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Entente Powers were the countries at war with the Central Powers during World War I. The key members of the Triple Entente were the United Kingdom, France, and the Russian Empire. Many other countries later joined the Entente side in the war: Belgium, Serbia, Italy, Japan, Greece, Romania, and Portugal, which were also drawn into the war.[citation needed]
The United States declared war on Germany on the grounds that Germany violated American neutrality by attacking international shipping and because of the Zimmermann Telegram that was sent to Mexico.[1] The U.S. entered the war as an "associated power", rather than a formal ally of France and Great Britain, because it had not declared war on the Ottoman Empire like those two countries. Although Turkey severed relations with the United States, it did not declare war.[citation needed]
Although the Dominions and Crown Colonies of the British Empire made significant contributions to the Allied war effort, they did not have independent foreign policies during World War I. Operational control of British Empire forces was in the hands of the five-member British War Cabinet (BWC). However, the Dominion governments controlled recruiting, and did remove personnel from front-line duties as they saw fit. From early 1917 the BWC was superseded by the Imperial War Cabinet, which had Dominion representation. The Australian Corps and Canadian Corps were placed for the first time under the command of Australian and Canadian Lieutenant Generals John Monash and Arthur Currie, who reported in turn to British generals.[citation needed]
In April 1918, operational control of all Entente forces on the Western Front passed to the new supreme commander, Ferdinand Foch.
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The original alliance opposed to the Central Powers was the Triple Entente, which was formed by three Great European Powers:
The war began with the Austrian attack invasion of Serbia on July 28, 1914, in response to the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. The Austrian Empire followed with an attack on Serbian allies Montenegro on August 8.[citation needed] On the Western Front, the two neutral States of Belgium and Luxembourg were immediately occupied by German troops as part of the German Schliefen Plan. Of the two Low Countries, Luxembourg chose to capitulate, and was viewed as a collaborationist State by the Entente Powers: Luxembourg never became part of the Allies, and only nearly avoided Belgian efforts of annexation, at the conclusion of hostilities in 1919. On August 23, Japan joined the Entente, which then counted seven members.[citation needed]
On May 23, 1915, Italy entered the war on the Entente side and declared war on Austria; previously, Italy had been a member of the Triple Alliance but had remained neutral since the beginning of the conflict. In 1916, two more nations joined the Entente, Portugal and Romania.[citation needed]
The direction of the war changed on April 6, 1917, with the entrance of the United States and its American allies.[citation needed] Liberia, China, Siam and Greece also became allies. After the October Revolution, Russia left the alliance and ended formal involvement in the war, by the signing of the treaty of Brest Litovsk in November effectively creating a separate peace with the Central Powers. This was followed by Romanian cessation of hostilities, however the Balkan State declared war on Central Powers again on November 10, 1918. The Russian withdrawal allowed for the final structure of the alliance, which was based on five Great Powers:
| Population | Land | GDP | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Russian Empire (plus Finland), 1914 | 173.2m (176.4m) | 21.7m km2 (22.1m km2) | $257.7b ($264.3b) |
| French Third Republic (plus colonies), 1914 | 39.8m (88.1m) | 0.5m km2 (11.2m km2) | $138.7b (170.2b) |
| United Kingdom (plus colonies), 1914 | 46.0m (426.2m) | 0.3m km2 (13.8m km2) | $226.4b ($483.4b) |
| Empire of Japan (plus colonies), 1914 | 55.1m (74.2m) | 0.4m km2 (0.7m km2) | $76.5b ($92.8b) |
| Kingdom of Italy (plus colonies), 1915 | 35.6m (37.6m) | 0.3m km2 (2.3m 2 ) | $91.3b ($92.6b) |
| United States (plus overseas dependencies),[3] 1917 | 96.5m (106.3m) | 7.8m km2 (9.6m km2) | $511.6b ($522.2b) |
| Allied Total in 1914 | 793.3m | 67.5m km2 | $1,096.5b |
When war finished in November 1918, many new States were formed over the ruins of the Central Powers. The Great Powers recognized these national movements and their help to the common goal, accepting their claims of sovereignty between the signatories of the peace treaties.[citation needed]
United Kingdom/British Empire
Dominion of Australia
Dominion of Canada
Julian Byng (June 1916 - June 1917) Canadian Corps commander
Indian Empire
Union of South Africa
Russia
France
Serbia
serdar Janko Vukotić - Commander of 1st Serbian Army
Belgium
Italy
Romania
United States
Japan
Portugal
These are estimates of the cumulative number of different personnel in uniform 1914-1918, including army, navy and auxiliary forces. At any one time, the various forces were much smaller. Only a fraction of them were frontline combat troops. The numbers do not reflect the length of time each country was involved. (See also: World War I casualties.)
| Allied powers | Mobilized personnel | Killed in action | Wounded in action | Total casualties | Casualties as % of total mobilized |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Australia | 412,953
‹The template Mn is being considered for deletion.› [1]||61,928[5] ||152,171||214,099||52% |
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| Belgium | 267,000
‹The template Mn is being considered for deletion.› [3]||38,172[6] ||44,686||82,858||31% |
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| Canada | 628,964
‹The template Mn is being considered for deletion.› [1]||64,944[7]||149,732||214,676||34% |
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| France | 8,410,000
‹The template Mn is being considered for deletion.› [3]||1,397,800[8] ||4,266,000||5,663,800||67% |
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| Greece | 230,000
‹The template Mn is being considered for deletion.› [3]||26,000[9]||21,000||47,000||20% |
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| India | 1,440,437
‹The template Mn is being considered for deletion.› [1]||74,187[10]||69,214||143,401||10% |
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| Italy | 5,615,000
‹The template Mn is being considered for deletion.› [3]||651,010[11]||953,886||1,604,896||29% |
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| Japan | 800,000
‹The template Mn is being considered for deletion.› [3]||415[12]||907||1,322||<1% |
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| Montenegro | 50,000
‹The template Mn is being considered for deletion.› [3]||3,000||10,000||13,000||26% |
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| New Zealand | 128,525
‹The template Mn is being considered for deletion.› [1]||18,050[13]||41,317||59,367||46% |
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| Portugal | 100,000
‹The template Mn is being considered for deletion.› [3]||7,222[14]||13,751||20,973||21% |
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| Romania | 750,000
‹The template Mn is being considered for deletion.› [3]||250,000[15]||120,000||370,000||49% |
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| Russia | 12,000,000
‹The template Mn is being considered for deletion.› [3]||1,811,000[16]||4,950,000 ||6,761,000||56% |
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| Serbia | 707,343
‹The template Mn is being considered for deletion.› [3]||275,000[17]||133,148||408,148||58% |
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| South Africa | 136,070
‹The template Mn is being considered for deletion.› [1]||9,463[18]||12,029||21,492||16% |
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| United Kingdom | 6,211,922
‹The template Mn is being considered for deletion.› [2]||886,342[19]||1,665,749||2,552,091||41% |
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| United States | 4,355,000
‹The template Mn is being considered for deletion.› [3]||116,708[20]||205,690||322,398||7% |
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| Total | 42,243,214 | 5,691,241 | 12,809,280 | 18,500,521 | 44% |
List of the 23 member States of the Entente:
Serbia: 28 July 1914 Russia: 1 August 1914 (separate peace in November 1917) France: 3 August 1914
Belgium: 4 August 1914 British Empire: 4 August 1914
Montenegro: 8 August 1914 Japan: 23 August 1914 Italy: 23 May 1915 Portugal: 9 March 1916 Romania: 27 August 1916 (capitulation in December 1917, returned in November 1918) United States: 6 April 1917
Cuba: 8 April 1917
Panama: 9 April 1917
Greece: 2 July 1917 (insurgent Movement of National Defence seven months before)
Siam: 22 July 1917
Liberia: 4 August 1917
China : 14 August 1917
Brazil: 27 October 1917
Guatemala: 25 April 1918
Nicaragua: 7 May 1918
Costa Rica: 25 May 1918
Honduras: 19 July 1918
Haiti: 25 July 1918Five Dominions of the British Empire, which were subordinate to London under international law, were admitted to the Conference of Versailles as reward for their huge military involvement:
Four States of South America severed relationships with Germany, but did not declare war and had no military involvement:
Bolivia: after April 1917
Peru: after October 1917
Uruguay: after October 1917
Ecuador: after December 1917Four insurgent nationalities, which voluntarily fought with the Allies and seceded from the constituent states of the Central Powers at the end of the war, were allowed to participate as winning nations to the peace treaties:
Poles
Czechoslovak Legions: armed by France
The Hejaz: armed by Britain in Arabia
Armenians: seceded from Russia and fought against Turkey‹The template Mnb is being considered for deletion.› 1. ^ The War Office (2006). Statistics of the military effort of the British Empire during the Great War 1914—1920. Uckfield, East Sussex: Military and Naval Press. ISBN 1847346812. OCLC 137236769.
‹The template Mnb is being considered for deletion.› 2. ^ Gilbert Martin (1994). Atlas of World War I. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195210778. OCLC 233987354.
‹The template Mnb is being considered for deletion.› 3. ^ Tucker Spencer C (1999). The European Powers in the First World War: An Encyclopedia. New York: Garland. ISBN 081533351X.
‹The template Mnb is being considered for deletion.› 4. ^ The Commonwealth War Graves Commission. "Annual Report 2005-2006" (PDF). http://www.cwgc.org/admin/files/6%20Statistics.pdf.
‹The template Mnb is being considered for deletion.› 5. ^ The Commonwealth War Graves Commission. "Debt of Honour Register". http://www.cwgc.org/debt_of_honour.asp?menuid=14.
‹The template Mnb is being considered for deletion.› 6. ^ Urlanis Boris (2003). Wars and Population. Honolulu: University Press of the Pacific. OCLC 123124938.
‹The template Mnb is being considered for deletion.› 7. ^ Huber Michel (1931) (in French). La population de la France pendant la guerre, avec un appendice sur Les revenus avant et après la guerre. Paris. OCLC 4226464.
‹The template Mnb is being considered for deletion.› 8. ^ Bujac Jean Léopold Emile (1930) (in French). Les campagnes de l'armèe Hellènique 1918-1922. Paris: Charles-Lavauzelle. OCLC 10808602.
‹The template Mnb is being considered for deletion.› 9. ^ Mortara Giorgio (1925) (in Italian). La Salute pubblica in Italia durante e dopo la Guerra. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. OCLC 2099099.
‹The template Mnb is being considered for deletion.› 10. ^ Harries Merion, Harries Susie (1991). Soldiers of the Sun - The Rise and Fall of the Imperial Japanese Army. Random House. ISBN 0679753036. OCLC 32615324.
‹The template Mnb is being considered for deletion.› 11. ^ Clodfelter Michael (2002). Warfare and Armed Conflicts : A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1500-2000 (2nd ed.). London: McFarland. ISBN 0786412046. OCLC 48066096.
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