press.uchicago.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ From her father, Rachel had inherited a waterfront property on the main street in Charlestown, the Nevis capital, where legend proclaims that Alexander was born and lived as a boy.- WNYC - Books: Alexander Hamilton 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.wnyc.org [Source type: Original source]
^ His second wife had died just a month before Rachel, and the couple had already lost the two children they had together.- WNYC - Books: Alexander Hamilton 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.wnyc.org [Source type: Original source]
[10] .^ Undaunted, Rachael bore two sons, James and Alexander.- Alexander Hamilton, an excerpt from Financial Founding Fathers: The Men Who Made America Rich by Robert E. Wright and David J. Cowen 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.press.uchicago.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ She bore two more sons, James, Jr. January 11, 1755, Alexander.- Alexander Hamilton, Modern America’s Founding Father by Myron Magnet, City Journal Winter 2009 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.city-journal.org [Source type: Original source]
^ They had two sons: James, Jr., and, two years later, Alexander.- WNYC - Books: Alexander Hamilton 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.wnyc.org [Source type: Original source]
.^ Hamilton neither admitted nor denied Reynolds' accusation, but pressed him to name the terms of his "satisfaction."
^ But the ideal of Hamilton was a strong Union; and the powers in the central gov- ernment which had been denied him in the Con- *^ vention, he proposed to get from the document by implication.- Full text of "Alexander Hamilton, an essay" 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Hamilton favored greater ties to England because the United States needed the English navy for its protection and England was the main market for American goods.- Geometry.Net - Authors Books: Hamilton Alexander 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.geometry.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Hamiliton probably did not have formal schooling on Nevis-his illegitimate birth may well have barred him from Anglican instruction-but he seems to have had individual tutoring.- WNYC - Books: Alexander Hamilton 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.wnyc.org [Source type: Original source]
[11] .^ Of most compelling interest to our saga, the upstairs living quarters held thirty-four books-the first unmistakable sign of Hamilton's omnivorous, self-directed reading.- WNYC - Books: Alexander Hamilton 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.wnyc.org [Source type: Original source]
^ To supplement the family's income, young Hamilton apprenticed as a clerk in the New York trading firm of Nicholas Cruger, Cornelius Kortright, and David Beekman.- Alexander Hamilton, an excerpt from Financial Founding Fathers: The Men Who Made America Rich by Robert E. Wright and David J. Cowen 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.press.uchicago.edu [Source type: Original source]
.^ Having to fend for herself and her two children after James left, Rachel opened a store and employed her youngest son as clerk and bookkeeper.
^ Undaunted, Rachael bore two sons, James and Alexander.- Alexander Hamilton, an excerpt from Financial Founding Fathers: The Men Who Made America Rich by Robert E. Wright and David J. Cowen 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.press.uchicago.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ In one swiftly effective stroke, Lavien had safeguarded his son's inheritance and penalized Rachel, making it impossible for her two innocent sons ever to mitigate the stigma of illegitimacy.- WNYC - Books: Alexander Hamilton 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.wnyc.org [Source type: Original source]
. . [after finding out that her first husband] intend[ed] to divorce her under Danish law on grounds of adultery and desertion."
[4] Rachel supported the family by keeping a small store in Christiansted.
.^ (Since Hamilton spoke of his mother's bearing "several children," other siblings may have died in childhood.- WNYC - Books: Alexander Hamilton 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.wnyc.org [Source type: Original source]
.^ (Since Hamilton spoke of his mother's bearing "several children," other siblings may have died in childhood.- WNYC - Books: Alexander Hamilton 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.wnyc.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Following conventional eighteenth-century usage, Washington called his staff of aides his family, and, convention aside, that word catches the emotional tone.- Alexander Hamilton, Modern America’s Founding Father by Myron Magnet, City Journal Winter 2009 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.city-journal.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Such was his personal identification with the administration that even the slightest changes in his policies pushed him close to the emotional edge.
[13] .^ Rachel's husband, who had had her imprisoned in Christiansted some years before for adultery, had posted a public summons for her to appear before a divorce court, declaring her a whore who had given birth to illegitimate children.
^ While he was awaiting settlement of the small estate-principally Rachel's slaves and a stock of business supplies-the court auctioned off her personal effects.- WNYC - Books: Alexander Hamilton 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.wnyc.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Less than a week after Rachel died, the probate officers again trooped to the house to appraise the estate.- WNYC - Books: Alexander Hamilton 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.wnyc.org [Source type: Original source]
.^ Hamilton rued the day that his grandmother was "captivated by the glitter" of Lavien's appearance and auctioned her daughter off, as it were, to the highest bidder.- WNYC - Books: Alexander Hamilton 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.wnyc.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Hamilton had certainly gone off to war but he had not really been studying law at the time: though later showered with honorary degrees, he never officially graduated from college.- Alexander Hamilton, an excerpt from Financial Founding Fathers: The Men Who Made America Rich by Robert E. Wright and David J. Cowen 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.press.uchicago.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ Cruger, Knox, and other wealthy islanders, sent Hamilton off in June of 1773 to New York to study medicine, most likely in the hope that he would return to the island and set up his practice there.
[14]
.^ To supplement the family's income, young Hamilton apprenticed as a clerk in the New York trading firm of Nicholas Cruger, Cornelius Kortright, and David Beekman.- Alexander Hamilton, an excerpt from Financial Founding Fathers: The Men Who Made America Rich by Robert E. Wright and David J. Cowen 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.press.uchicago.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ At 13, Hamilton had begun clerking for the island outpost of Beekman and Cruger, a New York trading firm owned by two of the citys great Dutch mercantile families, key players in that business for generations.- Alexander Hamilton, Modern America’s Founding Father by Myron Magnet, City Journal Winter 2009 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.city-journal.org [Source type: Original source]
^ By contrast, even before Peter Lytton's death, Alexander had begun to clerk for the mercantile house of Beekman and Cruger, the New York traders who had supplied his mother with provisions.- WNYC - Books: Alexander Hamilton 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.wnyc.org [Source type: Original source]
.^ Already on August 1, 1765, her wealthy brother-in-law, James Lytton, had bought her six walnut chairs with leather seats and agreed to foot the bill for her rent.- WNYC - Books: Alexander Hamilton 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.wnyc.org [Source type: Original source]
^ James Hamilton had continued to feed off his brother's Glasgow business connections.- WNYC - Books: Alexander Hamilton 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.wnyc.org [Source type: Original source]
^ His brother later insisted that Peter was "insane."49 Life as a ward of Peter Lytton proved yet another merciless education in the tawdry side of life for Alexander Hamilton.- WNYC - Books: Alexander Hamilton 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.wnyc.org [Source type: Original source]
[15] .^ While James went off to train with the elderly carpenter, Hamilton, in a dreamlike transition worthy of a Dickens novel, was whisked off to the King Street home of Thomas Stevens, a well-respected merchant, and his wife, Ann.- WNYC - Books: Alexander Hamilton 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.wnyc.org [Source type: Original source]
^ It would also explain why Thomas Stevens sheltered Hamilton soon after Rachel's death but made no comparable gesture to his brother, James.- WNYC - Books: Alexander Hamilton 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.wnyc.org [Source type: Original source]
^ The latter was apprenticed to an aging Christiansted carpenter, Thomas McNobeny, which tells us much about his limited abilities.- WNYC - Books: Alexander Hamilton 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.wnyc.org [Source type: Original source]
.^ This parentage would also explain why Hamilton formed an infinitely more enduring bond with Edward Stevens than with his own brother.- WNYC - Books: Alexander Hamilton 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.wnyc.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Hamilton told his friends that he would throw away his shot: just what hed advised his son to do.- Alexander Hamilton, Modern America’s Founding Father by Myron Magnet, City Journal Winter 2009 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.city-journal.org [Source type: Original source]
^ That Hamilton blamed himself for his son's death there can be no doubt, because it is equally doubtless that Philip fell defending his father's honor on the dueling ground.
.^ Both were exceedingly quick and clever, disciplined and persevering, fluent in French, versed in classical history, outraged by slavery, and mesmerized by medicine.- WNYC - Books: Alexander Hamilton 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.wnyc.org [Source type: Original source]
[16]
.^ James Hamilton had continued to feed off his brother's Glasgow business connections.- WNYC - Books: Alexander Hamilton 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.wnyc.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Only the small entrepreneur and the small holder of property, marginal in Hamiltons theory of the state, remain in the low condition to which he relegated them and continue to decrease in number as huge, international corporations multiply.- Alexander Hamilton: From Caesar to Christ 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC catholiceducation.org [Source type: Original source]
^ However, Mr. Hogeland seems to suggest that Hamilton's concern for his interests and those of his allies trumped his interest in securing the long-term viability of free and mobile society.- Boston Review — hogeland.php 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC bostonreview.net [Source type: Original source]
.^ Hamilton, who had early fancied himself a writer, published an occasional poem in the local paper, and impressed the residents of the island with a particularly vivid and florid account of a hurricane in 1772.
^ In response to a loyalist pamphletist who criticized the actions of the continental congress, Hamilton wrote A Full Vindication of the Measures of Congress , which gained the young revolutionary much notoriety among rebels and loyalists alike.
^ In a revealing passage, Hamilton wrote that funding was necessary "to guard the Government and the Creditors against the danger of inconstancy in the public Councils."- Max M. Edling | "So immense a power in the affairs of war": Alexander Hamilton and the Restoration of Public Credit | The William and Mary Quarterly, 64.2 | The History Cooperative 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.historycooperative.org [Source type: Original source]
Education
.^ Hamilton did the lion's share of the work (no surprise there - the man was unbelievable.- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
^ For the remainder of his life Hamilton worried that his work would be destroyed, his system dismantled, under the opposition.
^ So instead of twiddling away the hours in the wilderness of New Jersey, Hamilton, after living with Elias Boudinot in northern New Jersey as he raced through some preparatory work at a grammar school, settled in the bustling metropolis of Manhattan.- Alexander Hamilton, an excerpt from Financial Founding Fathers: The Men Who Made America Rich by Robert E. Wright and David J. Cowen 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.press.uchicago.edu [Source type: Original source]
[17] .^ As a nominal Presbyterian, Hamilton had his heart set on Princeton, then the College of New Jersey.- Alexander Hamilton, an excerpt from Financial Founding Fathers: The Men Who Made America Rich by Robert E. Wright and David J. Cowen 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.press.uchicago.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ He joined the board of the now-renamed Columbia College, helped create the New York Board of Regents, and founded the Bank of New Yorkall within the first year or so of his return.- Alexander Hamilton, Modern America’s Founding Father by Myron Magnet, City Journal Winter 2009 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.city-journal.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Hamilton had certainly gone off to war but he had not really been studying law at the time: though later showered with honorary degrees, he never officially graduated from college.- Alexander Hamilton, an excerpt from Financial Founding Fathers: The Men Who Made America Rich by Robert E. Wright and David J. Cowen 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.press.uchicago.edu [Source type: Original source]
[4][18] Eventually Hamilton made a similar request to King's College in
New York City (now
Columbia University), was accepted, and entered the college in late 1773 or early 1774.
[19]
.^ The following is from Hamiton's 1774 pamphlet "The Farmer Refuted" - his first piece of Revolutionary writing.- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
^ A quote from Hamilton's 1775 pamphlet "The Farmer Refuted" : .- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
^ It was this last resolution which caused Hamilton to defend the Continental Congress, meeting in Philadelphia, in another pamphlet, and to attack the liberal Quebec Bill of 1774, which recognized the Roman Catholic Church in Canada, as a ministerial conspiracy to destroy the Protestantism of the colonist by establishing popery among their neighbors to the north.- Alexander Hamilton: From Caesar to Christ 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC catholiceducation.org [Source type: Original source]
.^ The pro-constitution, or Federalist, attendees were outnumbered two to one by Clinton's minions, indicating that Publius was largely ineffective in turning the political tide in New York.
^ James Madison was aware of the importance of New York as well.
^ Well, the "bastard brat" is only going to be at the New York Historical Society for a week longer, so McCabe and I are going tomorrow.- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ Although Kings College was known for its loyalist leanings, Hamilton's American benefactors, the Elias Boudinot family, were Presbyterians of the Whig persuasion who supported rebellion against England.
^ Hamilton's strategy was not directly aimed against Adams at that point, but was calculated to win southern support for the Federalists, and to lessen Jefferson's chances for the presidency.
^ Although Marx did not formulate the socialist theory until almost a half century after Hamilton's death, modern writers have endeavored to interpret Hamilton In the light of it.- Full text of "Alexander Hamilton, an essay" 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Original source]
.^ In addition, Hamilton had long demonstrated a distaste for mob violence and uprisings.
^ Heated opposition to the excise tax on distilled liquors which had been simmering as long as the tax had been in effect, broke out into open insurrection after tax collectors were attacked by an angry mob.
^ Hamilton's pamphlet "The Farmer Refuted" - written when he was 20 years old - a student at King's College (a loyalist college) - and yet getting swept away by revolutionary politics.- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
[21]
During the Revolutionary War
Alexander Hamilton in the Uniform of the New York Artillery by
Alonzo Chappel (1828–1887)
Early military career
.^ We shall never know what percentage of the American electorate wished to see adoption, but we do know what happened in each state convention, and that Hamilton was the leader of the victorious pro-Constitutional forces in New York's ratifying convention.- Alexander Hamilton, an excerpt from Financial Founding Fathers: The Men Who Made America Rich by Robert E. Wright and David J. Cowen 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.press.uchicago.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ A couple years ago, the New York Historical Society had a massive Alexander Hamilton exhibit and Bill McCabe and I went - it was so so terrific.- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
^ He joined the board of the now-renamed Columbia College, helped create the New York Board of Regents, and founded the Bank of New Yorkall within the first year or so of his return.- Alexander Hamilton, Modern America’s Founding Father by Myron Magnet, City Journal Winter 2009 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.city-journal.org [Source type: Original source]
He drilled with the company before classes, in the graveyard of nearby
St. Paul's Chapel. Hamilton studied military history and tactics on his own and achieved the rank of
lieutenant. Under fire from
HMS Asia, he led a successful raid for British cannon in
the Battery, the capture of which resulted in the Hearts of Oak becoming an artillery company thereafter.
.^ New York attorney John Jay was responsible for it.- Alexander Hamilton, an excerpt from Financial Founding Fathers: The Men Who Made America Rich by Robert E. Wright and David J. Cowen 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.press.uchicago.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ In the summer of 1776, as the British fleet sailed toward New York harbor, Hamilton responded to a call for recruits, and after assiduously studying the science of artillery, was appointed Captain of the Provincial Company of Artillery.
^ All the while that the little New York artillery company was with Washington, Hamilton was making an indelible impression on the General.
.^ Hamilton and his company fought with Washington's army at Long Island in August of 1776, followed him on campaign to White Plains, and took part in the Delaware river crossing to participate in the victories at Trenton and Princeton that closed out the heady year of 1776.
^ Following the war, both Hamilton and Burr had thriving law practices in New York City, and both were rising stars at the bar.
^ When the British finally left New York City, leaving behind a half-burned-out town stinking of sewage, Hamilton moved back with Eliza and brand-new baby Philip to a rented house at 57 Wall Street and became one of the city fathers who rebuilt Gotham.- Alexander Hamilton, Modern America’s Founding Father by Myron Magnet, City Journal Winter 2009 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.city-journal.org [Source type: Original source]
[22]
Washington's staff
.^ An excellent commander and superb organizer, he won the admiration of a quartet of generals, including Washington, who invited him to join his staff as an aide-de-camp and lieutenant colonel.- Alexander Hamilton, Modern America’s Founding Father by Myron Magnet, City Journal Winter 2009 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.city-journal.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Hamilton had earlier refused similar positions with Knox and General Nathaniel Greene, preferring the independence of his own command.
^ Washington, who was building up his personal staff as administrative details became ever more cumbersome, offered Hamilton the position of aide-de-camp with the rank of Lieutenant Colonel.
.^ An excellent commander and superb organizer, he won the admiration of a quartet of generals, including Washington, who invited him to join his staff as an aide-de-camp and lieutenant colonel.- Alexander Hamilton, Modern America’s Founding Father by Myron Magnet, City Journal Winter 2009 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.city-journal.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Washington, who was building up his personal staff as administrative details became ever more cumbersome, offered Hamilton the position of aide-de-camp with the rank of Lieutenant Colonel.
^ General Washington himself was impressed, although in the end it was Hamiltons other talentshis gift for writing and keen intelligencewhich led the commander-in-chief on March 1, 1777 to name the young captain his aide-de-camp with the rank of lieutenant-colonel.- Alexander Hamilton: From Caesar to Christ 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC catholiceducation.org [Source type: Original source]
[23] .^ Here, in his Remarks on the Quebec Bill, which reflected the thinking of the Continental Congress itself, the eighteen-year-old Hamilton revealed not only the Whig sentiments of his West Indian tutor, Dr. Knox, but his prejudices as well.- Alexander Hamilton: From Caesar to Christ 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC catholiceducation.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Even at this early date, Hamilton called for a constitutional convention, apparently the first proposal of its kind, to centralize power in Congress; and urged the establishment of a national bank in a letter to Robert Morris, the new nations superintendent of finance.- Alexander Hamilton: From Caesar to Christ 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC catholiceducation.org [Source type: Original source]
^ His intellectual stature and distinguished public service -- author of the Declaration of Independence, member of the Virginia House of Burgesses at the age of 26, wartime governor of Virginia, delegate to the Continental Congress, minister to France, secretary of state under George Washington, vice president under John Adams -- left them unimpressed.- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
[1] .^ His childhood and youth are dispensed with in about 15 pages, and the American Revolution - in which Hamilton participated as an senior aid to Washington and as combat officer - is already over by page 25,bypassing what one assumes should have been a wealth of fascinating material.- Geometry.Net - Authors Books: Hamilton Alexander 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.geometry.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Both ambitious and brilliant, equally knowledgeable on a wide variety of subjects, Hamilton and Madison sparked immediately when they met in the continental congress in 1783.
^ During this last year in Washington's cabinet, Hamilton reached the pinnacle of his power and influence, advising on and directing a wide range of foreign and domestic policy.
[24] The important duties with which he was entrusted attest to Washington's deep confidence in his abilities and character, then and afterward.
.^ He pointed out the domestic and international implications of the official but still impotent congress, -- "the people have lost all confidence .
.^ The voice of the opposition came from James Madison, whom Hamilton considered a friend and ardent fellow Federalist.
^ Hamilton, the immigrant with no grounding in a particular state, understood only the destructiveness of localist politics from his time as a staff officer in the war, and during his tenure as a government employee and congressional delegate.
^ Hamilton's image as a champion of American nationalism caused his reputation to soar during the Civil War, at least in the North.- Geometry.Net - Authors Books: Hamilton Alexander 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.geometry.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ This is from a letter to his good friend John Laurens: .- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Stone's critique pointed to the origins of funding systems in what one late-eighteenth-century British writer called "the prevalence and extension of the war-system throughout Europe."- Max M. Edling | "So immense a power in the affairs of war": Alexander Hamilton and the Restoration of Public Credit | The William and Mary Quarterly, 64.2 | The History Cooperative 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.historycooperative.org [Source type: Original source]
^ New institutionalist history should be distinguished from old institutionalist history as practiced by the first generation of professional American historians in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.- Max M. Edling | "So immense a power in the affairs of war": Alexander Hamilton and the Restoration of Public Credit | The William and Mary Quarterly, 64.2 | The History Cooperative 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.historycooperative.org [Source type: Original source]
[27]
Marriage
.^ The dilemma for Hamilton was a new one and the most formidable of his life.- Alexander Hamilton: From Caesar to Christ 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC catholiceducation.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Hamilton also married during the war, in December 1780.- Alexander Hamilton, an excerpt from Financial Founding Fathers: The Men Who Made America Rich by Robert E. Wright and David J. Cowen 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.press.uchicago.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ The Schyuler family was one of the wealthy Dutch dynasties of New York.
.^ His bride, his little "nut brown maid," was the sweet and petite Elizabeth Schuyler, daughter of New York patroon (manorial baron) General Philip Schuyler.- Alexander Hamilton, an excerpt from Financial Founding Fathers: The Men Who Made America Rich by Robert E. Wright and David J. Cowen 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.press.uchicago.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ When Virginia followed suit on June 25, 1788, the remaining holdouts—Rhode Island, North Carolina, and New York—took on the appearance of rogue states.- Alexander Hamilton, an excerpt from Financial Founding Fathers: The Men Who Made America Rich by Robert E. Wright and David J. Cowen 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.press.uchicago.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ Hamilton, Isaac — of Albany County , N.Y. Member of New York state assembly from Albany County, 1827.- The Political Graveyard: Index to Politicians: Hamilton 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC politicalgraveyard.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Son of James Hamilton and Rachel (Faucette) Hamilton; married 1780 to Elizabeth Schuyler (daughter of Philip John Schuyler ; sister of Philip Jeremiah Schuyler ); father of William Stephen Hamilton ; ancestor of Robert Hamilton Woodruff .- The Political Graveyard: Index to Politicians: Hamilton 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC politicalgraveyard.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Hamilton had left the Treasury by then and been succeeded by his close collaborator, Oliver Wolcott Jr., who set up an amortization plan for the foreign debt, the 6 percent debt, and the deferred 6 percent debt.- Max M. Edling | "So immense a power in the affairs of war": Alexander Hamilton and the Restoration of Public Credit | The William and Mary Quarterly, 64.2 | The History Cooperative 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.historycooperative.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Hamilton was greatly influenced by the great 18th century Scottish economists, primarily David Hume, who considered the consequences and possibilities of the merger of their comparatively backwards, agrarian country with Britain, whose economy was largely mercantile.
.^ Neither Hamilton nor Burr revealed the nature of the "more despicable opinion;" but both apparently knew to what it referred; and it seems that they will be the only ones who will ever know for sure despite some interesting guesses by historians.
^ The propriety of Hamilton's meetings with Beckwith, and later with official British minister, George Hammond, has been a matter of intense debate among historians.
^ Knowing full well how his plan would be received by the bulk of Americans, Hamilton opines: "There are epochs in human affairs, when novelty even is useful."
[28]
Command and the Battle of Yorktown
Surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown by
John Trumbull, oil on canvas, 1820
.^ Disillusioned with Washington, and doubly determined to get away from headquarters and improve upon his "military reputation," Hamilton began in earnest his own campaign to acquire a field command.
^ Though much younger than Washington, Hamilton would not long outlive the general.- Alexander Hamilton, an excerpt from Financial Founding Fathers: The Men Who Made America Rich by Robert E. Wright and David J. Cowen 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.press.uchicago.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ This time, Washington gave Hamilton his long-awaited command, that of the New York and Connecticut light infantry battalion, with orders to lead an assault on British redoubt number 10 at Yorktown.
As the war drew ever nearer to a close, he knew that opportunities for military glory were fading.
.^ Washington, who was building up his personal staff as administrative details became ever more cumbersome, offered Hamilton the position of aide-de-camp with the rank of Lieutenant Colonel.
^ Hamilton was often mistaken as Washington's prime minister by foreign visitors; in fact, because of his close advisory position to the President, he in essence was.
^ More than anyone else, George Washington understood Hamilton's unique abilities, and put him in situations where his talents could be developed and used.
.^ Disillusioned with Washington, and doubly determined to get away from headquarters and improve upon his "military reputation," Hamilton began in earnest his own campaign to acquire a field command.
This continued until early July of 1781, when Hamilton submitted a letter to Washington with his
commission enclosed, "thus tacitly threatening to resign if he didn't get his desired command".
[29]
.^ Shot and mortally wounded in a duel with Aaron Burr on July 11, 1804, and died the next day in New York, New York County , N.Y., July 12, 1804 .- The Political Graveyard: Index to Politicians: Hamilton 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC politicalgraveyard.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ This time, Washington gave Hamilton his long-awaited command, that of the New York and Connecticut light infantry battalion, with orders to lead an assault on British redoubt number 10 at Yorktown.
^ All the while that the little New York artillery company was with Washington, Hamilton was making an indelible impression on the General.
.^ This time, Washington gave Hamilton his long-awaited command, that of the New York and Connecticut light infantry battalion, with orders to lead an assault on British redoubt number 10 at Yorktown.
^ Washington and Rochambeau were planning a decisive strike on the British; and Hamilton, ever hopeful of seeing action, rode off to Dobbs Ferry NY to rejoin the army.
^ On the way back to headquarters from meetings with the French commanders, Washington and Hamilton were due to stop at West Point, commanded by major general Benedict Arnold .
.^ This time, Washington gave Hamilton his long-awaited command, that of the New York and Connecticut light infantry battalion, with orders to lead an assault on British redoubt number 10 at Yorktown.
^ Hamilton and his men fought bravely in several early battles, including the unsuccessful attempt to hold Manhattan from the British.- Alexander Hamilton, an excerpt from Financial Founding Fathers: The Men Who Made America Rich by Robert E. Wright and David J. Cowen 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.press.uchicago.edu [Source type: Original source]
.^ Washington and Rochambeau were planning a decisive strike on the British; and Hamilton, ever hopeful of seeing action, rode off to Dobbs Ferry NY to rejoin the army.
^ That same month, General Horatio Gates, who led the American forces in the north, accepted the surrender of General Burgoyne's entire army at Saratoga in a brilliant and morale-boosting victory.
^ Similarly, Alan Taylor argues that "Americans proved worthy heirs to the British as the predominant colonizers of North America" (Taylor, American Colonies , 477).- Max M. Edling | "So immense a power in the affairs of war": Alexander Hamilton and the Restoration of Public Credit | The William and Mary Quarterly, 64.2 | The History Cooperative 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.historycooperative.org [Source type: Original source]
[30]
Under the Confederation
Hamilton enters Congress
.^ Hamilton, who shared the army's frustrations, decided to leave congress.
^ Hamilton went to Philadelphia in November of 1782 with the pocketful of reforms he had collected while in the army and during his recent stint as Continental tax receiver with no authority to collect the money due him, and only excuses forthcoming from state collection agents.
^ Both ambitious and brilliant, equally knowledgeable on a wide variety of subjects, Hamilton and Madison sparked immediately when they met in the continental congress in 1783.
.^ It took him a while to perceive that things had taken a chilling and horrific turn in France, because he was so against monarchies, he was so against kings and queens of any kind.- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
^ The Quasi-War was a roughly two-year period of severe friction between France and the United States during which war seemed inevitable.
^ Governments borrowed by issuing bills of credit—fiat paper money—that often lost value.- Alexander Hamilton, an excerpt from Financial Founding Fathers: The Men Who Made America Rich by Robert E. Wright and David J. Cowen 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.press.uchicago.edu [Source type: Original source]
[31] After Yorktown, Hamilton resigned his commission.
.^ James Madison was aware of the importance of New York as well.
^ The affairs of nation building were never far from his mind, however, and he returned to his musings on financial reform in a letter to Robert Morris , who had just been appointed Superintendent of Finance under the recently ratified Articles of Confederation.
^ They returned with a party -- which would shortly become the Republican party -- complete with a national network of supporters and functionaries, including a journalist named Philip Freneau, recruited from New York to begin publishing the official party newspaper.
.^ To Hamilton, all the defects lay with the states.- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Even at this early date, Hamilton called for a constitutional convention, apparently the first proposal of its kind, to centralize power in Congress; and urged the establishment of a national bank in a letter to Robert Morris, the new nations superintendent of finance.- Alexander Hamilton: From Caesar to Christ 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC catholiceducation.org [Source type: Original source]
^ While Hamilton in his doctrine of implied powers argued that Congresss power to establish the bank was implied in the Constitution as a necessary means to the collection of taxes and regulation of trade, Jefferson and Madison defended the principle of subsidiarity here by pointing out that Hamiltons loose constructionist view of the Constitution could be reduced to the absurdity of saying that Congress had the total power to do whatever it thought good for the people of the United States.- Alexander Hamilton: From Caesar to Christ 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC catholiceducation.org [Source type: Original source]
.^ There needed to be a federal government.- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Not every delegate brought to Philadelphia a comprehension of how thirteen independent states could share a government of tripartite powers: legislative, judicial, executive.- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
^ That same report urged the states to send delegates to a general convention in Philadelphia in May of the following year.- Alexander Hamilton, an excerpt from Financial Founding Fathers: The Men Who Made America Rich by Robert E. Wright and David J. Cowen 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.press.uchicago.edu [Source type: Original source]
.^ Hamilton wrote the first article returning home on a sloop from Albany, where he had been arguing cases before the state supreme court, and he ended up contributing more than 50 of the 85 pieces.- Alexander Hamilton: New Yorker by Richard Brookhiser, City Journal Autumn 1996 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.city-journal.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Again, Hamilton's thought, which did not conceive of power as a finite sum, was decades ahead of its time.- Alexander Hamilton, an excerpt from Financial Founding Fathers: The Men Who Made America Rich by Robert E. Wright and David J. Cowen 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.press.uchicago.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ If he did not have a full enough plate already, Hamilton was appointed a delegate to the Continental Congress.
[33]
Congress and the Army
.^ The growth of manufacturing in the United States, in Hamilton's view, would parallel the growth of great population centers, thus creating more of a market for the produce of farms.
^ When Hamilton presented his report, Congress was still auditing the respective contributions made by state governments to the American War of Independence.- Max M. Edling | "So immense a power in the affairs of war": Alexander Hamilton and the Restoration of Public Credit | The William and Mary Quarterly, 64.2 | The History Cooperative 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.historycooperative.org [Source type: Original source]
^ These works divided Hamilton from Jefferson and Madison and became the basis of partisan politics in the United States.- Geometry.Net - Authors Books: Hamilton Alexander 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.geometry.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Hamilton's adopted state of New York was traditionally the most independent of the colonies, and there was a strong opposition to the revolt.
^ The professionalism of the New York artillery company and its commander impressed all the senior officers who had dealings with it, including Henry Knox, artillery commander of the Continental army.
^ Even his own newspaper, the New York Evening Post, criticized Hamilton's break from the party mainstream.
.^ Hamilton was a strict disciplinarian but just as fiercely fought with the New York assembly for decent pay and supplies for his men, and even exhausted his own savings to pay for their uniforms.
^ Madison believed that Virginia had paid off much of its debt and therefore that assumption would force his own state to pay more than its fair share of the total war costs.- Max M. Edling | "So immense a power in the affairs of war": Alexander Hamilton and the Restoration of Public Credit | The William and Mary Quarterly, 64.2 | The History Cooperative 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.historycooperative.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Madison and the opposition did not object to the funding of the debt, rather they disagreed as to who should be paid and how much.
.^ They were therefore redeemable at the pleasure of the government, and as long as the government took care to pay the promised interest the creditor had no legitimate right to claim repayment of the principal.- Max M. Edling | "So immense a power in the affairs of war": Alexander Hamilton and the Restoration of Public Credit | The William and Mary Quarterly, 64.2 | The History Cooperative 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.historycooperative.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Rhode Island's resistance of the impost, which was preventing the passage of the law; and an army petition for back pay and half-pay pensions.
[34] .^ The professionalism of the New York artillery company and its commander impressed all the senior officers who had dealings with it, including Henry Knox, artillery commander of the Continental army.
^ Compare that with the staff of five at State under Jefferson, and three at Henry Knox's War Department.- Alexander Hamilton, an excerpt from Financial Founding Fathers: The Men Who Made America Rich by Robert E. Wright and David J. Cowen 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.press.uchicago.edu [Source type: Original source]
Alexander MacDougall (see
above).
.^ Whatever their choice, the liabilities could be turned into gold or silver coins upon demand, or tendered in payment of federal taxes.- Alexander Hamilton, an excerpt from Financial Founding Fathers: The Men Who Made America Rich by Robert E. Wright and David J. Cowen 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.press.uchicago.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ Rhode Island's resistance of the impost, which was preventing the passage of the law; and an army petition for back pay and half-pay pensions.
.^ But, then, Hamilton in his utopian scheme for a great Federal power was prepared to use immoral means, and, as pointed out above, he had never subscribed to the Declaration of Independence with its doctrine of the natural rights of the person.- Alexander Hamilton: From Caesar to Christ 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC catholiceducation.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Despite the fact that he attempted to stay out of the political arena, Hamilton was propelled back by a series of events in which states attempted to assert their sovereignty over federal law.
^ For all their later opposition, the funding act would never have passed Congress without the support of both Madison and Jefferson.- Max M. Edling | "So immense a power in the affairs of war": Alexander Hamilton and the Restoration of Public Credit | The William and Mary Quarterly, 64.2 | The History Cooperative 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.historycooperative.org [Source type: Original source]
.^ Hamilton parried to Burr's thrusts; while Burr demanded an admission that the thing had been said, Hamilton continually pointed to the vagueness of the reporter's assertions, and indignantly objected to Burr's hostile approach.
^ In the end the federal government assumed $18 million owed by the states, thereby nationalizing almost the entire revolutionary debt.- Max M. Edling | "So immense a power in the affairs of war": Alexander Hamilton and the Restoration of Public Credit | The William and Mary Quarterly, 64.2 | The History Cooperative 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.historycooperative.org [Source type: Original source]
^ State debts would be assumed by the federal government with interest payments deferred until 1792.
[35] .^ Hamilton proposed to use them w^ for national purposes.- Full text of "Alexander Hamilton, an essay" 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Hamilton dismissed Hume's warnings and instead focused on the positive aspects of national credit; the continuing vitality of the British economy was enough to prove the efficacy of their system.
^ In 1779, and again in 1781, as the war raged, Hamilton drew up proposals for a national bank.- Alexander Hamilton, an excerpt from Financial Founding Fathers: The Men Who Made America Rich by Robert E. Wright and David J. Cowen 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.press.uchicago.edu [Source type: Original source]
[36] .^ In November 1791, European-based broker John Fry assured Hamilton that American credit overseas was secure and that European funds would stabilize securities prices.- Alexander Hamilton, an excerpt from Financial Founding Fathers: The Men Who Made America Rich by Robert E. Wright and David J. Cowen 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.press.uchicago.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ Washington and Rochambeau were planning a decisive strike on the British; and Hamilton, ever hopeful of seeing action, rode off to Dobbs Ferry NY to rejoin the army.
^ In a revealing passage, Hamilton wrote that funding was necessary "to guard the Government and the Creditors against the danger of inconstancy in the public Councils."- Max M. Edling | "So immense a power in the affairs of war": Alexander Hamilton and the Restoration of Public Credit | The William and Mary Quarterly, 64.2 | The History Cooperative 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.historycooperative.org [Source type: Original source]
[37] .^ This national plan was early in Hamilton's mind.- Full text of "Alexander Hamilton, an essay" 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Original source]
^ He wrote in 1780: "The only plan that can preserve the currency is one that will make it to the immediate interest of the monied men to cooperate with the government in its support.
^ They denounced the standing federal army, warning that it could be used to quash domestic dissent.- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
[39]
.^ Washington recognized that talent, giving ever-increasing responsibility to the young officer, now a lieutenant colonel.- Alexander Hamilton, an excerpt from Financial Founding Fathers: The Men Who Made America Rich by Robert E. Wright and David J. Cowen 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.press.uchicago.edu [Source type: Original source]
[35] .^ To Hamilton, all the defects lay with the states.- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Back then, faced with a restive and unpaid remnant of the victorious army quartered in Newburgh, New York, he had suddenly appeared at a meeting of officers who were contemplating insurrection; the murky plot involved marching on the Congress and then seizing a tract of land for themselves in the West, all presumably with Washington as their leader.- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Both ambitious and brilliant, equally knowledgeable on a wide variety of subjects, Hamilton and Madison sparked immediately when they met in the continental congress in 1783.
.^ In these letters he had shown, not only a wide knowledge of finance, but also a grasp of the nation's needs.- Full text of "Alexander Hamilton, an essay" 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Burr was opposing Hamilton on two fronts: locally, as an agent of the Clinton/Livingston faction; and nationally as a cohort of the Virginia opposition.
^ To conclude his second letter, Hamilton eloquently reminded his readers of the scope of their responsibility as citizens of a new nation: "The world has its eye upon America.
[41] .^ For all their later opposition, the funding act would never have passed Congress without the support of both Madison and Jefferson.- Max M. Edling | "So immense a power in the affairs of war": Alexander Hamilton and the Restoration of Public Credit | The William and Mary Quarterly, 64.2 | The History Cooperative 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.historycooperative.org [Source type: Original source]
^ If he did not have a full enough plate already, Hamilton was appointed a delegate to the Continental Congress.
^ Congress accepted this proposal, but the funding act converted them into securities bearing 3, rather than 6, percent interest.- Max M. Edling | "So immense a power in the affairs of war": Alexander Hamilton and the Restoration of Public Credit | The William and Mary Quarterly, 64.2 | The History Cooperative 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.historycooperative.org [Source type: Original source]
.^ Rhode Island's resistance of the impost, which was preventing the passage of the law; and an army petition for back pay and half-pay pensions.
^ Still Hamilton had to borrow to finance Indian wars and to pay for the army sent against the whiskey rebels in western Pennsylvania.- Max M. Edling | "So immense a power in the affairs of war": Alexander Hamilton and the Restoration of Public Credit | The William and Mary Quarterly, 64.2 | The History Cooperative 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.historycooperative.org [Source type: Original source]
.^ Both ambitious and brilliant, equally knowledgeable on a wide variety of subjects, Hamilton and Madison sparked immediately when they met in the continental congress in 1783.
^ When they began inquiring into Hamilton's background, they found out that he was not from a respected American family, nor even an American by birth.
^ There are quotations (from Hamilton, from others about Hamilton) painted on the walls - they're everywhere.- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
[42] .^ Hamilton was the supreme double threat among the founding fathers, at once thinker and doer, sparkling theoretician and masterful executive.- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Hamilton sent a request to a leading citizen, usually an official, in each of the large states, for information on manufactures; these persons, in turn, requested the information from leading citi- zens and manufacturers in the towns.- Full text of "Alexander Hamilton, an essay" 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Original source]
^ When the militia, with Washington and Hamilton at its head, reached western Pennsylvania, it became clear that there would be no armed resistance.
.^ During Alexander Hamilton's term as Treasury secretary, the United States managed to avoid a European war.- Max M. Edling | "So immense a power in the affairs of war": Alexander Hamilton and the Restoration of Public Credit | The William and Mary Quarterly, 64.2 | The History Cooperative 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.historycooperative.org [Source type: Original source]
^ He continued on as a back-door advisor to the Adams cabinet, mostly through the Secretary of War James McHenry, who regularly asked Hamilton for his advice on policy.
^ As a sort of supplement to his plan for manufactures, Hamilton and his former Treasury Department assistant, William Duer, founded the "Society for the Establishment of Useful Manufactures."
Jackson was unsuccessful. The mob arrived in Philadelphia, and proceeded to harangue Congress for their pay.
.^ The final resolution read: " Resolved, That the Secretary of the Treasury has been guilty of maladministration in the duties of his office, and should, in the opinion of Congress, be removed from his office by the President of the United States."
^ Shays' Rebellion prompted fears of similar uprisings in other states, and citizens and congress alike warmed up to the Annapolis proposal.
.^ Hamilton and his unit covered Washington's retreat across New Jersey.- Alexander Hamilton, an excerpt from Financial Founding Fathers: The Men Who Made America Rich by Robert E. Wright and David J. Cowen 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.press.uchicago.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ Hamilton submitted "a sketch of his plan" to the Committee of the Whole, warning that "the people" outside the convention's walls would not adopt either the Virginia or the New Jersey plans.- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Hamilton felt he was "obliged therefore to declare himself unfriendly" to both the Virginia and the New Jersey plans.- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
Congress agreed, and relocated there.
[43]
.^ Hamilton spoke out once again for a convention, called by Congress, to revise the Articles of Confederation .
^ Hamilton then enumerated the weaknesses of the current government, and offered a very forward-thinking solution: ".
^ Hamilton had triumphed; and the entire central government packed their bags for Philadelphia.
.^ Debt repudiation was not an attractive alternative because governments feared that such action would ruin their ability to borrow in the future.- Max M. Edling | "So immense a power in the affairs of war": Alexander Hamilton and the Restoration of Public Credit | The William and Mary Quarterly, 64.2 | The History Cooperative 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.historycooperative.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Hamilton's plan to restore public credit began with the need to restore the faith of present and future creditors in the ability and readiness of the government to service its debts according to contract.- Max M. Edling | "So immense a power in the affairs of war": Alexander Hamilton and the Restoration of Public Credit | The William and Mary Quarterly, 64.2 | The History Cooperative 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.historycooperative.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Republicans pounded home their message: a simple government, low taxes, state militias instead of a standing army, repeal of the Sedition Act, and free schools.- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ Not every delegate brought to Philadelphia a comprehension of how thirteen independent states could share a government of tripartite powers: legislative, judicial, executive.- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
^ But it planted the seeds that later grew into that check or block against abuse of legislative power.- Alexander Hamilton, an excerpt from Financial Founding Fathers: The Men Who Made America Rich by Robert E. Wright and David J. Cowen 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.press.uchicago.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ Hamilton's plan coincided with the Virginia Plan on the major premise that there should be three branches of a national government, legislative, executive, and judiciary.- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
[44]
Return to New York
.^ Shot and mortally wounded in a duel with Aaron Burr on July 11, 1804, and died the next day in New York, New York County , N.Y., July 12, 1804 .- The Political Graveyard: Index to Politicians: Hamilton 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC politicalgraveyard.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Both ambitious and brilliant, equally knowledgeable on a wide variety of subjects, Hamilton and Madison sparked immediately when they met in the continental congress in 1783.
^ All the while that the little New York artillery company was with Washington, Hamilton was making an indelible impression on the General.
[45] .^ The Jay Treaty Controversy April - August 1795 Hamilton moved his family back to New York City and immediately began to rebuild his private law practice.
^ Following the war, both Hamilton and Burr had thriving law practices in New York City, and both were rising stars at the bar.
^ As Hamilton had predicted early on, it was only when Virginia ratified that the New York resistance began to crack.
He specialized in defending Tories and British subjects, as in
Rutgers v. ., in which he defeated a claim for damages done to a brewery by the Englishmen who held it during the military occupation of New York.
^ New Yorker Elizabeth Rutgers, a well-to-do elderly widow who fled the British army in 1776, sued Joshua Waddington for £8,000 in damages caused by Waddington's use of her brewery during the British occupation.- Alexander Hamilton, an excerpt from Financial Founding Fathers: The Men Who Made America Rich by Robert E. Wright and David J. Cowen 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.press.uchicago.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ The professionalism of the New York artillery company and its commander impressed all the senior officers who had dealings with it, including Henry Knox, artillery commander of the Continental army.
^ In the New York Ratifying Convention held in Poughkeepsie in 1788, Hamilton showed at least a general knowledge of the current development of indigenous manufactures.- Alexander Hamilton, an excerpt from Financial Founding Fathers: The Men Who Made America Rich by Robert E. Wright and David J. Cowen 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.press.uchicago.edu [Source type: Original source]
.^ In the end the federal government assumed $18 million owed by the states, thereby nationalizing almost the entire revolutionary debt.- Max M. Edling | "So immense a power in the affairs of war": Alexander Hamilton and the Restoration of Public Credit | The William and Mary Quarterly, 64.2 | The History Cooperative 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.historycooperative.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Consistent with his general philosophy of treaties, Hamilton pointed out that signing would be in the interest of the United States by preventing a war which would "give a serious wound to our growth and prosperity."
^ He funded the national debt and even engineered the "assumption" by the new federal government of all the various state debts accrued during the Revolutionary War and its aftermath.- Alexander Hamilton, an excerpt from Financial Founding Fathers: The Men Who Made America Rich by Robert E. Wright and David J. Cowen 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.press.uchicago.edu [Source type: Original source]
[46]
.^ In February of 1784, he wrote the charter for and became a founding member of the Bank of New York, the state's first bank.
^ Candidate for New York state assembly from Livingston County, 1902.- The Political Graveyard: Index to Politicians: Hamilton 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC politicalgraveyard.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ "You are invited to deliberate upon a new Constitution for the United States of America" .- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ Columbia, then King's College, was more accommodating.- Alexander Hamilton, an excerpt from Financial Founding Fathers: The Men Who Made America Rich by Robert E. Wright and David J. Cowen 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.press.uchicago.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ New Yorker Elizabeth Rutgers, a well-to-do elderly widow who fled the British army in 1776, sued Joshua Waddington for £8,000 in damages caused by Waddington's use of her brewery during the British occupation.- Alexander Hamilton, an excerpt from Financial Founding Fathers: The Men Who Made America Rich by Robert E. Wright and David J. Cowen 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.press.uchicago.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ The author, while not overlooking Hamilton's personal foibles, has done an excellent job of restoring him to his proper place as one of the preeminent founders.- Geometry.Net - Authors Books: Hamilton Alexander 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.geometry.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ There needed to be a federal government.- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Not every delegate brought to Philadelphia a comprehension of how thirteen independent states could share a government of tripartite powers: legislative, judicial, executive.- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
^ The United States is one of a handful of nations that for more than two centuries has enjoyed the blessings of a modern financial system and the economic growth it helped to create.- Alexander Hamilton, an excerpt from Financial Founding Fathers: The Men Who Made America Rich by Robert E. Wright and David J. Cowen 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.press.uchicago.edu [Source type: Original source]
Constitution and Federalist Papers
.^ And then there was the delegation from New York.
^ Rather, the decision for adoption was delegated to special constitutional conventions in each state.- Alexander Hamilton, an excerpt from Financial Founding Fathers: The Men Who Made America Rich by Robert E. Wright and David J. Cowen 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.press.uchicago.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ Hamilton signed the constitution of the United States on September 17, 1787.
.^ We shall never know what percentage of the American electorate wished to see adoption, but we do know what happened in each state convention, and that Hamilton was the leader of the victorious pro-Constitutional forces in New York's ratifying convention.- Alexander Hamilton, an excerpt from Financial Founding Fathers: The Men Who Made America Rich by Robert E. Wright and David J. Cowen 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.press.uchicago.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ As far as anyone has been able to ascertain, Hamilton's role in the Constitutional Convention proper was relatively minor.- Alexander Hamilton, an excerpt from Financial Founding Fathers: The Men Who Made America Rich by Robert E. Wright and David J. Cowen 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.press.uchicago.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ Cries of a monarchical conspiracy by Hamilton were heard and most likely originated from anti-Hamiltonians, like Madison, who were present for Hamilton's speech at the constitutional convention.
Governor
George Clinton's faction in the New York legislature had chosen New York's other two delegates,
John Lansing and
Robert Yates, and both of them opposed Hamilton's goal of a strong national government.
.^ And then there was the delegation from New York.
^ Alternate delegate to Democratic National Convention from New York, 1952 .- The Political Graveyard: Index to Politicians: Hamilton 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC politicalgraveyard.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ We shall never know what percentage of the American electorate wished to see adoption, but we do know what happened in each state convention, and that Hamilton was the leader of the victorious pro-Constitutional forces in New York's ratifying convention.- Alexander Hamilton, an excerpt from Financial Founding Fathers: The Men Who Made America Rich by Robert E. Wright and David J. Cowen 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.press.uchicago.edu [Source type: Original source]
.^ Alexander Hamilton made a SIX HOUR speech at the Constitutional Convention ...- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Another excerpt from a speech Alexander Hamilton made at the Constitutional Convention in 1787.- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Alexander Hamilton made a six hour speech at the Constitutional Convention ...- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ Judges also would be elected by the people and serve during good behavior.- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
^ He and James Madison were the prime movers behind the summoning of the Constitutional Convention and the chief authors of that classic gloss on the national charter, The Federalist , which Hamilton supervised.- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
^ For the remainder of his life Hamilton worried that his work would be destroyed, his system dismantled, under the opposition.
.^ We shall never know what percentage of the American electorate wished to see adoption, but we do know what happened in each state convention, and that Hamilton was the leader of the victorious pro-Constitutional forces in New York's ratifying convention.- Alexander Hamilton, an excerpt from Financial Founding Fathers: The Men Who Made America Rich by Robert E. Wright and David J. Cowen 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.press.uchicago.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ He and James Madison were the prime movers behind the summoning of the Constitutional Convention and the chief authors of that classic gloss on the national charter, The Federalist , which Hamilton supervised.- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
^ When Hamilton returned to New York, an fervent anti-constitution movement was operating, fueled by Lansing's and Yates' alarmist stories from the convention.
.^ Among other things, he spends three pages in a less than 200-page book detailing Jack Kemp's personal and political history, including his football career.- Geometry.Net - Authors Books: Hamilton Alexander 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.geometry.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Senators were to be elected by electors, chosen by voters with property qualifications.- Full text of "Alexander Hamilton, an essay" 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Original source]
^ He believed that the complex life which manufactures create would instill in the nation the spirit of enterprise and efficiency.- Full text of "Alexander Hamilton, an essay" 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Original source]
^ The final resolution read: " Resolved, That the Secretary of the Treasury has been guilty of maladministration in the duties of his office, and should, in the opinion of Congress, be removed from his office by the President of the United States."
.^ This "governor" -- Hamilton did not use the word "president" -- would be able to veto "all laws about to be passed" and would be in charge of executing the laws.- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ In the end the federal government assumed $18 million owed by the states, thereby nationalizing almost the entire revolutionary debt.- Max M. Edling | "So immense a power in the affairs of war": Alexander Hamilton and the Restoration of Public Credit | The William and Mary Quarterly, 64.2 | The History Cooperative 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.historycooperative.org [Source type: Original source]
^ I am grateful to Richard Buel for stressing Hamilton's belief that the state creditor interest had to be attached to the federal government to facilitate taxation.- Max M. Edling | "So immense a power in the affairs of war": Alexander Hamilton and the Restoration of Public Credit | The William and Mary Quarterly, 64.2 | The History Cooperative 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.historycooperative.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Despite the fact that he attempted to stay out of the political arena, Hamilton was propelled back by a series of events in which states attempted to assert their sovereignty over federal law.
[47]
.^ In his last remarks to the convention, Hamilton urged everyone assembled to sign it.
^ He and James Madison were the prime movers behind the summoning of the Constitutional Convention and the chief authors of that classic gloss on the national charter, The Federalist , which Hamilton supervised.- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
^ That same report urged the states to send delegates to a general convention in Philadelphia in May of the following year.- Alexander Hamilton, an excerpt from Financial Founding Fathers: The Men Who Made America Rich by Robert E. Wright and David J. Cowen 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.press.uchicago.edu [Source type: Original source]
[48] .^ And then there was the delegation from New York.
^ Hamilton signed the constitution of the United States on September 17, 1787.
^ The Rutgers case applied to New York's 1777 state constitution.- Alexander Hamilton, an excerpt from Financial Founding Fathers: The Men Who Made America Rich by Robert E. Wright and David J. Cowen 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.press.uchicago.edu [Source type: Original source]
.^ Alternate delegate to Democratic National Convention from New York, 1952 .- The Political Graveyard: Index to Politicians: Hamilton 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC politicalgraveyard.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ A ruthless and very successful New York businessman, he became the first secretary of the treasury and created the first federal bank.- Geometry.Net - Authors Books: Hamilton Alexander 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.geometry.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Bill and I met on the front steps of the New York Historical Society (I was half an hour late due to NO UPTOWN TRAINS ...- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ In fact, were it not for the efforts of Hamilton, James Madison, and, to a lesser extent, John Jay, the Constitutional Convention might have become a mere footnote in world history.- Alexander Hamilton, an excerpt from Financial Founding Fathers: The Men Who Made America Rich by Robert E. Wright and David J. Cowen 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.press.uchicago.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ Hamilton and Madison: the Partnership that Never Was (1783-1789) The Federalist Papers, considered a political classic and the definitive statement on the principles underlying the United States constitution, appear on the surface the product of two minds in complete concord about the subject at hand.
^ But these changes and additions have all been in accord with the outline and conclusions of the original manuscript and the essay as now published is substantially as it won the prize.- Full text of "Alexander Hamilton, an essay" 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Original source]
.^ We shall never know what percentage of the American electorate wished to see adoption, but we do know what happened in each state convention, and that Hamilton was the leader of the victorious pro-Constitutional forces in New York's ratifying convention.- Alexander Hamilton, an excerpt from Financial Founding Fathers: The Men Who Made America Rich by Robert E. Wright and David J. Cowen 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.press.uchicago.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ Candidate for New York state assembly from Livingston County, 1902.- The Political Graveyard: Index to Politicians: Hamilton 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC politicalgraveyard.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ In February of 1784, he wrote the charter for and became a founding member of the Bank of New York, the state's first bank.
.^ They accepted the importance of sound public credit as much as the Federalists and made much more use of it than their predecessors.- Max M. Edling | "So immense a power in the affairs of war": Alexander Hamilton and the Restoration of Public Credit | The William and Mary Quarterly, 64.2 | The History Cooperative 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.historycooperative.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Raising money had been a major problem for the Confederation Congress since its inception, and fiscal reform was central to the agenda of the nationalists and later the Federalists during the ratification of the Constitution.- Max M. Edling | "So immense a power in the affairs of war": Alexander Hamilton and the Restoration of Public Credit | The William and Mary Quarterly, 64.2 | The History Cooperative 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.historycooperative.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Burr, whose ambitions had been squelched more by his political vacillations than the brickbats of a Federalist has-been, found Hamilton as good a target for his repressed anger as anyone.
[49]
.^ Both ambitious and brilliant, equally knowledgeable on a wide variety of subjects, Hamilton and Madison sparked immediately when they met in the continental congress in 1783.
^ If he did not have a full enough plate already, Hamilton was appointed a delegate to the Continental Congress.
^ Hamilton spoke out once again for a convention, called by Congress, to revise the Articles of Confederation .
.^ The Rutgers case applied to New York's 1777 state constitution.- Alexander Hamilton, an excerpt from Financial Founding Fathers: The Men Who Made America Rich by Robert E. Wright and David J. Cowen 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.press.uchicago.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ We shall never know what percentage of the American electorate wished to see adoption, but we do know what happened in each state convention, and that Hamilton was the leader of the victorious pro-Constitutional forces in New York's ratifying convention.- Alexander Hamilton, an excerpt from Financial Founding Fathers: The Men Who Made America Rich by Robert E. Wright and David J. Cowen 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.press.uchicago.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ The pro-constitution, or Federalist, attendees were outnumbered two to one by Clinton's minions, indicating that Publius was largely ineffective in turning the political tide in New York.
.^ But when Hamilton was 12, one of the tropical fevers that plagued European fortune hunters felled her, and a sea of troubles engulfed her two boys.- Alexander Hamilton, Modern America’s Founding Father by Myron Magnet, City Journal Winter 2009 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.city-journal.org [Source type: Original source]
^ John Miller Book Description Alexander Hamilton is one of the least understood, most important, and most impassioned and inspiring of the founding fathers.- Geometry.Net - Authors Books: Hamilton Alexander 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.geometry.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ See also Livingston-Lee-Clay-Williams family Hamilton, William Thomas (1820-1888) — also known as William T. Hamilton — of Hagerstown, Washington County , Md.- The Political Graveyard: Index to Politicians: Hamilton 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC politicalgraveyard.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ The pro-constitution, or Federalist, attendees were outnumbered two to one by Clinton's minions, indicating that Publius was largely ineffective in turning the political tide in New York.
^ Candidate for New York state assembly from Livingston County, 1902.- The Political Graveyard: Index to Politicians: Hamilton 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC politicalgraveyard.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ In February of 1784, he wrote the charter for and became a founding member of the Bank of New York, the state's first bank.
Hamilton, however, persuaded the Legislature to elect Schuyler and his friend
Rufus King instead.
.^ The pro-constitution, or Federalist, attendees were outnumbered two to one by Clinton's minions, indicating that Publius was largely ineffective in turning the political tide in New York.
^ Candidate for New York state assembly from Livingston County, 1902.- The Political Graveyard: Index to Politicians: Hamilton 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC politicalgraveyard.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Again, Hamilton supported his Republican rival, John Lansing (and later Morgan Lewis when Lansing bowed out), and because of his stance, was all but ostracized by his own party.
.^ In his spare time, he married Elizabeth Schuyler, a member of one of the premier Dutch Hudson Valley families, and thanks to this connection, and his talents, he was sent by New York State to Congress in 1782, where he served for eight months.- Alexander Hamilton: New Yorker by Richard Brookhiser, City Journal Autumn 1996 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.city-journal.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Shot and mortally wounded in a duel with Aaron Burr on July 11, 1804, and died the next day in New York, New York County , N.Y., July 12, 1804 .- The Political Graveyard: Index to Politicians: Hamilton 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC politicalgraveyard.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The pro-constitution, or Federalist, attendees were outnumbered two to one by Clinton's minions, indicating that Publius was largely ineffective in turning the political tide in New York.
.^ Did Hamilton, as some have postulated, voluntarily sacrifice himself knowing that his death on the dueling ground would completely destroy Burr, and with him all of his schemes?
^ Thereafter, Hamilton likely considered Burr his most dangerous enemy.
^ The American people, he thought, would work together with the same enthusiasm to pay off their debt as they had fought together to oust European danger.- Full text of "Alexander Hamilton, an essay" 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Original source]
[50]
Secretary of the Treasury
.^ Alexander Hamilton, of course, was appointed the first Secretary of the Treasury, under George Washington.- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Hamilton's appointment was approved by the senate on September 11, 1789.
^ Several years earlier, in 1789, Hamilton had been appointed the first ever Secretary of the Treasury.- Alexander Hamilton, an excerpt from Financial Founding Fathers: The Men Who Made America Rich by Robert E. Wright and David J. Cowen 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.press.uchicago.edu [Source type: Original source]
.^ For the remainder of his life Hamilton worried that his work would be destroyed, his system dismantled, under the opposition.
^ The Death of Washington December 14, 1799 Perhaps most symbolic of the disappointments and decline Alexander Hamilton would face in the new century was the death of George Washington on December 14, 1799.
^ An excerpt from George Washington's farewell speech (which actually, it was later discovered, was written by Alexander Hamilton): .- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ Reynolds terms, in lieu of a treasury department position, which Hamilton refused to grant him, were a thousand dollars and the obligation to continue the affair with Maria -- for additional payments.
^ Although Congress ultimately held the purse strings, many viewed Hamilton with suspicion because he headed the powerful Treasury Department.- Alexander Hamilton, an excerpt from Financial Founding Fathers: The Men Who Made America Rich by Robert E. Wright and David J. Cowen 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.press.uchicago.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ Soon after Congress created the Treasury Department in September 1789, Washington offered Hamilton the post of Treasury secretary, and the Senate concurred.- Alexander Hamilton, an excerpt from Financial Founding Fathers: The Men Who Made America Rich by Robert E. Wright and David J. Cowen 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.press.uchicago.edu [Source type: Original source]
Within two years, Hamilton submitted five reports:
.^ Yet, Hamilton's report and the subsequent Mint Act of 1792 were important parts in the early credit system, for the act defined the U.S. dollar as a unit of account.- Alexander Hamilton, an excerpt from Financial Founding Fathers: The Men Who Made America Rich by Robert E. Wright and David J. Cowen 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.press.uchicago.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ The report thus clearly identified public credit as an instrument of war.- Max M. Edling | "So immense a power in the affairs of war": Alexander Hamilton and the Restoration of Public Credit | The William and Mary Quarterly, 64.2 | The History Cooperative 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.historycooperative.org [Source type: Original source]
^ In the 1790 "Report on Public Credit," Hamilton had declared his wish to eventually extinguish the public debt, yet he had also said that "the proper funding of the present debt, will render it a national blessing."- Max M. Edling | "So immense a power in the affairs of war": Alexander Hamilton and the Restoration of Public Credit | The William and Mary Quarterly, 64.2 | The History Cooperative 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.historycooperative.org [Source type: Original source]
Communicated to the House of Representatives, December 14, 1790.
Report on the Establishment of a Mint: Communicated to the House of Representatives, January 28, 1791.
Report on Manufactures: Communicated to the House of Representatives, December 5, 1791.
Report on Public Credit
.^ In the Report on Public Credit, his first and arguably most famous report, Hamilton proposed that the new national government take responsibility for all state and national debts left over from the war.- Alexander Hamilton, an excerpt from Financial Founding Fathers: The Men Who Made America Rich by Robert E. Wright and David J. Cowen 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.press.uchicago.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ Debt repudiation was not an attractive alternative because governments feared that such action would ruin their ability to borrow in the future.- Max M. Edling | "So immense a power in the affairs of war": Alexander Hamilton and the Restoration of Public Credit | The William and Mary Quarterly, 64.2 | The History Cooperative 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.historycooperative.org [Source type: Original source]
^ To ensure the safety of the government's deposits, the Secretary of the Treasury was empowered to inspect the state of the Bank as frequently as once a week.- Alexander Hamilton, an excerpt from Financial Founding Fathers: The Men Who Made America Rich by Robert E. Wright and David J. Cowen 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.press.uchicago.edu [Source type: Original source]
.^ [M]inds of the strongest and most active powers for their proper objects, wrote Hamilton, fall below mediocrity, and labor without effect, if confined to uncongenial pursuits.- Alexander Hamilton: New Yorker by Richard Brookhiser, City Journal Autumn 1996 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.city-journal.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Not every delegate brought to Philadelphia a comprehension of how thirteen independent states could share a government of tripartite powers: legislative, judicial, executive.- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Fry noted that Europeans at that time had more money than local investment opportunities and were looking to employ their capital in the United States.- Alexander Hamilton, an excerpt from Financial Founding Fathers: The Men Who Made America Rich by Robert E. Wright and David J. Cowen 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.press.uchicago.edu [Source type: Original source]
.^ James Madison was crucial to the creation of the Treasury Department and especially to the elevation of the Treasury secretary to a powerful position.- Max M. Edling | "So immense a power in the affairs of war": Alexander Hamilton and the Restoration of Public Credit | The William and Mary Quarterly, 64.2 | The History Cooperative 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.historycooperative.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Washington, and Martha, and John Jay, and that Duane guy, and Madison, and an incredible one of Thomas Jefferson that I don't think I had seen before.- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Freneau, recruited to the Republican party cause during Jefferson's and Madison's "botany tour," was also employed by Jefferson as a translator for the state department.
.^ In reality the federal government paid off around $4 million of the 6 percent debt, about $2 million of the foreign debt, and around $5.5 million of its short-term loans as well as the debt to the Bank of the United States.- Max M. Edling | "So immense a power in the affairs of war": Alexander Hamilton and the Restoration of Public Credit | The William and Mary Quarterly, 64.2 | The History Cooperative 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.historycooperative.org [Source type: Original source]
^ But sentiment in larger states like Massachusetts, New York, Pennsylvania, and Virginia was mixed.- Alexander Hamilton, an excerpt from Financial Founding Fathers: The Men Who Made America Rich by Robert E. Wright and David J. Cowen 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.press.uchicago.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ Madison believed that Virginia had paid off much of its debt and therefore that assumption would force his own state to pay more than its fair share of the total war costs.- Max M. Edling | "So immense a power in the affairs of war": Alexander Hamilton and the Restoration of Public Credit | The William and Mary Quarterly, 64.2 | The History Cooperative 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.historycooperative.org [Source type: Original source]
.^ Time would pass before members realized how far the plans of such men as Madison and Hamilton reached, and what the Constitution promised to be.- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
^ After a full experience of the insufficiency of the existing federal government, you are invited to deliberate upon a new Constitution for the United States of America.- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
^ This quality constitutes a material part of its value" ("Report on a Plan for the Further Support of Public Credit," ibid., 18: 120).- Max M. Edling | "So immense a power in the affairs of war": Alexander Hamilton and the Restoration of Public Credit | The William and Mary Quarterly, 64.2 | The History Cooperative 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.historycooperative.org [Source type: Original source]
.^ For this reason Hamilton proposed that the combined annual payment on interest and principal should not exceed $7 on every $100 subscribed to the new loan.- Max M. Edling | "So immense a power in the affairs of war": Alexander Hamilton and the Restoration of Public Credit | The William and Mary Quarterly, 64.2 | The History Cooperative 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.historycooperative.org [Source type: Original source]
^ I am grateful to Richard Buel for stressing Hamilton's belief that the state creditor interest had to be attached to the federal government to facilitate taxation.- Max M. Edling | "So immense a power in the affairs of war": Alexander Hamilton and the Restoration of Public Credit | The William and Mary Quarterly, 64.2 | The History Cooperative 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.historycooperative.org [Source type: Original source]
^ If the government's right to redeem the debt was not restricted, however, nothing would stop it from taking advantage of the falling interest rate to refinance the debt at lower cost.- Max M. Edling | "So immense a power in the affairs of war": Alexander Hamilton and the Restoration of Public Credit | The William and Mary Quarterly, 64.2 | The History Cooperative 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.historycooperative.org [Source type: Original source]
.^ During the course of the war and afterward, many holders of continental bonds, often veterans and farmers who had contributed goods and services to the war effort, sold their certificates at depreciated prices for much needed cash.
^ If he did not have a full enough plate already, Hamilton was appointed a delegate to the Continental Congress.
^ Over time customs duties would generate large incomes, but in 1790 these duties were new and Hamilton did not expect them to yield enough to pay the revolutionary debt's stipulated interest of 6 percent, much less the principal.- Max M. Edling | "So immense a power in the affairs of war": Alexander Hamilton and the Restoration of Public Credit | The William and Mary Quarterly, 64.2 | The History Cooperative 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.historycooperative.org [Source type: Original source]
.^ Madison favored a plan of discrimination, paying the original bearers the nominal value of the certificates they once held, while paying the current bearer the highest market value plus interest.
^ Madison's proposal was to give the present holders the equivalent of the highest market price for securities and to give the difference between the market price and the par value to the original holder.- Max M. Edling | "So immense a power in the affairs of war": Alexander Hamilton and the Restoration of Public Credit | The William and Mary Quarterly, 64.2 | The History Cooperative 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.historycooperative.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Support for Madison was only lukewarm in the House of Representatives, which voted thirty-six to thirteen against his proposal to discriminate between present and original security holders.- Max M. Edling | "So immense a power in the affairs of war": Alexander Hamilton and the Restoration of Public Credit | The William and Mary Quarterly, 64.2 | The History Cooperative 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.historycooperative.org [Source type: Original source]
.^ On every new loan, the House of Commons now pledged not only the means necessary to pay interest charges but also money for the gradual repayment of the principal.- Max M. Edling | "So immense a power in the affairs of war": Alexander Hamilton and the Restoration of Public Credit | The William and Mary Quarterly, 64.2 | The History Cooperative 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.historycooperative.org [Source type: Original source]
^ His idea was that the more complex the national life was, the more the parts would be dependent on each other and that, united with the bonds of mutual needs, we would become a strong coherent nation.- Full text of "Alexander Hamilton, an essay" 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Hamilton was a strict disciplinarian but just as fiercely fought with the New York assembly for decent pay and supplies for his men, and even exhausted his own savings to pay for their uniforms.
.^ The duel between Hamilton and Burr -- George Washington's Farewell Address -- The Adams administration -- The heated debate about where to place the capital -- Benjamin Franklin trying to force Congress to deal with the issue of slavery and James Madison's resistance to that -- The correspondence between John Adams and Thomas Jefferson .- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Both ambitious and brilliant, equally knowledgeable on a wide variety of subjects, Hamilton and Madison sparked immediately when they met in the continental congress in 1783.
^ For all their later opposition, the funding act would never have passed Congress without the support of both Madison and Jefferson.- Max M. Edling | "So immense a power in the affairs of war": Alexander Hamilton and the Restoration of Public Credit | The William and Mary Quarterly, 64.2 | The History Cooperative 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.historycooperative.org [Source type: Original source]
.^ Hamilton headed the rightists, the Federalists; Jefferson headed the leftists, the Republicans.- Geometry.Net - Authors Books: Hamilton Alexander 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.geometry.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Burr had alienated Jefferson and the triumphant Republican party by his disloyalty as a vice president and had lost by a landslide in his bid to become a Federalist governor of New York.- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Again, Hamilton supported his Republican rival, John Lansing (and later Morgan Lewis when Lansing bowed out), and because of his stance, was all but ostracized by his own party.
As Madison put it:
- "I deserted Colonel Hamilton, or rather Colonel H. deserted me; in a word, the divergence between us took place from his wishing to administration, or rather to administer the Government into what he thought it ought to be..."[51]
.^ Jefferson invited Madison and Hamilton to dinner, and offered to cut a deal.
^ Jefferson proposed to Hamilton that he and Madison would conjure the extra votes needed to pass his plan if it were tied in with a bill to place the national capitol on the Potomac -- near Virginia, and more accessible to the south as a whole.
^ These works divided Hamilton from Jefferson and Madison and became the basis of partisan politics in the United States.- Geometry.Net - Authors Books: Hamilton Alexander 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.geometry.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ This national plan was early in Hamilton's mind.- Full text of "Alexander Hamilton, an essay" 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Hamilton proposed to use them w^ for national purposes.- Full text of "Alexander Hamilton, an essay" 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Jefferson proposed to Hamilton that he and Madison would conjure the extra votes needed to pass his plan if it were tied in with a bill to place the national capitol on the Potomac -- near Virginia, and more accessible to the south as a whole.
In the end, Hamilton's assumption, together with his proposals for funding the debt, overcame legislative opposition and narrowly passed the House on July 26, 1790.
[52]
Founding the U.S. Mint
.^ Hamilton's plan for revenue was based upon an import tariff and an excise.
^ In contriving the smoothly running machinery of a modern nation-state - including a budget system, a funded debt, a tax system, a central bank, a customs service, and a coast guard - and justifying them in some of America's most influential state papers, he set a high-water mark for administrative competence that has never been equaled.- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
^ The final resolution read: " Resolved, That the Secretary of the Treasury has been guilty of maladministration in the duties of his office, and should, in the opinion of Congress, be removed from his office by the President of the United States."
.^ Confidence in the stability and solvency of the new government gave the securities value.- Full text of "Alexander Hamilton, an essay" 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Original source]
^ His objective, in addition to defending his program thus far, was a plan "for the Redemption of the public debt," to complete and stabilize the current system of funding, and to "prevent that progressive accumulation of Debt which must ultimately endanger all Government."
^ How did it pay interest on a U.S. government bond held by an investor in London?- Alexander Hamilton, an excerpt from Financial Founding Fathers: The Men Who Made America Rich by Robert E. Wright and David J. Cowen 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.press.uchicago.edu [Source type: Original source]
Sources of revenue
.^ Hamilton's plan for revenue was based upon an import tariff and an excise.
^ On the other hand, Hamilton saw that Madison's strategy would do great harm to his short-term goals by reducing revenues from the impost and excise taxes upon which his system depended.
^ Upon hearing of Hamilton's recent availability, Morris appointed him Continental receiver of taxes for the state of New York in April of 1782.
.^ The first serious attack on the authority of the ^ Union was the Whiskey Rebellion in Western ■; Pennsylvania In 1794.- Full text of "Alexander Hamilton, an essay" 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Original source]
^ The Whiskey Rebellion August 1794 While John Jay journeyed to Britain, trouble was brewing in western Pennsylvania.
^ They condemned the dispatching of federal troops in 1799 to crush a tax revolt -- Fries's Rebellion -- in Pennsylvania.- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ Our relations with France were more compli- cated and more hostile to our nationality than our relations with England.- Full text of "Alexander Hamilton, an essay" 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Original source]
^ The compe- tition of numbers does not stimulate them to new enterprise and one generation passes on to the next little more than it received.- Full text of "Alexander Hamilton, an essay" 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Original source]
^ To become law, President George Washington would have to sign it, and do so before February 26, the time limit imposed by the Constitution.- Alexander Hamilton, an excerpt from Financial Founding Fathers: The Men Who Made America Rich by Robert E. Wright and David J. Cowen 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.press.uchicago.edu [Source type: Original source]
This overwhelming display of force intimidated the leaders of the insurrection, ending the rebellion virtually without bloodshed.
[53]
Manufacturing and industry
.^ Report on Manufactures Submitted to Congress December 5, 1791 During the summer and fall of 1791, while Madison and Jefferson were building up the Republican resistance, Hamilton was hard at work in Philadelphia on a number of projects, the most absorbing of which was his Report on Manufactures.
^ Both ambitious and brilliant, equally knowledgeable on a wide variety of subjects, Hamilton and Madison sparked immediately when they met in the continental congress in 1783.
^ For all their later opposition, the funding act would never have passed Congress without the support of both Madison and Jefferson.- Max M. Edling | "So immense a power in the affairs of war": Alexander Hamilton and the Restoration of Public Credit | The William and Mary Quarterly, 64.2 | The History Cooperative 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.historycooperative.org [Source type: Original source]
It has been often quoted by
protectionists since.
[54]
.^ As a sort of supplement to his plan for manufactures, Hamilton and his former Treasury Department assistant, William Duer, founded the "Society for the Establishment of Useful Manufactures."
^ During Hamilton's tenure as Secretary of the Treasury, that position would be the most powerful in the government.
^ Hamilton, with help from Coxe, William Duer, and others, founded the Society for the Establishment of Useful Manufactures (SEUM) to demonstrate that America could create its own indigenous manufacturing base.- Alexander Hamilton, an excerpt from Financial Founding Fathers: The Men Who Made America Rich by Robert E. Wright and David J. Cowen 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.press.uchicago.edu [Source type: Original source]
.^ Although Marx did not formulate the socialist theory until almost a half century after Hamilton's death, modern writers have endeavored to interpret Hamilton In the light of it.- Full text of "Alexander Hamilton, an essay" 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Original source]
Emergence of parties
.^ During Hamilton's tenure as Secretary of the Treasury, that position would be the most powerful in the government.
^ During Alexander Hamilton's term as Treasury secretary, the United States managed to avoid a European war.- Max M. Edling | "So immense a power in the affairs of war": Alexander Hamilton and the Restoration of Public Credit | The William and Mary Quarterly, 64.2 | The History Cooperative 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.historycooperative.org [Source type: Original source]
^ However, in the wake of Gilded Age excesses, progressive and populist political leaders branded Hamilton as the patron saint of Wall Street, and his reputation began to disintegrate.- Geometry.Net - Authors Books: Hamilton Alexander 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.geometry.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ He and James Madison were the prime movers behind the summoning of the Constitutional Convention and the chief authors of that classic gloss on the national charter, The Federalist , which Hamilton supervised.- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Washington, and Martha, and John Jay, and that Duane guy, and Madison, and an incredible one of Thomas Jefferson that I don't think I had seen before.- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
^ The duel between Hamilton and Burr -- George Washington's Farewell Address -- The Adams administration -- The heated debate about where to place the capital -- Benjamin Franklin trying to force Congress to deal with the issue of slavery and James Madison's resistance to that -- The correspondence between John Adams and Thomas Jefferson .- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ Federalism and Republicanism are each called different things today and both sides, Democrat and Republican, quickly wrap themselves in the mantra of Hamilton and Jefferson whenever they can.- Geometry.Net - Authors Books: Hamilton Alexander 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.geometry.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Madison and Jefferson began increasingly to see Hamilton's victories as serious losses for themselves and the interests of their constituents, the southern planter class.
^ Hamilton lost, in the name of Federalist politics, both the son on whom he had showered the fatherly attention and affection he had been denied, and the daughter he called his Angel.
.^ Their alliance with the Virginians created the Republican (later, the Democratic) Party.- Alexander Hamilton: New Yorker by Richard Brookhiser, City Journal Autumn 1996 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.city-journal.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ They returned with a party -- which would shortly become the Republican party -- complete with a national network of supporters and functionaries, including a journalist named Philip Freneau, recruited from New York to begin publishing the official party newspaper.
^ The opposite party, on the contrary, Rabbeno says, consisted of the "mass of the people, agricultural, democratic, and individual- a Works, vol.- Full text of "Alexander Hamilton, an essay" 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Original source]
.^ Hamiltons fundamental point, made early in numbers 9 and 11, refutes a chestnut of republican theory: that free states must be small (and, implicitly, homogeneous).- Alexander Hamilton: New Yorker by Richard Brookhiser, City Journal Autumn 1996 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.city-journal.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Jefferson's requests of Genet to cease his privateering activities were rebuffed by the obnoxious minister, who was engaged in his own bizarre efforts to secure the support of the American people for his cause, and spurred by the shrill pro-French/ anti-administration press, to oppose the policies of the Washington administration "in the interest of liberty."
^ One of Hamilton's talks in particular, given at a private dinner, was attended by a Burr supporter whose synopsis made its way into print.
.^ In contrast to the political interpretation of his aims, this interpretation finds much support in Hamilton's own writings on the funding and assumption of the revolutionary debt.- Max M. Edling | "So immense a power in the affairs of war": Alexander Hamilton and the Restoration of Public Credit | The William and Mary Quarterly, 64.2 | The History Cooperative 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.historycooperative.org [Source type: Original source]
^ He had depended upon Madison's support for his plans, and his former collaborator's opposition was to Hamilton a shocking blow both personally and politically.
.^ Hamilton established a Federalist publication -- John Fenno's Gazette of the United States -- and the newspaper wars commenced.
.^ Far from rejecting the use of government loans, Republicans and later Democrats made much greater use of public credit as an instrument of statecraft than Federalists ever did.- Max M. Edling | "So immense a power in the affairs of war": Alexander Hamilton and the Restoration of Public Credit | The William and Mary Quarterly, 64.2 | The History Cooperative 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.historycooperative.org [Source type: Original source]
Newspapers of both parties were characterized by frequent personal attacks and information of questionable veracity.
.^ In 1801 he founded the New York Evening Post , which was, in effect, the Voice of Hamilton .- Alexander Hamilton: New Yorker by Richard Brookhiser, City Journal Autumn 1996 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.city-journal.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Even his own newspaper, the New York Evening Post, criticized Hamilton's break from the party mainstream.
^ All the while that the little New York artillery company was with Washington, Hamilton was making an indelible impression on the General.
.^ The impost was also reemerging as an issue, this time in New York, which was now the lone holdout against the tax.
^ In 1801 he founded the New York Evening Post , which was, in effect, the Voice of Hamilton .- Alexander Hamilton: New Yorker by Richard Brookhiser, City Journal Autumn 1996 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.city-journal.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Hamilton reached New York Harbor in early 1773, entered King's College (now Columbia University) in 1774, and began his studies in medicine.
[57]
French Revolutionary wars
.^ They applauded France's declaration of war against Britain and viewed it as yet another blow to monarchy and tyranny.
^ In Britain the redemption of the public debt was a means to preserve public credit to secure the nation's ability to continue its wars with France.- Max M. Edling | "So immense a power in the affairs of war": Alexander Hamilton and the Restoration of Public Credit | The William and Mary Quarterly, 64.2 | The History Cooperative 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.historycooperative.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Colonel in the U.S. Army during the Black Hawk War; member of Wisconsin territorial legislature ; went to California for the 1849 Gold Rush .- The Political Graveyard: Index to Politicians: Hamilton 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC politicalgraveyard.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Again, Hamilton and Jefferson agreed on the principle but not on the manner in which it was to be carried out.
^ Both ambitious and brilliant, equally knowledgeable on a wide variety of subjects, Hamilton and Madison sparked immediately when they met in the continental congress in 1783.
^ The Clintonian/Antifederalists knew this, and the fact buoyed their efforts; they had a clear majority over the Federalists in all parts of the state except Manhattan, Hamilton's district.
[58]
.^ Hamilton's last communications with party members were emotional pleas to stop the secessionist movement.
^ The Quasi-War was a roughly two-year period of severe friction between France and the United States during which war seemed inevitable.
^ Great Britain as would necessarily render us dependent upon France."'^ France was trying to use the United States to gain back that which she had lost in the Seven Years War; but Hamilton understood the struggle be- tween England and France for empire, and the keystone of his foreign policy became protection from them both.- Full text of "Alexander Hamilton, an essay" 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Original source]
.^ They would see a possibility of making a conquest of [the] United States."- Max M. Edling | "So immense a power in the affairs of war": Alexander Hamilton and the Restoration of Public Credit | The William and Mary Quarterly, 64.2 | The History Cooperative 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.historycooperative.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Hamilton wrote the first article returning home on a sloop from Albany, where he had been arguing cases before the state supreme court, and he ended up contributing more than 50 of the 85 pieces.- Alexander Hamilton: New Yorker by Richard Brookhiser, City Journal Autumn 1996 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.city-journal.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Hamilton would have agreed with Madison that, since Americans were the leading consumers of British goods, impaired commerce between Britain and the United States would be more harmful to the former -- he had used that argument when supporting the measures of the Continental Congress in 1774.
[59]
.^ When Madison attacked a treaty with Britain negotiated by his friend John Jay, Hamilton defended it in a series of articles that ran to 100,000 words and that overwhelmed even his allies.- Alexander Hamilton: New Yorker by Richard Brookhiser, City Journal Autumn 1996 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.city-journal.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Years later, Chief Justice John Marshall said that Hamiltons reach of thought was so far beyond his own that, compared to Hamilton, he felt like a candle before the sun at noonday.- Alexander Hamilton: New Yorker by Richard Brookhiser, City Journal Autumn 1996 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.city-journal.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Washington, and Martha, and John Jay, and that Duane guy, and Madison, and an incredible one of Thomas Jefferson that I don't think I had seen before.- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ When Frances ambassador, Citizen Genêt, arrived in America in April 1793 and, flouting U.S. neutrality, enlisted American vessels as privateers against British shipping, Hamilton was scandalized, as he was by Genêts stirring up pro-French democratic-republican clubs in U.S. cities to demonstrate in favor of the Revolution.- Alexander Hamilton, Modern America’s Founding Father by Myron Magnet, City Journal Winter 2009 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.city-journal.org [Source type: Original source]
^ During Alexander Hamilton's term as Treasury secretary, the United States managed to avoid a European war.- Max M. Edling | "So immense a power in the affairs of war": Alexander Hamilton and the Restoration of Public Credit | The William and Mary Quarterly, 64.2 | The History Cooperative 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.historycooperative.org [Source type: Original source]
^ The war had been hard on the city: during the British occupation, a third of it burned down, and it lost over half its population.- Alexander Hamilton: New Yorker by Richard Brookhiser, City Journal Autumn 1996 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.city-journal.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ The mere idea of being a great nation, able to de- fend our rights against others, added to the con- fidence of the people.- Full text of "Alexander Hamilton, an essay" 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Original source]
^ By 1800 the United States debt was less than eight times the annual tax revenue, lower than the debt of most European states.- Max M. Edling | "So immense a power in the affairs of war": Alexander Hamilton and the Restoration of Public Credit | The William and Mary Quarterly, 64.2 | The History Cooperative 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.historycooperative.org [Source type: Original source]
^ The final resolution read: " Resolved, That the Secretary of the Treasury has been guilty of maladministration in the duties of his office, and should, in the opinion of Congress, be removed from his office by the President of the United States."
.^ If we have an embryo-Caesar in the United States, Hamilton wrote, tis Burr.- Alexander Hamilton: New Yorker by Richard Brookhiser, City Journal Autumn 1996 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.city-journal.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The growth of manufacturing in the United States, in Hamilton's view, would parallel the growth of great population centers, thus creating more of a market for the produce of farms.
^ I replied without petulancy, but with decision "I am not conscious of it Sir, but since you have thought it necessary to tell me so we part."
.^ One ploy was to threaten that if the state declined to ratify, New York City would secede and join the new government on its own.- Alexander Hamilton: New Yorker by Richard Brookhiser, City Journal Autumn 1996 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.city-journal.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ On the other hand, rent from the point of view of the entre- preneur is a sum of money paid for a peculiar » Works, vol.- Full text of "Alexander Hamilton, an essay" 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Stone's critique pointed to the origins of funding systems in what one late-eighteenth-century British writer called "the prevalence and extension of the war-system throughout Europe."- Max M. Edling | "So immense a power in the affairs of war": Alexander Hamilton and the Restoration of Public Credit | The William and Mary Quarterly, 64.2 | The History Cooperative 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.historycooperative.org [Source type: Original source]
[61]
Retirement from federal service
.^ This came from his 1790 proposal (he was Secretary of the Treasury) to create a Bank of the United States.- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Hamilton did not want to discriminate among creditors, for he believed that opinion is the soul of credit, and he wanted the world to have a high opinion of the new governments willingness to pay.- Alexander Hamilton: New Yorker by Richard Brookhiser, City Journal Autumn 1996 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.city-journal.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ To defend and promote American national interests it was essential that the Republic acquire some of the features of contemporary European states.- Max M. Edling | "So immense a power in the affairs of war": Alexander Hamilton and the Restoration of Public Credit | The William and Mary Quarterly, 64.2 | The History Cooperative 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.historycooperative.org [Source type: Original source]
.^ In a letter to Washington, he claimed to have been "duped" by Hamilton and "made a tool for forwarding his schemes."- Max M. Edling | "So immense a power in the affairs of war": Alexander Hamilton and the Restoration of Public Credit | The William and Mary Quarterly, 64.2 | The History Cooperative 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.historycooperative.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Reynolds claimed that Hamilton had given him treasury funds to play the stock market, and further, that he possessed evidence that the money had changed hands.
^ When the militia, with Washington and Hamilton at its head, reached western Pennsylvania, it became clear that there would be no armed resistance.
.^ The certain effect of such a change was rising prices that would benefit the public creditors.- Max M. Edling | "So immense a power in the affairs of war": Alexander Hamilton and the Restoration of Public Credit | The William and Mary Quarterly, 64.2 | The History Cooperative 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.historycooperative.org [Source type: Original source]
.^ This is from a letter Alexander Hamilton wrote in 1780.- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
^ On July 10, 1804, Alexander Hamilton wrote the following letter to his wife Eliza: .- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
^ He was very concerned, when he left Washington's employ, that the real reasons be kept private (he mentions this in a couple of letters).- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
[62] Hamilton resigned as Secretary of the Treasury on December 1, 1794, immediately before Congress met again; his resignation was effective on January 31, 1795.
[63]
Affair
.^ He plays Alexander Hamilton, and she plays three different roles (Hamilton's mother, Hamilton's wife, and the extortionist floozy Maria Reynolds).- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
^ And despite assurances from the three that Hamilton's secret was safe with them, it was only a matter of time until the Reynolds affair came back to haunt him.
^ Reynolds terms, in lieu of a treasury department position, which Hamilton refused to grant him, were a thousand dollars and the obligation to continue the affair with Maria -- for additional payments.
.^ Yes, Hamilton admitted, he had given James Reynolds money, but it was his own, not treasury funds; and, no, the money was not for speculation, but to pay him off following an affair Hamilton had with Reynolds' wife, Maria, during the summer of 1791.
^ Reynolds claimed that Hamilton had given him treasury funds to play the stock market, and further, that he possessed evidence that the money had changed hands.
.^ Aaron Burr , the leader of the Republicans in New York, managed to organize a party majority in that state's congressional elections.
^ Their alliance with the Virginians created the Republican (later, the Democratic) Party.- Alexander Hamilton: New Yorker by Richard Brookhiser, City Journal Autumn 1996 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.city-journal.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ He felt that, at most, states could be helpful in the administration of federal objectives on the local level, but state sovereignty had long been an absurdity to him.
.^ He plays Alexander Hamilton, and she plays three different roles (Hamilton's mother, Hamilton's wife, and the extortionist floozy Maria Reynolds).- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
^ He continued on as a back-door advisor to the Adams cabinet, mostly through the Secretary of War James McHenry, who regularly asked Hamilton for his advice on policy.
^ On December 15, 1792, three congressmen, James Monroe, Abraham Venable, and Frederick Muhlenberg, confronted Hamilton in his Treasury Department office with charges of shady dealings with one James Reynolds, currently in jail.
.^ It was a story that Hamilton could have easily and with dignity ignored, having left office after the most rigorous inquisitions into his conduct and coming out blameless.
^ At some point, Reynolds found out about their affair, and confronted Hamilton, requesting "satisfaction" for the wrong done to him.
^ Most books about Hamilton publish excerpts of it only, to give you a taste for it (they always include the "Oh!- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ He returned then to the practice of the law, in order to support his [1] ALEXANDER HAMILTON ^ large family; but he continued, until he was shot by Burr on July ii, 1804, to take an active inter- est in public affairs.- Full text of "Alexander Hamilton, an essay" 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Original source]
^ When they began inquiring into Hamilton's background, they found out that he was not from a respected American family, nor even an American by birth.
^ Protection 127 [xiii] CHAPTER FIRST Introduction The facts of the life of Alexander Hamilton are so familiar that a mere catalogue of them will serve to refresh the mind of the reader.- Full text of "Alexander Hamilton, an essay" 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Original source]
1796 presidential election
.^ Hamilton did not see itthe Poughkeepsie convention was still in sessionbut Nicholas Cruger, the man who first shipped him to New York, did.- Alexander Hamilton: New Yorker by Richard Brookhiser, City Journal Autumn 1996 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.city-journal.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Did Hamilton, as some have postulated, voluntarily sacrifice himself knowing that his death on the dueling ground would completely destroy Burr, and with him all of his schemes?
^ The final resolution read: " Resolved, That the Secretary of the Treasury has been guilty of maladministration in the duties of his office, and should, in the opinion of Congress, be removed from his office by the President of the United States."
With the resumption of his law practice, he remained close to Washington as an advisor and friend.
.^ During this last year in Washington's cabinet, Hamilton reached the pinnacle of his power and influence, advising on and directing a wide range of foreign and domestic policy.
^ At wars end, Hamilton was one of the small group of officers to whom Washington emotionally bade farewell at Fraunces Tavern.- Alexander Hamilton: New Yorker by Richard Brookhiser, City Journal Autumn 1996 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.city-journal.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ ALEXANDER HAMILTON \ The specter of foreign influence in western affairs haunted him.- Full text of "Alexander Hamilton, an essay" 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Original source]
.^ As votes were not at that time distinguished between presidential and vice presidential candidates, electors' votes had to be cast strategically to ensure that the right man got the top spot.
^ Hamilton revived his proposal from the previous election: that Federalist electors vote equally for Pinckney and Adams.
^ Under the Confederation they reaped very different results from those anticipated.- Full text of "Alexander Hamilton, an essay" 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Original source]
.^ AS its second session drew to a close, the first Congress passed one of its most controversial acts of legislation.- Max M. Edling | "So immense a power in the affairs of war": Alexander Hamilton and the Restoration of Public Credit | The William and Mary Quarterly, 64.2 | The History Cooperative 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.historycooperative.org [Source type: Original source]
This system was not designed for parties, which had been thought disreputable and factious.
.^ A final reason for Jeffersons and Madisons suspicions was their deep hatred of England and anyone who admired its ways.- Alexander Hamilton: New Yorker by Richard Brookhiser, City Journal Autumn 1996 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.city-journal.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ At another dinner chez Jefferson, after the capital had moved to Philadelphia, Vice President John Adams observed that the British Constitution, if purge[d] of corruptionthat is, buying supporters by doling out officeswould be the most perfect constitution ever devised by the wit of man.- Alexander Hamilton: New Yorker by Richard Brookhiser, City Journal Autumn 1996 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.city-journal.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Hamilton, to whom Adams contemptuously referred as "his puppyhood," had maneuvered electoral votes in the 1789 election so that Adams would not accidentally become president over Washington, a position which Adams had felt himself equally deserving.
.^ The Quasi War with Adams 1789-1800 Meanwhile, Adams was nourishing a healthy dislike for Hamilton.
.^ Hamilton had directed Federalist electors to vote equally for Adams and the southerner, which could easily have derailed Adams' bid for the executive.
^ Jefferson's gonna get all the glory - at least intellectually - I really should warn you about that - is John Adams here?- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
^ I've read about it from all sides: Hamilton's side, of course - but then John Adams' analysis of it, his letters to his wife, Jefferson's side of it, Washington's side of it ...- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ Hamilton revived his proposal from the previous election: that Federalist electors vote equally for Pinckney and Adams.
^ Once again, on June 21, he rose to challenge Charles Cotesworth Pinckney of South Carolina, who wanted Congress to be elected by the state legislation.- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ Since the United States possessed "little monied capital," it would be even more dependent on this resource than other nations.- Max M. Edling | "So immense a power in the affairs of war": Alexander Hamilton and the Restoration of Public Credit | The William and Mary Quarterly, 64.2 | The History Cooperative 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.historycooperative.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Working himself to exhaustion, he stunned his opposition by handing over more than 200 pages of spotless records and reports in less than a month.
^ In 1790 Hamilton calculated that the income of the federal government would be no more than $2.8 million.- Max M. Edling | "So immense a power in the affairs of war": Alexander Hamilton and the Restoration of Public Credit | The William and Mary Quarterly, 64.2 | The History Cooperative 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.historycooperative.org [Source type: Original source]
It did not work.
.^ At another dinner chez Jefferson, after the capital had moved to Philadelphia, Vice President John Adams observed that the British Constitution, if purge[d] of corruptionthat is, buying supporters by doling out officeswould be the most perfect constitution ever devised by the wit of man.- Alexander Hamilton: New Yorker by Richard Brookhiser, City Journal Autumn 1996 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.city-journal.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The final resolution read: " Resolved, That the Secretary of the Treasury has been guilty of maladministration in the duties of his office, and should, in the opinion of Congress, be removed from his office by the President of the United States."
^ Strained loyalties: the French Revolution 1789-1799 Hamilton's reservations about an alliance with France were only intensified by the French Revolution , which was met with sweeping adulation throughout the United States.
[64] .^ They accepted the importance of sound public credit as much as the Federalists and made much more use of it than their predecessors.- Max M. Edling | "So immense a power in the affairs of war": Alexander Hamilton and the Restoration of Public Credit | The William and Mary Quarterly, 64.2 | The History Cooperative 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.historycooperative.org [Source type: Original source]
^ The idea that state or nation Is something more than the sum of the individuals who compose It, has been denied.- Full text of "Alexander Hamilton, an essay" 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Original source]
^ More than any other American political leader, except Lincoln, his devotion both to the national aiid to the democratic ideas is thorough-going and absolute."- Full text of "Alexander Hamilton, an essay" 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Original source]
[65] .^ Adams had made Hamilton's job as inspector general after the death of Washington almost impossible, and the president, who had never made a secret of his hatred for Hamilton, was becoming increasingly outspoken about it.
^ Resentful of the commander-in-chief for what he considered a belated increase in rank, Burr supported General Horatio Gates in his attempt to oust Washington as commander of the Continental army.
^ During this last year in Washington's cabinet, Hamilton reached the pinnacle of his power and influence, advising on and directing a wide range of foreign and domestic policy.
Quasi-War
.^ The Quasi War with Adams 1789-1800 Meanwhile, Adams was nourishing a healthy dislike for Hamilton.
^ Hamilton had a busy war, serving on George Washingtons staff, quarreling with him (Washington, he wrote, was neither remarkable for delicacy nor good tempercriticisms that could sometimes be applied to himself), then reconciling.- Alexander Hamilton: New Yorker by Richard Brookhiser, City Journal Autumn 1996 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.city-journal.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ All the while that the little New York artillery company was with Washington, Hamilton was making an indelible impression on the General.
Vernon).
.^ President Adams called Washington out of retirement to act as commander-in-chief for raising the forces requisite for the war with France.
^ The final resolution read: " Resolved, That the Secretary of the Treasury has been guilty of maladministration in the duties of his office, and should, in the opinion of Congress, be removed from his office by the President of the United States."
^ From the struggle for independence to the Second World War, American statesmen and political thinkers have often claimed that the United States differs from Europe largely because it is far removed from European wars and power politics.- Max M. Edling | "So immense a power in the affairs of war": Alexander Hamilton and the Restoration of Public Credit | The William and Mary Quarterly, 64.2 | The History Cooperative 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.historycooperative.org [Source type: Original source]
[66]
To fund this army, Hamilton had been writing incessantly to
Oliver Wolcott, Jr., his successor at the Treasury;
William Loughton Smith, of the House Ways and Means Committee; and Senator
Theodore Sedgwick of Massachusetts. He directed them to pass a direct tax to fund the war.
.^ So embarrassed by his admissions were the inquisitors, that they told Hamilton there was no need for him to tell the whole story.
^ Upon hearing of Hamilton's recent availability, Morris appointed him Continental receiver of taxes for the state of New York in April of 1782.
^ This was dubious as a matter of economic theory (Hamilton had read Adam Smith but disagreed with him on the question of the invisible hand).- Alexander Hamilton: New Yorker by Richard Brookhiser, City Journal Autumn 1996 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.city-journal.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[67].^ By renegotiating interest rates and terms of repayment, the United States could reduce the cost of indebtedness and avoid a heavy tax burden.- Max M. Edling | "So immense a power in the affairs of war": Alexander Hamilton and the Restoration of Public Credit | The William and Mary Quarterly, 64.2 | The History Cooperative 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.historycooperative.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Hamilton argued that the rate of interest in the United States was likely to fall to 4 percent in twenty years' time.- Max M. Edling | "So immense a power in the affairs of war": Alexander Hamilton and the Restoration of Public Credit | The William and Mary Quarterly, 64.2 | The History Cooperative 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.historycooperative.org [Source type: Original source]
^ He believed that payment of the stipulated interest rate of 6 percent would require tax levels the people were unlikely to accept.- Max M. Edling | "So immense a power in the affairs of war": Alexander Hamilton and the Restoration of Public Credit | The William and Mary Quarterly, 64.2 | The History Cooperative 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.historycooperative.org [Source type: Original source]
.^ Washington, who had already decided upon his course of action, issued a proclamation of neutrality which included a prohibition against private citizens engaging in actions that violated the neutrality.
^ Anyway - the memory of Shays Rebellion was fresh, and vivid to the men who gathered in the Pennsylvania State House, on May 25th, 1787.- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
^ The Whiskey Rebellion and Fries's Rebellion may of course suggest otherwise.- Max M. Edling | "So immense a power in the affairs of war": Alexander Hamilton and the Restoration of Public Credit | The William and Mary Quarterly, 64.2 | The History Cooperative 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.historycooperative.org [Source type: Original source]
[68]
.^ To Hamilton, all the defects lay with the states.- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Strained loyalties: the French Revolution 1789-1799 Hamilton's reservations about an alliance with France were only intensified by the French Revolution , which was met with sweeping adulation throughout the United States.
^ If we have an embryo-Caesar in the United States, Hamilton wrote, tis Burr.- Alexander Hamilton: New Yorker by Richard Brookhiser, City Journal Autumn 1996 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.city-journal.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ When the plan was moved in Congress, Rufus King, a senator from New York and an ally of Hamiltons, burst into tears.- Alexander Hamilton: New Yorker by Richard Brookhiser, City Journal Autumn 1996 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.city-journal.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Hamilton read aloud from his notes - what HE proposed as the set-up for the national government.- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
^ They set out to explain to the reluctant public (who were, in general, horrified at this idea of an "energetic" national government) why a Constitution was necessary, and the whys and wherefores of each part of it.- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Hamilton read aloud from his notes - and what HE proposed as the set-up for the national government is basically what we have to this day (except for the "executive for life" thing.- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ President Adams called Washington out of retirement to act as commander-in-chief for raising the forces requisite for the war with France.
[69] .^ Washington finally lost his iron control, Jefferson reported, and exploded in a cabinet meeting: By God he had rather be in his grave than in his present situation; .- Alexander Hamilton, Modern America’s Founding Father by Myron Magnet, City Journal Winter 2009 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.city-journal.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Did Hamilton, as some have postulated, voluntarily sacrifice himself knowing that his death on the dueling ground would completely destroy Burr, and with him all of his schemes?
^ The two passed each other on the stairs, Washington told Hamilton he wanted to speak to him, and Hamilton said hed be right back and went to finish his errand, returning, I sincerely believe, in less than two minutes.- Alexander Hamilton, Modern America’s Founding Father by Myron Magnet, City Journal Winter 2009 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.city-journal.org [Source type: Original source]
[70]
1800 presidential election
.^ Their alliance with the Virginians created the Republican (later, the Democratic) Party.- Alexander Hamilton: New Yorker by Richard Brookhiser, City Journal Autumn 1996 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.city-journal.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The election, declared Massachusetts Republican Elbridge Gerry, was a battle between the people and a party "utterly devoted to a monarchical system."- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Never one to let an insult go by unrevenged, Hamilton resolved to destroy the career of John Adams.
.^ Hamilton revived his proposal from the previous election: that Federalist electors vote equally for Pinckney and Adams.
^ Before his election was confirmed, as Congress struggled to break the deadlock between Jefferson and Aaron Burr, Alexander Hamilton had suggested that Federalist Congressmen "make it a ground of exploration with Mr. Jefferson or his confidential friends" to obtain "some assurances of his future conduct."- Max M. Edling | "So immense a power in the affairs of war": Alexander Hamilton and the Restoration of Public Credit | The William and Mary Quarterly, 64.2 | The History Cooperative 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.historycooperative.org [Source type: Original source]
^ James Kent, a fellow New York lawyer, described Hamilton's superiority in the courtroom: "The mighty mind of Hamilton would at times bear down all opposition by its comprehensive grasp and the strength of his reasoning powers."
.^ In private, the Federalist governor of New York, John Jay, was just as blunt.- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
^ John Jay wrote the following in a letter: .- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
^ He also founded with John Jay , his good friend and future "Federalist" collaborator, the Society for Promoting the Manumission of Slaves, whose primary purpose was to propose a "line of conduct" with respect to humane treatment of slaves, and to create a register of freed slaves to ensure that they were not deprived of their liberty.
[72]
.^ In the election of 1796, knowing Adams' unpopularity and the need for a southern Federalist on the ticket, Hamilton had preferred Charles Pinckney as the party candidate.
^ Once again, on June 21, he rose to challenge Charles Cotesworth Pinckney of South Carolina, who wanted Congress to be elected by the state legislation.- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ Burr, on the other hand, was Hamilton's photo negative in that regard.
^ All the while that the little New York artillery company was with Washington, Hamilton was making an indelible impression on the General.
^ "I chose a seat," he afterward wrote, "in front of the presiding member, with the other members on my right and left hand.- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ Thomas Jefferson had no such confidante.- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Time would pass before members realized how far the plans of such men as Madison and Hamilton reached, and what the Constitution promised to be.- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Hamilton, to whom Adams contemptuously referred as "his puppyhood," had maneuvered electoral votes in the 1789 election so that Adams would not accidentally become president over Washington, a position which Adams had felt himself equally deserving.
(Burr had received only one vote from Virginia in 1796.)
.^ On July 10, 1804, Alexander Hamilton wrote the following letter to his wife Eliza: .- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
^ In a revealing passage, Hamilton wrote that funding was necessary "to guard the Government and the Creditors against the danger of inconstancy in the public Councils."- Max M. Edling | "So immense a power in the affairs of war": Alexander Hamilton and the Restoration of Public Credit | The William and Mary Quarterly, 64.2 | The History Cooperative 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.historycooperative.org [Source type: Original source]
^ The following is a letter the 17-year-old Alexander Hamilton wrote to his father, describing the hurricane that hit St. Croix on August 31, 1772 - one of the worst in the recorded history of the island.- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ The final resolution read: " Resolved, That the Secretary of the Treasury has been guilty of maladministration in the duties of his office, and should, in the opinion of Congress, be removed from his office by the President of the United States."
^ Robert Goodloe Harper was one of the few who criticized suggested tax increases intended to pay back the debt owed to the Bank of the United States.- Max M. Edling | "So immense a power in the affairs of war": Alexander Hamilton and the Restoration of Public Credit | The William and Mary Quarterly, 64.2 | The History Cooperative 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.historycooperative.org [Source type: Original source]
.^ They had the pages of the newspaper with Federalist # 1 printed.- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
^ There was a deep suspicion and hatred of "parties" and "factions" (I know how they feel) - and yet, inevitably, two sides emerged - the Federalists and the Republicans - with two different philosophies, plans of action.- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Jefferson's press accused Hamilton and the Federalists of monarchical designs; Hamilton's press contended that the Republicans were bent on dragging the United States into war with Britain.
.^ As the leader of the Federalists during the election season of 1800, Hamilton headed a party in crisis.
^ The election, declared Massachusetts Republican Elbridge Gerry, was a battle between the people and a party "utterly devoted to a monarchical system."- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Burr had alienated Jefferson and the triumphant Republican party by his disloyalty as a vice president and had lost by a landslide in his bid to become a Federalist governor of New York.- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
[73]
.^ Hamilton, to whom Adams contemptuously referred as "his puppyhood," had maneuvered electoral votes in the 1789 election so that Adams would not accidentally become president over Washington, a position which Adams had felt himself equally deserving.
^ Burr had alienated Jefferson and the triumphant Republican party by his disloyalty as a vice president and had lost by a landslide in his bid to become a Federalist governor of New York.- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
^ These measures were a part of his plan for making a great cooperating nation; they were the financial side of his nationalism.- Full text of "Alexander Hamilton, an essay" 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Original source]
.^ Midway through Washington's first term, however, Jefferson had developed second thoughts.- Max M. Edling | "So immense a power in the affairs of war": Alexander Hamilton and the Restoration of Public Credit | The William and Mary Quarterly, 64.2 | The History Cooperative 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.historycooperative.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Jefferson's first attempt to oust the Secretary of the Treasury came in the form of 21 objections he sent to Washington in May of 1792.
[74]
.^ Both the ideas put by Jefferson in the preamble of the Declaration of Independ- ence and the principles of natural liberty in the writings of Adam Smith, are expressions of this great movement.- Full text of "Alexander Hamilton, an essay" 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Hamilton had directed Federalist electors to vote equally for Adams and the southerner, which could easily have derailed Adams' bid for the executive.
^ If capable of numerous close friendships, he also entered into titanic feuds with Jefferson, Madison, Adams, Monroe, and Burr.- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ If we have an embryo-Caesar in the United States, Hamilton wrote, tis Burr.- Alexander Hamilton: New Yorker by Richard Brookhiser, City Journal Autumn 1996 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.city-journal.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Served in the U.S. Army during World War II; member of Pennsylvania Republican State Committee ; member of Pennsylvania state house of representatives .- The Political Graveyard: Index to Politicians: Hamilton 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC politicalgraveyard.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Candidate for Michigan state house of representatives 104th District, 1976, 1980; candidate for Presidential Elector for Michigan, 1980 , 1984 , 2000 ; candidate for U.S. Representative from Michigan 9th District, 1984.- The Political Graveyard: Index to Politicians: Hamilton 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC politicalgraveyard.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Regardless of Hamilton's Herculean efforts of oratory, New York held out until the bitter end, stalling with proposals for amendments and conditional acceptances.
)
.^ Burr had alienated Jefferson and the triumphant Republican party by his disloyalty as a vice president and had lost by a landslide in his bid to become a Federalist governor of New York.- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Hence Hamilton's support of Jefferson over the more Federalist-friendly and easily manipulated Burr: Hamilton at least knew where Jefferson stood.
^ Hamilton's strategy was not directly aimed against Adams at that point, but was calculated to win southern support for the Federalists, and to lessen Jefferson's chances for the presidency.
.^ The vote ended in a tie between Jefferson and Burr.
^ Before his election was confirmed, as Congress struggled to break the deadlock between Jefferson and Aaron Burr, Alexander Hamilton had suggested that Federalist Congressmen "make it a ground of exploration with Mr. Jefferson or his confidential friends" to obtain "some assurances of his future conduct."- Max M. Edling | "So immense a power in the affairs of war": Alexander Hamilton and the Restoration of Public Credit | The William and Mary Quarterly, 64.2 | The History Cooperative 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.historycooperative.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Hamilton wrote the first article returning home on a sloop from Albany, where he had been arguing cases before the state supreme court, and he ended up contributing more than 50 of the 85 pieces.- Alexander Hamilton: New Yorker by Richard Brookhiser, City Journal Autumn 1996 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.city-journal.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Hamilton did not see itthe Poughkeepsie convention was still in sessionbut Nicholas Cruger, the man who first shipped him to New York, did.- Alexander Hamilton: New Yorker by Richard Brookhiser, City Journal Autumn 1996 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.city-journal.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Did Hamilton, as some have postulated, voluntarily sacrifice himself knowing that his death on the dueling ground would completely destroy Burr, and with him all of his schemes?
^ Hamilton understood that the Jay Treaty was the best a new nation could expect from a world power, which was not obligated in the least to even consider its trading rights let alone treat with it like an equal.
.^ Thereafter, Hamilton likely considered Burr his most dangerous enemy.
^ In Hamilton's view, no more dangerous a person could be found for the presidency than Aaron Burr.
.^ The final resolution read: " Resolved, That the Secretary of the Treasury has been guilty of maladministration in the duties of his office, and should, in the opinion of Congress, be removed from his office by the President of the United States."
^ If we have an embryo-Caesar in the United States, Hamilton wrote, tis Burr.- Alexander Hamilton: New Yorker by Richard Brookhiser, City Journal Autumn 1996 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.city-journal.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Shot and mortally wounded in a duel with Aaron Burr on July 11, 1804, and died the next day in New York, New York County , N.Y., July 12, 1804 .- The Political Graveyard: Index to Politicians: Hamilton 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC politicalgraveyard.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ James Kent, a fellow New York lawyer, described Hamilton's superiority in the courtroom: "The mighty mind of Hamilton would at times bear down all opposition by its comprehensive grasp and the strength of his reasoning powers."
^ In 1786, with the help of his father-in-law, Hamilton became one of the New York delegates to a convention of the states in Annapolis, whose main accomplishment was a call (which Hamilton wrote) for a second meeting in Philadelphia.- Alexander Hamilton: New Yorker by Richard Brookhiser, City Journal Autumn 1996 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.city-journal.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[75]
Duel with Aaron Burr and death
Hamilton fighting his fatal
duel with
Vice President Aaron Burr (the depiction is inaccurate: only the two seconds actually witnessed the duel)
.^ Burr, who at the time of the disclosure had been defeated by Hamilton's candidate in the gubernatorial election, wrote an ominous letter to Hamilton demanding an explanation of the "still more despicable opinion."
^ Shot and mortally wounded in a duel with Aaron Burr on July 11, 1804, and died the next day in New York, New York County , N.Y., July 12, 1804 .- The Political Graveyard: Index to Politicians: Hamilton 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC politicalgraveyard.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ James Kent, a fellow New York lawyer, described Hamilton's superiority in the courtroom: "The mighty mind of Hamilton would at times bear down all opposition by its comprehensive grasp and the strength of his reasoning powers."
[76][77] Burr, sensing an attack on his honor, and surely still stung by the political defeat, demanded an apology. Hamilton refused on the grounds that he could not recall the instance.
.^ But then he was killed in a duel on July 11 ...- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Today in history: July 11, 1804 .- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
^ On July 10, 1804, Alexander Hamilton wrote the following letter to his wife Eliza: .- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ When Philip was killed in a duel, years later, Hamilton never really recovered from the loss.- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
^ That Hamilton blamed himself for his son's death there can be no doubt, because it is equally doubtless that Philip fell defending his father's honor on the dueling ground.
^ Still alive, but paralyzed from the waist down, Hamilton was brought to the home of a friend where he slowly died from internal bleeding, much like Philip had two and a half years earlier.
Grave of Eliza Schuyler Hamilton (1757-1854) at Trinity Church
.^ Shot and mortally wounded in a duel with Aaron Burr on July 11, 1804, and died the next day in New York, New York County , N.Y., July 12, 1804 .- The Political Graveyard: Index to Politicians: Hamilton 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC politicalgraveyard.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Did Hamilton, as some have postulated, voluntarily sacrifice himself knowing that his death on the dueling ground would completely destroy Burr, and with him all of his schemes?
^ When he stops, my article is completed. And when Vice President Aaron Burr, knowing that Jefferson would drop him from the ticket in the 1804 election, decided to run for governor of New York instead, Hamilton roused all his political skill and passion to stop him.- Alexander Hamilton, Modern America’s Founding Father by Myron Magnet, City Journal Winter 2009 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.city-journal.org [Source type: Original source]
.^ Burr received satisfaction at Weehawken on July 11, 1804, when he mortally wounded Hamilton on the first shot.
.^ He wrote this letter in 1780 - 7 years before the Constitutional Convention - long before the convention was even thought of ...- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
^ This is my second letter.- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
^ At 14, he wrote to Ned Stevens, in his earliest surviving letter, my Ambition is prevalent that I contemn the grovling and condition of a Clerk or the like, to which my Fortune &c.- Alexander Hamilton, Modern America’s Founding Father by Myron Magnet, City Journal Winter 2009 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.city-journal.org [Source type: Original source]
The circumstances of the duel, and Hamilton's actual intentions, are still disputed. Neither of the seconds, Pendleton or Van Ness, could determine who fired first.
.^ They determined that emergency measures needed to be taken to prevent Hamilton and his "monarchists" from taking over.
^ He could not hear the commotion downstairs when a note arrived from Aaron Burr, asking about his condition, and worrying about a rumor that Hamilton had never intended to fire at him.- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Even if Hamilton were to hand over spotless books when congress reconvened after the summer, they could contend that Hamilton had used the time to sanitize his records.
.^ If the government's right to redeem the debt was not restricted, however, nothing would stop it from taking advantage of the falling interest rate to refinance the debt at lower cost.- Max M. Edling | "So immense a power in the affairs of war": Alexander Hamilton and the Restoration of Public Credit | The William and Mary Quarterly, 64.2 | The History Cooperative 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.historycooperative.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Alexander Hamilton lasted thirty-one hours after Aaron Burr shot him.- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Burr received satisfaction at Weehawken on July 11, 1804, when he mortally wounded Hamilton on the first shot.
.^ The ball had lodged inside his second lumbar disk, which had shattered, paralyzing his legs.- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
^ The great men who composed our first council -- are they dead, have they deserted the cause, or what has become of them?- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
Chernow considers the circumstances to have indicated Burr to have fired second, and taken deliberate aim.
If a duelist decided not to aim at his opponent there was a well-known procedure, available to everyone involved, for doing so.
.^ Hamilton fired in the air; Burr did not.- Alexander Hamilton: New Yorker by Richard Brookhiser, City Journal Autumn 1996 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.city-journal.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Following the war, both Hamilton and Burr had thriving law practices in New York City, and both were rising stars at the bar.
^ Despite the remarkable parallels in their careers which might normally have attracted them as friends, Alexander Hamilton and Aaron Burr were at odds almost from the outset.
It was a matter of honor among gentlemen to follow these rules. Because of the high incidence of
septicemia and death resulting from torso wounds, a high percentage of duels employed this procedure of throwing away fire.
[76] .^ So embarrassed by his admissions were the inquisitors, that they told Hamilton there was no need for him to tell the whole story.
^ Hamilton and Burr: Infinite Shades of Ambition The Hamilton/Burr rivalry is one of the most famous in American politics, and certainly their duel is the most notorious in history.
^ He could not hear the commotion downstairs when a note arrived from Aaron Burr, asking about his condition, and worrying about a rumor that Hamilton had never intended to fire at him.- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
[78].^ Shot and mortally wounded in a duel with Aaron Burr on July 11, 1804, and died the next day in New York, New York County , N.Y., July 12, 1804 .- The Political Graveyard: Index to Politicians: Hamilton 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC politicalgraveyard.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ All the while that the little New York artillery company was with Washington, Hamilton was making an indelible impression on the General.
^ The Jay Treaty Controversy April - August 1795 Hamilton moved his family back to New York City and immediately began to rebuild his private law practice.
[79] .^ Shot and mortally wounded in a duel with Aaron Burr on July 11, 1804, and died the next day in New York, New York County , N.Y., July 12, 1804 .- The Political Graveyard: Index to Politicians: Hamilton 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC politicalgraveyard.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ On July 10, 1804, Alexander Hamilton wrote the following letter to his wife Eliza: .- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
^ This was a blow to Hamilton -- and not a little humiliating on the family front -- who thought that his political influence would ensure his father-in-law's victory.
.^ Hamilton was buried, with military honors, in Trinity churchyard.- Alexander Hamilton: New Yorker by Richard Brookhiser, City Journal Autumn 1996 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.city-journal.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Interment at Trinity Churchyard , Manhattan, N.Y.; statue at Treasury Building Grounds , Washington, D.C. Hamilton counties in Fla.- The Political Graveyard: Index to Politicians: Hamilton 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC politicalgraveyard.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Legacy
.^ The final resolution read: " Resolved, That the Secretary of the Treasury has been guilty of maladministration in the duties of his office, and should, in the opinion of Congress, be removed from his office by the President of the United States."
^ "Report Relative to a Provision for the Support of Public Credit," in Syrett et al., Papers of Alexander Hamilton , 6: 84–85 (quotation, 84); "An Act for Making Provision for the [Payment of the] Debt of the United States," Aug.- Max M. Edling | "So immense a power in the affairs of war": Alexander Hamilton and the Restoration of Public Credit | The William and Mary Quarterly, 64.2 | The History Cooperative 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.historycooperative.org [Source type: Original source]
^ During Alexander Hamilton's term as Treasury secretary, the United States managed to avoid a European war.- Max M. Edling | "So immense a power in the affairs of war": Alexander Hamilton and the Restoration of Public Credit | The William and Mary Quarterly, 64.2 | The History Cooperative 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.historycooperative.org [Source type: Original source]
.^ It was the capstone of the Washington/Hamilton political collaboration, and the concluding statement on how their shared experiences evolved into a political system for the nation they had fought for and helped to solidify under the new constitution, and which they administered so capably in its first heady years of existence.
^ Hamilton did the lion's share of the work (no surprise there - the man was unbelievable.- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Time would pass before members realized how far the plans of such men as Madison and Hamilton reached, and what the Constitution promised to be.- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ The pro-constitution rebuttals were scattershot and inadequate in Hamilton's view, so he wrote a defense of his own.
.^ The first element of Hamiltons scheme was for the federal government to assume state debtsmostly Northernstill outstanding from the war, and to treat all creditors equally, whether they were the original holders of the debt or speculators who had bought debts at a discount.- Alexander Hamilton: New Yorker by Richard Brookhiser, City Journal Autumn 1996 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.city-journal.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Not every delegate brought to Philadelphia a comprehension of how thirteen independent states could share a government of tripartite powers: legislative, judicial, executive.- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Alexander Hamilton was great as a financier, but he was still greater as a nation-builder.- Full text of "Alexander Hamilton, an essay" 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Original source]
.^ The final resolution read: " Resolved, That the Secretary of the Treasury has been guilty of maladministration in the duties of his office, and should, in the opinion of Congress, be removed from his office by the President of the United States."
^ In February of 1784, he wrote the charter for and became a founding member of the Bank of New York, the state's first bank.
^ During Alexander Hamilton's term as Treasury secretary, the United States managed to avoid a European war.- Max M. Edling | "So immense a power in the affairs of war": Alexander Hamilton and the Restoration of Public Credit | The William and Mary Quarterly, 64.2 | The History Cooperative 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.historycooperative.org [Source type: Original source]
.^ The bank had the power to issue paper money - the federal government should not have that power.- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
^ The bank had the power to issue paper money - not the federal government.- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
^ [M]inds of the strongest and most active powers for their proper objects, wrote Hamilton, fall below mediocrity, and labor without effect, if confined to uncongenial pursuits.- Alexander Hamilton: New Yorker by Richard Brookhiser, City Journal Autumn 1996 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.city-journal.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
This controversy was eventually settled by the
Supreme Court of the United States in
McCulloch v. ., which in essence adopted Hamilton's view, granting the federal government broad freedom to select the best means to execute its constitutionally enumerated powers, specifically the doctrine of
implied powers.
^ Not every delegate brought to Philadelphia a comprehension of how thirteen independent states could share a government of tripartite powers: legislative, judicial, executive.- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Hamilton's powerful vision of American nationalism, with states subordinate to a strong central government and led by a vigorous executive branch, aroused fears of a reversion to royal British ways.- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Should Burr ascend to the governer's seat in New York, Hamilton feared that he would use his popularity and the power of that position to lead the secession with a view to becoming the "chief of the Northern portion."
.^ By modern standards, the Treasury Department was small-timethe secretary worked at a plain pine table covered with green clothbut it was the largest department of the executive branch of the government.- Alexander Hamilton: New Yorker by Richard Brookhiser, City Journal Autumn 1996 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.city-journal.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The final resolution read: " Resolved, That the Secretary of the Treasury has been guilty of maladministration in the duties of his office, and should, in the opinion of Congress, be removed from his office by the President of the United States."
^ Currently, Hamilton observed, the United States was pretty much precluded from "foreign Commerce."
.^ Currently, Hamilton observed, the United States was pretty much precluded from "foreign Commerce."
^ If we have an embryo-Caesar in the United States, Hamilton wrote, tis Burr.- Alexander Hamilton: New Yorker by Richard Brookhiser, City Journal Autumn 1996 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.city-journal.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The growth of manufacturing in the United States, in Hamilton's view, would parallel the growth of great population centers, thus creating more of a market for the produce of farms.
.^ They set out to explain to the reluctant public (who were, in general, horrified at this idea of an "energetic" national government) why a Constitution was necessary, and the whys and wherefores of each part of it.- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ If we have an embryo-Caesar in the United States, Hamilton wrote, tis Burr.- Alexander Hamilton: New Yorker by Richard Brookhiser, City Journal Autumn 1996 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.city-journal.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ "I consider Napoleon, Fox, and Hamilton the three greatest men of our epoch, and if I were forced to decide between the three, I would give without hesitation the first place to Hamilton.
^ The first element of Hamiltons scheme was for the federal government to assume state debtsmostly Northernstill outstanding from the war, and to treat all creditors equally, whether they were the original holders of the debt or speculators who had bought debts at a discount.- Alexander Hamilton: New Yorker by Richard Brookhiser, City Journal Autumn 1996 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.city-journal.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ The first element of Hamiltons scheme was for the federal government to assume state debtsmostly Northernstill outstanding from the war, and to treat all creditors equally, whether they were the original holders of the debt or speculators who had bought debts at a discount.- Alexander Hamilton: New Yorker by Richard Brookhiser, City Journal Autumn 1996 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.city-journal.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Hamiltons fundamental point, made early in numbers 9 and 11, refutes a chestnut of republican theory: that free states must be small (and, implicitly, homogeneous).- Alexander Hamilton: New Yorker by Richard Brookhiser, City Journal Autumn 1996 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.city-journal.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Hamiltons first controversies displayed what would be enduring character traits, good and not so good.- Alexander Hamilton: New Yorker by Richard Brookhiser, City Journal Autumn 1996 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.city-journal.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[80]
.^ The administration of John Adams (1797-1801) was a great disappointment to him, and the triumph of the Jeffersonians thereafter was an even greater one.- Alexander Hamilton: New Yorker by Richard Brookhiser, City Journal Autumn 1996 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.city-journal.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Washington, and Martha, and John Jay, and that Duane guy, and Madison, and an incredible one of Thomas Jefferson that I don't think I had seen before.- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
^ The duel between Hamilton and Burr -- George Washington's Farewell Address -- The Adams administration -- The heated debate about where to place the capital -- Benjamin Franklin trying to force Congress to deal with the issue of slavery and James Madison's resistance to that -- The correspondence between John Adams and Thomas Jefferson .- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ By this interest, we must govern him.- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
^ He wrote in 1780: "The only plan that can preserve the currency is one that will make it to the immediate interest of the monied men to cooperate with the government in its support.
^ The debt would be funded; that is, the federal government would convert its debts into interest bearing bonds which would mature after an assigned period of time.
.^ ALEXANDER HAMILTON Bismarck in the nineteenth century and, in the meantime, she suffered all the evils of a political and economic organization which was worn out and fitted to the needs of another age.- Full text of "Alexander Hamilton, an essay" 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Original source]
^ This essay is addressed to those who are interested in knowing the relation of Hamilton to one of the great historic move- ments of thought of the nineteenth century.- Full text of "Alexander Hamilton, an essay" 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Chernow's biography of Alexander Hamilton -- Willard Sterne Randall's biography of Alexander Hamilton -- my Library of America copy of The Federalist Papers -- my Library of America copy of Hamilton's writings -- my Library of America copy of Washington's writings .- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
[81]
.^ His portrait appears on the U.S. $10 bill ; from the 1860s to the 1920s, his portrait also appeared on U.S. notes and certificates of various denominations from $2 to $1,000 .- The Political Graveyard: Index to Politicians: Hamilton 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC politicalgraveyard.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ At this time the temper of the American people began to change from the easy-going temper which characterized the colonialV times to the strenuous, nervous, and enterprising spirit which is now the proverbial feature of American life.- Full text of "Alexander Hamilton, an essay" 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Original source]
.^ His portrait appears on the U.S. $10 bill ; from the 1860s to the 1920s, his portrait also appeared on U.S. notes and certificates of various denominations from $2 to $1,000 .- The Political Graveyard: Index to Politicians: Hamilton 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC politicalgraveyard.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[82] Hamilton also appears on the $500 Series EE Savings Bond.
.^ His portrait appears on the U.S. $10 bill ; from the 1860s to the 1920s, his portrait also appeared on U.S. notes and certificates of various denominations from $2 to $1,000 .- The Political Graveyard: Index to Politicians: Hamilton 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC politicalgraveyard.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Hamilton did not see itthe Poughkeepsie convention was still in sessionbut Nicholas Cruger, the man who first shipped him to New York, did.- Alexander Hamilton: New Yorker by Richard Brookhiser, City Journal Autumn 1996 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.city-journal.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ All the while that the little New York artillery company was with Washington, Hamilton was making an indelible impression on the General.
[83] .^ Interment at Trinity Churchyard , Manhattan, N.Y.; statue at Treasury Building Grounds , Washington, D.C. Hamilton counties in Fla.- The Political Graveyard: Index to Politicians: Hamilton 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC politicalgraveyard.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Alexander Hamilton, of course, was appointed the first Secretary of the Treasury, under George Washington.- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Of course, Hamilton's presence in uniform at Washington's side as they rode out to engage the "traitors," had little but the opposite effect.
.^ The following year, the Hamilton family moved into a country house, the Grange, which still stands on Convent Avenue in upper Manhattan.- Alexander Hamilton: New Yorker by Richard Brookhiser, City Journal Autumn 1996 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.city-journal.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Not content to simply ask questions, Hamilton began formulating a plan of what needed to be done to improve the working of the central government, and thus preserve the nation.
[84] .^ Or was Hamilton simply taking advantage of an easy way out -- the "blaze of glory" he had pined for so many years ago?
^ A couple years ago, the New York Historical Society had a massive Alexander Hamilton exhibit and Bill McCabe and I went - it was so so terrific.- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
^ The following year, the Hamilton family moved into a country house, the Grange, which still stands on Convent Avenue in upper Manhattan.- Alexander Hamilton: New Yorker by Richard Brookhiser, City Journal Autumn 1996 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.city-journal.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[85] It is expected to reopen to the public in 2009.
.^ Strained loyalties: the French Revolution 1789-1799 Hamilton's reservations about an alliance with France were only intensified by the French Revolution , which was met with sweeping adulation throughout the United States.
^ If we have an embryo-Caesar in the United States, Hamilton wrote, tis Burr.- Alexander Hamilton: New Yorker by Richard Brookhiser, City Journal Autumn 1996 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.city-journal.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Economy and industry are evidently gaining ground."^ "Many blessings," he writes to Lafayette in the same a Callender, G. S., Economic History of the United States, p.- Full text of "Alexander Hamilton, an essay" 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Original source]
Family
.^ Adieu best of wives and best of Women."
^ For the remainder of his life Hamilton worried that his work would be destroyed, his system dismantled, under the opposition.
^ And despite assurances from the three that Hamilton's secret was safe with them, it was only a matter of time until the Reynolds affair came back to haunt him.
.^ In February of 1784, he wrote the charter for and became a founding member of the Bank of New York, the state's first bank.
^ All the while that the little New York artillery company was with Washington, Hamilton was making an indelible impression on the General.
^ The Jay Treaty Controversy April - August 1795 Hamilton moved his family back to New York City and immediately began to rebuild his private law practice.
.^ Next book in my American history section is Alexander Hamilton : A Life by Willard Sterne Randall.- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
^ And despite assurances from the three that Hamilton's secret was safe with them, it was only a matter of time until the Reynolds affair came back to haunt him.
^ And finally, here is an excerpt from Ron Chernow's magesterial biography of Alexander Hamilton: Few figures in American history aroused such visceral love or loathing as Alexander Hamilton.- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ He often had left Angelica alone in their Manhattan mansion near Hamilton's town house while Elizabeth Schuyler stayed in the country with the children.- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Alexander Hamilton left behind him Elizabeth, their seven children, and a mountain of debts.
^ It was noontime on the twelfth, more than twenty-four hours after the duel, before Elizabeth Hamilton arrived with their seven children.- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ Alexander Hamilton's first child - Philip - was born in 1782.- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
^ On November 20, 1801, Hamilton's eldest son, nineteen year-old Philip, was challenged to a duel by a Republican orator, George I. Eacker, following a heated argument at a theater.
^ That Hamilton blamed himself for his son's death there can be no doubt, because it is equally doubtless that Philip fell defending his father's honor on the dueling ground.
.^ Alexander Hamilton's first child - Philip - was born in 1782.- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Hamilton took part in the surrender ceremonies, and then departed for Albany to rejoin his wife, who was due to have their first child, Philip, in January.
^ When Philip was killed in a duel, years later, Hamilton never really recovered from the loss.- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
Their other children were Angelica, born September 25, 1784; Alexander, born May 16, 1796;
James Alexander (April 14, 1788 – September 1878);
[86] John Church, born August 22, 1792;
William Stephen, born August 4, 1797; and Eliza, born November 26, 1799.
[citation needed]
On slavery
.^ Hamilton came away with a deep hatred of slavery, and he eventually co-founded an abolitionist society in New York.
.^ Hamiltons first controversies displayed what would be enduring character traits, good and not so good.- Alexander Hamilton: New Yorker by Richard Brookhiser, City Journal Autumn 1996 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.city-journal.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Since Hamilton was staunchly loyal to the chief, and deeply resented the members of the Gates faction, this was probably Hamilton's first black stroke against Colonel Aaron Burr.
^ In Hamilton's view, a Franco-American alliance at the expense of relations with Britain would be a disaster to his economic plan.
McDonald sees this as an attack on actual slavery; such hostility was quite common in 1776.
[87]
.^ It began during the Revolutionary War, and he fired off letter after letter to officials and politicians, criticizing Congress' mishandling of the Army.- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Burr had fought bravely in the Revolutionary War, in many of the same battles as Hamilton; they first met in Brooklyn Heights during the grim summer of 1776.- Alexander Hamilton: New Yorker by Richard Brookhiser, City Journal Autumn 1996 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.city-journal.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Again, he's only 23 years old here, but he's in the thick of the Revolutionary War, and aware that there are some huge problems with how Congress deals with things.- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ This is from a letter to his good friend John Laurens: .- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
^ In the following letter to his good friend John Laurens in South Carolina, Hamilton describes what he wants in a wife.- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
^ He also founded with John Jay , his good friend and future "Federalist" collaborator, the Society for Promoting the Manumission of Slaves, whose primary purpose was to propose a "line of conduct" with respect to humane treatment of slaves, and to create a register of freed slaves to ensure that they were not deprived of their liberty.
.^ Instead of immediately traveling to Philadelphia and presenting his credentials as was diplomatic protocol, Genet tarried in the south, enjoying a warm reception and drumming up support for the French cause.
^ Another delegate to the Congress described Hamilton as "praised by everybody but supported by none".- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
^ See also Bee family of South Carolina See also : congressional biography ; National Governors Association biography .- The Political Graveyard: Index to Politicians: Hamilton 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC politicalgraveyard.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[88]
.^ Did Hamilton, as some have postulated, voluntarily sacrifice himself knowing that his death on the dueling ground would completely destroy Burr, and with him all of his schemes?
^ The American people, he thought, would work together with the same enthusiasm to pay off their debt as they had fought together to oust European danger.- Full text of "Alexander Hamilton, an essay" 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Original source]
^ He did not mean to shock public opinion but he favored "extinguishing" the state governments: "they are not necessary for any of the great purposes of commerce, revenue or agriculture."- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ Rabbeno, in his search for evidence of Loria's theory in America, does not strengthen his chosen faith by citing Hamilton.- Full text of "Alexander Hamilton, an essay" 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Original source]
^ But Washington, Madison, Hamilton - and a couple of other far-seeing gentlemen - saw the need for an even greater revolution, an even more daring task.- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
^ He felt disrespected by Washington - there is one famous incident where Hamilton kept Washington waiting for 5 minutes, because he had to talk to somebody else - and Washington was very angry and publicly told Hamilton so.- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
[89] .^ That had been done long ago, in July of 1776 and later, when colony after colony created its state constitution, flinging out its particular preamble of political and religious freedom.- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
^ It demands the largest possible amount of individual freedom, which meant in politics a weak, decentralized government and in economics freedom in industry and trade.- Full text of "Alexander Hamilton, an essay" 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Original source]
^ For example, he was saying in the mid-1770s: Perhaps it is not that the black population is not as smart, or not able to handle freedom -- Perhaps that is just what happens to a man when you do not allow him freedom or education.- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
[90]
.^ In 1786, with the help of his father-in-law, Hamilton became one of the New York delegates to a convention of the states in Annapolis, whose main accomplishment was a call (which Hamilton wrote) for a second meeting in Philadelphia.- Alexander Hamilton: New Yorker by Richard Brookhiser, City Journal Autumn 1996 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.city-journal.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ A couple years ago, the New York Historical Society had a massive Alexander Hamilton exhibit and Bill McCabe and I went - it was so so terrific.- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Bill and I met on the front steps of the New York Historical Society (I was half an hour late due to NO UPTOWN TRAINS ...- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ Again, Hamilton supported his Republican rival, John Lansing (and later Morgan Lewis when Lansing bowed out), and because of his stance, was all but ostracized by his own party.
^ Late in the 1800 presidential campaign three years later, he wrote the Letter from Alexander Hamilton, Concerning the Public Conduct and Character of John Adams, Esq.- Alexander Hamilton, Modern America’s Founding Father by Myron Magnet, City Journal Winter 2009 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.city-journal.org [Source type: Original source]
^ John Jay, with whom Hamilton initially collaborated, became ill and withdrew from the project after four essays.
[91] .^ In his spare time, he married Elizabeth Schuyler, a member of one of the premier Dutch Hudson Valley families, and thanks to this connection, and his talents, he was sent by New York State to Congress in 1782, where he served for eight months.- Alexander Hamilton: New Yorker by Richard Brookhiser, City Journal Autumn 1996 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.city-journal.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Hamilton did not see itthe Poughkeepsie convention was still in sessionbut Nicholas Cruger, the man who first shipped him to New York, did.- Alexander Hamilton: New Yorker by Richard Brookhiser, City Journal Autumn 1996 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.city-journal.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ In February of 1784, he wrote the charter for and became a founding member of the Bank of New York, the state's first bank.
[93]
.^ He could not hear the commotion downstairs when a note arrived from Aaron Burr, asking about his condition, and worrying about a rumor that Hamilton had never intended to fire at him.- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Hamilton was supportive of the Louisiana Purchase for reasons of his own expansionist philosophy, and because the acquisition would eliminate the possibility of costly border wars with the French.
^ If Hamilton survived, would he vow never to duel again and use his influence to oppose the "barbaric custom"?- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
[94] In international affairs, he supported
Toussaint L'Ouverture's black government in
Haiti after the revolt that overthrew French control, as he had supported aid to the slaveowners in 1791—both measures hurt France.
[95]
He may have owned household slaves himself (the evidence for this is indirect; McDonald interprets it as referring to paid employees).
.^ 'That an adequate provision for the support of the Public Credit is a matter of high importance to the honor and prosperity of the United States.'"
^ The United States had signed a treaty of alliance with France in 1778, but any support of France during its current war might drag the United States into a conflict in which it could ill afford, monetarily or otherwise, to participate.
^ The new government could not pay its soldiers or its debts to foreign creditors: Congress could not levy taxes but could only request payments from the states.- Alexander Hamilton: New Yorker by Richard Brookhiser, City Journal Autumn 1996 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.city-journal.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[96] .^ Hamilton did not see itthe Poughkeepsie convention was still in sessionbut Nicholas Cruger, the man who first shipped him to New York, did.- Alexander Hamilton: New Yorker by Richard Brookhiser, City Journal Autumn 1996 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.city-journal.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The pro-constitution, or Federalist, attendees were outnumbered two to one by Clinton's minions, indicating that Publius was largely ineffective in turning the political tide in New York.
^ In February of 1784, he wrote the charter for and became a founding member of the Bank of New York, the state's first bank.
[97]On economics
Alexander Hamilton is sometimes considered the "
patron saint" of the
American School of economic philosophy that, according to one historian, dominated economic policy after 1861.
[98] He firmly supported government intervention in favor of business, after the manner of
Jean-Baptiste Colbert, as early as the fall of 1781.
[99].^ He believed that the complex life which manufactures create would instill in the nation the spirit of enterprise and efficiency.- Full text of "Alexander Hamilton, an essay" 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Hamilton dismissed Hume's warnings and instead focused on the positive aspects of national credit; the continuing vitality of the British economy was enough to prove the efficacy of their system.
^ Hamilton's powerful vision of American nationalism, with states subordinate to a strong central government and led by a vigorous executive branch, aroused fears of a reversion to royal British ways.- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
Henry C. Carey was inspired by his writings. Some say he influenced the ideas and work of German
Friedrich List.
.^ But in the rebuilding of industry and in the commercial rivalry which will follow the war, Hamilton's policy of protection will have its place.- Full text of "Alexander Hamilton, an essay" 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Throughout the war and during the post-war struggles, Hamilton had frequently admitted to personal mortification at the country's stumblings and failures.
^ If the constitution were not adopted, Hamilton saw civil war in the future; if it were, he presaged that Washington would be president.
.^ What they ended up with was something quite different, and was to become one of the more bizarre incidents in American political history.
^ When they began inquiring into Hamilton's background, they found out that he was not from a respected American family, nor even an American by birth.
.^ Cruger, Knox, and other wealthy islanders, sent Hamilton off in June of 1773 to New York to study medicine, most likely in the hope that he would return to the island and set up his practice there.
^ Hamilton reached New York Harbor in early 1773, entered King's College (now Columbia University) in 1774, and began his studies in medicine.
^ Though New York had slaves too, it was a bustling hub of coastal and oceangoing shipping, with a population of almost 25,000smaller than Philadelphia, but growing fast.- Alexander Hamilton: New Yorker by Richard Brookhiser, City Journal Autumn 1996 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.city-journal.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Here the same struggle which was Germany's in the seven- teenth century, and which Bismarck had to face in *List, F., Das Nationale System der Politischen Oekonomie, ch.- Full text of "Alexander Hamilton, an essay" 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Valuable works already exist on the life of Hamilton and on the history of his times.- Full text of "Alexander Hamilton, an essay" 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Original source]
^ These exchangeable securities, which are claims on the wealth of the community in the same sense that a bank note is a claim on the assets of a bank, served, Hamilton thought, in a community where specie was scarce, as a circulating medium.- Full text of "Alexander Hamilton, an essay" 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Original source]
.^ Alexander Hamilton, as Secretary of Treasury, put forth a monumental report to Congress calling for a national bank (this is something he had been pondering for years ).- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
^ At the time he entered college the first Continental Congress was meeting to decide the future of the colonies under the increasingly tyrannical rule of the English government.
^ Both ambitious and brilliant, equally knowledgeable on a wide variety of subjects, Hamilton and Madison sparked immediately when they met in the continental congress in 1783.
.^ Alexander Hamilton was great as a financier, but he was still greater as a nation-builder.- Full text of "Alexander Hamilton, an essay" 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Hamilton dismissed Hume's warnings and instead focused on the positive aspects of national credit; the continuing vitality of the British economy was enough to prove the efficacy of their system.
^ The principle which divided the parties in Hamilton's day was not socialistic but national- istic.- Full text of "Alexander Hamilton, an essay" 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Original source]
2009].
Hamilton's religion
In his early life, he was an orthodox and conventional, though not deeply pious, Presbyterian.
.^ Alexander Hamilton made a SIX HOUR speech at the Constitutional Convention ...- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Alexander Hamilton made a six hour speech at the Constitutional Convention ...- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
^ He and James Madison were the prime movers behind the summoning of the Constitutional Convention and the chief authors of that classic gloss on the national charter, The Federalist , which Hamilton supervised.- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ He saw the French Revolution begin in bloodshed and terror; he saw it end in despotism.- Full text of "Alexander Hamilton, an essay" 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Original source]
.^ Later in life, though, Hamilton was unable to hold his personal feelings back, in such situations ...- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
^ The state assembly granted Hamilton the five man delegation he requested, which he had planned to fill out with other federally-minded men.
^ He wrote a paper on John Adams, when Adams was president - which basically said that Adams was mentally incompetent, and not fit for office.- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
He was not a member of any denomination, but led his family in the Episcopal service the Sunday before the duel.
.^ Shot and mortally wounded in a duel with Aaron Burr on July 11, 1804, and died the next day in New York, New York County , N.Y., July 12, 1804 .- The Political Graveyard: Index to Politicians: Hamilton 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC politicalgraveyard.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ He knew he had little time left to live: he asked Bayard to summon the Reverend Benjamin Moore, Episcopal bishop of New York and president of Columbia College, where Hamilton had once been a scholarship boy.- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
^ In February of 1784, he wrote the charter for and became a founding member of the Bank of New York, the state's first bank.
.^ Hamilton, clearheaded and determined now, asked the Bayards to send for the Reverend John M. Mason, pastor of the Presbyterian church and son of th eman who had once sponsored him for a place at a Presbyterian academy when he had arrived in New York, an orphan from the West Indies.- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Did Hamilton, as some have postulated, voluntarily sacrifice himself knowing that his death on the dueling ground would completely destroy Burr, and with him all of his schemes?
^ Hamilton as a boy had undergone a strong Presbyterian conversion experience - although, as a bastard, he had not been allowed to receive Presbyterian communion.- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ When Bishop Moore called again, he lectured Hamilton once more on his own "delicate" situation.- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Hamilton pleaded for Bayard to go once more to Bishop Moore and try to persuade him.- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
^ When the bishop arrived, he refused Hamilton Holy Communion after he learened that Hamilton not only had never been baptized an Episcopalian, but had been wounded in a duel, something Moore considered a mortal sin.- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
[100]Memorial at colleges
.^ Protection 127 [xiii] CHAPTER FIRST Introduction The facts of the life of Alexander Hamilton are so familiar that a mere catalogue of them will serve to refresh the mind of the reader.- Full text of "Alexander Hamilton, an essay" 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Original source]
^ ALEXANDER HAMILTON true ; but as an exclusive one, it is false, and leads to error in the administration of public affairs.""- Full text of "Alexander Hamilton, an essay" 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Original source]
^ One of the duties of the state was the J well-being of its citizens, but the duty of every citizen was the well-being of the state."* * Oliver, F. S., Alexander Hamilton: An essay on American Union, pp.- Full text of "Alexander Hamilton, an essay" 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Original source]
.^ The letter was so well-received that Knox set the wheels in motion to send Hamilton to the colonies, so that he could get a college-level education.- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ The unpublished letters which I have used are referred to by the volume and page in Hamilton's papers in the Library of Con- gress.- Full text of "Alexander Hamilton, an essay" 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Original source]
^ So he must have been BAFFLED when the person who WAS Alexander Hamilton's mother suddenly was in a wild passionate embrace with her own son!!!- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
^ A couple of days later, Hamilton showed a copy of this letter to Reverend Knox (a very very important person in the story of Alexander Hamilton - a real father figure to the boy.- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ Hamilton reached New York Harbor in early 1773, entered King's College (now Columbia University) in 1774, and began his studies in medicine.
.^ Interment at Trinity Churchyard , Manhattan, N.Y.; statue at Treasury Building Grounds , Washington, D.C. Hamilton counties in Fla.- The Political Graveyard: Index to Politicians: Hamilton 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC politicalgraveyard.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
The
university press has published his complete works in a multivolume
letterpress edition.
.^ Currently, Hamilton observed, the United States was pretty much precluded from "foreign Commerce."
^ The growth of manufacturing in the United States, in Hamilton's view, would parallel the growth of great population centers, thus creating more of a market for the produce of farms.
^ Hamilton hoped that the Jay mission would culminate in the alliance he considered so important for the future of the United States.
References
- "The long tradition of Hamilton biography has, almost without exception, been laudatory in the extreme. Facts have been exaggerated, moved around, omitted, misunderstood and imaginatively created. . James Thomas Flexner, The Young Hamilton, pp.^ Later in life, though, Hamilton was unable to hold his personal feelings back, in such situations ...
- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Hamilton and Burr: Infinite Shades of Ambition The Hamilton/Burr rivalry is one of the most famous in American politics, and certainly their duel is the most notorious in history.
^ If you don't know all the ins and outs of this debate, I highly recommend you go back and check it out, read a biography of Hamilton, read his financial essays ...- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
3–4.
Secondary sources
.^ Aaron Burr , the leader of the Republicans in New York, managed to organize a party majority in that state's congressional elections.
^ The professionalism of the New York artillery company and its commander impressed all the senior officers who had dealings with it, including Henry Knox, artillery commander of the Continental army.
^ Born illegitimate (in the immortal words of one of his many enemies, John Adams: "the bastard brat of a Scotch peddler"), in the Caribbean - he came to the United States at the age of 15 to further his education.- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
online edition
Biographies
- Brookhiser, Richard. .^ Next book in my American history section is Alexander Hamilton : A Life by Willard Sterne Randall.
- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
^ And finally, here is an excerpt from Ron Chernow's magesterial biography of Alexander Hamilton: Few figures in American history aroused such visceral love or loathing as Alexander Hamilton.- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
Free Press, (1999) (ISBN 0-684-83919-9).
- Chernow, Ron. Alexander Hamilton. Penguin Books, (2004) (ISBN 1-59420-009-2). full length detailed biography
.^ The Books: "Founding Brothers" (Joseph Ellis) .- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Joseph Ellis, in his wonderful book Founding Brothers , opens the book with the story of the duel between Hamilton and Aaron Burr on the riverside plain of Weehawken.- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Next book in my American history section is the marvelous Founding Brothers: The Revolutionary Generation , by Joseph Ellis.- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
(2004).
- Flexner, James Thomas. The Young Hamilton: A Biography. Fordham University Press, (1997) (ISBN 0-8232-1790-6).
- Fleming, Thomas. .^ I cannot even describe how happy it makes me that on my daily run I pass the spot (sort of) where the duel between Alexander Hamilton and Aaron Burr took place.
- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
^ It was erected on July 11, 2004 - the 200th anniversary of the Hamilton-Burr duel.- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Did Hamilton, as some have postulated, voluntarily sacrifice himself knowing that his death on the dueling ground would completely destroy Burr, and with him all of his schemes?
(2000) (ISBN 0-465-01737-1).
- McDonald, Forrest. .
- Miller, John C. Alexander Hamilton: Portrait in Paradox (1959), full-length scholarly biography; online edition
- Mitchell, Broadus.^ Alexander Hamilton Biography 1755 - 1804 .
^ It's quoted at length in various Hamilton biographies - but it sure is worth it to go and read the whole thing.- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Again, Hamilton supported his Republican rival, John Lansing (and later Morgan Lewis when Lansing bowed out), and because of his stance, was all but ostracized by his own party.
.
- Randall, Willard Sterne.^ Alexander Hamilton Biography 1755 - 1804 .
^ ALEXANDER HAMILTON bursed by an increase both in the capital value and the income of its land.* Hamilton found the most insistent opposition to manufactures coming from the South.- Full text of "Alexander Hamilton, an essay" 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Original source]
^ The Death of Washington December 14, 1799 Perhaps most symbolic of the disappointments and decline Alexander Hamilton would face in the new century was the death of George Washington on December 14, 1799.
.^ The Books: "Alexander Hamilton : A Life" (Willard Sterne Randall) .- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
^ From Alexander Hamilton : A Life by Willard Sterne Randall.- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Next book in my American history section is Alexander Hamilton : A Life by Willard Sterne Randall.- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
HarperCollins, (2003) (ISBN 0-06-019549-5). Popular.
- Don Winslow Alexander Hamilton: In Worlds Unknown (Script and Film New York Historical Society).
Specialized studies
.^ His White House successor, William Howard Taft, likewise embracedf Hamilton as "our greatest constructive statesman."- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Charles Maurice de Talleyrand Before earning such a glowing acclamation from the French statesman, Alexander Hamilton would have a rocky road to travel.
12, No.
.^ On July 10, 1804, Alexander Hamilton wrote the following letter to his wife Eliza: .- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Hamilton, Alexander (1757-1804) — of New York County , N.Y. Born in Charles Town, Nevis , January 11, 1757 .- The Political Graveyard: Index to Politicians: Hamilton 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC politicalgraveyard.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Alexander Hamilton Biography 1755 - 1804 .
.^ ALEXANDER HAMILTON / f ^ istic in tendency."* Hamilton was, he concludes, the representative of the former class, and laid the foundation of his schemes on it and at the expense of the farmers and non-commercial class.- Full text of "Alexander Hamilton, an essay" 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Original source]
^ ALEXANDER HAMILTON ^ burst them, but out of the ruins of the old Hamil- ton reconstructed the new, and thereby became the founder and prophet of modern protection.- Full text of "Alexander Hamilton, an essay" 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Next book in my American history section is Alexander Hamilton : A Life by Willard Sterne Randall.- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
Select Books. Singapore (2009)
Brown, Christopher Leslie, and Philip D. Morgan, eds. Arming slaves: from classical times to the modern age, esp. 180–208 on the American Revolution, by Morgan and A. J. O'Shaubhnessy.
Douglas Ambrose and Robert W. T. Martin, eds. .
Brant, Irving: The Fourth President: a Life of James Madison.^ Most of the commentary at the time from his contemporaries (all brilliant men in their own right) is all along the lines of: "Alexander Hamilton is frightening."- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
^ He and James Madison were the prime movers behind the summoning of the Constitutional Convention and the chief authors of that classic gloss on the national charter, The Federalist , which Hamilton supervised.- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
^ The British statesman Lord Bryce singled out Hamilton as the one founding father who had not received his due from posterity.- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
Bobbs-Merill, 1970. A one-volume recasting of Brant's six-volume life.
Burns, Eric. .
Chan, Michael D. "Alexander Hamilton on Slavery."^ A couple of days later, Hamilton showed a copy of this letter to Reverend Knox (a very very important person in the story of Alexander Hamilton - a real father figure to the boy.- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Hamilton was the supreme double threat among the founding fathers, at once thinker and doer, sparkling theoretician and masterful executive.- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
^ I believe in my heart that Hamilton was the most far-seeing of all of our founding fathers.- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
Review of Politics 66 (Spring 2004): 207–31.
Fatovic, Clement. "Constitutionalism and Presidential Prerogative: Jeffersonian and Hamiltonian Perspectives." American Journal of Political Science 2004 48(3): 429–44. Issn: 0092-5853 Fulltext in Swetswise, Ingenta, Jstor, Ebsco.
Flaumenhaft; Harvey. .
Flexner, James Thomas.^ He and James Madison were the prime movers behind the summoning of the Constitutional Convention and the chief authors of that classic gloss on the national charter, The Federalist , which Hamilton supervised.- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Alexander Hamilton made a SIX HOUR speech at the Constitutional Convention ...- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
^ The Books: "The Federalist Papers" (Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, John Jay) .- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
George Washington. Little Brown, 1965–72. Four volumes, with various subtitles, cited as "Flexner, Washington". Vol. IV. ISBN 0316286028.
Levine, Yitzchok. .^ Hamilton and Burr: Infinite Shades of Ambition The Hamilton/Burr rivalry is one of the most famous in American politics, and certainly their duel is the most notorious in history.
^ Can't seem to get enough of Alexander Hamilton, no matter how much I try to segue out into other interests.- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
^ When they began inquiring into Hamilton's background, they found out that he was not from a respected American family, nor even an American by birth.
May 2, 2007.
Harper, John Lamberton. .
Horton, James Oliver.^ He continued on as a back-door advisor to the Adams cabinet, mostly through the Secretary of War James McHenry, who regularly asked Hamilton for his advice on policy.
^ During this last year in Washington's cabinet, Hamilton reached the pinnacle of his power and influence, advising on and directing a wide range of foreign and domestic policy.
^ The final straw for Hamilton was most likely when James McHenry sent him a report on a meeting at which Adams had called him a foreigner and a bastard.
.
Kennedy, Roger G. ; Burr, Hamilton, and Jefferson: A Study in Character Oxford University Press (2000).
Knott, Stephen F. Alexander Hamilton and the Persistence of Myth University Press of Kansas, (2002) ISBN 0-7006-1157-6.
Kohn, Richard H. "The Inside History of the Newburgh Conspiracy: America and the Coup d'Etat"; The William and Mary Quarterly, Third Series, Vol.^ Books about Alexander Hamilton: Richard Brookhiser, Alexander Hamilton, American ; Forrest McDonald, Alexander Hamilton: A Biography ; Gertrude Atherton, Conqueror : Dramatized Biography of Alexander Hamilton ; Ron Chernow, Alexander Hamilton ; Thomas Fleming, Duel: Alexander Hamilton, Aaron Burr, and the Future of America ; Arnold A. Rogow, A Fatal Friendship: Alexander Hamilton and Aaron Burr ; Willard Sterne Randall, Alexander Hamilton: A Life ; John Harper, American Machiavelli : Alexander Hamilton and the Origins of U.S. Foreign Policy ; Stephen F. Knott, Alexander Hamilton and the Persistence of Myth ; Charles Cerami, Young Patriots: The Remarkable Story of Two Men.- The Political Graveyard: Index to Politicians: Hamilton 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC politicalgraveyard.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ All the while that the little New York artillery company was with Washington, Hamilton was making an indelible impression on the General.
^ Burr had alienated Jefferson and the triumphant Republican party by his disloyalty as a vice president and had lost by a landslide in his bid to become a Federalist governor of New York.- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
27, No. 2 (Apr., 1970), pp. 188–220. JSTOR link. .
Larsen, Harold.^ Despite the fact that he attempted to stay out of the political arena, Hamilton was propelled back by a series of events in which states attempted to assert their sovereignty over federal law.
.^ A couple years ago, the New York Historical Society had a massive Alexander Hamilton exhibit and Bill McCabe and I went - it was so so terrific.- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Alexander Hamilton, as Secretary of Treasury, put forth a monumental report to Congress calling for a national bank (this is something he had been pondering for years ).- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Protection 127 [xiii] CHAPTER FIRST Introduction The facts of the life of Alexander Hamilton are so familiar that a mere catalogue of them will serve to refresh the mind of the reader.- Full text of "Alexander Hamilton, an essay" 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Original source]
9, No. 2. (Apr., 1952), pp. 139–51. [in JSTOR
Littlefield, Daniel C. "John Jay, the Revolutionary Generation, and Slavery." New York History 2000 81(1):91–132. ISSN 0146-437X.
Milton Lomask, Aaron Burr, the Years from Princeton to Vice President, 1756–1805. .
Martin, Robert W.T. "Reforming Republicanism: Alexander Hamilton's Theory of Republican Citizenship and Press Liberty."^ Alexander Hamilton, of course, was appointed the first Secretary of the Treasury, under George Washington.- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
^ In a pairing of two of the most powerful minds of the age, Hamilton and Madison turned out the first and most enduring American political masterwork.
^ Jefferson's press accused Hamilton and the Federalists of monarchical designs; Hamilton's press contended that the Republicans were bent on dragging the United States into war with Britain.
.
McManus, Edgar J. History of Negro Slavery in New York.^ As Hamilton had predicted early on, it was only when Virginia ratified that the New York resistance began to crack.
^ Hamilton reached New York Harbor in early 1773, entered King's College (now Columbia University) in 1774, and began his studies in medicine.
^ Hamilton came away with a deep hatred of slavery, and he eventually co-founded an abolitionist society in New York.
.
Mitchell, Broadus: "The man who 'discovered' Alexander Hamilton". Proceedings of the New Jersey Historical Society 1951. 69:88–115.
Stryker, William S[cudder]: The Battles of Trenton and Princeton; Houghton Mifflin, 1898.
Monaghan, Frank: John Jay.^ ALEXANDER HAMILTON ^ burst them, but out of the ruins of the old Hamil- ton reconstructed the new, and thereby became the founder and prophet of modern protection.- Full text of "Alexander Hamilton, an essay" 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Original source]
^ The delegates moved their operation to Princeton New Jersey.
^ ALEXANDER HAMILTON laborer in particular, who was being exploited under the regime of free competition, could find his only salvation in furthering class solidarity.- Full text of "Alexander Hamilton, an essay" 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Original source]
.
Nettels, Curtis P. The Emergence of a National Economy, 1775–1815 (1962).
Newman, Paul Douglas: Fries's Rebellion; The Enduring Struggle for the American Revolution.^ This prob- lem of transition from territorial to national economy was the same problem that the American States were facing in the eighties of the eighteenth century.- Full text of "Alexander Hamilton, an essay" 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Original source]
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Jack N. Rakove: The beginnings of National Politics: an interpretive history of the Continental Congress, Knopf, 1979.
Rossiter, Clinton.^ The pamphlet was Hamilton's first foray into local and national politics, and his impressive beginning as a courageous debater and master propagandist.
.
Sharp, James.^ Their Impossible Plan and The Revolution That Created The Constitution Hamilton, Alexander — U.S. Attorney for the Eastern District of Florida , 1822-23.- The Political Graveyard: Index to Politicians: Hamilton 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC politicalgraveyard.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.
Sheehan, Colleen.^ More than any other American political leader, except Lincoln, his devotion both to the national aiid to the democratic ideas is thorough-going and absolute."- Full text of "Alexander Hamilton, an essay" 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Original source]
^ The revolution-related events of early 1793 quickly made the French crisis an American one.
^ The Continentalist , as he named his six-part series, was published in the New York Packet and the American Advertiser , and treated the public to their first taste of Hamiltonian politics.
.
Smith, Robert W. Keeping the Republic: Ideology and Early American Diplomacy. (2004).
Staloff, Darren.^ That Hamilton did not perceive these differences early on is puzzling and probably due to a combination of his own self-absorption and Madison's characteristic evasiveness.
^ Hamilton and Burr: Infinite Shades of Ambition The Hamilton/Burr rivalry is one of the most famous in American politics, and certainly their duel is the most notorious in history.
^ Hamilton, Robert J. (1890-1967) — of Battle Creek, Calhoun County , Mich.- The Political Graveyard: Index to Politicians: Hamilton 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC politicalgraveyard.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Hamilton and Burr: Infinite Shades of Ambition The Hamilton/Burr rivalry is one of the most famous in American politics, and certainly their duel is the most notorious in history.
^ Hamilton, Aaron Burr, Jefferson, Adams, Washington, Madison, Franklin 6 episodes: .- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
^ There are rounded-out niches in the walls - with gleaming marble busts - of Hamilton, one of Jefferson, a couple other founding gents.- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
(2005).
Stourzh, Gerald. .
Thomas, Charles Marion: American neutrality in 1793; a study in cabinet government, Columbia, 1931.
Trees, Andrew S. "The Importance of Being Alexander Hamilton."^ Here's an excerpt from the chapter on Washington's farewell address (props to Alexander Hamilton) - and why it continuees to be studied, picked apart, interpreted and re-interpreted.- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Hamilton's views "almost led him to despair," Madison noted, "that a republican government could be established over so great an extent."- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Next book in my American history section is Alexander Hamilton : A Life by Willard Sterne Randall.- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
.
Trees, Andrew S. The Founding Fathers and the Politics of Character. (2004).
Wallace, David Duncan: Life of Henry Laurens, with a sketch of the life of Lieutenant-Colonel John Laurens Putnam (1915).
Weston, Rob N. "Alexander Hamilton and the Abolition of Slavery in New York". Afro-Americans in New York Life and History 1994 18(1): 31–45. ISSN 0364-2437 An undergraduate paper, which concludes that Hamilton was ambivalent about slavery.
White, Leonard D. The Federalists (1949), coverage of how the Treasury and other departments were created and operated.
Richard D. White; "Political Economy and Statesmanship: Smith, Hamilton, and the Foundation of the Commercial Republic" Public Administration Review, Vol.^ To ensure Federalist opposition to Adams, Hamilton engaged in some creative character assassination by issuing a confidential circular entitled "Letter from Alexander Hamilton concerning the Public Conduct and Character of John Adams, Esq.," which contained an unbridled, vitriolic attack on the character and political shortcomings of the president.
^ The pro-constitution, or Federalist, attendees were outnumbered two to one by Clinton's minions, indicating that Publius was largely ineffective in turning the political tide in New York.
^ In February of 1784, he wrote the charter for and became a founding member of the Bank of New York, the state's first bank.
60, 2000.
Wood, Gordon s. Empire of Liberty: A History of the Early Republic, 1789-1815 (2009), the most recent synthesis of the era
Wright, Robert E. Hamilton Unbound: Finance and the Creation of the American Republic (2002).
Wright, Robert E. One Nation Under Debt: Hamilton, Jefferson, and the History of What We Owe New York: McGraw-Hill (2008).
Primary sources
- Hamilton, Alexander. (Joanne B. Freeman, ed.) .^ The unpublished letters which I have used are referred to by the volume and page in Hamilton's papers in the Library of Con- gress.
- Full text of "Alexander Hamilton, an essay" 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Chernow's biography of Alexander Hamilton -- Willard Sterne Randall's biography of Alexander Hamilton -- my Library of America copy of The Federalist Papers -- my Library of America copy of Hamilton's writings -- my Library of America copy of Washington's writings .- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
^ In addition to that - I have my writing schedule I have to keep up - as well as tearing my way through a biography of Alexander Hamilton.- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
.
- Syrett, Harold C.; Cooke, Jacob E.; and Chernow, Barbara, eds.^ The Clintonian/Antifederalists knew this, and the fact buoyed their efforts; they had a clear majority over the Federalists in all parts of the state except Manhattan, Hamilton's district.
^ Chernow's biography of Alexander Hamilton -- Willard Sterne Randall's biography of Alexander Hamilton -- my Library of America copy of The Federalist Papers -- my Library of America copy of Hamilton's writings -- my Library of America copy of Washington's writings .- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Hamilton and Lafayette exchanged many letters, Hamilton sharing with Lafayette the bad feeling he got about the French Revolution already.- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
.
- Goebel, Julius, Jr., and Smith, Joseph H., eds., The Law Practice of Alexander Hamilton (5 vols., Columbia University Press, 1964–80); the legal counterpart to the Papers of Alexander Hamilton.
- Morris, Richard.^ This is from a letter Alexander Hamilton wrote in 1780.
- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
^ On July 10, 1804, Alexander Hamilton wrote the following letter to his wife Eliza: .- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Following the war, both Hamilton and Burr had thriving law practices in New York City, and both were rising stars at the bar.
ed. .
- Selected Writings and Speeches of Alexander Hamilton. Morton J. Frisch ed.^ Alexander Hamilton was great as a financier, but he was still greater as a nation-builder.
- Full text of "Alexander Hamilton, an essay" 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Original source]
^ We will find it helpful, before proceeding to a study of Hamilton's writings, to enlarge on the idea of nationalism as it has been understood both before and since Hamilton's day.- Full text of "Alexander Hamilton, an essay" 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Original source]
^ ALEXANDER HAMILTON of national rivalry, which began in the seventies, at least seriously checked the movement for univer- sal peace which characterized the fifties and sixties.- Full text of "Alexander Hamilton, an essay" 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Original source]
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- The Works of Alexander Hamilton edited by Henry Cabot Lodge (1904) full text online at Google Books online in HTML edition.^ Full text of "Alexander Hamilton, an essay" .
- Full text of "Alexander Hamilton, an essay" 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Original source]
^ See other formats Full text of " Alexander Hamilton, an essay " .- Full text of "Alexander Hamilton, an essay" 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Next book in my American history section is Alexander Hamilton : A Life by Willard Sterne Randall.- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ It's from Hamilton's letters, his writings, and also the writings of Jefferson, Madison, John Adams, George Washington ...- The Sheila Variations: Alexander Hamilton Archives 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sheilaomalley.com [Source type: Original source]
.
- Federalist Papers under the shared pseudonym "Publius" by Alexander Hamilton (c.^ ALEXANDER HAMILTON about Europe.
- Full text of "Alexander Hamilton, an essay" 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Original source]
^ ALEXANDER HAMILTON laborer in particular, who was being exploited under the regime of free competition, could find his only salvation in furthering class solidarity.- Full text of "Alexander Hamilton, an essay" 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Original source]
^ "As the perusal of the political papers under the signature of Publius," he writes to Hamilton, August 28, 1788, "has afforded me great satisfaction, I shall certainly consider them as claiming a most distinguished place in my library.- Full text of "Alexander Hamilton, an essay" 3 February 2010 14:15 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Original source]
52 articles), James Madison (28 articles) and John Jay (five articles)
- Report on Manufactures, his economic program for the United States.
- Report on Public Credit, his financial program for the United States.
- Cooke, Jacob E. ed., Alexander Hamilton: A Profile (1967), short excerpts from AH and his critics.
- Cunningham, Noble E. Jefferson vs. Hamilton: Confrontations that Shaped a Nation (2000), short collection of primary sources with commentary.
- Taylor, George Rogers, ed., Hamilton and the National Debt, 1950, excerpts from all sides in 1790s.
Notes
- ^ a b Chernow, p. 90.
- ^ Forrest McDonald, Alexander Hamilton: a biography, repr. 1982, p. 342
- ^ Knott (2002), pp 47, 67, 85; Arthur H Vandenberg, The Greatest American, Alexander Hamilton: an historical analysis of his life and works together with a symposium of opinions by distinguished Americans (1922)
- ^ a b c d e Practical Proceedings in the Supreme Court of the State of New York. Alexander Hamilton. Forward by Williard Sterne Randall. p. ix. 2004. New York Law Journal.
- ^ Chernow, p. 17.
- ^ From St. Croix records. Ramsing's 1930 Danish publication entered late among Hamilton literature.
- ^ Chernow; Flexner; Mitchell's Concise Life. McDonald, p. 366, n. 8, favors 1757 but acknowledges its minority status, saying that the probate clerk's alternate spelling of "Lavien" suggests unreliability.
- ^ Chernow, p. 10; Hamilton's spelling "Lavien" may be a Sephardic version of "Levine". The couple may have lived apart from one another under an order of legal separation, with Rachel as the guilty party, meaning remarriage was not permitted on St. Croix.
- ^ Chernow, p. 12.
- ^ a b Chernow, p. 17.
- ^ Levine, Yitzchok (2007-05-02). "The Jews Of Nevis And Alexander Hamilton". The Jewish Press. http://www.jewishpress.com/content.cfm?contentid=21464. Retrieved 2008-10-18.
- ^ Chernow, p. 24.
- ^ E.g., Flexner, passim.
- ^ Chernow, p. 25.
- ^ Chernow, p. 26.
- ^ Chernow, pp. 27–30.
- ^ Adair and Harvey.
- ^ The earliest source for this anecdote is a posthumous collection of anecdotes about Hamilton by an acquaintance of his, one Hercules Mulligan, who wrote that John Witherspoon refused Hamilton's demand to advance from class to class at his own speed. Mulligan's collection has been found unreliable by some biographers, including Mitchell and Flexner. Elkins and McKitrick comment that Witherspoon may have refused because he had just overseen similar programs for James Madison, whose health may have suffered from overwork, and Joseph Ross, who had died less than two years after his graduation. (See Princetonians, 1769-1775. Ross was in Madison's class of 1771, and died before October 13, 1772. Madison's ill-health depends on his recollections in old age; his letters home at the time do not mention it.) Randall suggests that Witherspoon denied Hamilton admission because of his illegitimate birth.
- ^ Chernow, p. 51.
- ^ Mitchell 1:65-73; Miller, p. 19.
- ^ McDonald, p. 14; Mitchell, p. I:74-75; Chernow, p. 63. Flexner, p. 78, noting that Cooper's poem about the incident did not mention Hamilton, suggests that Hamilton was in front of the building and that Cooper did not see him while escaping out the back.
- ^ Stryker, p. 158.
- ^ Lefkowitz, Arthur S., George Washington's Indispensable Men: The 32 Aides-de-Camp Who Helped Win the Revolution, Stackpole Books, 2003, pp. 15 & 108.
- ^ Lodge, pp. 1:15–20; Miller, pp. 23–6.
- ^ Flexner, Young Hamilton, p. 316.
- ^ Trees, Andrew S., "The Importance of Being Alexander Hamilton", Reviews in American History 2005, pp. 33(1):8–14, finding Chernow's inferences to be overreading the contemporary style.
- ^ Katz, Jonathan Ned, Gay American History: Lesbians and Gay Men in the U.S.A., Thomas Y. Crowell Company, 1976, ISBN 978-0690011647, p. 445.
- ^ Chernow, p. 133–4.
- ^ Chernow, p. 159.
- ^ Mitchell, pp. I:254–60
- ^ Kohn; Brant, p. 45; Rakove, p. 324.
- ^ Syrett, p. III:117; he was elected in July 1782 for a one-year term beginning the "first Monday in November next", arrived in Philadelphia between the 18th and 25th of November, and resigned July 1783.
- ^ Brant, p. 100; Chernow, p. 176.
- ^ Martin and Lender, pp. 109, 160: at first for seven years, increased to life after Arnold's treason.
- ^ a b Kohn; Ellis 2004, pp. 141–4.
- ^ Kohn, p. 196; Congressional minutes of January 28, 1783.
- ^ Hamilton's letter of February 13, 1783; Syrett, pp. III:253–5. For interpretation, see Chernow, p. 177; cf. Martin and Lender, pp. 189–90.
- ^ Washington to Hamilton, March 4 and March 12, 1783; Kohn; Martin and Lender, pp. 189–90.
- ^ Chernow, pp. 177–80, citing Washington to Hamilton, April 4, 1783. Retrieved on May 20, 2008.
- ^ Rakove, pp. 322, 325.
- ^ Brant, p. 108.
- ^ Chernow, p. 180.
- ^ Chernow, p. 182.
- ^ Chernow, p. 183.
- ^ Chernow, p. 160.
- ^ Chernow, pp. 197–9; McDonald, pp. 64–9.
- ^ Mitchell, pp. I:397 ff.
- ^ Brant, p. 195.
- ^ Lupu, Ira C., "The Most-Cited Federalist Papers", Constitutional Commentary 1998, pp. 403 ff.; using Supreme Court citations, the five most cited were Federalist No. 42 (Madison, 33 decisions), Federalist No. 78 (Hamilton, 30 decisions), Federalist No. 81 (Hamilton, 27 decisions), Federalist No. 51 (Madison, 26 decisions), Federalist No. 32 (Hamilton, 25 decisions).
- ^ Lomask, pp. 139–40, 216–7, 220.
- ^ Farrand, Max, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, 4 vols. (New Haven, CT, 1937), 3:533–4.
- ^ Miller, John (2003). Alexander Hamilton and the Growth of the New Nation. New Brunswick, USA, and London, UK: Transaction Publishers. p. 251. ISBN 0765805510.
- ^ Mitchell, I:308-31.
- ^ Stephen F. Knott, Alexander Hamilton and the Persistence of Myth (2002), pp 43, 54, 56, 83, 108
- ^ "Madison to Jefferson". 1794-03-02. http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=mjm&fileName=05/mjm05.db&recNum=591. Retrieved 2006-10-14. "I see by a paper of last evening that even in New York a meeting of the people has taken place, at the instance of the Republican party, and that a committee is appointed for the like purpose." See also Smith, p. 832.
- ^ "Jefferson to Washington". 1792-05-23. http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/mtj:@field%28DOCID+@lit%28tj060237%29%29. "The republican party, who wish to preserve the government in its present form, are fewer in number. They are fewer even when joined by the two, three, or half dozen anti-federalists...."
- ^ Emery, Michael, and Emery, Edward, The Press and America, 7th ed., Simon & Schuster, 1992, p. 74.
- ^ Thomas, Charles Marion, American neutrality in 1793; a study in cabinet government, Columbia, 1931, a survey of the process before Jefferson resigned at the end of 1793.
- ^ Combs, Jerald A., "John Jay", American National Biography (ANB), February 2000. Retrieved on May 14, 2008.
- ^ John Jay’s Treaty, 1794–95, U.S. State Department.
- ^ Bemis, Samuel Flagg, Jay's Treaty (quoted); Elkins and McKitrick, pp. 411 ff.
- ^ Flexner, Washington, pp. IV:153–4.
- ^ Chernow, p. 479; ANB, "Alexander Hamilton".
- ^ Elkins and McKitrick; Age of Federalism, pp. 523–8, 859. Rutledge had his own plan, to have Pinckney win with Jefferson as Vice President.
- ^ Elkins and McKitrick, p. 515.
- ^ Morison and Commager, p 327; Mitchell II:445
- ^ Newman, pp. 72–3.
- ^ Newman, pp. 44, 76–8.
- ^ Mitchell II:483
- ^ ANB, "James McHenry"; he also fired Timothy Pickering.
- ^ The May 1800 election chose the New York legislature, which would in turn choose electors; Burr had won this by making it a referendum on the presidency, and by persuading better-qualified candidates to run, who declared their candidacy only after the Federalists had announced their ticket. Hamilton asked Jay and the lame-duck legislature to pass a law declaring a special federal election, in which each district would choose an elector. He also supplied a map, with as many Federalist districts as possible.
- ^ Monaghan, pp. 419–421.
- ^ Elkins and McKitrick, like other historians, speak of Hamilton's self-destructive tendencies in this connection.
- ^ Elkins and McKitrick, pp. 734–40.
- ^ ANB, "Aaron Burr".
- ^ a b Freeman, Joanne B (April 1996 1996). "Dueling as Politics: Reinterpreting the Burr–Hamilton Duel" (subscription). The William and Mary Quarterly, Third Series (Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture) 53 (2): 289–318. doi:10.2307/2947402. http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0043-5597%28199604%293%3A53%3A2%3C289%3ADAPRTB%3E2.0.CO%3B2-S.
- ^ Kennedy, Burr, Hamilton, and Jefferson, p. 72.
- ^ Wheelan, Joseph, Jefferson's Vendetta: The Pursuit of Aaron Burr and the Judiciary, New York, Carroll & Graf Publishers, 2005, ISBN 0786714379, p. 90.
- ^ Dr. David Hosack to William Coleman, August 17, 1804
- ^ Adams, pp. 238–43, quoting Talleyrand from Études sur la République: Je considère Napoleon, Fox, et Hamilton comme les trois plus grands hommes de notre époque, et si je devais me prononcer entre les trois, je donnerais sans hesiter la première place à Hamilton. Il avait deviné l'Europe.
- ^ Flexner, Introduction; Lodge, Henry Cabot, Alexander Hamilton, written while a junior professor; Vandenburg, Arthur H., The Greatest American, 1922, while still a newspaper editor; for the effect on his career of his "advocacy of his party's views", see ANB, "Arthur H. Vandenburg".
- ^ The word "apotheosis" in Brant, p. 201, may in context refer to historians, such as James Ford Rhodes.
- ^ The New York Times, "In New York, Taking Years Off the Old, Famous Faces Adorning City Hall", December 6, 2006.
- ^ "Hamilton Grange National Memorial (U.S. National Park Service)". Nps.gov. http://www.nps.gov/hagr/. Retrieved 2009-03-14.
- ^ Hamilton Home Heads to a Greener Address
- ^ James Alexander Hamilton obituary, The New York Times, September 26, 1878.
- ^ McManus; "Many national leaders including Washington, Franklin, Jefferson, Madison, Hamilton, John Adams, John Jay, Gouverneur Morris, and Rufus King, saw slavery as an immense problem, a curse, a blight, or a national disease"; David Brion Davis, Inhuman Bondage, p. 156.
- ^ Mitchell, pp. I:175–7, I:550 n. 92, citing the Journals of the Continental Congress, March 29, 1779; Wallace, p. 455. Congress offered to compensate the masters after the war.
- ^ Hamilton to Jay, March 14, 1779; Chernow, p. 121; McManus, pp. 154–7.
- ^ McDonald, p. 34; Flexner, pp. 257–8.
- ^ McManus, p. 168.
- ^ Chernow, p. 216.
- ^ Littlefield, p. 126, citing Syrett, pp. 3:605–8. Mention in Wills, p. 209, that as Treasury Secretary Hamilton arranged to recapture one of Washington's slaves a decade later, is a chronological error; it was his successor, Oliver Wolcott of Connecticut.
- ^ Horton, p. 22.
- ^ Horton; Kennedy, pp. 97–8; Littlefield; Wills, pp. 35, 40.
- ^ Flexner, p. 39.
- ^ McDonald, p. 177.
- ^ Lind, Michael, Hamilton's Republic, 1997, pp. xiv–xv, 229–30.
- ^ Chernow, p. 170, citing Continentalist V, published April 1782, but written in fall 1781; Syrett, p. 3:77.
- ^ Adair and Harvey, "Christian Statesman?", passim. Hamilton's early faith is a deduction: Livingstone and Knox would have chosen to sponsor only an orthodox young man. Quotes on the Christian Constitutional Society are from Hamilton's letter to James A. Bayard of April 1802, quoted by Adair and Harvey, who see this as a great change from the military preparations and Sedition Act of 1798. For Bishop Moore, see also Chernow, p. 707. See McDonald, p. 3, on Hamilton's secular ambition, who adds, p. 356, that Hamilton's faith "had not entirely departed" him before the crisis of 1801.
External links
| Persondata |
| NAME |
Hamilton, Alexander |
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES |
|
| SHORT DESCRIPTION |
Founding Fathers of the United States |
| DATE OF BIRTH |
January 11, 1755 or 1757 |
| PLACE OF BIRTH |
Nevis, Caribbean |
| DATE OF DEATH |
July 12, 1804 |
| PLACE OF DEATH |
New York City, New York, United States |
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