American Civil War: Wikis

Top rankings for American Civil War

1st	Top Phi Gamma Delta members
1st	Top invasions: 1800–1915
1st	Top civil wars

Did you know ...

in 1863, the U.S. gave Russia plans to build ten Passaic class monitors, partly because of the fear that the American Civil War would escalate into war between Britain and Russia?
minister Edward Woolsey Bacon served in the American Civil War and in 1865 led the black 29th Connecticut Volunteer Infantry into Richmond, Virginia?
more than 60% of the Confederacy's war finance came from printing money (pictured), which, along with bad military news, caused prices to increase 92 times over in the South during the American Civil War?
famed builder James W. McLaughlin started his Architectural studies at fifteen and when the American Civil War broke out served as a Lieutenant in the body guard of General John C Fremont?
during the Indian Wars, troops stationed at Fort Harker, Kansas in 1867 performed more escorts of wagon trains in one year than troops stationed at any other frontier fort in the post-American Civil War era?
during the American Civil War, the Third Tennessee regiment was sent to Camp Trousdale to help relieve disease, but its soldiers still suffered from epidemics?
during the Civil War years, the San Fernando Valley north of Los Angeles experienced floods, droughts, a smallpox epidemic, and even a plague of locusts?
most of the American Civil War events in Midway, Kentucky, including that which the Martyrs Monument in Midway commemorates, involved the stealing of horses?
none of Louisville's fortifications for the American Civil War were ever used, as Louisville was never endangered while they existed?
the 2001 film adaptation of Shakespeare's Richard II was filmed at an abandoned Civil War-era fort on an island in Boston Harbor?
the American Civil War saw buglers (infantry band pictured) required to learn forty-nine separate calls for infantry alone?
the Commonwealth of Kentucky had a Confederate shadow government during the U.S. Civil War, although it never officially seceded from the Union?
some historians consider the Baltimore riot of 1861 to be the first bloodshed of the American Civil War?
six Prussians served as generals for the Union army in the American Civil War?
on the brink of the American Civil War, there was a movement in the mid-Atlantic states to secede from the Union and form a Central Confederacy?
renowned magazine illustrator David Hunter Strother recounted a treacherous journey on the Moorefield and North Branch Turnpike in his recollections of the American Civil War in Harper's Magazine?
during the American Civil War, both the Union and the Confederacy developed new medical programs to treat sick and injured soldiers?
during the American Civil War, an early Union steam torpedo boat, USS Spuyten Duyvil, was used to clear obstructions so President Lincoln could visit the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia after General Lee's withdrawal?
after serving as a Union Army general during the American Civil War, Joseph Alexander Cooper was enlisted to suppress Ku Klux Klan disturbances in Tennessee?
after serving as a volunteer during the Mexican-American War, James W. McMillan returned to private life but still became a General during the American Civil War?
after switching sides multiple times during the American Civil War, Benjamin Anderson committed suicide, saying he "would prefer being dead than disgraced"?
after serving as a Union Army general during the American Civil War, George Henry Chapman served as a judge in the Indiana Criminal Court, and later a state legislator in the Indiana Senate?
after leading African-American troops in the American Civil War, Alfred Stedman Hartwell became a supreme court judge in the Kingdom of Hawaii?
a year after the American Civil War ended, discharged soldiers had conflicts with local policemen in Memphis, which escalated into one of the worst race riots in U.S. history?
after his defeat in the American Civil War, Union Army General William Sooy Smith (pictured) returned to engineering and helped build the Glasgow Railroad Bridge, winning the Centennial Exposition prize in 1876?
among the dead interred at the Calvert Vaux-designed Hillside Cemetery in Middletown, New York, are three Civil War Medal of Honor recipients?
as President of the College of New Jersey, John Maclean, Jr. conveyed a Doctor of Laws degree to President Abraham Lincoln during the American Civil War?
boundary surveyor Joseph Smith Harris climbed a ship's mast to direct mortars during the Civil War Battle of Forts Jackson and St. Philip?
despite having severely paralyzed hands, William B. T. Trego painted some of the most iconic images of the American Revolution and Civil War in the 19th century?
during the American Civil War, Pennsylvania provided over 360,000 soldiers who served in the Union Army, more than any other Northern state except New York?
before serving in the Union Army during the American Civil War, Brigadier General Stephen Gardner Champlin had his own law practice in Albany, New York?
before serving in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War, James M. Goggin worked as a cotton broker?
before becoming a general in the American Civil War, Robert Alexander Cameron worked as a newspaper publisher?
before becoming a general in the American Civil War, Robert Francis Catterson practiced medicine in Rockville, Indiana?
the Confederate States of America bought fast steamboats from Edward Harland's company Harland & Wolff during the American Civil War so they could outrun the Union blockade?
the governor of Texas during the American Civil War was Francis Lubbock?
the capture and forced march of Daniel M. Frost's militia through St. Louis, Missouri during the US Civil War ignited a citywide riot?
the construction of the James Whitcomb Riley Museum Home was paid for by the owner's contract to supply hardtack to Union troops in the American Civil War?
the contradictory term foot cavalry was first used to describe the rapid movement of infantry troops of General Stonewall Jackson during the American Civil War?
the French-designed Minié rifle was the dominant infantry weapon of the American Civil War?
the Veteran's Monument in Covington in Kentucky is the state's only Civil War platform memorial and also the only one referring to that conflict as the "War Between the States"?
the Tennessee State Museum has one of the largest collections in the United States of weapons, flags, and uniforms from the American Civil War?
the USS Hunchback was a steam powered ferryboat converted into a gunboat for the American Civil War?
the first Territorial Governor of Montana, Sidney Edgerton, fought as a Squirrel Hunter during the American Civil War?
the first Wabash was a steam screw frigate in the U.S. Navy during the American Civil War?
the term battery in baseball was first used by Henry Chadwick in reference to the firepower of a team's pitching staff, inspired by artillery batteries then in use in the American Civil War?
the unincorporated community of Oatmeal, Texas, was inhabited by a colony of former slaves after the American Civil War?
two songs on Scott Miller's 2001 album Thus Always to Tyrants are based on unearthed family letters from the American Civil War?
the owners of the Spade Ranch (pictured) in the Nebraska Sandhills hired Civil War veterans and widows to circumvent homesteading laws?
the owner of Fairhope Plantation near Uniontown, Alabama, organized his own artillery unit during the American Civil War?
the last surrender of the American Civil War took place aboard the British HMS Donegal after the CSS Shenandoah completed a 9,000 mile voyage specifically to do so?
the original Saint Francis Xavier Cathedral building was saved from burning during the American Civil War when the parish priest imitated General Banks's voice and ordered Union troops to spare the church?
the Romney Expedition, led by Stonewall Jackson, cleared Union forces from the lower Shenandoah Valley and surrounding Allegheny ranges during the early part of the American Civil War?
the Pewee Valley Confederate Memorial (pictured) is the only American Civil War obelisk monument in Kentucky to be made of zinc?
the Allegheny Arsenal explosion on September 17, 1862 was the single largest civilian disaster during the American Civil War?
the Battle of Appomattox Court House signalled the end of the American Civil War?
the Battle of Pogue's Run was done to prevent Democrats from rising against the American Civil War in Indiana?
the 5th New York Volunteer Infantry suffered 330 casualties, including 120 dead, in eight minutes at the Second Battle of Bull Run, the largest number of fatalities received by any federal infantry unit in the entire American Civil War?
the 32nd Indiana Monument, currently at Cave Hill National Cemetery in Louisville, Kentucky, is the oldest surviving American Civil War memorial?
the pharmaceutical corporation Eli Lilly and Company was founded by American Civil War veteran Colonel Eli Lilly?
the Union forces in the American Civil War won the Battle of Simmon's Bluff without inflicting casualties?
the Dakota, Minnesota and Eastern Railroad's plan to expand into Wyoming's Powder River Basin would be the largest new railroad construction in the United States since the American Civil War?
the Floating Battery of Charleston Harbor was the first floating battery to engage in hostilities during the American Civil War?
the historic monuments in the Los Angeles Harbor area include a Civil War Powder Magazine, a World War I coastal artillery battery, and the bridge of a World War II heavy cruiser?
the National Guard Militia Museum of New Jersey has on display the Intelligent Whale, an experimental Civil War-era submarine propelled by a hand crank operated by its four-man crew?
the Old St. Thomas Church (pictured), built in 1822–1824, is the burial site of a Canadian soldier who died in the Battle of Williamsburg in the American Civil War?
the Joint Expedition Against Franklin was a small battle during the American Civil War for which seven Union sailors were awarded Medals of Honor?
the G.A.R. Monument in Covington, Kentucky is the only American Civil War monument in the Bluegrass state shaped like a sarcophagus?
the Florida Railroad was the first railroad to connect the east and west coasts of Florida and the longest railroad to be completed in Florida before the start of the American Civil War?
the Franklin County Courthouse incorporates the walls and columns left after Confederate forces burned the previous courthouse during the American Civil War?
Major Caleb Huse purchased the majority of imported weapons used by the Confederate Army during the American Civil War?
Kentucky judge Benjamin Mills' opinion regarding the rights of slaves brought to the Northwest Territory was cited as a precedent in U.S. courts until the U.S. abolished slavery following the American Civil War?
Alexander Hamilton Bowman helped build Fort Sumter and later served as the superintendent at West Point during the American Civil War?
Augustus Louis Chetlain was said to have been the first man in Illinois to volunteer for the American Civil War?
Bailey's Dam saved part of the Union Navy's Mississippi River Squadron during the Civil War?
Abram S. Piatt was an American Zouave colonel and Civil War general who later built a castle in Logan County, Ohio?
Zouave Guards of Indianapolis volunteered to fight before the American Civil War broke out, but its leader Francis A. Shoup (pictured) switched sides and joined the Confederates before the war began?
United States Army officer James H. Trapier graduated one position below P. G. T. Beauregard in his class at the U.S. Military Academy and later served under him in the American Civil War?
American Civil War-era novelist John William DeForest coined the phrase the Great American Novel in an 1869 essay?
Basil W. Duke became the chief consul and lobbyist for the L&N Railroad after the American Civil War, even though he led many efforts in destroying their property during the war?
Birely, Hillman & Streaker was the only Philadelphian manufacturer of wooden ships to survive the post-Civil War slump?
Charles Thomas Campbell, who served as a Union Army general during the American Civil War, helped found the town of Scotland, South Dakota?
David Owen Dodd was a 17-year-old boy hanged as a Confederate spy in the American Civil War?
Edward Payson Chapin (pictured) was wounded twice in the American Civil War and promoted to brigadier general four months after being killed in action?
Charles Sawyer Russell commanded the 28th Regiment United States Colored Troops in the American Civil War, which suffered nearly fifty percent casualties at the Battle of the Crater?
Charles Marshall chose the location where Robert E. Lee's surrender ceremony took place near the end of the American Civil War?
one of the most successful weapons of the American Civil War was designed by one of the war's most incompetent generals?
Camp Beauregard, an American Civil War camp in western Kentucky, was abandoned in less than six months due to over 1,000 cases of typhoid and pneumonia?
American painter Julian Scott entered the Third Vermont Regiment during American Civil War at the age of 15 and four years later was awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor?
Union Army officer Frank A. Haskell’s account of the Battle of Gettysburg was hailed by historian Bruce Catton as "one of the genuine classics of Civil War literature"?
Captain William Reynolds, a veteran of the American Civil War, formally claimed the Midway Atoll for the United States in 1867 due to its abundance of guano?
Confederate General John W. Frazer surrendered the Cumberland Gap during the American Civil War without a fight?
French Champagne merchant Charles Heidsieck was imprisoned for espionage during the American Civil War, sparking an international incident?
American Civil War leader William Tecumseh Sherman (pictured) said, "No single body of men can claim more honor for the grand result than the officers and men of the Louisville Legion"?
American Civil War illustrator Alfred Waud made battlefield sketches that were quickly engraved and published by Harper's Weekly—allowing readers to visualize the war in an age before photographs appeared in press?
Africans from the last known illegal shipment of slaves to the U.S. formed their own community of Africatown near Mobile, Alabama after the Civil War?
Alabama land- and slave-owner Benjamin Ogle Tayloe (pictured), reputed to be America's richest man in 1860, lost a half million dollars during the American Civil War?
Interstate Commerce Commissioner Walter L. Bragg died after suffering from the effects of Civil War wounds, a quarter century after the war ended?
Jefferson Davis conceded the American Civil War at the Burt-Stark Mansion?
Theodore O'Hara's Bivouac of the Dead, popularized in American Civil War memorials, was actually written for fallen Kentucky soldiers in Latin America a decade before the War?
General Ulysses S. Grant's Civil War dispatch boat Monohansett was a chartered Martha's Vineyard ferry?
Union Army color bearer Thomas J. Higgins received the Medal of Honor for his actions at the Battle of Vicksburg during the US Civil War at the request of his Confederate captors?
The Clash's song "English Civil War," warning against the rise of far right groups in Britain, was adapted from a popular American Civil War song?
Swedish soldier Charles F. Henningsen participated in civil wars and independence movements in Spain, Nicaragua, Hungary and the United States, but died without ever winning any of the causes for which he fought?
Kentucky philanthropist Eli Metcalfe Bruce contributed more than $400,000 of his personal fortune to aiding Confederate soldiers during the American Civil War?
Kentucky's Union County largely supported the Confederacy in the Civil War and built a monument to its Confederate dead afterwards?
Lt. Henry B. Hidden is believed to be first officer of Union volunteer cavalry killed in the American Civil War?
Fort Delaware State Park, once a Civil War prisoner-of-war camp, is now home to one of the largest heronries north of Florida?
Nickajack was the name of a proposed neutral state made up of Unionist areas of North Alabama and East Tennessee in the period leading up to the American Civil War?
Orion P. Howe (pictured) was awarded the Medal of Honor for his childhood service as a Union Army drummer boy during the American Civil War?
Senator Orris S. Ferry (pictured), who served as a brigadier general in the American Civil War, died of a wasting spinal disease?
Nathaniel Henry Hutton was a civil engineer on routes for the Pacific Railroad Surveys and a wagon road used by the Butterfield Overland Mail in the years before the American Civil War?
Morgan Henry Chrysler was one of only four men who rose from private to major general during the American Civil War?
Luther Prentice Bradley, a Union brigadier general in the American Civil War, was severely wounded during the Battle of Chickamauga where he commanded a brigade?
Maine produced more Union soldiers in proportion to its population than any other Union state in the American Civil War?
Pauline Cushman (pictured), an actress and Union Army spy during the American Civil War, was caught posing as a Confederate soldier, but escaped hanging by three days?
Robert Byington Mitchell, who was Brigadier General in the Union Army during the American Civil War, served as Governor of New Mexico Territory from 1866 to 1869?
Wyndham Robertson, a Virginia politician who was a member of the Committee of Nine that helped Virginia be re-admitted to the Union after the American Civil War, was a descendant of Pocahontas?
The Greek Slave (pictured), a statue by Hiram Powers, became a symbol for abolitionists in the United States in the years prior to the American Civil War?
American soldiers and sailors did not have access to dental service until Confederate Surgeon General Samuel P. Moore (pictured) brought in the first dentists at military hospitals during the Civil War?
William Stewart Simkins, later professor emeritus at the University of Texas School of Law, may have fired the first shot of the US Civil War?
Vermilion Lighthouse is a replica of the 1877 iron lighthouse that was forged from recycled smooth-bored cannons that had been obsoleted after the American Civil War?
Thomas E. Corcoran received the Medal of Honor for rescuing his crewmates from their sinking ship during the American Civil War?
Towson (Md.) Methodist Church's membership split in two for 90 years after a dispute over the American Civil War?
Kate Mason Rowland introduced a motion in the United Daughters of the Confederacy to have the American Civil War known as the War Between the States?
Karl Wilhelm Scheibler, the "Cotton King" of Łódź, sold his stock at triple the price after the American Civil War broke out?
George P. Kane, Marshall of Police in Baltimore, Maryland, was imprisoned in Fort McHenry along with Mayor George William Brown and pro-South members of the city council by the Northern Army during the American Civil War?
Hanging Rocks (pictured) at Wappocomo, West Virginia, on the South Branch Potomac River was the site of both a battle between Delaware and Catawba Native American tribes and an American Civil War skirmish?
Henry Bohlen, an American Civil War Union Brigadier General who was born in Germany in 1810, was the first foreign-born Union general in the Civil War?
French-designed cannons, manufactured in both the North and the South, were the primary artillery weapons of the American Civil War?
Francis Mallison was elected to the New York State Assembly after being held as a Union prisoner of war during the American Civil War?
Fort Massachusetts on Ship Island was used as a staging area by the Union Army during the American Civil War, and that more than 230 Union troops were buried there?
Fort Runyon, built to defend Washington, D.C. during the American Civil War, was almost the same size, shape, and in almost the same place as the Pentagon, built 80 years later?
Dr. Hunter McGuire was a physician who amputated General Stonewall Jackson's arm during the American Civil War and later helped found several hospitals and a prominent medical school in Richmond, Virginia?
James D. Hutton was a pioneer photographer of the northern Rockies who betrayed the plans for the Federal defense of Alexandria, Virginia, to the Confederacy early in the American Civil War?
John Ordronaux, an American Civil War army surgeon, went on to become a professor at Columbia Law School and an expert on medical jurisprudence and U.S. constitutional law?
John Fuller, who led a Union Army division at the Battle of Atlanta and participated in Sherman's March to the Sea, was one of the few foreign-born generals in the American Civil War?
Joseph Finegan, an attorney, politician, and railroad builder, was the commander of Confederate forces at the Battle of Olustee, fought in 1864 during the American Civil War?
John H. Kelly was the youngest Confederate Brigadier General at the time of his appointment at 23, and one of the youngest generals to die during the American Civil War at 24?
John G. Downey, Governor of California during the American Civil War, was the state's only foreign-born governor until the election of Arnold Schwarzenegger?
James Edward Hanger, the first amputee of the American Civil War, designed his own prosthesis and went on to found a prosthetic manufacturer still in business today?
Kotetsu, a Japanese ironclad battleship, was originally intended to be Stonewall of the Confederate States Navy but was not delivered until after the end of the American Civil War?
Adam R. Johnson's Newburgh Raid, using two stovepipes, charred wood, a broken wagon, and only 27 men, resulted in the first capture of a northern town in the American Civil War?

More interesting facts on American Civil War

Include this on your site/blog:

Categories: Wars involving the United States > Rebellions in the United States > 1860s in the United States > American Civil War

Encyclopedia

Updated live from Wikipedia, last check: May 29, 2012 11:46 UTC (38 seconds ago)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

American Civil War

Top left: Rosecrans at Stones River, Tennessee; top right: Confederate prisoners at Gettysburg; bottom: Battle of Fort Hindman, Arkansas

Date	April 12, 1861 – April 9, 1865 (last shot ended June, 1865)
Location	Principally in the Southern United States
Result	Union victory; Reconstruction; slavery abolished; national government strengthened; South impoverished

Belligerents

United States of America (Union)

Confederate States of America (Confederacy)

Commanders

President: Abraham Lincoln
Union Leaders

President: Jefferson Davis
Confederate Leaders

Strength

2,100,000

1,064,000

Casualties and losses

110,000 killed in action
360,000 total dead
275,200 wounded

93,000 killed in action
260,000 total dead
137,000+ wounded

Theaters of the American Civil War

Union blockade – Eastern – Western – Lower Seaboard – Trans-Mississippi – Pacific Coast

.The American Civil War (1861–1865), also known as the War Between the States as well as several other names, was a civil war in the United States of America.^ The American Civil War (1860-1865) The American Civil War (1860-1865) .

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Congress passes the Wade-Davis Bill, an unsuccessful attempt by Radical Republicans and others in the U.S. Congress to set Reconstruction policy before the end of the Civil War.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ April 17-May 22, 1862 - Grierson's Raid was a Union cavalry raid during the Vicksburg Campaign of the American Civil War.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Eleven Southern slave states declared their secession from the United States and formed the Confederate States of America (the Confederacy).^ Abraham Lincoln is sworn in as 16th President of the United States of America.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The Congress of the Confederate States of America adjourns for the last time.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Missouri joins the Confederate States of America in November 1861.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

Led by Jefferson Davis, they fought against the United States (the Union), which was supported by all the free states and the five border slave states.

In the presidential election of 1860, the Republican Party, led by Abraham Lincoln, had campaigned against the expansion of slavery beyond the states in which it already existed. .The Republican victory in that election resulted in seven Southern states declaring their secession from the Union even before Lincoln took office on March 4, 1861. Both the outgoing and incoming US administrations rejected the legality of secession, considering it rebellion.^ March 4, 1861 - Inauguration of Lincoln.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Although Lincoln had intended to do so earlier, he was advised by his Cabinet to make this announcement after a Union victory to avoid the perception that it was issued out of desperation.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The Constitutional Union Party, a short-lived political group, was a haven in the election of 1860 for Whigs and Know-Nothings unwilling to join northern or southern Democrats or the Republicans.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Hostilities began on April 12, 1861, when Confederate forces attacked a US military installation at Fort Sumter in South Carolina.^ April 12, 1861 - Attack on Fort Sumter.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The Confederate retreat began on April 1 southwestward as Robert E. Lee sought to use the still-operational Richmond & Danville Railroad.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The campaign began favorably as Confederate forces in East Tennessee, under the control of General Kirby Smith and in cooperation with Bragg, moved north into Kentucky with 12,000 troops.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Lincoln responded by calling for a volunteer army from each state, leading to declarations of secession by four more Southern slave states.^ Lincoln's call for 300,000 more young men to fight a seemingly endless war frightened even those who supported the Union cause.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The Declaration of Secession for Mississippi states, "Our position is thoroughly identified with the institution of slavery-the greatest material interest of the world.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The state would also have to grant slaves their freedom, as required by Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation of January 1863.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Both sides raised armies as the Union assumed control of the border states early in the war and established a naval blockade.^ Union General Winfield Scott resigns as Commander of the United States Army, citing failing health.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ But the attempt proved futile: both Union and Confederate recruiters operated in the state, with Kentuckians serving on both sides.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ It was one of the worst disasters of the war for the Confederate States Army.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.In September 1862, Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation made ending slavery in the South a war goal,^[1] and dissuaded the British from intervening.^ July 22, 1862 - Lincoln Discloses Emancipation Proclamation to Cabinet.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ September 22, 1862 - Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The Black Codes outraged public opinion in the North because it seemed the South was creating a form of quasi-slavery to evade the results of the war.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^[2]

.Confederate commander Robert E. Lee won battles in the east, but in 1863 his northward advance was turned back after the Battle of Gettysburg and, in the west, the Union gained control of the Mississippi River at the Battle of Vicksburg, thereby splitting the Confederacy.^ Vicksburg, the last Confederate stronghold on the Mississippi River, surrenders to Gen.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Across the river to the east, Confederate cavalry commander Maj.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The battle fought on August 10, 1861, was the first major Civil War engagement west of the Mississippi River, involving about 5,400 Union troops and 12,000 Confederates.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

Long-term Union advantages in men and materiel were realized in 1864 when Ulysses S. Grant fought battles of attrition against Lee, while Union general William Sherman captured Atlanta, Georgia, and marched to the sea. Confederate resistance collapsed after Lee surrendered to Grant at Appomattox Court House on April 9, 1865.

.The American Civil War was one of the earliest true industrial wars in human history.^ The American Civil War (1860-1865) The American Civil War (1860-1865) .

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ April 17-May 22, 1862 - Grierson's Raid was a Union cavalry raid during the Vicksburg Campaign of the American Civil War.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Ulysses S. Grant 's 1864 Overland Campaign during the American Civil War, today lives in infamy as one of history's most lopsided battles.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

Railroads, steamships, mass-produced weapons, and various other military devices were employed extensively. .The practices of total war, developed by Sherman in Georgia, and of trench warfare around Petersburg foreshadowed World War I.^ He beat Grant to Petersburg, barely, but spent the remainder of the war (save its final week) defending Richmond behind a fortified trench line: see Siege of Petersburg.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.It remains the deadliest war in American history, resulting in the deaths of 620,000 soldiers and an undetermined number of civilian casualties.^ It was the bloodiest single-day battle in American history, with over 23,000 casualties, but also has unique significance as the partial victory that gave President Abraham Lincoln the confidence to announce his Emancipation Proclamation.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The number of Native American dead is unknown, while estimates of settlers who died range between 300 and 800one of the largest tolls on American civilians to ever occur.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ This assault was conducted by the largest number of Confederate soldiers of any battle in the war.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Victory for the North meant the end of the Confederacy and of slavery in the United States, and strengthened the role of the federal government.^ Furthermore, the Court argued that the United States retained the powers of both a "belligerent and a sovereign, and had the rights of both" allowing the government to treat the rebels as if they were enemies.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Meanwhile, the Government of France declared its willingness to support Britain in a conflict against the United States.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The White House of the Confederacy, located a few blocks north of the State Capitol, was home to the family of Confederate President Jefferson Davis.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

The social, political, economic and racial issues of the war decisively shaped the reconstruction era that lasted to 1877.

Causes of secession

Main articles: Origins of the American Civil War and Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War

History of the United States
This article is part of a series
Timeline
Pre-Columbian period
Colonial period
1776–1789
1789–1849
1849–1865
1865–1918
1918–1945
1945–1964
1964–1980
1980–1991
1991–present
Topic
Westward expansion
Overseas expansion
Diplomatic history
Military history
Technological and industrial history
Economic history
Cultural history
Civil War
History of the South
Civil Rights (1896–1954)
Civil Rights (1955–1968)
Women's history
United States Portal v • d • e

.The coexistence of a slave-owning South with an increasingly anti-slavery North made conflict likely, if not inevitable.^ McClellan believed that to keep resistance to a minimum, it should be made clear that the Union forces would not interfere with slavery and would help put down any slave insurrections.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The Black Codes outraged public opinion in the North because it seemed the South was creating a form of quasi-slavery to evade the results of the war.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

Abraham Lincoln did not propose federal laws against slavery where it already existed, but he had, in his 1858 House Divided Speech, expressed a desire to "arrest the further spread of it, and place it where the public mind shall rest in the belief that it is in the course of ultimate extinction."^[3] Much of the political battle in the 1850s focused on the expansion of slavery into the newly created territories.^[4]^[5]^[6] .All of the organized territories were likely to become free-soil states, which increased the Southern movement toward secession.^ Secession of the Southern States - a history .

Kidinfo.com - Your Guide to the Civil War 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC www.kidinfo.com [Source type: Reference]

^ All of the organized territories were likely to become free-soil states, which increased the Southern movement toward secession.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

^ However he firmly opposed the expansion of slavery into territories of the USA, which were likely to become states in future.

The American Civil War 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.localhistories.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.Both North and South assumed that if slavery could not expand it would wither and die.^ Both North and South assumed that if slavery could not expand it would wither and die.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

^ North and South over slavery in the territories."

Gary J. Kornblith | Rethinking the Coming of the Civil War: A Counterfactual Exercise | The Journal of American History, 90.1 | The History Cooperative 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.historycooperative.org [Source type: Original source]

^ In addition, he provides sharp insights into the relationship between Christianity and both the abolition movement in the North and the institution of slavery in the South.

American Civil War 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.wordtrade.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^[7]^[8]^[9]

.Southern fears of losing control of the federal government to antislavery forces, and Northern resentment of the influence that the Slave Power already wielded in government, brought the crisis to a head in the late 1850s.^ New Englanders now controlled the four powerful Senate committees that influenced war policy.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Resolutions encouraging Southern states to stop seceding, as well as denouncing coercion by the Federal Government were passed.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ It would "entreat the Federal Government not employ force against the seceding States .

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Sectional disagreements over the morality of slavery, the scope of democracy and the economic merits of free labor versus slave plantations caused the Whig and "Know-Nothing" parties to collapse, and new ones to arise (the Free Soil Party in 1848, the Republicans in 1854, the Constitutional Union in 1860).^ The Constitutional Union party had its genesis in Democratic divisions over the Lecompton constitution, the collapse of the Whigs, and the problems of the American, or Know-Nothing party.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ May 9, 1860 - Constitutional Union Convention.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The Constitutional Union Party, a short-lived political group, was a haven in the election of 1860 for Whigs and Know-Nothings unwilling to join northern or southern Democrats or the Republicans.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.In 1860, the last remaining national political party, the Democratic Party, split along sectional lines.^ The Crittenden Compromise was one of several last-ditch efforts to resolve the secession crisis of 1860-61 by political negotiation.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The Whigs' collapse had left anti-Democratic southerners adrift without a political party.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Republican Party leadership of 1860 liked Lincoln's politically pristine background and "rail-splitter from a log cabin" image.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Both North and South were influenced by the ideas of Thomas Jefferson.^ At the Thomas McKay House, one mile north of Cedarville, Kenly turned to make a stand, deploying on the heights on both sides of the pike.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The message was condemned in both the North and Southin the South, because the President condemned secession, and in the North, because he proposed no way to deal with it.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Southerners used the states' rights^[10]^[11]^[12] ideas mentioned in Jefferson's Kentucky Resolutions to defend slavery.^ We of the South contend that slavery is right, and that this is a confederate Republic of sovereign States."

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Resolutions encouraging Southern states to stop seceding, as well as denouncing coercion by the Federal Government were passed.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ February 11, 1861 - The House of Representatives unanimously passes a resolution guaranteeing non-interference with slavery in any state.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Northerners ranging from the abolitionist William Lloyd Garrison to the moderate Republican leader Lincoln^[13] emphasized Jefferson's declaration that all men are created equal.^ President Abraham Lincoln delivers a two minute Gettysburg Address at the military cemetery dedication ceremony in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania: "Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

Lincoln mentioned this proposition in his Gettysburg Address.

Confederate Vice President Alexander Stephens said^[14] that slavery was the chief cause of secession^[15] in his Cornerstone Speech shortly before the war. .After Confederate defeat, Stephens became one of the most ardent defenders of the Lost Cause.^ This would be one of the most gallant and bloody charges in the war and would signal the beginning of a startling Confederate victory.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Confederate General Johnston would later rebut, "Had the enemy beaten us on the fifth, as he claims to have done, our army would have lost most of its baggage and artillery."

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ For example, at the pivotal Shy's Hill, on the Confederate left, 40,000 Union soldiers attacked and routed 5,000 Confederates, one of the worst defeats of the war.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^[16] .There was a striking contrast^[15]^[17] between Stephens' post-war states' rights assertion that slavery did not cause secession^[16] and his pre-war Cornerstone Speech.^ The Declaration of Secession for Mississippi states, "Our position is thoroughly identified with the institution of slavery-the greatest material interest of the world.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ We of the South contend that slavery is right, and that this is a confederate Republic of sovereign States."

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The war was fought not for "overthrowing or interfering with the rights or established institutions of those States," but to "defend and maintain the supremacy of the Constitution and to preserve the Union."

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Similarly, Confederate President Jefferson Davis also reversed his original position, that the central cause of the war was the issue of slavery, arguing after the war that states' rights was its principal cause.^ We of the South contend that slavery is right, and that this is a confederate Republic of sovereign States."

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Jefferson Davis is elected president of the Confederate States of America.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ President Jefferson Davis issues proclamation branding Union Maj.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.While Southerners often used states' rights arguments to defend slavery, sometimes roles were reversed, as when Southerners demanded national laws to defend their interests with the Gag Rule and the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850.^ Stephen Douglas was the clear favorite of Northen Democrats, while Southerners demanded that the Democratic party come out with a platform in clear defense of slavery.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ He said slavery was on the way out, and he proposed a constitutional amendment protecting property rights in slaves.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ We of the South contend that slavery is right, and that this is a confederate Republic of sovereign States."

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.On these issues, Northerners wanted to defend their states' rights.^ The war was fought not for "overthrowing or interfering with the rights or established institutions of those States," but to "defend and maintain the supremacy of the Constitution and to preserve the Union."

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ State banks were granted national charters and allowed to issue national bank notes (these notes were separate from Greenbacks).

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^[18]

.Almost all the inter-regional crises involved slavery, starting with debates on the three-fifths clause and a twenty-year extension of the African slave trade in the Constitutional Convention of 1787. The 1793 invention of the cotton gin by Eli Whitney increased by fiftyfold the quantity of cotton that could be processed in a day and greatly increased the demand for slave labor in the South.^ The conference consciously modeled itself after the Constitutional Convention of 1787, but many of its delegates were, in striking contrast, elderly and past their political prime.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ He said slavery was on the way out, and he proposed a constitutional amendment protecting property rights in slaves.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Georgia's Declaration of Secession is approved stating, "For the last ten years we have had numerous and serious causes of complaint against our non-slave-holding confederate States with reference to the subject of African slavery.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^[19] .There was controversy over adding the slave state of Missouri to the Union that led to the Missouri Compromise of 1820, the Nullification Crisis over the Tariff of 1828 (although the tariff was low after 1846,^[20] and even the tariff issue was related to slavery),^[21]^[22]^[23] the gag rule that prevented discussion in Congress of petitions for ending slavery from 1835–1844, the acquisition of Texas as a slave state in 1845 and Manifest Destiny as an argument for gaining new territories where slavery would become an issue after the Mexican–American War (1846–1848), which resulted in the Compromise of 1850.^ Texas becomes the seventh state to secede.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The Union will soon have 21 states and a population of over 20 million.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The compromise contained preamble, six proposed constitutional amendments, and four proposed Congressional resolutions by which the Missouri Compromise of 1820 was, in effect, to be reenacted and extended to the Pacific; the federal government was to indemnify owners of fugitive slaves whose return was prevented by antislavery elements in the North; "squatter sovereignty" (the right to decide if slavery should exist or not) in the territories was to be sanctioned; and slavery in the District of Columbia was to be protected from congressional action.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^[24] .The Wilmot Proviso was an attempt by Northern politicians to exclude slavery from the territories conquered from Mexico.^ The Battle of Glorieta Pass, fought on March 26-28, 1862, in northern New Mexico Territory, was the decisive battle of the New Mexico Campaign during the American Civil War.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

The extremely popular antislavery novel Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852) by Harriet Beecher Stowe greatly increased Northern opposition to the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850.^[25]^[26]

John Brown being adored by an enslaved mother and child as he walks to his execution on December 2, 1859.

The 1854 Ostend Manifesto was an unsuccessful Southern attempt to annex Cuba as a slave state. .The Second Party System broke down after passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854, which replaced the Missouri Compromise ban on slavery with popular sovereignty, allowing the people of a territory to vote for or against slavery.^ The Arkansas secession convention votes 39 to 35 against secession, but then votes unanimously to put the secession question before the people of the state in an August referendum.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ He supports the Crittenden Compromise and the division of the territories by the old line of the Missouri Compromise.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ It explicitly guaranteed slavery in both states and territories, but banned the international slave trade.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.The Bleeding Kansas controversy over the status of slavery in the Kansas Territory included massive vote fraud perpetrated by Missouri pro-slavery Border Ruffians.^ After years of confrontations, often violent, between pro- and anti-slavery squatters attempting to have their say in whether slavery would be legal in the state, "bleeding" Kansas is admitted to the Union as the 34th State, with an antislavery constitution.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Vote fraud led pro-South Presidents Franklin Pierce and James Buchanan to support the pro-slavery Lecompton Constitution and to attempt to admit Kansas as a slave state.^ After years of confrontations, often violent, between pro- and anti-slavery squatters attempting to have their say in whether slavery would be legal in the state, "bleeding" Kansas is admitted to the Union as the 34th State, with an antislavery constitution.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ New York Legislature passes anti-Southern resolution entitled Concurrent resolutions tendering aid to the President of the United States in support of the Constitution and the Union which starts "Whereas, treason, as defined by the Constitution of the United States, exists in one of more of the States of this confederacy; and whereas, the insurgent State of South Carolina, .

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Commanding the Union forces was Admiral David Farragut , while Admiral Franklin Buchanan led the Confederate fleet.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^[27]

.Violence over the status of slavery in Kansas erupted with the Wakarusa War,^[28] the Sacking of Lawrence,^[29] the caning of Republican Charles Sumner by the Southerner Preston Brooks,^[30]^[31] the Pottawatomie Massacre,^[32] the Battle of Black Jack, the Battle of Osawatomie and the Marais des Cygnes massacre.^ October 25, 1864 - Battle of Marais de Cygnes.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The blue color on the Southern Cross in the battle flag was navy blue, as opposed to the much lighter blue of the Naval Jack.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ October 28-29, 1863 - Operations at Chattanooga (Battle of Wauhatchie).

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

The 1857 Supreme Court Dred Scott decision allowed slavery in the territories even where the majority opposed slavery, including Kansas.

US Postage Stamp, 1958 issue, commemorating the Lincoln and Douglas debates.

The Lincoln-Douglas debates of 1858 included Northern Democratic leader Stephen A. Douglas' Freeport Doctrine. .This doctrine was an argument for thwarting the Dred Scott decision that, along with Douglas' defeat of the Lecompton Constitution, divided the Democratic Party between North and South.^ Stephen Douglas was the clear favorite of Northen Democrats, while Southerners demanded that the Democratic party come out with a platform in clear defense of slavery.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The Constitutional Union party had its genesis in Democratic divisions over the Lecompton constitution, the collapse of the Whigs, and the problems of the American, or Know-Nothing party.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The hamlet of Port Republic lies on a neck of land between the North and South forks of the Shenandoah River (called the North and South Rivers locally) at the point where they conjoin.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Northern abolitionist John Brown's raid at Harpers Ferry Armory was an attempt to incite slave insurrections in 1859.^[33] The North-South split in the Democratic Party in 1860 due to the Southern demand for a slave code for the territories completed polarization of the nation between North and South.^ Shortly after the convention began on April 23, the Southern Democratic delegations began to press their long-rumored plan to walk out unless a plank calling for passage of a federal slave code for the territories was included in the party platform.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Governor Harris delivers a long, passionate message outlining Northern aggressions against the South, from raising to martyrdom John Brown , to harboring one of his criminal fugitive sons.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Stephen Douglas was the clear favorite of Northen Democrats, while Southerners demanded that the Democratic party come out with a platform in clear defense of slavery.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Other factors include sectionalism, which was caused by the prosperity and growth of slavery in the cotton South while slavery was phased out of Northern states and steadily declined in the border states that lacked cotton.^ We of the South contend that slavery is right, and that this is a confederate Republic of sovereign States."

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The bill was proposed after the Panic of 1857, which northerners such as Henry Carey blamed on the country's free trade policya problem he claimed the bill would rectify with protectionism (economists now recognize that the Panic of 1857 was caused by other unrelated factors).

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The battle caused a rise in anti-war sentiment in the Northern States.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Historians have debated whether economic differences between the industrial Northeast and the agricultural South helped cause the war.^ For the duration of the war the blockade limits the ability of the rural South to stay well supplied in its war against the industrialized North.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ A clash between pro-South civilians and Union troops in Maryland's largest city resulted in what is commonly accepted to be the first bloodshed of the Civil War.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Most historians now disagree with the economic determinism of historian Charles Beard and argue that Northern and Southern economies were largely complementary.^ The south viewed this as an act of war, and most southerners, even those who opposed secession, felt they were now forced to choose sides.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Most of the southern economy depended on the export of crops like cotton and tobacco, which were hurt on the world scene by policies that adversely impacted international trade.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^[34] There was the polarizing effect of slavery that split the largest religious denominations (the Methodist, Baptist and Presbyterian churches)^[35] and controversy caused by the worst cruelties of slavery (whippings, mutilations and families split apart). .The fact that seven immigrants out of eight settled in the North, plus movement of twice as many whites leaving the South for the North as vice versa, contributed to the South's defensive-aggressive political behavior.^ The Federals set out to capture the island with nineteen warships, forty-eight transports, and 13,000 troops, leaving the rest of the forces at Hatteras Inlet.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Curtis found an excellent defensive position on the north side of the creek and proceeded to fortify it and place artillery for an expected Confederate assault from the south.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The Confederate position was skillfully laid out behind (south of) the steep bank of the North Anna and well fortified with earthworks.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^[36]

.The election of Lincoln in 1860 was the final trigger for secession.^ November 20, 1860 - Georgia legislature approves bill for election of delegates to a secession convention to take place January 2, 1861, and convention January 16, 1861.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Even many slave owners felt that Lincoln's election alone was not sufficient cause for secession.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^[37] .Efforts at compromise, including the "Corwin Amendment" and the "Crittenden Compromise", failed.^ The Crittenden Compromise was one of several last-ditch efforts to resolve the secession crisis of 1860-61 by political negotiation.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ January 16, 1861 - The Senate refuses to consider the Crittenden Compromise , one of several failed attempts to ease tension between the North and South.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Southern leaders feared that Lincoln would stop the expansion of slavery and put it on a course toward extinction.^ McClellan believed that to keep resistance to a minimum, it should be made clear that the Union forces would not interfere with slavery and would help put down any slave insurrections.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Lincoln was furious when he heard the news as he feared that this action would force slave-owners in border states to help the Confederates.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Southern delegates were already opposed to Douglas, the party's leading candidate, over his Freeport Doctrinea concept Douglas put forth during the Lincoln-Douglas debates of 1858 that a territory's failure to pass laws enforcing slavery would, by default, outlaw slavery in that territory.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.The slave states, which had already become a minority in the House of Representatives, were now facing a future as a perpetual minority in the Senate and Electoral College against an increasingly powerful North.^ The slave states, which had already become a minority in the House of Representatives, were now facing a future as a perpetual minority in the Senate and Electoral College against an increasingly powerful North.

American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The slave states had lost the balance of power in the Electoral College and the Senate, and were facing a future as a perpetual minority against an increasingly powerful North.

American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]

^ However he firmly opposed the expansion of slavery into territories of the USA, which were likely to become states in future.

The American Civil War 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.localhistories.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

Slavery

Main article: Slavery in the United States

Abraham Lincoln 16th President of the United States (1861–1865)

Jefferson Davis, only President of the Confederate States of America (1861–1865)

Support for secession was strongly correlated to the number of plantations in the region. .States of the Deep South, which had the greatest concentration of plantations, were the first to secede.^ The convention had invited delegates from all states, including those that had already seceded, but the seven seceding states of the deep South boycotted.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.The upper South slave states of Virginia, North Carolina, Arkansas, and Tennessee had fewer plantations and rejected secession until the Fort Sumter crisis forced them to choose sides.^ Virginia is the eighth state to secede, followed within five weeks by Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina, thus forming an eleven state Confederacy with a population of 9 million, including nearly 4 million slaves.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Benjamin F. Butler declared as contraband three slaves who escaped to his lines at Fort Monroe, Virginia, and refused to return them to their master.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ His leading regiments (in particular the 21st North Carolina) came under heavy fire from Union forces deployed behind stone fences and were repulsed.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Border states had fewer plantations still and never seceded.^ Border states had fewer plantations still and never seceded.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Border states had fewer plantations still and sided with the Union.

American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The following two states never seceded via any mechanism provided by a "regular" government: 12.

U.S. Civil War FAQ, Part 1/2 20 September 2009 5:47 UTC www.faqs.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^[38]^[39]^[40] .As of 1850 the percentage of Southern whites living in families that owned slaves was 43 percent in the lower South, 36 percent in the upper South and 22 percent in the border states that fought mostly for the Union.^ Almost one-third of all Southern families owned slaves.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Total number of slaves in the Border States: 432,586 (13% of total population).

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The amendment was satisfactory only to the Union-loving Democrats of the Middle and Border States.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^[40]

.85 percent of slaveowners who owned 100 or more slaves lived in the lower South, as opposed to one percent in the border states.^ Total number of slaves in the Border States: 432,586 (13% of total population).

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ One million dollars was appropriated to compensate owners of freed slaves, and $100,000 was set aside to pay District slaves who wished to emigrate to Haiti, Liberia or any other country outside the United States.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ On October 11, the Confederate Congress amended the draft law to exempt anyone who owned 20 or more slaves.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^[40] .Ninety-five percent of African-Americans lived in the South, comprising one third of the population there as opposed to one percent of the population of the North.^ Ulysses S. Grant 's 1864 Overland Campaign during the American Civil War, today lives in infamy as one of history's most lopsided battles.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Ninety-two percent of all exemptions for state service came from Georgia and North Carolina.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The use of a north-south border rather than an east-west one had the effect of denying a de facto ratification of the Confederate Arizona Territory.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Consequently, fears of eventual emancipation were much greater in the South than in the North.^ Consequently, fears of eventual emancipation were much greater in the South than in the North.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The North had a larger population than the South.

Starship Troopers, Civic Virtue, and the American Civil War 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC people.cohums.ohio-state.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ After the war, the North, never enjoying an Industrial Revolution suffers in poverty, while the prosperous Confederacy annexes Mexico, Central America, and eventually all of South America.

How the South Won the American Civil War - alternate history - io9 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC io9.com [Source type: General]

^[41]

The US Supreme Court decision of 1857 in Dred Scott v. Sandford added to the controversy. .Chief Justice Roger B. Taney's decision said that slaves were "so far inferior that they had no rights which the white man was bound to respect".^[42] Taney then overturned the Missouri Compromise, which banned slavery in territory north of the 36°30' parallel.^ The compromise contained preamble, six proposed constitutional amendments, and four proposed Congressional resolutions by which the Missouri Compromise of 1820 was, in effect, to be reenacted and extended to the Pacific; the federal government was to indemnify owners of fugitive slaves whose return was prevented by antislavery elements in the North; "squatter sovereignty" (the right to decide if slavery should exist or not) in the territories was to be sanctioned; and slavery in the District of Columbia was to be protected from congressional action.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ He said slavery was on the way out, and he proposed a constitutional amendment protecting property rights in slaves.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ In April 1861, Chief Justice Roger B. Taney, then sitting on the Circuit Court bench, found that Merryman was being held unlawfully and issued a writ of habeas corpus .

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.He stated, "[T]he Act of Congress which prohibited a citizen from holding and owning [enslaved persons] in the territory of the United States north of the line therein is not warranted by the Constitution and is therefore void."^ The District of Columbia Emancipation Act is the only example of compensated emancipation in the United States.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ In March 1862, the U.S. House of Representatives, devoid of the southern delegates and controlled by Republicans, passed a bill to create the United States Arizona Territory using the north-south border of the 107th meridian.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ It was almost identical to the United States constitution, with a few differences: 1) In the preamble, it omitted the general welfare clause, and added that each ratifying state was acting "in its sovereign and independent character."

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^[43] Democrats praised the Dred Scott decision, but Republicans branded it a "willful perversion" of the Constitution. .They argued that if Scott could not legally file suit, the Supreme Court had no right to consider the Missouri Compromise's constitutionality.^ The Supreme Court, in upholding the Act, argued that extraordinary conditions justified such a law as part of broad military powers.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Furthermore, the Court argued that the United States retained the powers of both a "belligerent and a sovereign, and had the rights of both" allowing the government to treat the rebels as if they were enemies.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ When negroes could not pay the fines and costs after legal proceedings, they were to be hired at public outcry by the sheriff to the lowest bidder....

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Lincoln warned that "the next Dred Scott decision"^[44] could threaten Northern states with slavery.^ At his inaugural address, Abraham Lincoln attempted to avoid conflict by announcing that he had no intention "to interfere with the institution of slavery in the states where it exists.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

Abraham Lincoln said, "This question of Slavery was more important than any other; indeed, so much more important has it become that no other national question can even get a hearing just at present."^[45] The slavery issue was related to sectional competition for control of the territories,^[46] and the Southern demand for a slave code for the territories was the issue used by Southern politicians to split the Democratic Party in two, which all but guaranteed the election of Lincoln and secession. .When secession was an issue, South Carolina planter and state Senator John Townsend said that, "our enemies are about to take possession of the Government, that they intend to rule us according to the caprices of their fanatical theories, and according to the declared purposes of abolishing slavery."^ In a speech to the House of Representatives, Lawrence M. Keitt , Congressman from South Carolina, declares: "African slavery is the corner-stone of the industrial, social, and political fabric of the South; and whatever wars against it, wars against her very existence.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Radical Republicans were furious and John Andrew , the governor of Massachusetts, said that "from the day our government turned its back on the proclamation of General Hunter, the blessing of God has been withdrawn from our arms."

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The Declaration of Secession for Mississippi states, "Our position is thoroughly identified with the institution of slavery-the greatest material interest of the world.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^[47] .Similar opinions were expressed throughout the South in editorials, political speeches and declarations of reasons for secession.^ Read South Carolina's declaration of the reasons for secession.

Election Central | Talking Points Memo | Ron Paul: American Civil War Was Unnecessary 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC tpmelectioncentral.talkingpointsmemo.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Similar opinions were expressed throughout the South in editorials, political speeches and declarations of reasons for secession.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

^ In a speech to the House of Representatives, Lawrence M. Keitt , Congressman from South Carolina, declares: "African slavery is the corner-stone of the industrial, social, and political fabric of the South; and whatever wars against it, wars against her very existence.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Even though Lincoln had no plans to outlaw slavery where it existed, whites throughout the South expressed fears for the future of slavery.^ At his inaugural address, Abraham Lincoln attempted to avoid conflict by announcing that he had no intention "to interfere with the institution of slavery in the states where it exists.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Some uncertainty exists about exactly what Lincoln meant in these discussions by "no receding .

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Though its three-way approach of immediate emancipation, compensation, and colonization did not serve as a model for the future, it was an early signal of slavery's death.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Southern concerns included not only economic loss but also fears of racial equality.^ Southern concerns included not only economic loss but also fears of racial equality.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

^ In the 1840s and ’50s, Northern opposition to slavery in the Western territories caused the Southern states to fear that existing slaveholdings, which formed the economic base of the South, were also in danger.

American Civil War (United States history) -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.britannica.com [Source type: Reference]

^[48]^[49]^[50]^[51] .The Texas Declaration of Causes for Secession^[52]^[53] said that the non-slave-holding states were "proclaiming the debasing doctrine of equality of all men, irrespective of race or color", and that the African race "were rightfully held and regarded as an inferior and dependent race". Alabama secessionist E. S. Dargan warned that whites and free blacks could not live together; if slaves were emancipated and remained in the South, "we ourselves would become the executioners of our own slaves.^ In the Texas Declaration of Secession it states, "In all the non-slaveholding States, in violation of that good faith and comity which should exist between entirely distinct nations, the people have formed themselves into a great sectional party, now strong enough in numbers to control the affairs of each of those States, based upon an unnatural feeling of hostility to these Southern States and their beneficent and patriarchal system of African slavery, proclaiming the debasing doctrine of equality of all men, irrespective of race or colora doctrine at war with nature, in opposition to the experience of mankind, and in violation of the plainest revelations of Divine Law.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Then, Burnside's two other divisions, made up of white troops, would move in, supporting Ferrero's flanks and race for Petersburg itself.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.To this extent would the policy of our Northern enemies drive us; and thus would we not only be reduced to poverty, but what is still worse, we should be driven to crime, to the commission of sin."^ As one line was repulsed another took its place and pressed forward as if determined by force of numbers and fury of assault to drive us from our positions."

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Confederate General Johnston would later rebut, "Had the enemy beaten us on the fifth, as he claims to have done, our army would have lost most of its baggage and artillery."

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^[54]

Beginning in the 1830s, the US Postmaster General refused to allow mail which carried abolition pamphlets to the South.^[55] Northern teachers suspected of any tinge of abolitionism were expelled from the South, and abolitionist literature was banned. .Southerners rejected the denials of Republicans that they were abolitionists.^ Southerners rejected the denials of Republicans that they were abolitionists.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Southerners rejected the denials of Republicans that they were abolitionists, and pointed to John Brown 's attempt in 1859 to start a slave uprising as proof that multiple northern conspiracies were afoot to ignite bloody slave rebellions.

American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The secessionists rejected the denials of Republicans that they were abolitionists, and pointed to John Brown 's attempt in 1859 to start a slave uprising as proof that multiple northern conspiracies were afoot to ignite bloody slave rebellions.

American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]

^[56] The North felt threatened as well, for as Eric Foner concludes, "Northerners came to view slavery as the very antithesis of the good society, as well as a threat to their own fundamental values and interests."^[57]

.During the 1850s, slaves left the border states through sale, manumission and escape, and border states also had more free African-Americans and European immigrants than the lower South, which increased Southern fears that slavery was threatened with rapid extinction in this area.^ Total number of slaves in the Border States: 432,586 (13% of total population).

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Their line extended through the town on the right, while their left rested on high ground above the South River.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Such fears greatly increased Southern efforts to make Kansas a slave state.^ Lincoln quickly ordered Hunter to retract his proclamation as he still feared that this action would force slave-owners in border states to join the Confederates.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Lincoln was furious when he heard the news as he feared that this action would force slave-owners in border states to help the Confederates.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Moreover, the "fire-eaters" among the Southern Democrats actually wanted the Republican candidate to win the election, thus hastening the secession of the slave states.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.By 1860, the number of white border state families owning slaves plunged to only 16 percent of the total.^ Total number of slaves in the Border States: 432,586 (13% of total population).

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The White House of the Confederacy, located a few blocks north of the State Capitol, was home to the family of Confederate President Jefferson Davis.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Lincoln was furious when he heard the news as he feared that this action would force slave-owners in border states to help the Confederates.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Slaves sold to lower South states were owned by a smaller number of wealthy slave owners as the price of slaves increased.^ Total number of slaves in the Border States: 432,586 (13% of total population).

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Total number of slaves in the Upper South: 1,208758 (29% of total population).

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Total number of slaves in the Lower South : 2,312,352 (47% of total population).

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^[58]

.Even though Lincoln agreed to the Corwin Amendment, which would have protected slavery in existing states, secessionists claimed that such guarantees were meaningless.^ Thomas Corwin , Chairman of the House Committee of Thirty-three, proposed a constitutional amendment protecting slavery where it exists that could never be further amended without approval of slaveholding states.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ If Southern states returned to the Union and voted against ratification, thereby defeating it, would such action be valid?

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Significantly, the proposed amendment did not address the burning issue of moment: the power of Congress to bar slavery from territories that were not yet states.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Besides the loss of Kansas to free soil Northerners, secessionists feared that the loss of slaves in the border states would lead to emancipation, and that upper South slave states might be the next dominoes to fall.^ Total number of slaves in the Border States: 432,586 (13% of total population).

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Total number of slaves in the Upper South: 1,208758 (29% of total population).

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The state would also have to grant slaves their freedom, as required by Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation of January 1863.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.They feared that Republicans would use patronage to incite slaves and antislavery Southern whites such as Hinton Rowan Helper.^ Although morale would revive in the next few days, many Southern soldiers would never again place as much confidence in Johnston's abilities as they once had.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Lincoln quickly ordered Hunter to retract his proclamation as he still feared that this action would force slave-owners in border states to join the Confederates.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Seeing a large Confederate forceactually unarmed recruitsmoving into the woods on his left, he feared that they would turn his flank.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

Then slavery in the lower South, like a "scorpion encircled by fire, would sting itself to death."^[59] A few secessionists mentioned the tariff issue along with slavery, but these were rare. .Among other reasons, slavery represented much more money than the tariff.^ The immediate effect of the Morrill Tariff was to more than double the tax collected on most dutiable items entering the United States.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^[59] However, a few libertarian economists place more importance on the tariff issue.^[60] .There were non-slavery related causes of secession, but they had little to do with tariffs or states' rights.^ The Declaration of Secession for Mississippi states, "Our position is thoroughly identified with the institution of slavery-the greatest material interest of the world.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ We of the South contend that slavery is right, and that this is a confederate Republic of sovereign States."

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Anger over the new American tariff caused many British commentators and politicians to express sympathy for the new Confederate States of America over the north.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

Secession begins

Status of the states, 1861. States that seceded before April 15, 1861 States that seceded after April 15, 1861 Union states that permitted slavery Union states that banned slavery Territories

The Union: blue, yellow (slave);
The Confederacy: brown
*territories in light shades; control of Confederate territories disputed

Secession of South Carolina

.South Carolina did more to advance nullification and secession than any other Southern state.^ December 18-20, 1860 - South Carolina Secedes from the Union , On December 18, South Carolina Secession Convention reconvenes in Institute Hall in Charleston.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ He received no electoral votes in 15 of the 33 states and his name did not even appear on the ballot in ten Southern states.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Georgia Governor Joseph E. Brown delivers his long Special Message on Federal Relations encouraging separate state action on secession rather than waiting for a convention of Southern states to jointly decide the issue.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.South Carolina adopted the "Declaration of the Immediate Causes Which Induce and Justify the Secession of South Carolina from the Federal Union" on December 24, 1860. It argued for states' rights for slave owners in the South, but contained a complaint about states' rights in the North in the form of opposition to the Fugitive Slave Act, claiming that Northern states were not fulfilling their federal obligations under the Constitution.^ The Federals, under immediate command of Brig.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ May 9, 1860 - Constitutional Union Convention.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ December 26, 1860 - South Carolina Calls for Southern Confederacy.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.All the alleged violations of the rights of Southern states were related to slavery.^ We of the South contend that slavery is right, and that this is a confederate Republic of sovereign States."

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

Secession winter

.Before Lincoln took office, seven states had declared their secession from the Union.^ Before Lincoln took office, seven states declared their secession from the Union, and established a Southern government, the Confederate States of America, on February 9, 1861.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

^ Lincoln stated: I do not expect the Union to be dissolved .

Was the American Civil War inevitable or could it have been avoided? 19 September 2009 14:34 UTC members.ozemail.com.au [Source type: Original source]

^ The Republican victory in that election resulted in seven Southern states declaring their secession from the Union even before Lincoln took office on March 4, 1861.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

They established a Southern government, the Confederate States of America on February 4, 1861.^[61] They took control of federal forts and other properties within their boundaries with little resistance from outgoing President James Buchanan, whose term ended on March 4, 1861. Buchanan said that the Dred Scott decision was proof that the South had no reason for secession, and that the Union "was intended to be perpetual", but that "the power by force of arms to compel a State to remain in the Union" was not among the "enumerated powers granted to Congress".^[62] One quarter of the U.S. Army—the entire garrison in Texas—was surrendered to state forces by its commanding general, David E. Twiggs, who then joined the Confederacy.

.As Southerners resigned their seats in the Senate and the House, secession later enabled Republicans to pass bills for projects that had been blocked by Southern Senators before the war, including the Morrill Tariff, land grant colleges (the Morill Act), a Homestead Act, a trans-continental railroad (the Pacific Railway Acts), the National Banking Act and the authorization of United States Notes by the Legal Tender Act of 1862. The Revenue Act of 1861 introduced the income tax to help finance the war.^ The Morrill Tariff of 1861 was a major protectionist tariff bill instituted in the United States.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ February 25, 1862 - The Legal Tender Act.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The Union Pacific Railroad was incorporated on July 1, 1862 in the wake of the Pacific Railroad Act of 1862.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

The Confederacy

Main article: Confederate States of America

.Seven Deep South cotton states seceded by February 1861, starting with South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas.^ Texas becomes the seventh state to secede.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ January 9, 1861 - Mississippi Secedes from the Union.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ February 1, 1861 - Texas Secedes from the Union.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.These seven states formed the Confederate States of America (February 4, 1861), with Jefferson Davis as president, and a governmental structure closely modeled on the U.S. Constitution.^ February 18, 1861 - Inaugaration of Jefferson Davis.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Missouri joins the Confederate States of America in November 1861.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ November 6, 1861 - Election of Jefferson Davis.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Following the attack on Fort Sumter, President Lincoln called for a volunteer army from each state.^ President Abraham Lincoln watched the action from Fort Stevens and came under fire from Confederate sharpshooters.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The debate continued until April 15, 1861, when, following the April 12 firing on Fort Sumter, Gov. John W. Ellis received a telegram from Simon Cameron , Lincoln's secretary of war.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ In Washington, President Abraham Lincoln issues a proclamation announcing an "insurrection," and calls for 75,000 troops to be raised from the militia of the several States of the Union to serve for three months.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Within two months, four more Southern slave states declared their secession and joined the Confederacy: Virginia, Arkansas, North Carolina and Tennessee.^ Virginia, North Carolina, Arkansas and Tennessee refuse to send troops and soon join the Confederacy.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Virginia is the eighth state to secede, followed within five weeks by Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina, thus forming an eleven state Confederacy with a population of 9 million, including nearly 4 million slaves.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.The northwestern portion of Virginia subsequently seceded from Virginia, joining the Union as the new state of West Virginia on June 20, 1863. By the end of 1861, Missouri and Kentucky were effectively under Union control, with Confederate state governments in exile.^ Missouri joins the Confederate States of America in November 1861.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Union forces in Kentucky under Maj.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Missouri became a Confederate state in November 1861.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

The Union states

Main article: Union (American Civil War)

.Twenty-three states remained loyal to the Union: California, Connecticut, Delaware, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, and Wisconsin.^ He served as clerk of the Rhode Island House of Representatives for three years and in 1857 became a member of the House and was unanimously chosen speaker.

Sullivan Ballou: The Macabre Fate of a American Civil War Major » HistoryNet 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.historynet.com [Source type: Original source]

^ New York City Mayor Fernando Wood, address to the City Council, recommending that, with the Southern states seceding from the United States, New York City should become an independent city-state (1861).

American Civil War - Wikiquote 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.wikiquote.org [Source type: Original source]

^ Know-Nothing candidates swept the gubernatorial, state legislative, and congressional elections in Massachusetts in 1854, and they also made impressive showings that year in New York and Pennsylvania.

Gary J. Kornblith | Rethinking the Coming of the Civil War: A Counterfactual Exercise | The Journal of American History, 90.1 | The History Cooperative 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.historycooperative.org [Source type: Original source]

.During the war, Nevada and West Virginia joined as new states of the Union.^ During the war, Nevada and West Virginia joined as new states of the Union.

American Civil War Page 2 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC vetshome.com [Source type: Original source]
American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ View from State Capitol during the War.

American Civil War 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC americancivilwar.50megs.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ During the war, Nevada and West Virginia (slave) joined as new states of the Union.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

.Tennessee and Louisiana were returned to Union military control early in the war.^ All of the slaves in the Confederacy, or only those who had come under Union military control after the Proclamation was issued?

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The capture of Paducah gave the Union control the mouth of the Tennessee River.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.The territories of Colorado, Dakota, Nebraska, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, and Washington fought on the Union side.^ Congress creates Dakota and Nevada Territories out of the Nebraska and Utah territories.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The Battle of Glorieta Pass, fought on March 26-28, 1862, in northern New Mexico Territory, was the decisive battle of the New Mexico Campaign during the American Civil War.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ It was originally created by areas from existing territories, Most of the area west of the continental divide was formerly part of the Washington Territory, whereas most of the area east of the continental divide had been part of the Dakota Territory.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Several slave-holding Native American tribes supported the Confederacy, giving the Indian Territory (now Oklahoma) a small bloody civil war.^ The American Civil War (1860-1865) The American Civil War (1860-1865) .

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ April 17-May 22, 1862 - Grierson's Raid was a Union cavalry raid during the Vicksburg Campaign of the American Civil War.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Ulysses S. Grant 's 1864 Overland Campaign during the American Civil War, today lives in infamy as one of history's most lopsided battles.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

Border states

Main article: Border states (American Civil War)

.The border states in the Union were West Virginia (which was separated from Virginia and became a new state), and four of the five northernmost slave states (Maryland, Delaware, Missouri, and Kentucky).^ Present on the first day were delegates from New Hampshire, Vermont, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, Kentucky, Ohio, Indiana and Iowa, 14 states.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Total number of slaves in the Border States: 432,586 (13% of total population).

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Others, including John Carlile, insisted on immediate action to "show our loyalty to Virginia and the Union", and on May 14, he called for a resolution creating a state of New Virginia.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Maryland had numerous pro-Confederate officials who tolerated anti-Union rioting in Baltimore and the burning of bridges.^ The Confederates prevailed, burning the personal library of Francis H. Pierpont , governor of the Restored Government of Virginia, and exploding an iron railroad bridge across the Monongahela River.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ As in Kentucky, pro-Union and pro-Confederate governments were established, the latter run in exile by Governor Claiborne F. Jackson .

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Threatened by the Confederate cavalry on his left flank and rear, Sigel ordered a general withdrawal burning the North Fork bridge behind him.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Lincoln responded with martial law and called for troops.^ July 2, 1862 - Lincoln Calls for Troops.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ August 4, 1862 - Lincoln Calls for Troops.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ When Fort Sumter was fired on and Lincoln called for troops from Arkansas the Secession Convention was recalled.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Militia units that had been drilling in the North rushed toward Washington, DC and Baltimore.^ Also, Lee's 75,000-man army could threaten Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Washington and give voice to the growing peace movement in the North.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ During the night, veteran units from the Union VI Corps disembarked from troop transports and marched north through the streets of Washington to bolster the defenses.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^[63] .Before the Confederate government realized what was happening, Lincoln had seized firm control of Maryland and the District of Columbia, by arresting all the Maryland government members and holding them without trial.^ The Federals fought fiercely to hold position, but it was only a matter of time before the superior forcenearly 15,000 Confederatesgained control.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Schofield correctly interpreted Hood's moves, but foul weather prevented him from crossing to the north bank before November 28, leaving Columbia to the Confederates.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ April 16, 1862 - Slavery Abolished in Washington, D.C. President Abraham Lincoln signs the congressional bill abolishing slavery in the District of Columbia.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.In Missouri, an elected convention on secession voted decisively to remain within the Union.^ Its convention votes for secession from the Union by a vote of 166-8, pending ratification by the people.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The convention voted to take Arkansas out of the Union with only Isaac Murphy and four other delegates opposed.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ On March 9 the Committee on Federal Relations at the Convention in St. Louis issued its report that in a "military aspect secession and connection with a Southern Confederacy is annihilation for Missouri."

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.When pro-Confederate Governor Claiborne F. Jackson called out the state militia, it was attacked by federal forces under General Nathaniel Lyon.^ Confederate forces under Brig.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The Federals fired into the Confederate cavalry and, in large force, came out to attack them.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Nathaniel Lyon had chased Missouri Governor Claiborne F. Jackson and approximately 4,000 State Militia from the State Capital at Jefferson City and from Boonville, and pursued them.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.After the Camp Jackson Affair Lyon chased the governor and the rest of the State Guard to the southwestern corner of the state.^ Nathaniel Lyon had chased Missouri Governor Claiborne F. Jackson and approximately 4,000 State Militia from the State Capital at Jefferson City and from Boonville, and pursued them.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

(See also: Missouri secession). .In the resulting vacuum, the convention on secession reconvened and took power as the Unionist provisional government of Missouri.^ In the resulting vacuum the convention on secession reconvened and took power as the Unionist provisional government of Missouri.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]

^ In the resulting vacuum, the convention on secession reconvened and took power as the Unionist provisional government of Missouri.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^[64]

.Kentucky did not secede; for a time, it declared itself neutral.^ Kentucky did not secede; for a time it declared itself neutral.

American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Kentucky did not secede; for a time, it declared itself neutral.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

^ Kentucky declares neutrality.

American Civil War Timeline | Carter House 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.carter-house.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.When Confederate forces entered the state in September 1861, neutrality ended and the state reaffirmed its Union status, while trying to maintain slavery.^ Commanding the Union forces was Admiral David Farragut , while Admiral Franklin Buchanan led the Confederate fleet.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Missouri joins the Confederate States of America in November 1861.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Hood's campaign ended when Union forces under Thomas defeated him decisively at Nashville, Tennessee, on December 15-16, 1864.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.During a brief invasion by Confederate forces, Confederate sympathizers organized a secession convention, inaugurated a governor, and gained recognition from the Confederacy.^ During a brief invasion by Confederate forces, Confederate sympathizers organized a secession convention, inaugurated a governor, and gained recognition from the Confederacy.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ During a brief invasion by Confederate forces, Southern sympathizers organized a secession convention, inaugurated a Confederate Governor, and gained recognition from the Confederacy.

American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]

^ In his inaugural address , he argued that the Constitution was a more perfect union than the earlier Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union , that it was a binding contract, and called any secession "legally void".

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

.The rebel government soon went into exile and never controlled Kentucky.^ As in Kentucky, pro-Union and pro-Confederate governments were established, the latter run in exile by Governor Claiborne F. Jackson .

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Felix K. Zollicoffer 's main responsibility was to guard Cumberland Gap, in November 1861 he advanced west into Kentucky to strengthen control in the area around Somerset.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ But even Charles I, said Hunter, had entered into agreements with rebels in arms against his government during the English Civil War.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^[65]

.After Virginia's secession, a Unionist government in Wheeling asked 48 counties to vote on an ordinance to create a new state on October 24, 1861. Returns were received from 41 of the 48 counties,^[66] and a minority turnout voted heavily in favor of the new state, at first called Kanawha but later renamed West Virginia, which was admitted to the Union on June 20, 1863. Jefferson and Berkeley counties were annexed to the new state in late 1863.^[67] The western counties of Virginia had voted nearly 2 to 1^[68] against secession, though 24 of the 50 counties had voted for secession.^ (West Virginia is formally admitted to the Union on June 20, 1863).

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ June 20, 1863 - West Virginia Admitted to the Union.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ March 18, 1861 - Arkansas Convention Votes Against Secession.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^[69] .Soldier numbers from West Virginia were about evenly divided between the Confederacy and the Union.^ Nathaniel P. Banks , numbering about 9,000 men, was concentrated in the vicinity of Strasburg, Virginia, with two companies of infantry at Buckton Depot.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ West Virginia (formed from several pro-Union Virginia counties and calling for the abolition of slavery in its constitution) is admitted to the Union as the 35th state (counting the eleven that had seceded).

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ (West Virginia is formally admitted to the Union on June 20, 1863).

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^[70]

A similar Unionist secession attempt occurred in East Tennessee, but was suppressed by the Confederacy. .Jefferson Davis arrested over 3000 men suspected of being loyal to the Union and held them without trial.^ Jefferson Davis arrested over 3000 men suspected of being loyal to the Union and held them without trial.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Jefferson Davis arrested over 3,000 men suspected of being loyal to the Union and held them without trial.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Jefferson Davis , first and only President of the Confederate States of America At the beginning of 1864, Lincoln made Grant commander of all Union armies.

American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]

^[71]

Overview

A Roman Catholic Union army chaplain celebrating a Mass

.Over 10,000 military engagements took place during the war, 40% of them in Virginia and Tennessee.^ Some 10,000 military engagements took place during the war, 40% of them in Virginia and Tennessee.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Over 10,000 military engagements took place during the war, 40% of them in Virginia and Tennessee.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

^ More than 10,000 military actions of one kind or another took place during the Civil War.

The Civil War at a Glance 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.pueblo.gsa.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^[72] .Since separate articles deal with every major battle and many minor ones, this article only gives the broadest outline.^ War Comes Again (1995) p 247 Separate articles deal with every major battle and some minor ones.

American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ This article only gives the broad outline.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Since separate articles deal with every major battle and many minor ones, this article only gives the broadest outline.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

.For more information see List of American Civil War battles and Military leadership in the American Civil War.^ The American Civil War (1860-1865) The American Civil War (1860-1865) .

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ April 17-May 22, 1862 - Grierson's Raid was a Union cavalry raid during the Vicksburg Campaign of the American Civil War.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The Red River Campaign was a series of battles fought along the Red River in Louisiana during the American Civil War from March 10 to May 22, 1864.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

The Beginning of the War, 1861

For more details on this topic, see Battle of Fort Sumter.

.Lincoln's victory in the presidential election of 1860 triggered South Carolina's declaration of secession from the Union.^ December 17-20, 1860 - South Carolina Secession Convention.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ December 18-20, 1860 - South Carolina Secedes from the Union , On December 18, South Carolina Secession Convention reconvenes in Institute Hall in Charleston.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ November 5, 1860 - South Carolina Governor William H. Gist asks the legislature for a state convention if the Republicans win the election.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.By February 1861, six more Southern states made similar declarations.^ By February 1861, six more Southern states made similar declarations.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ By February 1 , 1861 , six more Southern states had seceded.

Bambooweb: U.S. Civil War 20 September 2009 5:47 UTC www.bambooweb.com [Source type: Original source]

American Civil War - Wikiquote 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.wikiquote.org [Source type: Original source]

.On February 7, the seven states adopted a provisional constitution for the Confederate States of America and established their temporary capital at Montgomery, Alabama.^ The Confederates failed to recapture the state capital.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ March 11, 1861 - The Constitution of the Confederate States of America is adopted.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The Congress of the Confederate States of America adjourns for the last time.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.A pre-war February Peace Conference of 1861 met in Washington in a failed attempt at resolving the crisis.^ February 4-27, 1861 - Washington Peace Conference.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The Washington Peace Conference met at Willard's Dancing Hall, adjoining Willard's Hotel in Washington, from February 4-27, 1861.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The provisional Confederate Congress, which had met for four sessions between February 4, 1861 and February 17, 1862, was replaced by a permanent legislature on February 18, 1862.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.The remaining eight slave states rejected pleas to join the Confederacy.^ The remaining eight slave states rejected pleas to join the Confederacy.

American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Eleven Southern slave states declared their secession from the U.S. and formed the Confederate States of America (the Confederacy).

American Civil War - Wikiquote 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.wikiquote.org [Source type: Original source]

^ They demand the abolition of negro slavery throughout the confederacy, the recognition of political equality between the white and negro races, and avow their determination to press on their crusade against us, so long as a negro slave remains in these States.

Declaration of Causes of Secession 20 September 2009 3:36 UTC sunsite.utk.edu [Source type: Original source]

.Confederate forces seized most of the federal forts within their boundaries.^ At McDowell on May 8, while Jackson was looking for an opportunity to cross the river and envelop the Union force, Milroy seized the initiative and assaulted the Confederate position on Sitlington's Hill.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Robert S. Granger for most of the battle, numbered only about 5,000 men, but successfully prevented the much larger Confederate force from crossing the river.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ When Confederate forces, numbering about 800 men, threatened to seize control of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad (B&O) at Grafton, W.Va., the South's troops were met by 3,000 federal troops under the general command of Maj.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.President Buchanan protested but made no military response apart from a failed attempt to resupply Fort Sumter using the ship Star of the West, which was fired upon by South Carolina forces and turned back before it reached the fort.^ A South Carolina delegation of U. S. House Representatives warns President Buchanan not to attempt reinforcement of Fort Sumter, which would be an act of coercion and war.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ With Pope no longer a threat, Lee turned his army west and north to invade Maryland, initiating the Maryland Campaign and the battles of South Mountain and Antietam.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ An unarmed merchant ship, Star of the West , carrying Union recruits to reinforce Robert Anderson at Fort Sumter, was fired on.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^[73] .However, governors in Massachusetts, New York, and Pennsylvania quietly began buying weapons and training militia units.^ However, governors in Massachusetts, New York, and Pennsylvania began buying weapons and training militia units to ready them for immediate action.

American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ However, governors in Massachusetts, New York, and Pennsylvania quietly began buying weapons and training militia units.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

American Civil War - Wikiquote 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.wikiquote.org [Source type: Original source]

.On March 4, 1861, Abraham Lincoln was sworn in as President.^ Abraham Lincoln is sworn in as 16th President of the United States of America.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ President Abraham Lincoln relieves Maj.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ March 4, 1861 - Inauguration of Lincoln.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.In his inaugural address, he argued that the Constitution was a more perfect union than the earlier Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union, that it was a binding contract, and called any secession "legally void".^[74] He stated he had no intent to invade Southern states, nor did he intend to end slavery where it existed, but that he would use force to maintain possession of federal property.^ More than 700 Federals were captured.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The final phase ended triumphantly for the Confederate forces of General Lee, who forced the withdrawal of the Federal Army of the Potomac after the Seven Days' Battles (June 25-July 1).

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.His speech closed with a plea for restoration of the bonds of union.^ His speech closed with a plea for restoration of the bonds of union.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - Discussion and Encyclopedia Article. Who is American Civil War? What is American Civil War? Where is American Civil War? Definition of American Civil War. Meaning of American Civil War. 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.knowledgerush.com [Source type: Original source]
American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]
Bambooweb: U.S. Civil War 20 September 2009 5:47 UTC www.bambooweb.com [Source type: Original source]

^[75]

.The South sent delegations to Washington and offered to pay for the federal properties and enter into a peace treaty with the United States.^ The South sent delegations to Washington and offered to pay for the federal properties and enter into a peace treaty with the United States.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ All proper facilities will be afforded for the removal of yourself and command, together with company arms and property, and all private property, to any post in the United States which you may select.

Civil War 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.harlingen.isd.tenet.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ It is of the greatest importance to the workingmen of the United States to understand the true sentiments and objects of the leading traitors of the South ...

weblinks-American Civil War 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.historyteacher.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.Lincoln rejected any negotiations with Confederate agents because the Confederacy was not a legitimate government, and that making any treaty with it would be tantamount to recognition of it as a sovereign government.^ Confederate President Jefferson Davis appoints three commissioners (Martin Crawford, John Forsyth, and A.B. Roman) to negotiate with the Federal government.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Lincoln was furious when he heard the news as he feared that this action would force slave-owners in border states to help the Confederates.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Lincoln quickly ordered Hunter to retract his proclamation as he still feared that this action would force slave-owners in border states to join the Confederates.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^[76] .However, Secretary of State William Seward engaged in unauthorized and indirect negotiations that failed.^ Secretary of State William H. Seward was stabbed in his Washington home on April 14, 1865, the same night President Lincoln was shot in the Ford Theater.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Seward recovered from his injuries and continued to serve as Secretary of State for President Andrew Johnson.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Lyons presented it to Secretary of State William H. Seward on December 19.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^[76]

.Fort Sumter in Charleston, South Carolina, Fort Pickens and Fort Taylor were the remaining Union-held forts in the Confederacy, and Lincoln was determined to hold Fort Sumter.^ Fort Pickens remained in Union hands throughout the Civil War.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Lincoln even visited Libby Prison, where thousands of Union officers were held during the war.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ An unarmed merchant ship, Star of the West , carrying Union recruits to reinforce Robert Anderson at Fort Sumter, was fired on.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Under orders from Confederate President Jefferson Davis, troops controlled by the Confederate government under P. G. T. Beauregard bombarded the fort with artillery on April 12, forcing the fort's capitulation.^ Confederate forces under Brig.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ President Jefferson Davis appeared on the scene.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Union forces had sealed the breach and their artillery was heavily bombarding the fort.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Northerners rallied behind Lincoln's call for all the states to send troops to recapture the forts and to preserve the Union.^ July 2, 1862 - Lincoln Calls for Troops.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ August 4, 1862 - Lincoln Calls for Troops.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.With the scale of the rebellion apparently small so far, Lincoln called for 75,000 volunteers for 90 days.^ In Washington, President Abraham Lincoln issues a proclamation announcing an "insurrection," and calls for 75,000 troops to be raised from the militia of the several States of the Union to serve for three months.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Lincoln's call for 300,000 more young men to fight a seemingly endless war frightened even those who supported the Union cause.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ With perfect irony, at that time Lincoln had to issue a call for 500,000 more soldiers.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^[77] .For months before that, several Northern governors had discreetly readied their state militias; they began to move forces the next day.^ For months before that, several Northern governors had discreetly readied their state militias; they began to move forces the next day.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

^ For months before that, several Northern governors had secretly readied their state militias, built up stocks of weapons, and drawn up emergency plans; they began to move forces to Washington the next day.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

^ When pro-Confederate Governor Claiborne F. Jackson called out the state militia, it was attacked by federal forces under General Nathaniel Lyon, who chased the governor and the rest of the State Guard to the southwestern corner of the state.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

^[78] .Liberty Arsenal in Liberty, Missouri was seized eight days after Fort Sumter.^ By the end of the next day Alabama troops controlled Fort Gaines, Fort Morgan, and the U.S. Arsenal at Mount Vernon .

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

US Postage Stamp, 1894 issue, honoring William T. Sherman

.Four states in the upper South (Tennessee, Arkansas, North Carolina, and Virginia), which had repeatedly rejected Confederate overtures, now refused to send forces against their neighbors, declared their secession, and joined the Confederacy.^ Eleven Southern slave states declared their secession from the U.S. and formed the Confederate States of America (the Confederacy).

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The upper South slave states of Virginia , North Carolina , Arkansas , and Tennessee had fewer plantations and rejected secession until the Fort Sumter crisis forced them to choose sides.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Read South Carolina's declaration of the reasons for secession.

Election Central | Talking Points Memo | Ron Paul: American Civil War Was Unnecessary 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC tpmelectioncentral.talkingpointsmemo.com [Source type: Original source]

.To reward Virginia, the Confederate capital was moved to Richmond.^ Once Virginia seceded, the Confederate capital was moved to Richmond, Virginia .

American Civil War - Discussion and Encyclopedia Article. Who is American Civil War? What is American Civil War? Where is American Civil War? Definition of American Civil War. Meaning of American Civil War. 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.knowledgerush.com [Source type: Original source]
Bambooweb: U.S. Civil War 20 September 2009 5:47 UTC www.bambooweb.com [Source type: Original source]

^ To reward Virginia the Confederate capital was moved to Richmond, Virginia , a highly vulnerable location at the end of the supply line.

American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ To reward Virginia, the Confederate capital was moved to Richmond .

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

^[79] The city was the symbol of the Confederacy. .Richmond was in a highly vulnerable location at the end of a tortuous Confederate supply line.^ Richmond was in a highly vulnerable location at the end of a tortuous supply line.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

^ Strategically the location of the capital Richmond tied Lee to a highly exposed position at the end of supply lines.

American Civil War - Uncyclopedia, the content-free encyclopedia 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC uncyclopedia.wikia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ To reward Virginia the Confederate capital was moved to Richmond, Virginia , a highly vulnerable location at the end of the supply line.

American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

.Although Richmond was heavily fortified, supplies for the city would be reduced by Sherman's capture of Atlanta and cut off almost entirely when Grant besieged Petersburg and its railroads that supplied the Southern capital.^ Separated from its supply bases and completely isolated from other Union forces, Sherman's army cut a wide swath as it moved south through Georgia, living off the countryside, destroying railroads and supplies, reducing the war-making potential of the Confederacy, and bringing the war home to the Southern people.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Sherman had at this point adopted a strategy of attacking the railroad lines into Atlanta, hoping to cut off his enemies' supplies.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ William T. Sherman pushed off toward Atlanta from Dalton, Georgia, on May 7, 1864, with 110,123 men against Joseph E. Johnston 's 55,000.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

Anaconda Plan and blockade, 1861

Main articles: Naval battles of the American Civil War, Union blockade, and Confederate States Navy

1861 cartoon of Scott's "Anaconda Plan"

.Winfield Scott, the commanding general of the U.S. Army, devised the Anaconda Plan^[80] to win the war with as little bloodshed as possible.^ This strategy was based on the Anaconda Plan developed by General Winfield Scott , the commanding general of the Union Army.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Union General Winfield Scott resigns as Commander of the United States Army, citing failing health.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ On October 21, Hood's plan received the approval of General P.G.T. Beauregard , who was in command of all forces in the Western Theater.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.His idea was that a Union blockade of the main ports would weaken the Confederate economy; then the capture of the Mississippi River would split the South.^ Union Flag-Officer David G. Farragut , with his squadron, continued up the Mississippi River and demanded the surrender of the City of New Orleans the next day.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ While battle raged north of the Chickahominy River at Gaines' Mill on June 27, Confederate General John B. Magruder demonstrated against the Union line south of the river at Garnett's Farm.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Winder's brigade was assigned the task of spearheading the assault against Union forces south of the river.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Lincoln adopted the plan, but overruled Scott's warnings against an immediate attack on Richmond.^ Lincoln adopted the plan but overruled Scott's warnings against an immediate attack on Richmond.

American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Lincoln adopted the plan, but overruled Scott's warnings against an immediate attack on Richmond.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

^ Winfield Scott created the Anaconda Plan as the Union's main plan of attack during the war.

Bambooweb: U.S. Civil War 20 September 2009 5:47 UTC www.bambooweb.com [Source type: Original source]

In May 1861, Lincoln enacted the Union blockade of all Southern ports, ending regular international shipments to the Confederacy. .When violators' ships and cargoes were seized, they were sold and the proceeds given to Union sailors, but the British crews were released.^ Eluding the Union blockade, the Southerners reached Cuba, where they boarded a British mail steamer, the Trent , for passage across the Atlantic Ocean.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.By late 1861, the blockade stopped most local port-to-port traffic.^ By late 1861 the blockade shut down most local port-to-port traffic as well.

American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ By late 1861, the blockade shut down most local port-to-port traffic as well.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

^ By late 1861, the blockade stopped most local port-to-port traffic.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

.The blockade shut down King Cotton, ruining the Southern economy.^ Most of the southern economy depended on the export of crops like cotton and tobacco, which were hurt on the world scene by policies that adversely impacted international trade.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.British investors built small, fast "blockade runners" that traded arms and luxuries brought in from Bermuda, Cuba and the Bahamas in return for high-priced cotton and tobacco.^ Most of the southern economy depended on the export of crops like cotton and tobacco, which were hurt on the world scene by policies that adversely impacted international trade.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^[81] .Shortages of food and other goods triggered by the blockade, foraging by Northern armies, and the impressment of crops by Confederate armies combined to cause hyperinflation and bread riots in the South.^ The papers were among a collection of important Confederate documents transferred to Washington after the surrender of Robert E. Lee 's Army of Northern Virginia.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The campaign begins as McClellan's Army of the Potomac advances from Washington down the Potomac River and the Chesapeake Bay to the peninsular south of the Confederate Capital of Richmond, Virginia then begins an advance toward Richmond.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The Confederate commander divided his army: one part remained to guard Fredericksburg, while the other raced west to meet Hooker's advance.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^[82]

.On March 8, 1862, the Confederate Navy waged a fight against the Union Navy when the ironclad CSS Virginia attacked the blockade.^ In 1862 Baylor was ousted as Governor of the territory by Jefferson Davis , and the Confederate loss at the battle of Glorietta Pass (March 26-28, 1862) forced their retreat from the territory.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Confederate General Robert E. Lee initiated an offensive against Union Maj.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ On May 9, 1862, following the Confederate evacuation of Norfolk, the Virginia was destroyed by its crew.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

Against wooden ships, she seemed unstoppable. The next day, however, she had to fight the new Union warship USS Monitor in the Battle of the Ironclads.^[83] .The battle ended in a draw, which was a strategic victory for the Union in that the blockade was sustained.^ The battle ended in a draw, which was a strategic victory for the Union in that the blockade was sustained.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Memphis , Drewry's Bluff , Arkansas Post , and Mobile Bay .The Second Battle of Fort Fisher virtually ended blockade running.

American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The second day the Battle at Hampton Roads took place between the ironclads USS Monitor and the CSS Virginia in March 1862, ending in a draw.

American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

.The Confederacy lost the Virginia when the ship was scuttled to prevent capture, and the Union built many copies of Monitor.^ The relatively small battle that followed Morgan's surprise attack was an embarrassing Union defeat, resulting in many captured Union supplies and soldiers.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ With the fall of Yorktown, the Confederate ironclad CSS Virginia guarding Hampton Roads at Norfolk was scuttled on May 11, 1892 off Craney Island to prevent her capture.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The Confederates took many Union prisoners and captured so many wagons and stores that they later nicknamed the Union general "Commissary Banks".

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Lacking the technology to build effective warships, the Confederacy attempted to obtain warships from Britain.^ Lacking the technology to build effective warships, the Confederacy attempted to obtain warships from Britain.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The Confederacy purchased several warships from commercial ship builders in Britain.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The Confederacy purchased several warships from commercial ship builders in Britain; the most famous, the Alabama , did considerable damage and led to serious postwar disputes .

American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

.The Union victory at the Second Battle of Fort Fisher in January 1865 closed the last useful Southern port and virtually ended blockade running.^ In March 1865 the Confederates were driven back at the Battle of Fort Stedman, leaving Lee with 50,000 troops as opposed to Grant's 120,000.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ In addition to shutting down one of the two remaining Confederate ports, the Union victory at the Battle of Mobile Bay (together with the Battle of Atlanta), was a significant boost for Abraham Lincoln's bid for reelection.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ After the incident, black soldiers going into battle used the cry "Remember Fort Pillow!"

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

Eastern Theater 1861–1863

For more details on this topic, see Eastern Theater of the American Civil War.

A Union Regimental Fife and Drum Corps

.Because of the fierce resistance of a few initial Confederate forces at Manassas, Virginia, in July 1861, a march by Union troops under the command of Maj.^ The Union rearguard under Maj.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Forces under sector commander Brig.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ While Confederate cavalry commander Maj.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Gen. Irvin McDowell on the Confederate forces there was halted in the First Battle of Bull Run, or First Manassas,^[84] McDowell's troops were forced back to Washington, D.C., by the Confederates under the command of Generals Joseph E. Johnston and P. G. T. Beauregard.^ Jackson's division had been retreating down the Valley to cover the flank of Joseph E. Johnston 's forces, falling back from Centerville.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ On the morning of the 16th, troops of the Union XX Corps under Alpheus S. Williams were driven back by a Confederate assault.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The final phase ended triumphantly for the Confederate forces of General Lee, who forced the withdrawal of the Federal Army of the Potomac after the Seven Days' Battles (June 25-July 1).

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.It was in this battle that Confederate General Thomas Jackson received the nickname of "Stonewall" because he stood like a stone wall against Union troops.^ Bee remarked, "There stands Jackson like a stone wall!

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The Battle of Front Royal, also known as Guard Hill or Cedarville, was fought May 23, 1862, in Warren County, Virginia as part of Confederate Army General Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson 's Campaign through the Shenandoah Valley.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The First Battle of Winchester, fought on May 25, 1862, in and around Frederick County, Virginia and Winchester, Virginia, was a major victory in Confederate Army General Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson 's Campaign through the Shenandoah Valley.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^[85]

US Postage Stamp, 1937 issue, honoring Robert E. Lee and Thomas 'Stonewall' Jackson

.Alarmed at the loss, and in an attempt to prevent more slave states from leaving the Union, the U.S. Congress passed the Crittenden-Johnson Resolution on July 25 of that year, which stated that the war was being fought to preserve the Union and not to end slavery.^ July 25, 1861 - Crittenden-Johnson Resolution.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ U.S. Congress passes the Crittenden-Johnson Resolution stating that the war is being fought to preserve the Union, not to destroy slavery.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Congress passes the Wade-Davis Bill, an unsuccessful attempt by Radical Republicans and others in the U.S. Congress to set Reconstruction policy before the end of the Civil War.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan took command of the Union Army of the Potomac on July 26 (he was briefly general-in-chief of all the Union armies, but was subsequently relieved of that post in favor of Maj. Gen. .Henry W. Halleck), and the war began in earnest in 1862. Upon the strong urging of President Lincoln to begin offensive operations, McClellan attacked Virginia in the spring of 1862 by way of the peninsula between the York River and James River, southeast of Richmond.^ President Lincoln realizes the war will be long.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ George B. McClellan to abandon his advance on Richmond and begin the retreat to the James River.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Lincoln disagreed with McClellan's desire to attack Richmond from the east.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Although McClellan's army reached the gates of Richmond in the Peninsula Campaign,^[86]^[87]^[88] Johnston halted his advance at the Battle of Seven Pines, then General Robert E. Lee and top subordinates James Longstreet and Stonewall Jackson^[89] defeated McClellan in the Seven Days Battles and forced his retreat.^ While the Union forces were engaged with Jackson, Lee ordered Longstreet forward.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ General Robert E. Lee assumes command of the army around Richmond, replacing the wounded Joseph E. Johnston .

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The effects of the Seven Days Battles were widespread.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.The Northern Virginia Campaign, which included the Second Battle of Bull Run, ended in yet another victory for the South.^ This was the decisive battle of the Northern Virginia Campaign.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Prelude: Confederate General Robert E. Lee 's Army of Northern Virginia40,000 menhad entered Maryland following their recent victory at Second Bull Run.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ With Pope no longer a threat, Lee turned his army west and north to invade Maryland, initiating the Maryland Campaign and the battles of South Mountain and Antietam.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^[90] .McClellan resisted General-in-Chief Halleck's orders to send reinforcements to John Pope's Union Army of Virginia, which made it easier for Lee's Confederates to defeat twice the number of combined enemy troops.^ George B. McClellan 's 87,000-man Army of the Potomac was moving to intercept Lee, a Union soldier discovered a mislaid copy of the detailed battle plans of Lee's armyGeneral Order number 191wrapped around three cigars.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The Union government, alarmed by the potential for defeat, sent reinforcements.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ General William T. Sherman 's Union armies had partially encircled the city of Atlanta, Georgia, which was being held by Confederate forces under the command of General John Bell Hood .

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

Emboldened by Second Bull Run, the Confederacy made its first invasion of the North. General Lee led 45,000 men of the Army of Northern Virginia across the Potomac River into Maryland on September 5. .Lincoln then restored Pope's troops to McClellan.^ Lincoln then restored Pope's troops to McClellan.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Eventually, Lincoln deployed combat troops from the Federal Army of the Potomac to restore order; they remained encamped around the city for several weeks.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ McClellan was stripped of many of his troops to reinforce John Pope 's Union Army of Virginia .

American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

.McClellan and Lee fought at the Battle of Antietam^[89] near Sharpsburg, Maryland, on September 17, 1862, the bloodiest single day in United States military history.^ After invading Maryland in September 1862, Gen.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ September 2, 1862 - McClellan Restored to Command.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The Battle of Antietam (known as the Battle of Sharpsburg in the South), fought on September 17, 1862, near Sharpsburg, Maryland, part of the Maryland Campaign, was the first major battle in the American Civil War to take place on Northern soil.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^[91] .Lee's army, checked at last, returned to Virginia before McClellan could destroy it.^ Lee's army, checked at last, returned to Virginia before McClellan could destroy it.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ President Lincoln, regretting the failure of Union Army commanders to destroy the Confederate Army before it could recross the Potomac and retreat into the safety of northern Virginia (1863).

American Civil War - Wikiquote 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.wikiquote.org [Source type: Original source]

^ When Joseph E. Johnston was wounded that May, Davis asked Lee to assume command of what was coming to be known as the Army of Northern Virginia.

The American Civil War 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.rockingham.k12.va.us [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.Antietam is considered a Union victory because it halted Lee's invasion of the North and provided an opportunity for Lincoln to announce his Emancipation Proclamation.^ Although a tactical draw, the Battle of Antietam is considered a strategic Union victory and a turning point of the war because it forced the end of Lee's invasion of the North and it allowed President Lincoln to issue the Emancipation Proclamation, taking effect on January 1, 1863.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ July 22, 1862 - Lincoln Discloses Emancipation Proclamation to Cabinet.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ It was the bloodiest single-day battle in American history, with over 23,000 casualties, but also has unique significance as the partial victory that gave President Abraham Lincoln the confidence to announce his Emancipation Proclamation.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^[92]

Confederate dead behind the stone wall of Marye's Heights, Fredericksburg, Virginia, killed during the Battle of Chancellorsville, May 1863

.When the cautious McClellan failed to follow up on Antietam, he was replaced by Maj.^ When the cautious McClellan failed to follow up on Antietam, he was replaced by Maj.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Lincoln had grown impatient with McClellan's slowness to follow up on the success at Antietam, even telling him, "If you don't want to use the army, I should like to borrow it for a while."

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ THE EASTERN THEATER: THE PENINSULA CAMPAIGN --Following the Federal fiasco at First Manassas, Major General George B. McClellan replaced McDowell as commander of the Federal forces.

The American Civil War 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.rockingham.k12.va.us [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

Gen. Ambrose Burnside. .Burnside was soon defeated at the Battle of Fredericksburg^[93] on December 13, 1862, when over twelve thousand Union soldiers were killed or wounded during repeated futile frontal assaults against Marye's Heights.^ December 7, 1862 - Battle of Prairie Grove.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Burnside launched his second attack from Fredericksburg against the Confederate left on Marye's Heights.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ December 13, 1862 - Battle of Fredericksburg.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.After the battle, Burnside was replaced by Maj.^ After the battle, Burnside was replaced by Maj.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The 1863 campaigns open along the Rappahannock in the final days of April as Burnside's replacement, Maj.

The Civil War at a Glance 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.pueblo.gsa.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

Gen. Joseph Hooker. .Hooker, too, proved unable to defeat Lee's army; despite outnumbering the Confederates by more than two to one, he was humiliated in the Battle of Chancellorsville^[94] in May 1863. He was replaced by Maj.^ On May 14, 1863, Confederate Gen.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The outnumbered Confederate cavalry was defeated, and Maj.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ April 29-May 6, 1863 - Battle of Chancellorsville.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

Gen. .George Meade during Lee's second invasion of the North, in June.^ June 3, 1863 - Lee's Second Invasion of the North.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ June 28, 1863 - President Abraham Lincoln appoints George G. Meade commander of the Army of the Potomac, replacing Joseph Hooker .

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Shortly after Confederate General Robert E. Lee 's Army of Northern Virginia won a smashing victory over the Federal Army of the Potomac at the Battle of Chancellorsville (May 1-3, 1863), Lee decided upon a second invasion of the North.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Meade defeated Lee at the Battle of Gettysburg^[95] (July 1 to July 3, 1863), the bloodiest battle of the war, which is sometimes considered the war's turning point.^ The tide of war turns against the South as the Confederates are defeated at the Battle of Gettysburg in Pennsylvania, the largest battle ever conducted in the Western Hemisphere, and generally considered to be the turning point of the American Civil War.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ With Pope no longer a threat, Lee turned his army west and north to invade Maryland, initiating the Maryland Campaign and the battles of South Mountain and Antietam.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The battle was tactically inconclusive, although Bragg would traditionally be considered defeated since he withdrew first from the battlefield.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Pickett's Charge on July 3 is often recalled as the high-water mark of the Confederacy, not just because it signaled the end of Lee's plan to pressure Washington from the north, but also because Vicksburg, Mississippi, the key stronghold to control of the Mississippi, fell the following day.^ The end of the Confederacy was just a matter of time.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ With the loss of Pemberton's army and this vital stronghold on the Mississippi, and with the Union now in control of the Mississippi, the Confederacy was effectively split in half.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The final phase ended triumphantly for the Confederate forces of General Lee, who forced the withdrawal of the Federal Army of the Potomac after the Seven Days' Battles (June 25-July 1).

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Lee's army suffered 28,000 casualties (versus Meade's 23,000).^ Lee's army suffered over 5,000 casualties in this wasted effort.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Lee's army suffered 28,000 casualties (versus Meade's 23,000).

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Lee's army suffered some 28,000 casualties (versus Meade's 23,000).

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

^[96] .However, Lincoln was angry that Meade failed to intercept Lee's retreat, and after Meade's inconclusive fall campaign, Lincoln decided to turn to the Western Theater for new leadership.^ With Pope no longer a threat, Lee turned his army west and north to invade Maryland, initiating the Maryland Campaign and the battles of South Mountain and Antietam.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Johnston, however, was unwilling to risk an offensive battle and decided to fall back across the Etowah.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Pope now decided to cross the river south of New Madrid and turn the defense of Island No.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

Western Theater 1861–1863

For more details on this topic, see Western Theater of the American Civil War.

.While the Confederate forces had numerous successes in the Eastern Theater, they were defeated many times in the West.^ The stand of the Fourth Alabama stalled the Union advance and gave the Confederate forces more time to regroup.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Confederate General Richard Taylor , commanding all Confederate forces in Alabama, Mississippi, and eastern Louisiana, surrenders his forces to Union General Edward Canby at Citronelle, Alabama.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ They actually broke the Confederate line, and the Second Corps had a hard time driving them out.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.They were driven from Missouri early in the war as a result of the Battle of Pea Ridge.^ The battle led to greater federal military activity in Missouri, and set the stage for the Battle of Pea Ridge in March 1862.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ With the defeat at Pea Ridge the Confederates never again seriously threatened the state of Missouri.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The Battle of Pea Ridge (also known as The Battle of Elkhorn Tavern) occurred on March 8-9, 1862 at Pea Ridge in northwest Arkansas, near Bentonville.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^[97] .Leonidas Polk's invasion of Columbus, Kentucky ended Kentucky's policy of neutrality and turned that state against the Confederacy.^ With the fall of Nashville, the Confederate position at Columbus, Ohio, becomes untenable and Major Leonidas Polk abandones his fortifications and falls back.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ On September 4 General Leonidas Polk and a large Confederate Army moved into Kentucky, occupied Columbus and began occupying high ground overlooking the Ohio River.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Ulysses S. Grant leaves Cairo, Illinois, by steamers, in conjunction with two gunboats, to make a demonstration against Columbus, Kentucky.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

Nashville and central Tennessee fell to the Union early in 1862, leading to attrition of local food supplies and livestock and a breakdown in social organization.

Most of the Mississippi was opened to Union traffic with the taking of Island No. .10 and New Madrid, Missouri, and then Memphis, Tennessee.^ M. Jeff Thompson (Missouri State Guard), bested the Union ironclads at Plum Run Bend, Tennessee, on May 10, 1862, they retired to Memphis.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The battle was fought in and around Island Number Ten in the Mississippi River, near New Madrid, Missouri which was simultaneously attacked.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ During the conference delegates arrived from Maine, Massachusetts, New York, Tennessee, Missouri, Illinois and Kansas.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.In May 1862, the Union Navy captured New Orleans^[98] without a major fight, which allowed Union forces to begin moving up the Mississippi.^ The Union occupation of New Orleans was an event that had major international significance.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ After the capture of Nashville by Union forces, Pres.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ May 1, 1862 - Capture of New Orleans.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Only the fortress city of Vicksburg, Mississippi, prevented Union control of the entire river.^ Union Flag-Officer David G. Farragut , with his squadron, continued up the Mississippi River and demanded the surrender of the City of New Orleans the next day.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Following the passage on April 24, 1862, of Fort Jackson and Fort St. Philip, near the mouth of the Mississippi River, the Union occupation of New Orleans was inevitable.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Vicksburg, the last Confederate stronghold on the Mississippi River, surrenders to Gen.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.General Braxton Bragg's second Confederate invasion of Kentucky ended with a meaningless victory over Maj.^ Braxton Bragg on Confederate left.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Prelude: Confederate General Robert E. Lee 's Army of Northern Virginia40,000 menhad entered Maryland following their recent victory at Second Bull Run.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Second, Bragg wanted to rid himself of Lieutenant General James Longstreet .

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

Gen. .Don Carlos Buell at the Battle of Perryville,^[99] although Bragg was forced to end his attempt at invading Kentucky and retreat due to lack of support for the Confederacy in that state.^ Don Carlos Buell, was equally passive and refused to attack Bragg.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Braxton Bragg to head the state army and supports the formation of the Confederacy.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Union General Don Carlos Buell , still advancing cautiously, reaches the now undefended city of Nashville on February 23.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Bragg was narrowly defeated by Maj.^ Bragg was narrowly defeated by Maj.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Bragg was narrowly defeated by Major General William Rosecrans at the Battle of Stones River in Tennessee.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

^ After Confederate General Braxton Bragg 's Army of Mississippi was defeated at the Battle of Perryville on October 8, 1862, he retreated to Harrisburg, Kentucky, where he was joined by Maj.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

Gen. .William Rosecrans at the Battle of Stones River^[100] in Tennessee.^ William S. Rosecrans , victor of the recent battles of Iuka and Corinth.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ December 31, 1862-January 1, 1863 - Battle of Stones River (Murfreesboro).

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The Battle of Memphis was a naval battle fought on the Mississippi River on June 6, 1862, resulting in the Union fleet capturing the city of Memphis, Tennessee.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.The one clear Confederate victory in the West was the Battle of Chickamauga.^ Phase one of the battle of Mansfield was a Confederate victory.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The Battle of Resaca was one of the largest engagements and is estimated to have cost the Federals some 4,000 causalities and the Confederates nearly 3,000 men.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

Bragg, reinforced by Lt. Gen. James Longstreet's corps (from Lee's army in the east), defeated Rosecrans, despite the heroic defensive stand of Maj. Gen. .George Henry Thomas.^ George Henry Thomas , and the Confederate Army of Tennessee, commanded by Gen.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Rosecrans retreated to Chattanooga, which Bragg then besieged.^ William Rosecrans retreated to Chattanooga, Tennessee.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ In early September, Rosecrans consolidated his forces scattered in Tennessee and Georgia and forced Braxton Bragg 's army out of Chattanooga, heading south.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Bragg was determined to reoccupy Chattanooga and decided to meet a part of Rosecrans's army, defeat them, and then move back into the city.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.The Union's key strategist and tactician in the West was Ulysses S. Grant, who won victories at Forts Henry and Donelson (by which the Union seized control of the Tennessee and Cumberland Rivers); the Battle of Shiloh;^[101] and the Battle of Vicksburg,^[102] which cemented Union control of the Mississippi River and is considered one of the turning points of the war.^ Ulysses S. Grant to advance his Union Army of West Tennessee on an invasion up the Tennessee River.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The outcome of the battle essentially cemented Union control of Missouri.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The capture of Paducah gave the Union control the mouth of the Tennessee River.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Grant marched to the relief of Rosecrans and defeated Bragg at the Third Battle of Chattanooga,^[103] driving Confederate forces out of Tennessee and opening a route to Atlanta and the heart of the Confederacy.^ Devising a plan known as the "Cracker Line", Grant's chief engineer, General William F. "Baldy" Smith , launched the Battle of Wauhatchie (October 28-29, 1863) to open the Tennessee River, allowing supplies and reinforcements to flow into Chattanooga, greatly increasing the chances for Grant's forces.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ In early September, Rosecrans consolidated his forces scattered in Tennessee and Georgia and forced Braxton Bragg 's army out of Chattanooga, heading south.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Grant lands on the Missouri shore, out of the range of Confederate artillery at Columbus, and starts marching to Belmont.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

Trans-Mississippi Theater 1861–1865

For more details on this topic, see Trans-Mississippi Theater of the American Civil War.

Guerrilla activity turned much of Missouri into a battleground. .Missouri had, in total, the third-most battles of any state during the war.^ The 10,000-man raid advanced into the most pro-Confederate portion of the state, the western Missouri River valley.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Ulysses S. Grant 's 1864 Overland Campaign during the American Civil War, today lives in infamy as one of history's most lopsided battles.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The Red River Campaign was a series of battles fought along the Red River in Louisiana during the American Civil War from March 10 to May 22, 1864.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^[104] .The other states of the west, though geographically isolated from the battles to the east, saw numerous small-scale military actions.^ In South Carolina and other states Black settlers were given possessory titles pending final action on the confiscated and abandoned lands of Confederate rebels.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The Confederate defense collapsed from west to east as Sheridan's other corps join in the assault.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Battles in the region served to secure Missouri, Indian Territory, and New Mexico Territory for the Union.^ November 19, 1861 - The Battle of Round Mountain (also known as Round Mountains) was fought November 19, 1861, in what is now Payne County, Oklahoma (then Indian Territory).

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The Battle of Glorieta Pass, fought on March 26-28, 1862, in northern New Mexico Territory, was the decisive battle of the New Mexico Campaign during the American Civil War.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The battle had little meaning, but the pro-Southern elements in Missouri, anxious for any good news, championed their first victory.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Confederate incursions into New Mexico territory were repulsed in 1862 and a Union campaign to secure Indian Territory succeeded in 1863. Late in the war, the Union's Red River Campaign was a failure.^ The Red River Campaign would be the last major Confederate victory in the war.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Glorieta Pass was the turning point of the war in the New Mexico Territory.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Union Flag-Officer David G. Farragut , with his squadron, continued up the Mississippi River and demanded the surrender of the City of New Orleans the next day.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Texas remained in Confederate hands throughout the war, but was cut off from the rest of the Confederacy after the capture of Vicksburg in 1863 gave the Union control of the Mississippi River.^ Texas remained in Confederate hands throughout the war, but was cut off after the capture of Vicksburg in 1863 gave the Union control of the Mississippi River.

American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Vicksburg, the last Confederate stronghold on the Mississippi River, surrenders to Gen.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Union control of the Mississippi meant the Confederacy would be split in two.

Civil War 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.harlingen.isd.tenet.edu [Source type: Original source]

Conquest of Virginia and End of War: 1864–1865

.At the beginning of 1864, Lincoln made Grant commander of all Union armies.^ At the beginning of 1864, Lincoln made Grant commander of all Union armies.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Grant made commander of all the Union forces in the West.

American Civil War Timeline | Carter House 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.carter-house.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Jefferson Davis , first and only President of the Confederate States of America At the beginning of 1864, Lincoln made Grant commander of all Union armies.

American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]

.Grant made his headquarters with the Army of the Potomac, and put Maj.^ Grant made his headquarters with the Army of the Potomac, and put Maj.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The only way that Lee could escape from the trap that Grant had set was to destroy the Army of the Potomac while he still had sufficient force to do so, and Grant was too skilled to allow that to happen.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Jefferson Davis , first and only President of the Confederate States of America At the beginning of 1864, Lincoln made Grant commander of all Union armies.

American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]

Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman in command of most of the western armies. .Grant understood the concept of total war and believed, along with Lincoln and Sherman, that only the utter defeat of Confederate forces and their economic base would bring an end to the war.^ The Federals captured nine forts and 41 heavy guns and occupied a base which they would hold to the end of the war, in spite of several Confederate attempts to recover the town.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ McClellan believed that to keep resistance to a minimum, it should be made clear that the Union forces would not interfere with slavery and would help put down any slave insurrections.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Union forces occupied Richmond on April 3, and Lincoln sailed up the James River to see the spoils of war.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^[105] .This was total war not in terms of killing civilians but rather in terms of destroying homes, farms, and railroads.^ Forrest had destroyed railroad track, blockhouses, and some homes and generally disrupted Union operations in the area, but he did not accomplish much else.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

Grant devised a coordinated strategy that would strike at the entire Confederacy from multiple directions. .Generals George Meade and Benjamin Butler were ordered to move against Lee near Richmond, General Franz Sigel (and later Philip Sheridan) were to attack the Shenandoah Valley, General Sherman was to capture Atlanta and march to the sea (the Atlantic Ocean), Generals George Crook and William W. Averell were to operate against railroad supply lines in West Virginia, and Maj.^ William T. Sherman 's supply line.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ This defensive line protected his supply line to Atlanta, the Western & Atlantic Railroad.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Joseph Wheeler 's cavalry march near Sherman's supply line, and had Maj.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

Gen. Nathaniel P. Banks was to capture Mobile, Alabama.

.Union forces in the East attempted to maneuver past Lee and fought several battles during that phase ("Grant's Overland Campaign") of the Eastern campaign.^ In the battle, Union forces led by Brig.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The Battle of North Anna was fought May 23-26, 1864, as part of Union General Ulysses S. Grant 's Overland Campaign against Confederate Gen.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ April 17-May 22, 1862 - Grierson's Raid was a Union cavalry raid during the Vicksburg Campaign of the American Civil War.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Grant's battles of attrition at the Wilderness, Spotsylvania, and Cold Harbor^[106] resulted in heavy Union losses, but forced Lee's Confederates to fall back repeatedly.^ Finally the Union was able to get enfilade fire into the Confederate line, forcing it to fall back.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ In the battle, Union forces led by Brig.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ On May 4, in Virginia, Ulysses S. Grant with an army of 120,000 begins advancing toward Richmond to engage Robert E. Lee 's Army of Northern Virginia, now numbering 64,000, beginning a war of attrition that will include major battles at the Wilderness (May 5-6), Spotsylvania (May 8-21), and Cold Harbor (June 1-3).

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.An attempt to outflank Lee from the south failed under Butler, who was trapped inside the Bermuda Hundred river bend.^ Stephen D. Lee on the southern bank of the Duck River at Columbia, facing a Union division under Brig.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Due to a tired and lackluster performance by Thomas J. (Stonewall) Jackson , Lee's army failed in its last attempt to cut off the Union army before it reached the James.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Lee's best chance to cut off the Union army from the James River had failed; that night, McClellan established a strong position on Malvern Hill.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Grant was tenacious and, despite astonishing losses (over 65,000 casualties in seven weeks),^[107] kept pressing Lee's Army of Northern Virginia back to Richmond.^ Lee then renames his force the Army of Northern Virginia.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Lee never did, because the Army of Northern Virginia was unable to do so.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Lee's army suffered over 5,000 casualties in this wasted effort.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.He pinned down the Confederate army in the Siege of Petersburg, where the two armies engaged in trench warfare for over nine months.^ The Battle of the Crater, part of the Siege of Petersburg, took place on July 30, 1864 between the Army of Northern Virginia commanded by Gen.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ This was a devastating blow for Lee's army, setting up the Confederate defeat at Five Forks on April 1 and the fall of Petersburg on April 2-3.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Grant finally found a commander, General Philip Sheridan, aggressive enough to prevail in the Valley Campaigns of 1864.^ He found a new commander aggressive enough to defeat Early: Philip H. Sheridan , the cavalry commander of the Army of the Potomac, who was given command of all forces in the area, calling them the Army of the Shenandoah.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ In August 1864 Union General Grant dispatched Sheridan to clear the Shenandoah once and for all, partly to rid the Federals of a continual menace and partly to deny the South the valley's rich agricultural produce.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The Battle of Monocacy (or Battle of Monocacy Junction) was fought on July 9, 1864, just outside Frederick, Maryland, as part of the Valley Campaigns of 1864.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Sheridan defeated Maj.^ Sheridan defeated Maj.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

Gen. .Jubal A. Early in a series of battles, including a final decisive defeat at the Battle of Cedar Creek.^ Immediately following was the Appomattox Campaign, including the Battle of Five Forks and the final surrender of Lee's army on April 9, 1865.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Exactly a month later, the Valley Campaigns came to a close after Early's defeat at the Battle of Cedar Creek.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ One blood-spattered diary from a Union soldier found after the battle included a final entry: "June 3, 1864.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Sheridan then proceeded to destroy the agricultural base of the Shenandoah Valley,^[108] a strategy similar to the tactics Sherman later employed in Georgia.^ Sheridan's army was engaged in destroying the economic base of the Valley, meant to deprive Robert E. Lee 's army of the supplies they required.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ They were never again able to threaten Washington, D.C., through the Shenandoah Valley, nor protect the economic base in the Valley.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Meanwhile, Sherman marched from Chattanooga to Atlanta, defeating Confederate Generals Joseph E. Johnston and John Bell Hood along the way.^ John Bell Hood drove north from Atlanta, threatening Maj.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Joseph Wheeler 's Confederate cavalry along the way, delaying their movements.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The Battle of Ezra Church, also known as the Battle of the Poor House, was fought on July 28, 1864, in Fulton County, Georgia, part of the Atlanta Campaign, which featured General William T. Sherman 's massive Union army against the Army of Tennessee, now commanded by General John Bell Hood , which was defending the Confederate stronghold of Atlanta, Georgia.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.The fall of Atlanta on September 2, 1864, was a significant factor in the reelection of Lincoln as president.^ September 2, 1864 - Capture of Atlanta.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ November 8, 1864 - Reelection of Abraham Lincoln.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ He held the post until 1864, when President Abraham Lincoln replaced him with General Ulysses S. Grant .

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^[109] .Hood left the Atlanta area to menace Sherman's supply lines and invade Tennessee in the Franklin-Nashville Campaign.^ William T. Sherman 's supply line.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Hood's campaign ended when Union forces under Thomas defeated him decisively at Nashville, Tennessee, on December 15-16, 1864.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Sherman did cut Hood's supply line, but failed to destroy Hardee's command.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^[110] Union Maj. Gen. .John Schofield defeated Hood at the Battle of Franklin, and George H. Thomas dealt Hood a massive defeat at the Battle of Nashville, effectively destroying Hood's army.^ The Army of Tennessee was all but destroyed at Franklin.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The Battle of Nashville marked the effective end of the Confederate Army of Tennessee.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Schofield was to drive back Cheatham, and Wilson's cavalry was to swing to the rear to block the Franklin Pike, Hood's only remaining route of withdrawal.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

A dead soldier in Petersburg, Virginia 1865, photographed by Thomas C. Roche.

.Leaving Atlanta, and his base of supplies, Sherman's army marched with an unknown destination, laying waste to about 20% of the farms in Georgia in his "March to the Sea". He reached the Atlantic Ocean at Savannah, Georgia in December 1864. Sherman's army was followed by thousands of freed slaves; there were no major battles along the March.^ December 5-7, 1864 - Third Battle of Murfreesboro.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ November 12, 1864 - Sherman's March to the Sea.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ December 10-21, 1864 - Sherman Captures Savannah.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Sherman turned north through South Carolina and North Carolina to approach the Confederate Virginia lines from the south,^[111] increasing the pressure on Lee's army.^ Joseph E. Johnston 's army, which was retiring up through North Carolina.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ After resting and refitting his army, Sherman began his march north through the Carolinas toward Virginia in February 1865.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Prelude: Confederate General Robert E. Lee 's Army of Northern Virginia40,000 menhad entered Maryland following their recent victory at Second Bull Run.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Lee's army, thinned by desertion and casualties, was now much smaller than Grant's.^ Lee's army, thinned by desertion and casualties, was now much smaller than Grant's.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

^ Lee's army, thinned by desertion, was now much smaller than Grant's.

American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Lee inflicted heavy casualties on Grant, but they were a smaller percentage than the casualties his army suffered.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Union forces won a decisive victory at the Battle of Five Forks on April 1, forcing Lee to evacuate Petersburg and Richmond.^ Lee decides to evacuate Petersburg.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ April 1, 1865 - Battle of Five Forks.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ In the battle, Union forces led by Brig.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.The Confederate capital fell^[112] to the Union XXV Corps, composed of black troops.^ Horatio G. Wright 's Union VI Corps on the left flank halted when faced with well entrenched Confederates on a hilltop supported by artillery.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ On the morning of the 16th, troops of the Union XX Corps under Alpheus S. Williams were driven back by a Confederate assault.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Grant was hoping that Lee would take the bait of an isolated Union corps and attack it, drawing the Confederates out into the open, where they could be attacked.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.The remaining Confederate units fled west and after a defeat at Sayler's Creek, it became clear to Robert E. Lee that continued fighting against the United States was both tactically and logistically impossible.^ These troops engaged the Confederates and fighting continued.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The papers were among a collection of important Confederate documents transferred to Washington after the surrender of Robert E. Lee 's Army of Northern Virginia.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Jubal Early's command was effectively ended and his surviving units returned to assist Robert E. Lee in Petersburg that December.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

Confederacy Surrenders

Main article: Conclusion of the American Civil War

Map of Confederate territory losses

.Lee surrendered his Army of Northern Virginia on April 9, 1865, at the McLean House in the village of Appomattox Court House.^ After agreeing terms, Lee surrendered his army.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ April 9, 1865 - Surrender at Appomattox.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Lee never did, because the Army of Northern Virginia was unable to do so.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^[113] .In an untraditional gesture and as a sign of Grant's respect and anticipation of peacefully folding the Confederacy back into the Union, Lee was permitted to keep his officer's saber and his horse, Traveller.^ Grant allows Rebel officers to keep their sidearms and permits soldiers to keep horses and mules.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Grant was hoping that Lee would take the bait of an isolated Union corps and attack it, drawing the Confederates out into the open, where they could be attacked.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Union soldiers began streaming back into town.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.On April 14, 1865, President Lincoln was shot.^ April 14, 1865 - Assassination of Lincoln.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ April 4, 1865 - Lincoln Visits Richmond.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ President Lincoln justified his action in a message to Congress in July 1861.The limited suspension of habeas corpus was rescinded on February 14, 1862.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Lincoln died early the next morning, and Andrew Johnson became President.^ Vice President Andrew Johnson assumes the presidency.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Abraham Lincoln died the next morning (April 15) at 7:22 a.m.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ At the reviewing stand in front of the White House were President Andrew Johnson , General-in-Chief Ulysses S. Grant , and top government officials.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Events leading to Lee's surrender began with the capture of key Confederate officers Richard S. Ewell and Richard H. Anderson on April 6, following Confederate defeat at the battle of Sayler's Creek.^ On April 6 almost one-fourth of Lee's army was trapped and captured at Sayler's Creek.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The Confederates had suffered a tactical defeat, taking 718 casualties while inflicting 590, yet events later showed them to have been the strategic victors.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ In March 1865 the Confederates were driven back at the Battle of Fort Stedman, leaving Lee with 50,000 troops as opposed to Grant's 120,000.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.On April 8, Union cavalry under Major General George Armstrong Custer destroyed three trains of Confederate supplies at Appomattox Station, leading to the surrender of General Lee the next day.^ April 9, 1865 - Surrender at Appomattox.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Union cavalry forces under Brig.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Confederate cavalry under Maj.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^[114] General St. John Richardson Liddell's army surrendered after the loss of the Confederate fortifications at the Battle of Spanish Fort in Alabama, also on April 9.

.Unaware of the surrender of Lee, on April 16 the last major battles of the war were fought at the Battle of Columbus, Georgia and the Battle of West Point.^ It was the last major clash of arms in the war.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Lincoln remained a few more days in hopes that Robert E. Lee's army would surrender, but on April 8 he headed back to Washington.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ It is worth noting that private John J. Williams of the 34th Indiana Volunteer Infantry was the last man killed at the Battle at Palmito Ranch, and probably the last of the war.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

Both towns surrendered to Wilson's Raiders.

.On April 21, John S. Mosby’s raiders of the 43rd Battalion Virginia Cavalry was disbanded, and on April 26, General Joseph E. Johnston surrendered his troops to Sherman at Bennett Place in Durham, North Carolina.^ On April 18, Johnston signed an armistice with Sherman at the Bennett House, and on April 26, formally surrendered his army.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ April 18, 1865 - Surrender of Johnston.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Joseph E. Johnston 's army, which was retiring up through North Carolina.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Surrendering on May 4 and 5 were the Confederate departments of Alabama, Mississippi and East Louisiana regiments and the District of the Gulf.^ Confederate General Richard Taylor , commanding all Confederate forces in Alabama, Mississippi, and eastern Louisiana, surrenders his forces to Union General Edward Canby at Citronelle, Alabama.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ On July 9, 1863, after hearing of the fall of Vicksburg, the Confederate garrison of Port Hudson surrendered, opening the Mississippi River to Union navigation from its source to New Orleans.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ South Carolina was followed out of the Union within two months by Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana and Texas.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.The Confederate President was captured on May 10 and the surrender of the Department of Florida and South Georgia happened the same day.^ May 10, 1865 - Capture of Jefferson Davis.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The Convention of representatives from South Carolina, Mississippi, Louisiana, Georgia, Florida and Alabama meet in Montgomery, Alabama, and become first session of provisional Confederate Congress.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The armies stared at one another across the bloody fields on July 4, the same day that the Vicksburg garrison surrendered to Gen.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Confederate Brigadier General "Jeff" Meriwether Thompson surrendered his brigade the next day and the day following saw the surrender of the Confederate forces of North Georgia.^ General William T. Sherman 's Union armies had partially encircled the city of Atlanta, Georgia, which was being held by Confederate forces under the command of General John Bell Hood .

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Next, the Confederates encountered U.S. Colonel George P. Webster's brigade of Jackson's division and pushed it back to the Russell house.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Confederate General Richard Taylor , commanding all Confederate forces in Alabama, Mississippi, and eastern Louisiana, surrenders his forces to Union General Edward Canby at Citronelle, Alabama.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.On June 23, 1865, at Fort Towson in the Choctaw Nations' area of the Oklahoma Territory, Stand Watie signed a cease-fire agreement with Union representatives, becoming the last Confederate general in the field to stand down.^ Stand Watie surrendered the last significant rebel army, becoming the last Confederate general in the field to surrender.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ June 23, 1865 - Surrender of Stand Watie.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The stand of the Fourth Alabama stalled the Union advance and gave the Confederate forces more time to regroup.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.The last Confederate ship to surrender was the CSS Shenandoah, whose officers did not know of the end of the war until August 2. Not wanting to surrender to Federal authorities, the ship's commander plotted a course for the country of his ship's birth, so that they surrendered on November 6, 1865, in Liverpool, England.^ August 2, 1865 - Surrender of the Shenandoah .

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Confederate General Richard Taylor , commanding all Confederate forces in Alabama, Mississippi, and eastern Louisiana, surrenders his forces to Union General Edward Canby at Citronelle, Alabama.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The surrender of Donelson destroys the entire Confederate line in the middle theatre of war.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^[115] .These surrenders marked the conclusion of the American Civil War.^ The American Civil War (1860-1865) The American Civil War (1860-1865) .

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ April 17-May 22, 1862 - Grierson's Raid was a Union cavalry raid during the Vicksburg Campaign of the American Civil War.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Ulysses S. Grant 's 1864 Overland Campaign during the American Civil War, today lives in infamy as one of history's most lopsided battles.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

Slavery during the war

Main article: Slavery in the United States

.At the beginning of the war, some Union commanders thought they were supposed to return escaped slaves to their masters.^ Benjamin F. Butler declared as contraband three slaves who escaped to his lines at Fort Monroe, Virginia, and refused to return them to their master.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ They must be "especially civil and polite to their masters, their masters' families and guests," and they in return would receive "gentle and kind treatment."

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ John C. Frémont , commander of the Union Army in St. Louis, proclaimed that all slaves owned by Confederates in Missouri were "forever free."

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.By 1862, when it became clear that this would be a long war, the question of what to do about slavery became more general.^ By 1862, when it became clear that this would be a long war, the question of what to do about slavery became more general.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

^ By 1862, when it became clear that this would be a long war, the question became more general.

American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Generally, the losers became prisoners of war.

The American Civil War 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC homepage.eircom.net [Source type: Original source]

.The Southern economy and military effort depended on slave labor.^ The Southern economy and military effort depended on slave labor; was it reasonable to protect slavery while blockading Southern commerce and destroying Southern production?

American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The Southern economy and military effort depended on slave labor.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

^ Both the Genoveses and Ashworth analyzed the Old South from a Marxist perspective, emphasizing the noncapitalist features of an economy based on slave rather than wage labor.

Gary J. Kornblith | Rethinking the Coming of the Civil War: A Counterfactual Exercise | The Journal of American History, 90.1 | The History Cooperative 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.historycooperative.org [Source type: Original source]

.It began to seem unreasonable to protect slavery while blockading Southern commerce and destroying Southern production.^ The Southern economy and military effort depended on slave labor; was it reasonable to protect slavery while blockading Southern commerce and destroying Southern production?

American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ It began to seem unreasonable to protect slavery while blockading Southern commerce and destroying Southern production.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

^ Their honor challenged, white Southerners believed they were defending their homes from the abolitionists, who threatened to destroy the heart of Southern society—the institution of slavery.

Questions and Answers About the American Civil War - Sidebar - MSN Encarta 19 September 2009 14:34 UTC encarta.msn.com [Source type: Original source]

As one Congressman put it, the slaves "...cannot be neutral. .As laborers, if not as soldiers, they will be allies of the rebels, or of the Union."^ As laborers, if not as soldiers, they will be allies of the rebels, or of the Union."

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ As laborers, if not as soldiers, they will be allies of the rebels, or of the Union.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Black Union soldiers were mostly used in garrison duty, but they fought in several battles, such as the Battle of the Crater (1864), and the Battle of Nashville (1865).

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

^[116] .The same Congressman—and his fellow Radical Republicans—put pressure on Lincoln to rapidly emancipate the slaves, whereas moderate Republicans came to accept gradual, compensated emancipation and colonization.^ The same Congressman—and his fellow Radical Republicans—put pressure on Lincoln to rapidly emancipate the slaves, whereas moderate Republicans came to accept gradual, compensated emancipation and colonization.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The same Congressman—and his fellow Radical Republicans—put pressure on Lincoln to rapidly emancipate the slaves, whereas Conservative Republicans came to accept gradual, compensated emancipation and colonization.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

^ On the sixth, Lincoln appoints Radical Republican and sometime Presidential candidate Salmon P. Chase as the fifth Chief Justice.

TOCWOC - A Civil War Blog 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.brettschulte.net [Source type: General]

^[117] .Copperheads, the border states and War Democrats opposed emancipation, although the border states and War Democrats eventually accepted it as part of total war needed to save the Union.^ Total number of slaves in the Border States: 432,586 (13% of total population).

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ What saved the Union from total destruction that morning was the foresight of Maj.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.In 1861, Lincoln expressed the fear that premature attempts at emancipation would mean the loss of the border states, and that "to lose Kentucky is nearly the same as to lose the whole game."^ In 1861 Lincoln expressed the fear that premature attempts at emancipation would mean the loss of the border states, and that "to lose Kentucky is nearly the same as to lose the whole game."

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

^ In 1861, Lincoln expressed the fear that premature attempts at emancipation would mean the loss of the border states, and that "to lose Kentucky is nearly the same as to lose the whole game.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

^ At first, Lincoln reversed attempts at emancipation by Secretary of War Simon Cameron and Generals John C. Fremont (in Missouri) and David Hunter (in South Carolina, Georgia and Florida) in order to keep the loyalty of the border states and the War Democrats.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

^[118] .At first, Lincoln reversed attempts at emancipation by Secretary of War Simon Cameron and Generals John C. Frémont (in Missouri) and David Hunter (in South Carolina, Georgia and Florida) to keep the loyalty of the border states and the War Democrats.^ The debate continued until April 15, 1861, when, following the April 12 firing on Fort Sumter, Gov. John W. Ellis received a telegram from Simon Cameron , Lincoln's secretary of war.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The very first Medals of Honor were given to these men by Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton .

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ As the war progressed and the number of captives increased, the demand for some general plan of exchange became insistent; and a cartel was arranged on July 22, 1862, by General John A. Dix for the United States and General D. H. Hill for the Confederacy.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Lincoln warned the border states that a more radical type of emancipation would happen if his gradual plan based on compensated emancipation and voluntary colonization was rejected.^ The District of Columbia Emancipation Act is the only example of compensated emancipation in the United States.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The state would also have to grant slaves their freedom, as required by Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation of January 1863.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Lincoln was furious when he heard the news as he feared that this action would force slave-owners in border states to help the Confederates.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^[119] .Only the District of Columbia accepted Lincoln's gradual plan, and Lincoln mentioned his Emancipation Proclamation to members of his cabinet on July 21, 1862. Secretary of State William H. Seward told Lincoln to wait for a victory before issuing the proclamation, as to do otherwise would seem like "our last shriek on the retreat".^[120] In September 1862 the Battle of Antietam provided this opportunity, and the subsequent War Governors' Conference added support for the proclamation.^ The District of Columbia Emancipation Act is the only example of compensated emancipation in the United States.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ July 2, 1862 - Lincoln Calls for Troops.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ July 22, 1862 - Lincoln Discloses Emancipation Proclamation to Cabinet.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^[121] .Lincoln had already published a letter^[122] encouraging the border states especially to accept emancipation as necessary to save the Union.^ The state would also have to grant slaves their freedom, as required by Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation of January 1863.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Lincoln was furious when he heard the news as he feared that this action would force slave-owners in border states to help the Confederates.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The Chairman of the Senate Finance Committee, William P. Fessenden , described Lincoln's actions as "a weak and unjustifiable concession in the Union men of the border states."

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

Lincoln later said that slavery was "somehow the cause of the war".^[123] Lincoln issued his preliminary Emancipation Proclamation on September 22, 1862, and his final Emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 1863. In his letter to Hodges, Lincoln explained his belief that "If slavery is not wrong, nothing is wrong ... And yet I have never understood that the Presidency conferred upon me an unrestricted right to act officially upon this judgment and feeling ... .I claim not to have controlled events, but confess plainly that events have controlled me."^ I claim not to have controlled events, but confess plainly that events have controlled me.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

^ I claim not to have controlled events, but confess plainly that events have controlled me."

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^[124]

.Since the Emancipation Proclamation was based on the President's war powers, it only included territory held by Confederates at the time.^ Since the Emancipation Proclamation was based on the President's war powers, it only included territory held by Confederates at the time.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

^ President Lincoln issues a Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction, offering pardons to any Confederate willing to take an oath of allegiance.

American Civil War Timeline | Carter House 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.carter-house.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Based on 1860 census figures, 8% of all white males aged 13 to 43 died in the war, including 6% in the North and an extraordinary 18% in the South.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

.However, the Proclamation became a symbol of the Union's growing commitment to add emancipation to the Union's definition of liberty.^ However, the Proclamation became a symbol of the Union's growing commitment to add emancipation to the Union's definition of liberty.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Heidler, 564-72, 1185-90 * The Emancipation Proclamation enabled African Americans, both free blacks and escaped slaves, to join the Union army.

American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The great majority of the 4 million slaves were freed by the Emancipation Proclamation, as Union armies moved South.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

^[125] Lincoln also played a leading role in getting Congress to vote for the Thirteenth Amendment,^[126] which made emancipation universal and permanent.

.Enslaved African Americans did not wait for Lincoln's action before escaping and seeking freedom behind Union lines.^ Grant did not accomplish much in this operation, but, at a time when little Union action occurred anywhere, many were heartened by any activity.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The attack on Fort Stedman turned out to be a four-hour action with no impact on the Union lines.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The Chairman of the Senate Finance Committee, William P. Fessenden , described Lincoln's actions as "a weak and unjustifiable concession in the Union men of the border states."

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.From early years of the war, hundreds of thousands of African Americans escaped to Union lines, especially in occupied areas like Nashville, Norfolk and the Hampton Roads region in 1862, Tennessee from 1862 on, the line of Sherman's march, etc.^ Fortunately for Sheridan, Early's men were too occupied to take notice; they were hungry and exhausted and fell out of their ranks to pillage the Union camps.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The Battle of Glorieta Pass, fought on March 26-28, 1862, in northern New Mexico Territory, was the decisive battle of the New Mexico Campaign during the American Civil War.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ April 17-May 22, 1862 - Grierson's Raid was a Union cavalry raid during the Vicksburg Campaign of the American Civil War.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.So many African Americans fled to Union lines that commanders created camps and schools for them, where both adults and children learned to read and write.^ Also, three separate Union commands were created in the Valleyone under Irvin McDowell , one under Banks, and one under newly arrived Maj.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ This caused a weak spot in the Union line at the Carter House as an inexperienced regiment, just arrived from Nashville, broke and fled with Wagner's troops.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Federal land forces, in the meantime, fell back to a more defensible line, and the Union commander, Brig.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.The American Missionary Association entered the war effort by sending teachers south to such contraband camps, for instance establishing schools in Norfolk and on nearby plantations.^ Further south at Crampton's Gap, General William B. Franklin 's Union VI Corps moved into the area from its camp in nearby Jefferson.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

In addition, nearly 200,000 African-American men served as soldiers and sailors with Union troops. Most of those were escaped slaves.

.Confederates enslaved captured black Union soldiers, and black soldiers especially were shot when trying to surrender at the Fort Pillow Massacre.^ The relatively small battle that followed Morgan's surprise attack was an embarrassing Union defeat, resulting in many captured Union supplies and soldiers.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The heroics at Fort Griffin44 men stopping a Union expeditioninspired other Confederate soldiers.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ After the incident, black soldiers going into battle used the cry "Remember Fort Pillow!"

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^[127] .This led to a breakdown of the prisoner exchange program^[128] and the growth of prison camps such as Andersonville prison in Georgia,^[129] where almost 13,000 Union prisoners of war died of starvation and disease.^ Most were Union survivors of the Andersonville Prison.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The first Northern prisoners arrive at the Confederate prison at Andersonville, Georgia, the largest Confederate military prison during the American Civil War.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Lincoln even visited Libby Prison, where thousands of Union officers were held during the war.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^[130]

.In spite of the South's shortage of soldiers, most Southern leaders — until 1865 — opposed enlisting slaves.^ The south viewed this as an act of war, and most southerners, even those who opposed secession, felt they were now forced to choose sides.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.They used them as laborers to support the war effort.^ It allowed the use by the Union army of runaway slaves as a labor force to support their war effort, and to undermine the war effort of their enemy.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

As Howell Cobb said, "If slaves will make good soldiers our whole theory of slavery is wrong." Confederate generals Patrick Cleburne and Robert E. Lee argued in favor of arming blacks late in the war, and Jefferson Davis was eventually persuaded to support plans for arming slaves to avoid military defeat. The Confederacy surrendered at Appomattox before this plan could be implemented.^[131]

.The Emancipation Proclamation^[132] greatly reduced the Confederacy's hope of getting aid from Britain or France.^ The winning of the Battle of Antietam also may have dissuaded the governments of France and Britain from recognizing the Confederacy; some suspected they were planning to do so in the aftermath of another Union defeat.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ September, also dashed Southern diplomatic hopes for recognition of the Confederacy as a separate nation by Great Britain.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Lincoln's moderate approach succeeded in getting border states, War Democrats and emancipated slaves fighting on the same side for the Union.^ To his nephew discussing Lincoln, state of the union, and position of border states.

WHMC-Columbia--American Civil War--COLLECTION DESCRIPTIONS 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC whmc.umsystem.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ Border state slaves .

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Lincoln's moderate approach succeeded in getting border states, War Democrats and emancipated slaves fighting on the same side for the Union.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

.The Union-controlled border states (Kentucky, Missouri, Maryland, Delaware and West Virginia) were not covered by the Emancipation Proclamation.^ The Union-controlled border states (Kentucky, Missouri, Maryland, Delaware and West Virginia) were not covered by the Emancipation Proclamation.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

^ The Border states in the Union were West Virginia (which was separated from Virginia and became a new state), and four of the five northernmost slave states ( Maryland , Delaware , Missouri , and Kentucky ).

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The Border states in the Union comprised West Virginia (which broke away from Virginia and became a separate state), and four of the five northernmost slave states ( Maryland , Delaware , Missouri , and Kentucky ).

American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

.All abolished slavery on their own, except Kentucky and Delaware.^ All abolished slavery on their own, except Kentucky.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ All abolished slavery on their own, except Kentucky and Delaware.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Before 1860, all presidents (except John Quincy Adams) were either Southern or pro-South on slavery questions.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

^[133] .The great majority of the 4 million slaves were freed by the Emancipation Proclamation, as Union armies moved South.^ The Union army had gained its first decisive victory during the siege of Petersburg and achieved a major objective.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Meanwhile, in a controversial move, Lee allowed J.E.B. Stuart to take a portion of the army's cavalry and ride around the Union army.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The state would also have to grant slaves their freedom, as required by Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation of January 1863.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

The 13th amendment,^[134] ratified December 6, 1865, finally made slavery illegal everywhere in the United States, thus freeing the remaining slaves--65,000 in Kentucky (as of 1865),^[135] 1,800 in Delaware, and 18 in New Jersey as of 1860.^[136]

Historian Stephen Oates said that many myths surround Lincoln: "man of the people", "true Christian", "arch villain" and racist. .The belief that Lincoln was racist was caused by an incomplete picture of Lincoln, such as focusing on only selective quoting of statements Lincoln made to gain the support of the border states and Northern Democrats, and ignoring the many things he said against slavery, and the military and political context within which such statements were made.^ Lincoln's call for 300,000 more young men to fight a seemingly endless war frightened even those who supported the Union cause.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ A full week before Alabama secedes from the Union, Gov. A. B. Moore orders the seizure of federal military installations within the state.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The Act authorized in rem procedures against the property of Southern rebels and their sympathizers, redirecting proceeds to law enforcement to wage the war on crime, the Act stated that the properties seized were to be used for supporting the Union cause in waging its war.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Oates said that Lincoln's letter to Horace Greeley has been "persistently misunderstood and misrepresented" for such reasons.^ The Old Jacksonian Francis Preston Blair , as quixotic in his own way as Horace Greeley , set up a meeting between Abraham Lincoln and Confederate commissioners.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^[137]

Blocking international intervention

Main articles: Britain in the American Civil War and France in the American Civil War

.The Confederacy's best hope was military intervention into the war by Britain and France against the Union.^ Grant was hoping that Lee would take the bait of an isolated Union corps and attack it, drawing the Confederates out into the open, where they could be attacked.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The political leadership of the Confederacy was unhappy with Johnston's lack of aggressiveness against the larger Union army and so they replaced him with Hood.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ To sell or enslave any captured person, on account of his color, and for no offence against the laws of war, is a relapse into barbarism and a crime against the civilization of the age.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^[138] The Union, under Lincoln and Secretary of State William H. Seward worked to block this, and threatened war if any country officially recognized the existence of the Confederate States of America (none ever did). .In 1861, Southerners voluntarily embargoed cotton shipments, hoping to start an economic depression in Europe that would force Britain to enter the war in order to get cotton.^ In 1861, Southerners voluntarily embargoed cotton shipments, hoping to start an economic depression in Europe that would force Britain to enter the war in order to get cotton.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

^ In 1861 southerners voluntarily embargoed cotton shipments, hoping to start an economic depression in Europe that would force Britain to enter the war in order to get cotton.

American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ When Confederate forces entered the state in September, 1861, neutrality ended and the state reaffirmed its loyal status, while trying to maintain slavery.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

.Cotton diplomacy proved a failure as Europe had a surplus of cotton, while the 1860–62 crop failures in Europe made the North's grain exports of critical importance.^ Most of the southern economy depended on the export of crops like cotton and tobacco, which were hurt on the world scene by policies that adversely impacted international trade.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.It was said that "King Corn was more powerful than King Cotton", as US grain went from a quarter of the British import trade to almost half.^ It was said that "King Corn was more powerful than King Cotton", as US grain went from a quarter of the British import trade to almost half.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

^ It was said that "King Corn was more powerful than King Cotton", as US grain went from a quarter of the British import trade, to almost half.

American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ British investors built small, fast " blockade runners " that traded arms and luxuries from Bermuda , Cuba and the Bahamas in return for high-priced cotton and tobacco.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

^[139]

When Britain did face a cotton shortage, it was temporary, being replaced by increased cultivation in Egypt and India. .Meanwhile, the war created employment for arms makers, iron workers, and British ships to transport weapons.^ The war created employment for arms makers, iron workers, and shipbuilders.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

^ The war created employment for arms makers, iron workers, and British ships to transport weapons.

American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ And the war created employment for arms makers, iron workers, and British ships to transport weapons.

American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]

^[140]

Charles Francis Adams proved particularly adept as minister to Britain for the U.S. and Britain was reluctant to boldly challenge the blockade. .The Confederacy purchased several warships from commercial ship builders in Britain.^ The Confederacy purchased several warships from commercial ship builders in Britain.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The Confederacy purchased several warships from commercial ship builders in Britain; the most famous, the CSS Alabama , did considerable damage and led to serious postwar disputes.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

^ The Confederacy purchased several warships from commercial ship builders in Britain; the most famous, the Alabama , did considerable damage and led to serious postwar disputes .

American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

The most famous, the CSS Alabama, did considerable damage and led to serious postwar disputes. .However, public opinion against slavery created a political liability for European politicians, especially in Britain.^ However, public opinion against slavery created a political liability for European politicians, especially in Britain.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The Black Codes outraged public opinion in the North because it seemed the South was creating a form of quasi-slavery to evade the results of the war.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The Emancipation Proclamation made direct support of the Confederacy and slavery politically impossible in Britain.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

.War loomed in late 1861 between the U.S. and Britain over the Trent Affair, involving the U.S. Navy's boarding of a British mail steamer to seize two Confederate diplomats.^ The fort guarded the entrance to Chesapeake Bay and the James River, overlooking Hampton Roads and the Gosport Navy Yard, which the Confederates had seized.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ On November 8, 1861, Captain James of the U.S.S San Jacinto , halted the Trent 300 miles east of Havana with two shots across the bow.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The British Government composed an ultimatum that demanded an apology and the return of the Confederate diplomats.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.However, London and Washington were able to smooth over the problem after Lincoln released the two.^ However, London and Washington were able to smooth over the crisis after Lincoln released the two.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

^ However, London and Washington were able to smooth over the problem after Lincoln released the two.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

^ However, London and Washington were able to smooth over the problem after Lincoln released the two diplomats.

American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

.In 1862, the British considered mediation—though even such an offer would have risked war with the U.S. Lord Palmerston reportedly read Uncle Tom’s Cabin three times when deciding on this.^ By the time Pemberton joined his 22,000-man army at Edward's Station, Miss., he had decided it would be "extremely hazardous" to implement his superior's instructions.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ After heated meetings with his cabinet, Lincoln decided upon a policy of "One war at a time".

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^[141] .The Union victory in the Battle of Antietam caused them to delay this decision.^ The Union army had gained its first decisive victory during the siege of Petersburg and achieved a major objective.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Nothing was really gained on either side; like the war's first big battle (First Bull Run to the Union, First Manassas to the Confederates), it is recorded as a Confederate victory.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The winning of the Battle of Antietam also may have dissuaded the governments of France and Britain from recognizing the Confederacy; some suspected they were planning to do so in the aftermath of another Union defeat.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

The Emancipation Proclamation further reinforced the political liability of supporting the Confederacy. .Despite sympathy for the Confederacy, France's own seizure of Mexico ultimately deterred them from war with the Union.^ The winning of the Battle of Antietam also may have dissuaded the governments of France and Britain from recognizing the Confederacy; some suspected they were planning to do so in the aftermath of another Union defeat.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The Union took hundreds of prisoners, 43 guns (18 of which were their own guns from the morning), and supplies that the Confederacy could not replace.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Confederate offers late in the war to end slavery in return for diplomatic recognition were not seriously considered by London or Paris.^ Confederate offers late in the war to end slavery in return for diplomatic recognition were not seriously considered by London or Paris.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

^ Confederate offers late in the war to end slavery in return for recognition were not seriously considered by London or Paris.

American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ War loomed in late 1861 between the U.S. and Britain over the Trent Affair , when the U.S., Navy violated international law by boarding a British mail steamer to seize two Confederate diplomats, James Mason and John Slidell.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

Victory and aftermath

Comparison of Union and CSA^[142]
	Union	CSA
Total population	22,100,000 (71%)	9,100,000 (29%)
Free population	21,700,000	5,600,000
1860 Border state slaves	400,000	NA
1860 Southern slaves	NA	3,500,000
Soldiers	2,100,000 (67%)	1,064,000 (33%)
Railroad miles	21,788 (71%)	8,838 (29%)
Manufactured items	90%	10%
Firearm production	97%	3%
Bales of cotton in 1860	Negligible	4,500,000
Bales of cotton in 1864	Negligible	300,000
Pre-war U.S. exports	30%	70%

US Postage Stamps, 1938 issue, honoring Abraham Lincoln, Andrew Johnson and Ulysses S. Grant

Andersonville National Cemetery is the final resting place for the Union prisoners who perished while being held at Camp Sumter.

.Historians have debated whether the Confederacy could have won the war.^ Some historians note that this could be considered the first shots fired by United States forces in the Civil War.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

Most scholars emphasize that the Union held an insurmountable long-term advantage over the Confederacy in terms of industrial strength and population. .Confederate actions, they argue, only delayed defeat.^ Although the Battle of Atlanta was a severe defeat for Hood's Confederate Army, they still held the city.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Convinced that Lee would have to retreat, Hooker trusted that his troops could defeat the Confederates as they tried to escape his trap.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ When the Union forces finally went into action on December 15, they had 49,000 men, compared to the Confederates' 31,000.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

Southern historian Shelby Foote expressed this view succinctly: "I think that the North fought that war with one hand behind its back...If there had been more Southern victories, and a lot more, the North simply would have brought that other hand out from behind its back. .I don't think the South ever had a chance to win that War."^ I don't think the South ever had a chance to win that War.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

^ I don't think the South ever had a chance to win that War."

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Robert E. Lee, before The American Civil War "You people of the South don't know what you are doing.

The American Civil War 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC homepage.eircom.net [Source type: Original source]

^[143] .The Confederacy sought to win independence by out-lasting Lincoln; however, after Atlanta fell and Lincoln defeated McClellan in the election of 1864, all hope for a political victory for the South ended.^ Abraham Lincoln wins reelection, defeating Democrat George B. McClellan .

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Although Lincoln had intended to do so earlier, he was advised by his Cabinet to make this announcement after a Union victory to avoid the perception that it was issued out of desperation.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ However, Longstreet did not have enough men to complete his victory, and the fighting soon petered out near the Brock Road.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.At that point, Lincoln had succeeded in getting the support of the border states, War Democrats, emancipated slaves and Britain and France.^ Border state slaves .

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Lincoln's moderate approach succeeded in getting border states, War Democrats and emancipated slaves fighting on the same side for the Union.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ At that point, Lincoln had succeeded in getting the support of the border states and War Democrats, and kept Britain and France neutral.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

.By defeating the Democrats and McClellan, he also defeated the Copperheads and their peace platform.^ General George McClellan was running against President Lincoln on a peace platform.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Abraham Lincoln wins reelection, defeating Democrat George B. McClellan .

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^[144] .Lincoln had found military leaders like Grant and Sherman who would press the Union's numerical advantage in battle over the Confederate Armies.^ Johnston formed his army on a ridge and hoped that Sherman would attack him there on May 20.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The final phase ended triumphantly for the Confederate forces of General Lee, who forced the withdrawal of the Federal Army of the Potomac after the Seven Days' Battles (June 25-July 1).

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ On April 3, realizing that Buell would soon reinforce Grant, Johnston launched an offensive with his newly christened Army of the Mississippi.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Generals who did not shy from bloodshed won the war, and from the end of 1864 onward there was no hope for the South.^ Generals who did not shy from bloodshed won the war, and from the end of 1864 onward there was no hope for the South.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

^ If the South had been allowed to leave peacefully there would have been no war.

Election Central | Talking Points Memo | Ron Paul: American Civil War Was Unnecessary 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC tpmelectioncentral.talkingpointsmemo.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Generals who didn't shy from bloodshed won the war, and from the end of 1864 onward there was no hope for the South.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

On the other hand, James McPherson has argued that the North’s advantage in population and resources made Northern victory likely, but not inevitable. .Confederates did not need to invade and hold enemy territory to win, but only needed to fight a defensive war to convince the North that the cost of winning was too high.^ The war had never been very popular in the North, and a part of McClellan's campaign was the promise of a truce with the Confederates.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Only strong counterattacks and desperate fighting south of the Goldsborough Road blunted the Confederate offensive.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Thwarted in the attempt to take the capital, the Confederates turned back to Virginia, ending their last campaign to carry the war into the North.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.The North needed to conquer and hold vast stretches of enemy territory and defeat Confederate armies to win.^ This was a devastating blow for Lee's army, setting up the Confederate defeat at Five Forks on April 1 and the fall of Petersburg on April 2-3.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Beauregard could not hope to hold Corinth given the condition of his army and the size of the enemy.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Although the Battle of Atlanta was a severe defeat for Hood's Confederate Army, they still held the city.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^[145]

.Also important were Lincoln's eloquence in rationalizing the national purpose and his skill in keeping the border states committed to the Union cause.^ To his nephew discussing Lincoln, state of the union, and position of border states.

WHMC-Columbia--American Civil War--COLLECTION DESCRIPTIONS 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC whmc.umsystem.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ Also important were Lincoln's eloquence in rationalizing the national purpose and his skill in keeping the border states committed to the Union cause.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

.Although Lincoln's approach to emancipation was slow, the Emancipation Proclamation was an effective use of the President's war powers.^ President Lincoln realizes the war will be long.

The American Civil War 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.rockingham.k12.va.us [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Although Lincoln's approach to emancipation was slow, the Emancipation Proclamation was an effective use of the President's war powers.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

^ Although a tactical draw, the Battle of Antietam is considered a strategic Union victory and a turning point of the war because it forced the end of Lee's invasion of the North and it allowed President Lincoln to issue the Emancipation Proclamation, taking effect on January 1, 1863.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^[146]

.The Confederate government failed in its attempt to get Europe involved in the war militarily, particularly England and France.^ March 2, 1864 - The Dahlgren Affair was an incident involving a failed Union raid on the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia on March 2, 1864.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Thwarted in the attempt to take the capital, the Confederates turned back to Virginia, ending their last campaign to carry the war into the North.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Southern leaders needed to get European powers to help break up the blockade the Union had created around the Southern ports and cities.^ Union Flag-Officer David G. Farragut , with his squadron, continued up the Mississippi River and demanded the surrender of the City of New Orleans the next day.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ John Bell Hood arrived south of the city on December 2 and took up positions facing the Union forces within the city.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Oliver O. Howard , north and west around the rest of the Union lines to the far western side of Atlanta where the railroad entered the city.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

Lincoln's naval blockade was 95% effective at stopping trade goods, as a result, imports and exports to the South declined significantly. .The abundance of European cotton and England's hostility to the institution of slavery, along with Lincoln's Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico naval blockades, severely decreased any chance that either England or France would enter the war.^ A council of war determined that Pemberton would march southeast and attack Union supply trains and reinforcements en route from Grand Gulf to Raymond, Miss.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Abraham Lincoln addresses gathering at the Cooper Institute in New York, attacking slavery and insisting that the Federal government has "the power of restraining the extension of the institution."

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ At his inaugural address, Abraham Lincoln attempted to avoid conflict by announcing that he had no intention "to interfere with the institution of slavery in the states where it exists.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.The more industrialized economy of the North aided in the production of arms, munitions and supplies, as well as finances, and transportation.^ The more industrialized economy of the North aided in the production of arms, munitions and supplies, as well as finances, and transportation.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The long-term advantages widely credited by historians to have contributed to the Union's success include: US economic advantages over CSA The more industrialized economy of the North aided in the production of arms, munitions and supplies, as well as finances, and transportation.

American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]

^ By 1864, long-term Union advantages in geography, manpower, industry, finance, political organization and transportation were overwhelming the Confederacy.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

.The table shows the relative advantage of the Union over the Confederate States of America (CSA) at the start of the war.^ The table shows the relative advantage of the Union over the Confederate States of America (CSA) at the start of the war.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The graph shows the relative advantage of the USA over the CSA at the start of the war.

American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Eleven Southern slave states declared their secession from the U.S. and formed the Confederate States of America (the Confederacy).

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

.The advantages widened rapidly during the war, as the Northern economy grew, and Confederate territory shrank and its economy weakened.^ These advantages widened rapidly during the war, as the Northern economy grew, and Confederate territory shrank and its economy weakened.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

^ The advantages widened rapidly during the war, as the Northern economy grew, and Confederate territory shrank and its economy weakened.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Currently unavailable Firearms from Europe: Being a history and description of firearms imported during the American Civil War by the United States of America and the Confederate States of America by James B Whisker ( 1 ) .

Lists & Guides tagged with american civil war 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.amazon.com [Source type: General]

.The Union population was 22 million and the South 9 million in 1861. The Southern population included more than 3.5 million slaves and about 5.5 million whites, thus leaving the South's white population outnumbered by a ratio of more than four to one.^ New York Legislature passes anti-Southern resolution entitled Concurrent resolutions tendering aid to the President of the United States in support of the Constitution and the Union which starts "Whereas, treason, as defined by the Constitution of the United States, exists in one of more of the States of this confederacy; and whereas, the insurgent State of South Carolina, .

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The Union will soon have 21 states and a population of over 20 million.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ By the next morning (April 7), the combined Federal forces numbered about 40,000, outnumbering Beauregard's army of less than 30,000.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^[147] .The disparity grew as the Union controlled an increasing amount of southern territory with garrisons, and cut off the trans-Mississippi part of the Confederacy.^ Union ironclads commenced shelling the fort and Porter's fleet passed it to cut off any retreat.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ At the corner of the L, Johnson Hagood's division managed to break through the Union lines, but then nearly became cut off before fighting its way back out.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Due to a tired and lackluster performance by Thomas J. (Stonewall) Jackson , Lee's army failed in its last attempt to cut off the Union army before it reached the James.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

The Union at the start controlled over 80% of the shipyards, steamships, riverboats, and the Navy. .It augmented these by a massive shipbuilding program.^ It augmented these by a massive shipbuilding program.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

.This enabled the Union to control the river systems and to blockade the entire southern coastline.^ This enabled the Union to control the river systems and to blockade the entire southern coastline.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The Union won a series of naval battles in the rivers and harbors, taking control of the excellent waterway system to move its forces at will, while Confederates had to march overland.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

^ They tended to overlook, for example, the stranglehold the Federal navy kept on the Confederate coastline or its increasing control of the river system beyond the Appalachians.

The American Civil War 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC homepage.eircom.net [Source type: Original source]

^[148] .Excellent railroad links between Union cities allowed for the quick and cheap movement of troops and supplies.^ Excellent railroad links between Union cities allowed for the quick and cheap movement of troops and supplies.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

^ McPherson 313-16, 392-3 Excellent railroad links between Union cities allowed for the quick and cheap movement of troops and supplies.

American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]

^ This was the first of three encounters between Opothleyahola's Union bands and Confederate troops.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Transportation was much slower and more difficult in the South which was unable to augment its much smaller rail system, repair damage, or even perform routine maintenance.^ Transportation was much slower and more difficult in the South which was unable to augment its much smaller system or repair damage, or even perform routine maintenance.

American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Transportation was much slower and more difficult in the South which was unable to augment its much smaller rail system, repair damage, or even perform routine maintenance.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Many old tools had broken through heavy use and could not be replaced; even repairs were difficult.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

^[149] .The failure of Davis to maintain positive and productive relationships with state governors (especially governor Joseph E. Brown of Georgia and governor Zebulon Baird Vance of North Carolina) damaged his ability to draw on regional resources.^ Joseph Wheeler and his cavalry raided into North Georgia to destroy railroad tracks and supplies.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ He turned north in the direction of Resaca, Georgia, and joined with Joseph Wheeler 's cavalry, which had been previously raiding in Tennessee.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The bill, sponsored by senators Benjamin F. Wade and Henry W. Davis , provided for the appointment of provisional military governors in the seceded states.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^[150] .The Confederacy's "King Cotton" misperception of the world economy led to bad diplomacy, such as the refusal to ship cotton before the blockade started.^ Most of the southern economy depended on the export of crops like cotton and tobacco, which were hurt on the world scene by policies that adversely impacted international trade.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^[151] .The Emancipation Proclamation enabled African-Americans, both free blacks and escaped slaves, to join the Union Army.^ Heidler, 564-72, 1185-90 * The Emancipation Proclamation enabled African Americans, both free blacks and escaped slaves, to join the Union army.

American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The Emancipation Proclamation enabled African-Americans, both free blacks and escaped slaves, to join the Union Army.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

^ 'Contrabands' were Negro slaves who had escaped or been brought across Union (northern) lines.

American Civil War - Lulu.com 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.lulu.com [Source type: General]

.About 190,000 volunteered,^[152] further enhancing the numerical advantage the Union armies enjoyed over the Confederates, who did not dare emulate the equivalent manpower source for fear of fundamentally undermining the legitimacy of slavery.^ At New Market on the 15th, Sigel was attacked by a makeshift Confederate army of about 4,100 men commanded by Maj.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ By the next morning (April 7), the combined Federal forces numbered about 40,000, outnumbering Beauregard's army of less than 30,000.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ On July 27 the two armies met outside of town at Battle of Mesilla in which the Confederates forced the Union troops to surrender.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Emancipated slaves mostly handled garrison duties, and fought numerous battles in 1864–65.^[153] European immigrants joined the Union Army in large numbers, including 177,000 born in Germany and 144,000 born in Ireland.^ The battle was fought May 5-7, 1864.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The Battle: The battle began on May 31, 1864, when Union cavalry under Maj.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ By the next morning (April 7), the combined Federal forces numbered about 40,000, outnumbering Beauregard's army of less than 30,000.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^[154]

Reconstruction

Main article: Reconstruction era of the United States

.Northern leaders agreed that victory would require more than the end of fighting.^ Northern leaders agreed that victory would require more than the end of fighting.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ If only half of them actually hit an attacker, that would still be more than enough to stop an attack by at least 100% more attackers than defenders.

The American Civil War 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC homepage.eircom.net [Source type: Original source]

^ If there had been more Southern victories, and a lot more, the North simply would have brought that other hand out from behind its back.

American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

.It had to encompass the two war goals: secession had to be repudiated and all forms of slavery had to be eliminated.^ The Black Codes outraged public opinion in the North because it seemed the South was creating a form of quasi-slavery to evade the results of the war.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Each state's constitution was to be required to abolish slavery, repudiate secession, and disqualify Confederate officials from voting or holding office.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ At the beginning of the war, it was critical because the administration did not have the eradication of slavery as one of its goals.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.They disagreed sharply on the criteria for these goals.^ They disagreed sharply on the criteria for these goals.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ If you disagree with these religious groups on a particular moral issue, they complain, they threaten you with a loss of money or votes or both.

A rant about stupidity... and the coming civil war... - David Brin - Open Salon 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC open.salon.com [Source type: Original source]

.They also disagreed on the degree of federal control that should be imposed on the South, and the process by which Southern states should be reintegrated into the Union.^ They also disagreed on the degree of federal control that should be imposed on the South, and the process by which Southern states should be reintegrated into the Union.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ They also disagreed on how much federal control should be imposed on the South, and the process by which Southern states should be reintegrated into the Union.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

^ Southerners argued that States Rights meant the federal government was strictly limited and could not abridge the rights of states, and so had no power to prevent slaves from being carried into new territories.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

.Reconstruction, which began early in the war and ended in 1877, involved a complex and rapidly changing series of federal and state policies.^ Reconstruction, which began early in the war and ended in 1877, involved a complex and rapidly changing series of federal and state policies.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The " resumption " by the seceding states of the coast defenses (built on land ceded by the various states to the Federal government, and, it was argued, withdrawn therefore by the act of secession) brought on the war.

Civil War Overview 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.sonofthesouth.net [Source type: Original source]

^ After a successful start on the Peninsula that foretold an early end to the war, Northern morale was crushed by McClellan's retreat.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.The long-term result came in the three Reconstruction Amendments to the Constitution: the Thirteenth Amendment, which abolished slavery; the Fourteenth Amendment, which extended federal legal protections equally to citizens regardless of race; and the Fifteenth Amendment, which abolished racial restrictions on voting.^ December 6, 1865 - The Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, passed by the Senate on April 8, 1864, by the House on January 31, 1865, and ratified on December 6, 1865, abolished slavery as a legal institution.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ He said slavery was on the way out, and he proposed a constitutional amendment protecting property rights in slaves.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Each state's constitution was to be required to abolish slavery, repudiate secession, and disqualify Confederate officials from voting or holding office.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Reconstruction ended in the different states at different times, the last three by the Compromise of 1877.^ The Congress of the Confederate States of America adjourns for the last time.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

For further details on how the protections of the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments were subverted, see:

Reconstruction era of the United States^[155]
Disfranchisement after Reconstruction era (United States)
African-American Civil Rights Movement (1896–1954)
Jim Crow laws
United States v. Cruikshank (1875), which was a response to the Colfax Massacre
Posse Comitatus Act (1878)
Civil Rights Cases (1883)
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
Williams v. Mississippi (1898)
Giles v. Harris (1903)
Redemption (United States history)

Results

Monument in honor of the Grand Army of the Republic, organized after the war.

.Slavery effectively ended in the U.S. in the spring of 1865 when the Confederate armies surrendered.^ The Battle of Nashville marked the effective end of the Confederate Army of Tennessee.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The papers were among a collection of important Confederate documents transferred to Washington after the surrender of Robert E. Lee 's Army of Northern Virginia.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Immediately following was the Appomattox Campaign, including the Battle of Five Forks and the final surrender of Lee's army on April 9, 1865.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.All slaves in the Confederacy were freed by the Emancipation Proclamation, which stipulated that slaves in Confederate-held areas were free.^ Hunter also issued a statement that all slaves owned by Confederates in the area were free.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The state would also have to grant slaves their freedom, as required by Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation of January 1863.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ All of the slaves in the Confederacy, or only those who had come under Union military control after the Proclamation was issued?

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

Slaves in the border states and Union-controlled parts of the South were freed by state action or (on December 6, 1865) by the Thirteenth Amendment. The full restoration of the Union was the work of a highly contentious postwar era known as Reconstruction. .The war produced about 1,030,000 casualties (3% of the population), including about 620,000 soldier deaths—two-thirds by disease.^ Nathaniel P. Banks , numbering about 9,000 men, was concentrated in the vicinity of Strasburg, Virginia, with two companies of infantry at Buckton Depot.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The morning phase ground to a halt with casualties over 12,000, including two Union corps commanders.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Lee's army suffered heavy casualties during the battle of Fort Stedmanabout 2,900, including 1,000 captured in the Union counterattack.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^[156] The war accounted for roughly as many American deaths as all American deaths in other U.S. wars combined.^[157] .The causes of the war, the reasons for its outcome, and even the name of the war itself are subjects of lingering contention today.^ Lincoln's call for 300,000 more young men to fight a seemingly endless war frightened even those who supported the Union cause.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.About 4 million black slaves were freed in 1861–65. Based on 1860 census figures, 8% of all white males aged 13 to 43 died in the war, including 6% in the North and an extraordinary 18% in the South.^ The victory was important to the North, for it now had a base on the flank of the South.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ December 18-20, 1860 - South Carolina Secedes from the Union , On December 18, South Carolina Secession Convention reconvenes in Institute Hall in Charleston.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The assault force was Gordon's Second Corps of 7,500 men, backed by Robert Ransom's North Carolina brigade and William Wallace's South Carolina brigade, in all about 10,000 men, with 5,000 in reserve.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^[158]^[159] .About 56,000 soldiers died in prisons during the Civil War.^ The Battle of Glorieta Pass, fought on March 26-28, 1862, in northern New Mexico Territory, was the decisive battle of the New Mexico Campaign during the American Civil War.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Lee's army suffered heavy casualties during the battle of Fort Stedmanabout 2,900, including 1,000 captured in the Union counterattack.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ April 17-May 22, 1862 - Grierson's Raid was a Union cavalry raid during the Vicksburg Campaign of the American Civil War.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^[160] .One reason for the high number of battle deaths during the war was the use of Napoleonic tactics such as charges.^ The Red River Campaign was a series of battles fought along the Red River in Louisiana during the American Civil War from March 10 to May 22, 1864.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ This assault was conducted by the largest number of Confederate soldiers of any battle in the war.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The Battle of Philippi became the first land battle of the Civil War involving organized troops and the Union's use of the railroad to deploy troops to the area, to rapidly engage enemy troops, was likely the first such use in the world history of warfare.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.With the advent of more accurate rifled barrels, Minié balls and (near the end of the war for the Union army) repeating firearms such as the Spencer repeating rifle and a few experimental Gatling guns, soldiers were devastated when standing in lines in the open.^ Lincoln's call for 300,000 more young men to fight a seemingly endless war frightened even those who supported the Union cause.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ It was recaptured by a Union force under Q. A. Gillmore on April 11, 1862, after a two-day bombardment in which the Federals used rifled cannon for the first time in the war.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Union households had paid some form of income tax by war's end; residents of the northeast comprised 15 percent of that total.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.This gave birth to trench warfare, a tactic heavily used during World War I.^ The Battle of Philippi became the first land battle of the Civil War involving organized troops and the Union's use of the railroad to deploy troops to the area, to rapidly engage enemy troops, was likely the first such use in the world history of warfare.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

Notes

^ Frank J. Williams, "Doing Less and Doing More: The President and the Proclamation—Legally, Militarily and Politically," in Harold Holzer, ed. The Emancipation Proclamation (2006) pp. 74–5.
^ Howard Jones, Abraham Lincoln and a New Birth of Freedom: The Union and Slavery in the Diplomacy of the Civil War (1999) p. 154.
^ Abraham Lincoln, House Divided Speech, Springfield, Illinois, June 16, 1858.
^ Shelby Foote, The Civil War: Fort Sumter to Perryville, p. 34.
^ Glenn M. Linden (2001). Voices from the Gathering Storm: The Coming of the American Civil War. United States: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 236. ISBN 0842029990. http://books.google.com/books?id=F20ZsA5ZeeEC&pg=PA184&lpg=PA184&dq=Prevent+%22any+of+our+friends+from+demoralizing+themselves%22&source=web&ots=-Gel_R70_T&sig=6dQstqsFPcVDPiWeImsbzp_8Gbg&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&ct=result#PPA183,M1. "Prevent, as far as possible, any of our friends from demoralizing themselves, and our cause, by entertaining propositions for compromise of any sort, on slavery extension. There is no possible compromise upon it, but which puts us under again, and leaves all our work to do over again. Whether it be a Mo. Line, or Eli Thayer's Pop. Sov. It is all the same. Let either be done, & immediately filibustering and extending slavery recommences. On that point hold firm, as with a chain of steel. – Abraham Lincoln to Elihu B. Washburne, December 13, 1860"
^ Let there be no compromise on the question of extending slavery. If there be, all our labor is lost, and, ere long, must be done again. The dangerous ground—that into which some of our friends have a hankering to run—is Pop. Sov. Have none of it. Stand firm. The tug has to come, & better now, than any time hereafter. – Abraham Lincoln to Lyman Trumbull, December 10, 1860.
^ James McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, pp. 241, 253.
^ Declarations of Causes for: Georgia, Adopted in January 29, 1861; Mississippi, Adopted in 1861 (no exact date found); South Carolina, Adopted in December 24, 1860; Texas, Adopted in February 2, 1861.
^ The New Heresy, Southern Punch, editor John Wilford Overall, September 19, 1864 is one of many references that indicate that the Republican hope of gradually ending slavery was the Southern fear. It said in part, "Our doctrine is this: WE ARE FIGHTING FOR INDEPENDENCE THAT OUR GREAT AND NECESSARY DOMESTIC INSTITUTION OF SLAVERY SHALL BE PRESERVED."
^ David Potter, The Impending Crisis, pp. 33–50. Potter argued that the states rights theory of causes (p. 33) and various cultural and economic "causes" can't be separated from the slavery issue.
^ Jefferson Davis' Resolutions on the Relations of States, Senate Chamber, U.S. Capitol, February 2, 1860, From The Papers of Jefferson Davis, Volume 6, pp. 273–76. – Davis states' rights argument for slavery in the territories is as follows: Resolved, That the union of these States rests on the equality of rights and privileges among its members, and that it is especially the duty of the Senate, which represents the States in their sovereign capacity, to resist all attempts to discriminate either in relation to person or property, so as, in the Territories – which are the common possession of the United States – to give advantages to the citizens of one State which are not equally secured to those of every other State."
^ J.L.M. Curry: The Perils and Duty of the South – Speech Delivered in Talladega, Alabama, November 26, 1860 – This was one of many Southern states' rights arguments for defending slavery.
^ Lincoln's Speech in Chicago, December 10, 1856 in which he said, "We shall again be able not to declare, that 'all States as States, are equal,' nor yet that 'all citizens as citizens are equal,' but to renew the broader, better declaration, including both these and much more, that 'all men are created equal.'"; Also, Lincoln's Letter to Henry L. Pierce, April 6, 1859.
^ From Alexander Stephens' Cornerstone Speech, March 21, 1861, The Athenaeum, Savannah Georgia – 'The new constitution has put at rest, forever, all the agitating questions relating to our peculiar institution – African slavery as it exists amongst us – the proper status of the negro in our form of civilization. This was the immediate cause of the late rupture and present revolution. Jefferson in his forecast, had anticipated this, as the "rock upon which the old Union would split." He was right. What was conjecture with him, is now a realized fact. But whether he fully comprehended the great truth upon which that rock stood and stands, may be doubted. The prevailing ideas entertained by him and most of the leading statesmen at the time of the formation of the old constitution, were that the enslavement of the African was in violation of the laws of nature; that it was wrong in principle, socially, morally, and politically. It was an evil they knew not well how to deal with, but the general opinion of the men of that day was that, somehow or other in the order of Providence, the institution would be evanescent and pass away. This idea, though not incorporated in the constitution, was the prevailing idea at that time. The constitution, it is true, secured every essential guarantee to the institution while it should last, and hence no argument can be justly urged against the constitutional guarantees thus secured, because of the common sentiment of the day. Those ideas, however, were fundamentally wrong. They rested upon the assumption of the equality of races. This was an error. It was a sandy foundation, and the government built upon it fell when the "storm came and the wind blew." Our new government is founded upon exactly the opposite idea; its foundations are laid, its cornerstone rests upon the great truth, that the negro is not equal to the white man; that slavery – subordination to the superior race – is his natural and normal condition. [Applause.] '
^ ^a ^b Stampp, The Causes of the Civil War, pp. 152–153 (Cornerstone Speech). Stampp said Stephens' Cornerstone Speech "was in striking contrast to his postwar constitutional interpretation."
^ ^a ^b Stampp, The Causes of the Civil War, p. 32 (A Constitutional View of the Late War Between the States) Stampp used the following quote to illustrate the fact that, after Confederate defeat, Stephens argued that the war was caused not by slavery but by states' rights controversies: "It is a postulate, with many writers of this day, that the late War was the result of two opposing ideas, or principles, upon the subject of African Slavery. Between these, according to their theory, sprung the 'irrepressible conflict,' in principle, which ended in the terrible conflict in arms. Those who assume this postulate, and so theorize upon it, are but superficial observers. That the war had its origin in opposing principles, which in their action upon the conduct of men, produced the ultimate conflict of arms, may be assumed as an unquestionable fact. But the opposing principles which produced these results in physical action were of a very different character from those assumed in the postulate. They lay in the organic Structure of the Government of the States ... between the supporters of a strictly Federative Government, on the one side, and a thoroughly National one, on the other."
^ James McPherson, This Mighty Scourge p. 4. McPherson writes, "After the war, however, Davis and Stephens changed their tune. By the time they wrote their histories of the Confederacy, slavery was gone with the wind – a dead and discredited institution. To concede that the Confederacy had broken up the United States and launched a war that killed 620,000 Americans in a vain attempt to keep four million people in bondage would not confer honor on their lost cause.
^ James McPherson, This Mighty Scourge, pp. 3–9. Speaking of alternative explanations for secession, McPherson writes (p.7), "While one or more of these interpretations remain popular among the Sons of Confederate Veterans and other Southern heritage groups, few professional historians now subscribe to them. Of all these interpretations, the state's-rights argument is perhaps the weakest. It fails to ask the question, state's rights for what purpose? State's rights, or sovereignty, was always more a means than an end, an instrument to achieve a certain goal more than a principle.
^ The People's Chronology, 1994 by James Trager.
^ Allan Nevins, Ordeal of the Union: A House Dividing – 1852–1857, pp. 267–269.
^ Freehling, Prelude to Civil War, p. 297; Willentz p. 388 – On March 13, 1833, Rhett said, "A people, owning slaves, are mad, or worse than mad, who do not hold their destinies in their own hands... Every stride of this Government, over your rights, brings it nearer and nearer to your peculiar policy. ... The whole world are in arms against your institutions … Let Gentlemen not be deceived. It is not the Tariff – not Internal Improvement – nor yet the Force bill, which constitutes the great evil against which we are contending... These are but the forms in which the despotic nature of the government is evinced – but it is the despotism which constitutes the evil: and until this Government is made a limited Government... there is no liberty – no security for the South."
^ As early as 1830, in the midst of the Nullification Crisis, Calhoun identified the right to own slaves as the chief southern minority right being threatened: "I consider the tariff act as the occasion, rather than the real cause of the present unhappy state of things. The truth can no longer be disguised, that the peculiar domestick [sic] institution of the Southern States and the consequent direction which that and her soil have given to her industry, has placed them in regard to taxation and appropriations in opposite relation to the majority of the Union, against the danger of which, if there be no protective power in the reserved rights of the states they must in the end be forced to rebel, or, submit to have their paramount interests sacrificed, their domestic institutions subordinated by Colonization and other schemes, and themselves and children reduced to wretchedness." – Ellis, Richard E. The Union at Risk: Jacksonian Democracy, States' Rights, and the Nullification Crisis (1987), p. 193; Freehling, William W. Prelude to Civil War: The Nullification Crisis in South Carolina 1816–1836. (1965), p. 257; Ellis p. 193. Ellis further notes that "Calhoun and the nullifiers were not the first southerners to link slavery with states’ rights. At various points in their careers, John Taylor, John Randolph, and Nathaniel Macon had warned that giving too much power to the federal government, especially on such an open-ended issue as internal improvement, could ultimately provide it with the power to emancipate slaves against their owners’ wishes."
^ John Niven, John C. Calhoun and the Price of Union, p. 197 – The author said the following about Calhoun's description of the tariff issue: "Finally, the root of the nullification crisis was exposed. What had begun as a reaction to a depression in the cotton states, a slump that had been particularly severe in South Carolina, had rapidly resolved itself into an all-encompassing fear on the part of a majority of the planter elite class that the growing industrialization of the North, expressing itself politically through the majority will, would eventually demand emancipation, heedless of the social consequences."
^ William E. Gienapp, "The Crisis of American Democracy: The Political System and the Coming of the Civil War." in Boritt ed. Why the Civil War Came 79–123.
^ McPherson, Battle Cry pp. 88–91.
^ Most of her slave owners are "decent, honorable people, themselves victims" of that institution. Much of her description was based on personal observation, and the descriptions of Southerners; she herself calls them and Legree representatives of different types of masters.;Gerson, Harriet Beecher Stowe, p. 68; Stowe, Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin (1953) p. 39.
^ David Potter, The Impending Crisis, pp. 201–204, 299–327.
^ David Potter, The Impending Crisis, p. 208.
^ David Potter, The Impending Crisis, pp. 208–209.
^ Fox Butterfield; All God's Children p. 17.
^ David Potter, The Impending Crisis, pp. 210–211.
^ David Potter, The Impending Crisis, pp. 212–213.
^ David Potter, The Impending Crisis, pp. 356–384.
^ Kenneth M. Stampp, The Imperiled Union: Essays on the Background of the Civil War (1981) p 198; Woodworth, ed. The American Civil War: A Handbook of Literature and Research (1996), 145 151 505 512 554 557 684; Richard Hofstadter, The Progressive Historians: Turner, Beard, Parrington (1969).
^ James McPherson, Drawn With the Sword, p. 11.
^ James McPherson, "Antebellum Southern Exceptionalism: A New Look at an Old Question," Civil War History 29 (September 1983).
^ David Potter, The Impending Crisis, p. 485.
^ James M. McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom 1988 p 242, 255, 282–83. Maps on p. 101 (The Southern Economy) and p. 236 (The Progress of Secession) are also relevant.
^ David Potter, The Impending Crisis, pp. 503–505.
^ ^a ^b ^c William W. Freehling, The Road to Disunion: Secessionists at Bay 1776–1854, pp. 17-19. Freehling also said that as of 1850, 21 percent of border state blacks were free, as opposed to two percent in the lower South, and that over half of the South's manufactured goods were made in the border states, while less than a fifth of the total was produced in the lower South.
^ James McPherson, Drawn with the Sword, p. 15.
^ David Potter, The Impending Crisis, p. 275.
^ Roger B. Taney: Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857).
^ First Lincoln Douglas Debate at Ottawa, Illinois August 21, 1858.
^ Abraham Lincoln, Speech at New Haven, Conn., March 6, 1860.
^ McPherson, Battle Cry, p. 195.
^ John Townsend, The Doom of Slavery in the Union, its Safety out of it, October 29, 1860.
^ McPherson, Battle Cry, p. 243.
^ David Potter, The Impending Crisis, p. 461.
^ William C. Davis, Look Away, pp. 130–140.
^ William W. Freehling, The Road to Disunion, p. 42.
^ A Declaration of the Causes which Impel the State of Texas to Secede from the Federal Union, February 2, 1861 – A declaration of the causes which impel the State of Texas to secede from the Federal Union.
^ Winkler, E. "A Declaration of the Causes which Impel the State of Texas to Secede from the Federal Union.". Journal of the Secession Convention of Texas. http://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/csa_texsec.asp. Retrieved 2007-10-16.
^ Speech of E. S. Dargan to the Secession Convention of Alabama, January 11, 1861, in Wikisource.
^ Schlesinger Age of Jackson, p. 190.
^ David Brion Davis, Inhuman Bondage (2006) p 197, 409; Stanley Harrold, The Abolitionists and the South, 1831–1861 (1995) p. 62; Jane H. and William H. Pease, "Confrontation and Abolition in the 1850s" Journal of American History (1972) 58(4): 923–937.
^ Eric Foner. Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party Before the Civil War (1970), p. 9.
^ William W. Freehling, The Road to Disunion: Secessionists Triumphant 1854–1861, pp. 9–24.
^ ^a ^b William W. Freehling, The Road to Disunion, Secessionists Triumphant, pp. 269–462, p. 274 (The quote about slave states "encircled by fire" is from the New Orleans Delta, May 13, 1860).
^ Mark Thornton and Robert B. Ekelund, Jr., Tariffs, Blockades, and Inflation: The Economics of the Civil War.
^ James McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, p. 254.
^ President James Buchanan, Message of December 8, 1860 online.
^ McPherson, Battle Cry, pp. 284–287.
^ McPherson, Battle Cry, pp. 290–293.
^ McPherson, Battle Cry, pp. 293–297.
^ Curry, Richard O. "A House Divided", pp. 149-50.
^ Lewis, Virgil "History and Government of West Virginia", 1973 ed., p. 191.
^ West Virginia – a History, Otis K. Rice and Stephen W. Brown, p. 116 – The authors state that of the 47 members of the Virginia Convention of 1861 that were from West Virginia, 32 opposed secession, 11 were in favor of secession, and four did not vote. The four that did not vote later signed the ordinance of secession.
^ Curry, ibid., pp. 142-47.
^ Linger, James Carter, "Confederate Military Units of West Virginia", Tulsa, OK, 2002 ed., pp. 59–81; Ambler, Charles "Disfranchisement in West Virginia", Yale Review, 1905, p. 38, "About twenty thousand men, coming chiefly from the "loyal" region, joined the Federal armies. The number accredited the State is about thirty-two thousand, but many of these came from Ohio and Pennsylvania. There were also many re-enlistments.";Reid, Whitelaw "Ohio in the War", Vol. 2, p. 3, "In the course of the war she furnished...large parts of five regiments credited to the West Virginia contingent...
^ Mark Neely, Confederate Bastille: Jefferson Davis and Civil Liberties 1993 pp. 10–11.
^ Gabor Boritt, ed. War Comes Again (1995) p. 247.
^ McPherson, Battle Cry, pp. 234–266.
^ Abraham Lincoln, First Inaugural Address, Monday, March 4, 1861.
^ Lincoln, First Inaugural Address, March 4, 1861.
^ ^a ^b David Potter, The Impending Crisis, pp. 572–573.
^ James McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, p. 274.
^ Massachusetts in the Civil War, William Schouler, 1868 book republished by Digital Scanning Inc, 2003 – See the account at [1].
^ McPherson, Battle Cry, pp. 276–307.
^ McPherson, Battle Cry, pp. 333–335.
^ McPherson, Battle Cry, pp. 378–380.
^ Heidler, 1651–53.
^ McPherson, Battle Cry, pp. 373–377.
^ McPherson, Battle Cry, pp. 339–345.
^ James McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, p. 342.
^ Shelby Foote, The Civil War: Fort Sumter to Perryville, pp. 464–519.
^ Bruce Catton, Terrible Swift Sword, pp. 263–296.
^ McPherson, Battle Cry, pp. 424–427.
^ ^a ^b McPherson, Battle Cry, pp. 538–544.
^ McPherson, Battle Cry, pp. 528–533.
^ McPherson, Battle Cry, pp. 543–545.
^ McPherson, Battle Cry, p. 557–558.
^ McPherson, Battle Cry, pp. 571–574.
^ McPherson, Battle Cry, pp. 639–645.
^ McPherson, Battle Cry, pp. 653–663.
^ James McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, p. 664.
^ McPherson, Battle Cry, pp. 404–405.
^ McPherson, Battle Cry, pp. 418–420.
^ McPherson, Battle Cry, pp. 419–420.
^ McPherson, Battle Cry, pp. 480–483.
^ McPherson, Battle Cry, pp. 405–413.
^ McPherson, Battle Cry, pp. 637–638.
^ McPherson, Battle Cry, pp. 677–680.
^ "Civil War in Missouri Facts". 1998. http://home.usmo.com/~momollus/MOFACTS.HTM. Retrieved 2007-10-16.
^ Mark E. Neely Jr.; "Was the Civil War a Total War?" Civil War History, Vol. 50, 2004 pp 434+
^ McPherson, Battle Cry, pp. 724–735.
^ James McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, pp. 741–742.
^ McPherson, Battle Cry, pp. 778–779.
^ James McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, pp. 773–776.
^ McPherson, Battle Cry, pp. 812–815.
^ McPherson, Battle Cry, pp. 825–830.
^ McPherson, Battle Cry, pp. 846–847.
^ McPherson, Battle Cry, pp. 848–850.
^ Davis, To Appomattox – Nine April Days, 1865, pp. 298, 322, 331–333, 359
^ Katcher, History of the American Civil War 1861-1865, p. 195
^ McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom p. 495.
^ McPherson, Battle Cry pp. 355, 494–6, quote from George Washington Julian on 495.
^ Lincoln's letter to O. H. Browning, September 22, 1861
^ Lincoln, the War President: The Gettysburg Lectures (Gettysburg Civil War Institute Books) by Gabor S. Boritt (Editor), pp. 52–54. The article is by James McPherson.
^ Stephen B. Oates, Abraham Lincoln: The Man Behind the Myths, p. 106.
^ Images of America: Altoona, by Sr. Anne Francis Pulling, 2001, 10.
^ Letter to Greeley, August 22, 1862
^ Abraham Lincoln, Second Inaugural Address, March 4, 1865 – Here Lincoln states, "One-eighth of the whole population were colored slaves, not distributed generally over the Union, but localized in the southern part of it. These slaves constituted a peculiar and powerful interest. All knew that this interest was somehow the cause of the war. To strengthen, perpetuate, and extend this interest was the object for which the insurgents would rend the Union even by war, while the Government claimed no right to do more than to restrict the territorial enlargement of it."
^ Lincoln's Letter to A. G. Hodges, April 4, 1864
^ James McPherson, The War that Never Goes Away
^ James McPherson, Drawn With the Sword, from the article Who Freed the Slaves?
^ Bruce Catton, Never Call Retreat, p. 335.
^ Civil War Topics
^ "Blacks labored in Andersonville". Washington Times. November 12, 2009.
^ James McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, pp. 791–798.
^ James McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, pp. 831–837.
^ McPherson, Battle Cry, pp. 557–558, 563.
^ Harper, Douglas (2003). "SLAVERY in DELAWARE". http://www.slavenorth.com/delaware.htm. Retrieved 2007-10-16.
^ McPherson, Battle Cry, pp. 840–842.
^ Lowell Hayes Harrison and James C. Klotter, A New History of Kentucky (1997) p 235, the number in late 1865.
^ U. S. Census of 1860.
^ Stephen B. Oates, Abraham Lincoln: The Man Behind the Myths, 1984, Harper & Row.
^ James McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, pp. 546–557.
^ McPherson, Battle Cry p. 386.
^ Allen Nevins, War for the Union 1862–1863, pp. 263–264.
^ Stephen B. Oates, The Approaching Fury: Voices of the Storm 1820–1861, p. 125.
^ Railroad mileage is from: Chauncey Depew (ed.), One Hundred Years of American Commerce 1795–1895, p. 111; For other data see: 1860 US census and Carter, Susan B., ed. The Historical Statistics of the United States: Millennial Edition (5 vols), 2006.
^ Ward 1990 p 272
^ McPherson, Battle Cry, pp. 771–772.
^ James McPherson, Why did the Confederacy Lose?
^ Fehrenbacher, Don (2004). "Lincoln's Wartime Leadership: The First Hundred Days". University of Illinois. http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/jala/9/fehrenbacher.html. Retrieved 2007-10-16.
^ Crocker III, H. W. (2006). Don't Tread on Me. New York: Crown Forum. p. 162. ISBN 9781400053636.
^ McPherson 313–16, 392–3
^ Heidler, David Stephen, ed. Encyclopedia of the American Civil War: A Political, Social, and Military History (2002), 1591–98
^ McPherson 432–44
^ Heidler, David Stephen, ed. Encyclopedia of the American Civil War: A Political, Social, and Military History (2002), 598–603
^ "Black Regiments". http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USACWcolored.htm. Retrieved 2007-10-16.
^ Ira Berlin et al., eds. Freedom's Soldiers: The Black Military Experience in the Civil War (1998)
^ Albert Bernhardt Faust, The German Element in the United States (1909) p. 523 online
^ Eric Foner, Reconstruction – America's Unfinished Revolution – 1863–1877, Harper & Row, 1988
^ Nofi, Al (2001-06-13). "Statistics on the War's Costs". Louisiana State University. http://web.archive.org/web/20070711050249/http://www.cwc.lsu.edu/other/stats/warcost.htm. Retrieved 2007-10-14.
^ James McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, p. xix (from the introduction by C. Vann Woodward as of 1988).
^ Lambert, Craig (May–June 2001). "The Deadliest War". Harvard Magazine. http://www.harvardmagazine.com/on-line/050155.html. Retrieved 2007-10-14.
^ Richard Wightman Fox (2008)."National Life After Death". Slate.com.
^ "U.S. Civil War Prison Camps Claimed Thousands". National Geographic News. July 1, 2003.

References

Main article: American Civil War bibliography

Overviews

Beringer, Richard E., Archer Jones, and Herman Hattaway, Why the South Lost the Civil War (1986) influential analysis of factors; The Elements of Confederate Defeat: Nationalism, War Aims, and Religion (1988), abridged version
Catton, Bruce, The Civil War, American Heritage, 1960, ISBN 0-8281-0305-4, illustrated narrative
Davis, William C. The Imperiled Union, 1861–1865 3v (1983)
Donald, David et al.^ The American Civil War (1860-1865) The American Civil War (1860-1865) .
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ On the morning of the 16th, troops of the Union XX Corps under Alpheus S. Williams were driven back by a Confederate assault.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The Battle of Glorieta Pass, fought on March 26-28, 1862, in northern New Mexico Territory, was the decisive battle of the New Mexico Campaign during the American Civil War.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.The Civil War and Reconstruction (latest edition 2001); 700 page survey
Eicher, David J., The Longest Night: A Military History of the Civil War, (2001), ISBN 0-684-84944-5.
Fellman, Michael et al.^ Centennial History of the Civil War , 3 vols.
American Civil War - Bibliography - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Academic]

^ The Civil War and Reconstruction (2001); textbook Fellman, Michael et al.
American Civil War - Bibliography - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Academic]

^ Civil War History 15 (June 1969): 116-32 Eicher, David J., The Longest Night: A Military History of the Civil War , (2001), ISBN 0-684-84944-5 .
American Civil War - Bibliography - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Academic]

This Terrible War: The Civil War and its Aftermath (2nd ed. 2007), 544 page survey
Foote, Shelby. .The Civil War: A Narrative (3 volumes), (1974), ISBN 0-394-74913-8. Highly detailed military narrative covering all fronts
Katcher, Philip.
^ The first Northern prisoners arrive at the Confederate prison at Andersonville, Georgia, the largest Confederate military prison during the American Civil War.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Morgan's Raid was a highly publicized incursion by Confederate cavalry into the Northern states of Indiana and Ohio during the American Civil War.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
.The History of the American Civil War 1861-5, (2000), ISBN 0 600 60778 X. Detailed analysis of each battle with introduction and background
McPherson, James M. Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era (1988), 900 page survey of all aspects of the war; Pulitzer prize
James M. McPherson.
^ The American Civil War (1860-1865) The American Civil War (1860-1865) .
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
^ April 17-May 22, 1862 - Grierson's Raid was a Union cavalry raid during the Vicksburg Campaign of the American Civil War.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
^ The Red River Campaign was a series of battles fought along the Red River in Louisiana during the American Civil War from March 10 to May 22, 1864.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
.Ordeal By Fire: The Civil War and Reconstruction (2nd ed 1992), textbook
Nevins, Allan.
^ Congress passes the Wade-Davis Bill, an unsuccessful attempt by Radical Republicans and others in the U.S. Congress to set Reconstruction policy before the end of the Civil War.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Some historians note that this could be considered the first shots fired by United States forces in the Civil War.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Rebel Charles Haynesworth, a Citadel cadet, fired a handgun at the ship, shooting the first shot of the Civil War.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
Ordeal of the Union, an 8-volume set (1947–1971). the most detailed political, economic and military narrative; by .
Pulitzer Prize winner
- 1. Fruits of Manifest Destiny, 1847–1852; 2. A House Dividing, 1852–1857; 3. Douglas, Buchanan, and Party Chaos, 1857–1859; 4. Prologue to Civil War, 1859–1861; 5. The Improvised War, 1861–1862; 6. War Becomes Revolution, 1862–1863; 7. The Organized War, 1863–1864; 8. The Organized War to Victory, 1864–1865
Rhodes, James Ford.
^ The American Civil War (1860-1865) The American Civil War (1860-1865) .
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
^ April 17-May 22, 1862 - Grierson's Raid was a Union cavalry raid during the Vicksburg Campaign of the American Civil War.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Ulysses S. Grant 's 1864 Overland Campaign during the American Civil War, today lives in infamy as one of history's most lopsided battles.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
.History of the Civil War, 1861–1865 (1918), Pulitzer Prize; a short version of his 5-volume history
Savage, Kirk, Standing Soldiers, Kneeling Slaves: Race, War, and Monument in Nineteenth-Century America.
^ The American Civil War (1860-1865) The American Civil War (1860-1865) .
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Ulysses S. Grant 's 1864 Overland Campaign during the American Civil War, today lives in infamy as one of history's most lopsided battles.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Major Henry Wirz , commandant, was the only Civil War soldier executed (on November 10, 1865) for war crimes.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1997. (The definitive book on Civil War monuments.)

Ward, Geoffrey C. The Civil War (1990), based on PBS series by Ken Burns; visual emphasis
Weigley, Russell Frank.
^ The Red River Campaign was a series of battles fought along the Red River in Louisiana during the American Civil War from March 10 to May 22, 1864.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
A Great Civil War: A Military and Political History, 1861–1865 (2004); primarily military

Reference books and bibliographies

Blair, Jayne E. The Essential Civil War: A Handbook to the Battles, Armies, Navies And Commanders (2006)
Carter, Alice E. and Richard Jensen.
^ The Red River Campaign was a series of battles fought along the Red River in Louisiana during the American Civil War from March 10 to May 22, 1864.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
^ This was the highest percentage of casualties of any battle in the Civil War.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
^ In the meantime, North Anna had proved to be a relatively minor affair when compared to other Civil War battles.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
.The Civil War on the Web: A Guide to the Very Best Sites- 2nd ed.
^ The site is a combination of LC, Library of Virginia, and Virginia Historical Society map holdings from the Civil War era.
Subject Guide: History 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.lib.jmu.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ This book is a guide to understanding how to locate Civil War draft records through the National Archives.
Subject Guide: History 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.lib.jmu.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ Tredegar Iron Works in Richmond, Virginia being the planned site of a Civil War museum, including the historical role the American slave played in this development.
African American Freedom Fighters: Soldiers for Liberty 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.liu.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.(2003)
Current, Richard N., et al. eds.
^ Current, Richard N., et al eds.
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Current, Richard N., ed.
Subject Guide: History 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.lib.jmu.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ Hopkins et al., IX, 778; Don E. Fehrenbacher, The Slaveholding Republic: An Account of the United States Government's Relations to Slavery , ed.
Gary J. Kornblith | Rethinking the Coming of the Civil War: A Counterfactual Exercise | The Journal of American History, 90.1 | The History Cooperative 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.historycooperative.org [Source type: Original source]
.Encyclopedia of the Confederacy (1993) (4 Volume set; also 1 vol abridged version) (ISBN 0-13-275991-8)
Faust, Patricia L. (ed.
^ Faust, Patricia L., ed.
Subject Guide: History 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.lib.jmu.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ Encyclopedia of the Confederacy (1993) (4 Volume set; also 1 vol abridged version) (ISBN 0132759918) * Faust, Patricia L. (ed.
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Encyclopedia of the Confederacy (1993) (4 Volume set; also 1 vol abridged version) Eicher, John H. and Eicher, David J. Civil War High Commands.
American Civil War - Bibliography - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Academic]
) .Historical Times Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Civil War (1986) (ISBN 0-06-181261-7) 2000 short entries
Esposito, Vincent J., West Point Atlas of American Wars online edition 1995
Heidler, David Stephen, ed.
^ Best Civil War historical fiction of all time .
Lists & Guides tagged with american civil war 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.amazon.com [Source type: General]
^ The standard American Civil War encyclopedia.
Subject Guide: History 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.lib.jmu.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ The American Civil War (1860-1865) The American Civil War (1860-1865) .
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
.Encyclopedia of the American Civil War: A Political, Social, and Military History (2002), 1600 entries in 2700 pages in 5 vol or 1-vol editions
Resch, John P. et al., Americans at War: Society, Culture and the Homefront vol 2: 1816–1900 (2005)
Tulloch, Hugh.
^ Civil War History 2005 51(3): 269-287.
American Civil War - Bibliography - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Academic]
^ The standard American Civil War encyclopedia.
Subject Guide: History 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.lib.jmu.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ Centennial History of the Civil War , 3 vols.
American Civil War - Bibliography - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Academic]
.The Debate on the American Civil War Era (1999), historiography
Wagner, Margaret E. Gary W. Gallagher, and Paul Finkelman, eds.
^ Ron Paul's opinion on whether or not the Civil War was necessary is pretty meaningless and there is obviously a TON of confusion over the cause and justifications for the war.
Election Central | Talking Points Memo | Ron Paul: American Civil War Was Unnecessary 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC tpmelectioncentral.talkingpointsmemo.com [Source type: Original source]
^ April 17-May 22, 1862 - Grierson's Raid was a Union cavalry raid during the Vicksburg Campaign of the American Civil War.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
^ In their classic work, The Rise of American Civilization , Charles A. Beard and Mary R. Beard famously termed the Civil War "a Second American Revolution and in a strict sense, the First."
Gary J. Kornblith | Rethinking the Coming of the Civil War: A Counterfactual Exercise | The Journal of American History, 90.1 | The History Cooperative 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.historycooperative.org [Source type: Original source]
.The Library of Congress Civil War Desk Reference (2002)
Woodworth, Steven E. ed.
^ Congress passes the Wade-Davis Bill, an unsuccessful attempt by Radical Republicans and others in the U.S. Congress to set Reconstruction policy before the end of the Civil War.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
^ The Official Military Atlas of the Civil War (2003) large format copies of the maps the U.S. generals used at the time Woodworth, Steven E., Kenneth J. Winkle, and James McPherson.
American Civil War - Bibliography - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Academic]
^ The Debate on the American Civil War Era (1999), historiography Woodworth, Steven E. ed.
American Civil War - Bibliography - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Academic]
American Civil War: A Handbook of Literature and Research (1996) (ISBN 0-313-29019-9), 750 pages of historiography and bibliography online edition

Biographies

American National Biography 24 vol (1999), essays by scholars on all major figures; online and hardcover editions at many libraries
McHenry, Robert ed. Webster's American Military Biographies (1978)
Warner, Ezra J., Generals in Blue: Lives of the Union Commanders, (1964), ISBN 0-8071-0822-7
Warner, Ezra J., Generals in Gray: Lives of the Confederate Commanders, (1959), ISBN 0-8071-0823-5

Soldiers

Berlin, Ira, et al., eds. .Freedom's Soldiers: The Black Military Experience in the Civil War (1998)
Hess, Earl J. The Union Soldier in Battle: Enduring the Ordeal of Combat (1997)
McPherson, James.
^ April 17-May 22, 1862 - Grierson's Raid was a Union cavalry raid during the Vicksburg Campaign of the American Civil War.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
^ The relatively small battle that followed Morgan's surprise attack was an embarrassing Union defeat, resulting in many captured Union supplies and soldiers.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
^ After the incident, black soldiers going into battle used the cry "Remember Fort Pillow!"
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
.For Cause and Comrades: Why Men Fought in the Civil War (1998)
Wiley, Bell Irvin.
^ Ron Paul's opinion on whether or not the Civil War was necessary is pretty meaningless and there is obviously a TON of confusion over the cause and justifications for the war.
Election Central | Talking Points Memo | Ron Paul: American Civil War Was Unnecessary 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC tpmelectioncentral.talkingpointsmemo.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Lincoln's call for 300,000 more young men to fight a seemingly endless war frightened even those who supported the Union cause.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
^ December 24, 2007 4:06 PM: the civil war was fought for economic reasons.
Election Central | Talking Points Memo | Ron Paul: American Civil War Was Unnecessary 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC tpmelectioncentral.talkingpointsmemo.com [Source type: Original source]
.The Life of Johnny Reb: The Common Soldier of the Confederacy (1962) (ISBN 0-8071-0475-2)
Wiley, Bell Irvin.
^ Dyer, Frederick H. A Compendium of the War of the Rebellion: with a New Introduction by Bell Irvin Wiley .
Subject Guide: History 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.lib.jmu.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ The Life of Billy Yank: The Common Soldier of the Union by Bell Irvin Wiley ( 8 ) 8 used & new from $14.27 .
Lists & Guides tagged with american civil war 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.amazon.com [Source type: General]
^ For Cause and Comrades: Why Men Fought in the Civil War (1998) * Wiley, Bell Irvin.
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]
Life of Billy Yank: The Common Soldier of the Union (1952) (ISBN 0-8071-0476-0)

Primary sources

Commager, Henry Steele (ed.). The Blue and the Gray. The Story of the Civil War as Told by Participants. (1950), excerpts from primary sources
Hesseltine, William B. ed.; The Tragic Conflict: The Civil War and Reconstruction (1962), excerpts from primary sources

External links

Causes of the Civil War
Civil War Letters — Primary Sources and First Person Accounts.
Declarations of Causes of Secession
Alexander Stephens' Cornerstone Speech
Lincoln's Call for Troops
The Civil War Home Page
Civil War photos at the National Archives
"Preview: 5,000 Images" from the Civil War Photographs Collection at the Library of Congress
University of Tennessee: U.S. Civil War Generals
The Civil War, a PBS documentary by Ken Burns
Individual state's contributions to the Civil War: California, Florida, Illinois #1, Illinois #2, Ohio, Pennsylvania
WWW-VL: History: USA Civil War 1855–1865
Civil War Preservation Trust
Civil War Era Digital Collection at Gettysburg College This collection contains digital images of political cartoons, personal papers, pamphlets, maps, paintings and photographs from the Civil War Era held in Special Collections at Gettysburg College.
”Fort Morgan and the Battle of Mobile Bay”, a National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places (TwHP) lesson plan
"WWW Guide to Civil War Prisons" (2004)
TOCWOC Civil War Blog A group Civil War blog consisting of informed amateurs.
Civil War Books and Authors Blog A Civil War blog focusing mainly on book reviews.
Civil War Bookshelf American Civil War historiography and publishing blogged daily by Dimitri Rotov.
American Civil War in Alabama, Encyclopedia of Alabama
Grand Valley State University Civil War digital collection
Seven Civil War Stories Your Teacher Never Told You by Eric Johnson, CNN, June 12, 2009
The American Civil War Timeline Project - A community contributed project to, chronologically and geographically, map the events of the war.

Links to related articles

American Civil War

Origins

Combatants · Theaters · Campaigns · Battles · States

Combatants

Union (USA)	Union Army · Union Navy · Revenue Cutter Service

Confederacy (CSA)	Confederate States Army · Confederate States Navy · Confederate States Marine Corps

Theaters

Eastern · Western · Lower Seaboard · Trans-Mississippi · Pacific Coast · Union naval blockade

Campaigns

Anaconda Plan · New Mexico · Jackson's Valley · Peninsula · Northern Virginia · Maryland · Stones River · Vicksburg · Tullahoma · Gettysburg · Morgan's Raid · Bristoe · Knoxville · Red River · Overland · Atlanta · Valley 1864 · Bermuda Hundred · Richmond-Petersburg · Franklin-Nashville · Price's Raid · Sherman's March · Carolinas · Appomattox

Major battles

Fort Sumter · 1st Bull Run · Wilson's Creek · Fort Donelson · Pea Ridge · Hampton Roads · Shiloh · New Orleans · Corinth · Seven Pines · Seven Days · 2nd Bull Run · Antietam · Perryville · Fredericksburg · Stones River · Chancellorsville · Gettysburg · Vicksburg · Chickamauga · Chattanooga · Wilderness · Spotsylvania · Cold Harbor · Atlanta · Mobile Bay · Franklin · Nashville · Five Forks

Involvement
by state or territory

AL · AR · AZ · CA · CO · CT · DC · DE · FL · GA · ID · IL · IN · IA · KS · KY · LA · ME · MD · MA · MI · MN · MS · MO · MT · NV · NE · NH · NJ · NM · NY · NC · OH · OK · OR · PA · RI · SC · TN · TX · UT · VT · VA · WV · WI

Leaders

Confederate

Military	R.H. Anderson · Beauregard · Bragg · Cooper · Early · Ewell · Forrest · Gorgas · Hill · Hood · Jackson · A.S. Johnston · J.E. Johnston · Lee · Longstreet · Morgan · Mosby · Price · Quantrill · Semmes · E.K. Smith · Stuart · Taylor · Wheeler

Civilian	Benjamin · Davis · Mallory · Seddon · Stephens

Union

Military	Anderson · Buell · Butler · Burnside · Du Pont · Farragut · Foote · Grant · Halleck · Hooker · Hunt · McClellan · McDowell · Meade · Meigs · Pope · D.D. Porter · Rosecrans · Scott · Sheridan · Sherman · Thomas

Civilian	Adams · Chase · Ericsson · Lincoln · Pinkerton · Seward · Stanton · Stevens · Wade · Welles

Aftermath

13th Amendment · 14th Amendment · 15th Amendment · Alabama Claims · Carpetbaggers · Confederate memorials and cemeteries · Freedman's Bank · Freedmen's Bureau · Grand Army of the Republic · Jim Crow laws · Ku Klux Klan · National cemeteries · Old soldiers' homes · Reconstruction · Redeemers · Southern Claims Commission · United Confederate Veterans · U.S. memorials and cemeteries

Quotes

Up to date as of January 14, 2010

From Wikiquote

.The American Civil War (1861–1865), also known as the War Between the States and several other names, was a civil war in the United States of America.^ The standard American Civil War encyclopedia.

Subject Guide: History 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.lib.jmu.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ Black Americans that fought in the Civil War.

Subject Guide: History 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.lib.jmu.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ Union Pamphlets of the Civil War, 1861-1865 .

Subject Guide: History 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.lib.jmu.edu [Source type: Academic]

.Eleven Southern slave states declared their secession from the U.S. and formed the Confederate States of America (the Confederacy).^ The Congress of the Confederate States of America adjourns for the last time.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Missouri joins the Confederate States of America in November 1861.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The White House of the Confederacy, located a few blocks north of the State Capitol, was home to the family of Confederate President Jefferson Davis.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Led by Jefferson Davis, they fought against the U.S. federal government (the "Union"), which was supported by all the free states and the five slaveholding border states.^ Cited also as Official Records or OR. The federal government attempted to publish, in four series, all major reports and correspondence available.

Subject Guide: History 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.lib.jmu.edu [Source type: Academic]

1 Secession
2 The First Shots Are Fired: Fort Sumter (April 12, 1861)
3 The North Responds to the Attack on Fort Sumter
4 The South Responds to the Start of the Civil War
5 War Aims
6 The First Major Battle: Bull Run (July 21, 1861)
7 The Peninsula Campaign (April-July 1862)
8 The Battle of Fredericksburg, Virginia (December 13, 1862)
9 The Battle of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania (July 1863)
10 The Siege of Vicksburg (June-July 1863)
11 The Eastern Front (1863-1865)
12 Lee's Surrender to Grant at Appomattox Court House (April 9, 1865)
13 The War on the Home Front
14 The Antiwar Movement in the North
15 The War and Slavery
16 African Americans Recruited for the Army
17 External links

Secession

It is a revolution; a revolution of the most intense character; in which belief in the justice, prudence, and wisdom of secession is blended with the keenest sense of wrong and outrage, and it can no more be checked by human effort for the time than a prairie fire by a gardener’s watering pot.
^ The Monitor could fire only once in seven or eight minutes but was faster and more maneuverable than her larger opponent.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Perhaps no group was more resentful of these inequities than the Irish immigrants populating the slums of northeastern cities.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
^ The delegates adopted a party platform considered more moderate than their 1856 effort.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
.
- Judah P. Benjamin, Senator from Louisiana, on the secession movement in the South (1860).
  ^ December 18-20, 1860 - South Carolina Secedes from the Union , On December 18, South Carolina Secession Convention reconvenes in Institute Hall in Charleston.
  The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
  ^ Twenty-three representatives and seven senators from the South issue "a manifesto which urged secession and the organization of a Southern Confederacy."
  The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
  ^ December 17-20, 1860 - South Carolina Secession Convention.
  The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
  .Reported in Allan Nevins, The Emergence of Lincoln (1950), p.
  ^ The Emergence of Lincoln (1950, 2 vol.
  Subject Guide: History 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.lib.jmu.edu [Source type: Academic]
  .387.

We know that if Mexico is acquired, the South will demand it for slavery and the North for free institutions.
^ Strike down the institution of African slavery and you reduce the South to depopulation and barbarism .
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
^ The Black Codes outraged public opinion in the North because it seemed the South was creating a form of quasi-slavery to evade the results of the war.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
We must forego, for the present, new conquests, unless the love of acquisition is stronger than the love of domestic peace.
.
Suppose it to be conceded that the Constitution should be amended, what amendment will satisfy the South?
^ Congress passes a joint resolution amending the Constitution that would protect slavery where it existed, and that protection would be beyond amendment by Congress.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
Nothing less than the protection of slavery in the territories. But our people have pronounced against it. All who voted for Mr. Lincoln or Mr. Douglas — over 3,300,000 citizens — voted against this claim. .Less than 1 million voted for it.
^ Lincoln's opponents together totaled 2,815,617almost a million votes more than he got.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
Should the great majority yield to a meager minority, especially under threats of disunion? .This minority demand that slavery be protected by the Constitution.
^ He said slavery was on the way out, and he proposed a constitutional amendment protecting property rights in slaves.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Congress passes a joint resolution amending the Constitution that would protect slavery where it existed, and that protection would be beyond amendment by Congress.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
^ March 2, 1861 - Congress Adopts Constitutional Amendment Protecting Slavery.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
.Our fathers would not allow the word 'slave' or 'slavery' in the Constitution, when all the states but one were slaveholding.
^ He said slavery was on the way out, and he proposed a constitutional amendment protecting property rights in slaves.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
^ The Declaration of Secession for Mississippi states, "Our position is thoroughly identified with the institution of slavery-the greatest material interest of the world.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
^ The state would also have to grant slaves their freedom, as required by Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation of January 1863.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
.Shall we introduce these words when a majority of the states are free and when the progress of civilization has arrayed the world against slavery?
^ The Declaration of Secession for Mississippi states, "Our position is thoroughly identified with the institution of slavery-the greatest material interest of the world.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
^ They demand the abolition of negro slavery throughout the confederacy, the recognition of political equality between the white and negro races, and avow their determination to press on their crusade against us, so long as a negro slave remains in these States".
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
^ A major subject is United States History Civil War.
Subject Guide: History 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.lib.jmu.edu [Source type: Academic]
If the love of peace, and ease, and office should tempt politicians and merchants to do it, the people will rebel. .I assure you, whatever may be the consequence, they will not yield their moral convictions by strengthening the influence of slavery in this country.
^ Touch not the honor of my section of the country, and she will not complain of almost anything else you may do; but touch her honor and equality and she will stand up in their defence, if necessary in arms.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
Recent events have only deepened this feeling. .The struggle to establish slavery in Kansas; the frequent murders and mobbings, in the South, of Northern citizens; the present turbulence and violence of Southern society; the manifest fear of freedom of speech and of the press; the danger of insurrection; and now the attempt to subvert the government rather than submit to a constitutional election — these events — disguise it as you may, have aroused a counterirritation in the North that will not allow its representatives to yield, merely for peace, more than is prescribed by the letter and spirit of the Constitution.
^ Those States have assume the right of deciding upon the propriety of our domestic institutions; and have denied the rights of property established in fifteen of the States and recognized by the Constitution; they have denounced as sinful the institution of slavery; they have permitted open establishment among them of societies, whose avowed object is to disturb the peace and to eloign the property of the citizens of other States.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
^ In March 1862, the U.S. House of Representatives, devoid of the southern delegates and controlled by Republicans, passed a bill to create the United States Arizona Territory using the north-south border of the 107th meridian.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
^ After years of confrontations, often violent, between pro- and anti-slavery squatters attempting to have their say in whether slavery would be legal in the state, "bleeding" Kansas is admitted to the Union as the 34th State, with an antislavery constitution.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
Every guarantee of this instrument ought to be faithfully and religiously observed. .But when it is proposed to change it, to secure new guarantees to slavery, to extend and protect it, you awake and arouse the antislavery feeling of the North to war against slavery everywhere....
^ The Black Codes outraged public opinion in the North because it seemed the South was creating a form of quasi-slavery to evade the results of the war.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Their objective was to secure eastern North Carolina by taking Roanoke Island, New Bern, and Beaufort Harbor/Fort Macon.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
^ He said slavery was on the way out, and he proposed a constitutional amendment protecting property rights in slaves.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
Without disrespect to South Carolina, it would be easy to show that Shay's Rebellion and the Whiskey Insurrection involved the government in greater danger than the solitary secession of South Carolina. But the movement becomes imposing when we are assured that several powerful states will very soon follow in the lead of South Carolina; and when we know that other states, still more powerful, sympathize with the seceding states, to the extent of opposing, and perhaps resisting, the execution of the laws [of the United States] in the seceding states....

Disunion is war! God knows, I do not threaten it, for I seek to prevent it in every way possible. I speak but the logic of facts, which we should not conceal from each other....

If war results, what a war it will be! .Contemplate the North and South in hostile array against each other.
^ For the duration of the war the blockade limits the ability of the rural South to stay well supplied in its war against the industrialized North.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
If these sections do not know each other now, they will then.

We are a nation of military men, naturally turbulent because we are free, accustomed to arms, ingenious, energetic, brave, and strong. .The same qualities that have enabled a single generation of men to develop the resources of a continent would enable us to destroy more rapidly than we have constructed....
^ Stuart had covered more than 100 miles in 2 days, destroyed some stores, captured more, and severely disorganized the Union cavalry for weeks to come.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
^ The ravages of war would still be evident in Gettysburg more than four months later when, on November 19, the Soldiers' National Cemetery was dedicated.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
^ More men of the Confederate Army of Tennessee were killed in five hours at Franklin than in two days at the Battle of Shiloh.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
How can we avert a calamity at which humanity and civilization shudder? .I know no way but to cling to the government framed by our fathers, to administer it in a spirit of kindness but, in all cases, without partiality to enforce the laws....
^ The Shenandoah sails from the northern Pacific all the way to Liverpool, England, without stopping at any ports.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
^ No cessation of hostilities short of an end of the war, and the disbanding of all forces hostile to the government."
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
^ It is true that all of usand by that I mean, not the Republican party alone, but the whole American people, here and elsewhereall of us wish this question settled, wish it out of the way".
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
.Let us cling to each other in the hope that our differences will pass away, as they often have in times past.
^ By noon Van Dorn realized that he was low on ammunition and that his supply trains were miles away with no hope of arriving in time to resupply his men.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
^ It is only to be justified when the agent has violated his constitutional obligation, and a State, assuming to judge for itself, denies the right of the agent thus to act, and appeals to the other States of the Union for a decision; but when the States themselves, and when the people of the States, have so acted as to convince us that they will not regard our constitutional rights, then, and then for the first time, arises the doctrine of secession in its practical application."
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
For the sake of peace, for the love of civil liberty, for the honor of our name, our race, our religion, let us preserve the Union, loving it better as the clouds grow darker. I am willing to unite with any man... who is willing to rely on the .Constitution as it is for his rights, and who is willing to maintain and defend the Union under all circumstances, against all enemies, at home or abroad.
^ Banks met no resistance from the Confederate defenders, a ragtag lot under a general who had never held independent command before.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
^ But on the right, Hill was hit hard and driven back by the Union II Corps under Maj.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
^ The war was fought not for "overthrowing or interfering with the rights or established institutions of those States," but to "defend and maintain the supremacy of the Constitution and to preserve the Union."
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
- Rep. .John Sherman (Republican-Ohio), letter to Philadelphians (December 22, 1860).
  ^ December 18, 1860 - Lincoln's Letter to Stephens.
  The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
  ^ Following lengthy artillery bombardments, Hardee abandoned the city and Sherman entered on December 22, 1864.
  The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
  .He sent a copy to his brother, William Tecumseh Sherman, who would later command the Union armies in the West.

If the confederacy is broken up, the government is dissolved, and it behooves every distinct community, as well as every individual, to take care of themselves.
^ William T. Sherman had command of the Union armies in the West.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
^ William T. Sherman succeeds Grant as commander in the west.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
^ William Tecumseh Sherman pursued.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
When disunion has become a fixed and certain act, why may not New York disrupt the bands which bind her to a venal and corrupt master.... .Amid the gloom which the present and prospective condition of things must cast over the country, New York, as a free city, may shed only light and hope of a future reconstruction of our once blessed confederacy.
^ New Orleans, considered an international city and the largest city in the Confederacy, had fallen.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
^ By the time the names of the first draftees were drawn in New York City on July 11, reports about the carnage of Gettysburg had been published in city papers.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Although demonstrations took place in many Northern cities, the riots that broke out in New York City were both the most violent and the most publicized.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
.
- New York City Mayor Fernando Wood, address to the City Council, recommending that, with the Southern states seceding from the United States, New York City should become an independent city-state (1861).

Apprehension seems to exist among the people of the Southern states that, by the accession of a Republican administration, their property and peace and personal security are to be endangered.
^ Texas becomes the seventh state to secede.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Florida becomes the third state to secede.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
^ New York Legislature passes anti-Southern resolution entitled Concurrent resolutions tendering aid to the President of the United States in support of the Constitution and the Union which starts "Whereas, treason, as defined by the Constitution of the United States, exists in one of more of the States of this confederacy; and whereas, the insurgent State of South Carolina, .
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
There has never been any reasonable cause for such apprehension....
.
I hold that, in contemplation of universal law and of the Constitution, the Union of these states is perpetual.
^ Those receiving amnesty would be required to swear that they would support the Constitution of the United States and the Union.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Each state's constitution was to be required to abolish slavery, repudiate secession, and disqualify Confederate officials from voting or holding office.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
^ West Virginia (formed from several pro-Union Virginia counties and calling for the abolition of slavery in its constitution) is admitted to the Union as the 35th state (counting the eleven that had seceded).
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
Perpetuity is implied, if not expressed, in the fundamental law of all national governments. .It is safe to assert that no government proper ever had a provision in its organic law (constitution) for its own termination.
^ But, the country was embroiled in a civil war: Southern rebels were not simply enemies to whom the government owed no constitutional duty; they were also citizens.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Lincoln wrote to Frémont: "Can it be pretended that it is any longer the government of the U.S.any government of Constitution and lawswherein a General, or a President, may make permanent rules of property by proclamation."
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
.Continue to execute all the express provisions of our national Constitution, and the Union will endure forever....
^ Lincoln's earlier instructions to Seward formed the inflexible Union position during four hours of talks; "(1) The restoration of the National authority throughout all the States.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
^ John C. Frémont , commander of the Union Army in St. Louis, proclaimed that all slaves owned by Confederates in Missouri were "forever free."
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
Plainly, the central idea of secession is the essence of anarchy. A majority, held in restraint by the constitutional checks and limitations... is the only true sovereign of a free people. Whoever rejects it does of necessity fly to anarchy or to despotism....
.
No State upon its mere motion can lawfully get out of the Union....
^ The attack on Fort Stedman turned out to be a four-hour action with no impact on the Union lines.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
^ William H. Seward writes to his wife that Buchanan showed "conclusively that it is the duty of the President to execute the lawsunless somebody opposes him; and that no State has a right to go out of the Union unless it wants to."
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
^ On March 21 the Missouri State Convention adjourns after voting against Secession, stating "no adequate cause [existed] to impel Missouri to dissolve her connections with the Federal Union."
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
There needs to be no bloodshed or violence; and there shall be none, unless it be forded upon the national authority....
.
In your hands, my dissatisfied countrymen, and not in mine is the momentous issue of civil war.
^ Arranged by issuing agency this bibliography is useful for locating the existence of Civil War era publications by agency.
Subject Guide: History 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.lib.jmu.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ Groene, Bertram H. Tracing Your Civil War Ancestor .
Subject Guide: History 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.lib.jmu.edu [Source type: Academic]
.The government will not assail you.
^ He added: "The government will not assail you.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
You can have no conflict without yourselves being the aggressors. You have no oath registered in heaven to destroy the government, while I have the most solemn one to 'preserve, protect, and defend' it.
- President Abraham Lincoln, First Inaugural Address (1861).

The First Shots Are Fired: Fort Sumter (April 12, 1861)

Fort Sumter has been on fire. [Union .Army Major] Anderson [the commanding officer of Fort Sumter] has not yet silenced any of our guns....
^ An unarmed merchant ship, Star of the West , carrying Union recruits to reinforce Robert Anderson at Fort Sumter, was fired on.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Major Robert Anderson's 84 men in Fort Sumter rotated in firing the fort's 48 guns, assisted by 43 workmen.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
^ (This was the third major battle, after Fort Donelson and Shiloh, in which an early morning attack caught the Union army by surprise.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
But the sound of these guns makes regular meals impossible. .
- Diary of Mary Boykin Chesnut, a resident of Charleston, South Carolina (1861).

Showers of [cannon] balls...
^ December 18-20, 1860 - South Carolina Secedes from the Union , On December 18, South Carolina Secession Convention reconvenes in Institute Hall in Charleston.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Confederates under General Beauregard open fire with 50 cannons upon Fort Sumter in Charleston, South Carolina.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
^ April 23-May 3, 1860 - Democratic Convention opens in Charleston, South Carolina.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
and shells... poured into the fort in one incessant stream, causing great flakes of masonry to fall in all directions. When the immense mortar shells, after sailing high in he air, came down in a vertical direction and buried themselves in the parade ground, their explosion shook the fort like an earthquake.
- Major Abner Doubleday (1861). Doubleday was second-in-command at Fort Sumter and briefly commanded Union troops at Gettysburg in July 1863. He was later credited with establishing the rules of baseball.

The North Responds to the Attack on Fort Sumter

Monday dawned, April 15. Who that saw that day will ever forget it! For now... there rang out the voice of .Abraham Lincoln calling for seventy-five thousand volunteers for three months.
^ Abraham Lincoln calls for 300,000 three-year enlistments.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Abraham Lincoln appeals for 42,000 men to serve for three years or for the duration of the war.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
^ In Washington, President Abraham Lincoln issues a proclamation announcing an "insurrection," and calls for 75,000 troops to be raised from the militia of the several States of the Union to serve for three months.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
.They were for the protection of Washington and the property of the government...
^ In 1892 George Washington Custis Lee's suit against the Federal Government for the return of his property was successful.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
^ They were never again able to threaten Washington, D.C., through the Shenandoah Valley, nor protect the economic base in the Valley.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
This proclamation was like the first peal of a surcharged thunder-cloud, clearing the murky air. The... whole North arose as one man.

Hastily formed companies marched to camps of rendezvous, the sunlight flashing from gun-barrel and bayonet.... Merchants and clerks rushed out from stores, bareheaded, saluting them as they passed. Windows were flung up; and women leaned out into the rain, waving flags and handkerchiefs. Horsde-cars and omnibuses halted for the passage of the soldiers, and cheer upon cheer leaped forth from thronged doors and windows....

I have never seen anything like this before. I had never dreamed that New England... could be fired with so warlike a spirit. .
- Mary Ashton Livermore, observing the mustering of troops in Boston (1861).

We, on our side, are praying to [God] to give us victory, because we believe we are right; but those on the other side pray to Him, look for victory, believing they are right.
^ They believed that he had broken his word, and they told him so.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
^ As Surgeon James Holloway of the 18th Mississippi wrote, "why they do not attack is strange for they have a heavy force and every day's delay only gives us the opportunity to strengthen our defenses."
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
^ It is only to be justified when the agent has violated his constitutional obligation, and a State, assuming to judge for itself, denies the right of the agent thus to act, and appeals to the other States of the Union for a decision; but when the States themselves, and when the people of the States, have so acted as to convince us that they will not regard our constitutional rights, then, and then for the first time, arises the doctrine of secession in its practical application."
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
What must He think of us? .
- Abraham Lincoln, (1861).

Forward to Richmond!
^ Abraham Lincoln had been in the area or Richmond for nearly two weeks.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
^ October 24, 1861 - President Abraham Lincoln receives the first transcontinental telegraph message.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
^ April 19, 1861 - Proclamation of Blockade President Abraham Lincoln issues a blockage proclamation against Southern ports.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
.
- Demand of the New York Tribune that the Federals start attacking the Confederates (1861).

We shall crush out this rebellion as an elephant would trample on a mouse.
^ Grant lands on the Missouri shore, out of the range of Confederate artillery at Columbus, and starts marching to Belmont.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Grant was hoping that Lee would take the bait of an isolated Union corps and attack it, drawing the Confederates out into the open, where they could be attacked.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
^ New York City became the largest Irish city in the world with 203,740 Irish-born out of a total population of 805,651.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
- Overconfident Union supporter at the start of the Civil War (1861).

The South Responds to the Start of the Civil War

If Virginia stands by the old Union, so will I. But if she secedes,...
^ West Virginia (formed from several pro-Union Virginia counties and calling for the abolition of slavery in its constitution) is admitted to the Union as the 35th state (counting the eleven that had seceded).
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Called for by a special session of the General Assembly, the group convened to determine whether Virginia should secede from the Union.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
^ May 23, 1861 - Virginia Secedes from the Union.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
then I will follow my native state with my sword and, if need be, with my life. .
- U.S. Army Colonel Robert E. Lee, before Virginia joined the Confederacy (1861).

With all my devotion to the Union and the feeling and loyalty and duty of an American citizen, I have not been able to make up my mind against my relatives, my children, my home.
^ "I cannot raise my hand against my birthplace, my home, my children."
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Prelude: Confederate General Robert E. Lee 's Army of Northern Virginia40,000 menhad entered Maryland following their recent victory at Second Bull Run.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
^ When McClellan's army ceased to threaten Richmond, Lee sent Thomas J. (Stonewall) Jackson to operate against Maj.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
.I have therefore resigned my commission in the Army, and save in defense of my native State — with the sincere hope that my poor services may never be used — I hope I may never be called on to draw my sword.
^ Union General Winfield Scott resigns as Commander of the United States Army, citing failing health.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
^ This may have saved Grant from a disaster on the North Anna, when his decimated army was positioned badly and was ripe to be attacked.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
^ In fact, Lee's army would never regain the initiative it lost in those two weeks of May 1864.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
.
- Robert E. Lee of Virginia, Colonel, U.S. Army, on resigning his commission (1861).
  ^ Prelude: Confederate General Robert E. Lee 's Army of Northern Virginia40,000 menhad entered Maryland following their recent victory at Second Bull Run.
  The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
  ^ The papers were among a collection of important Confederate documents transferred to Washington after the surrender of Robert E. Lee 's Army of Northern Virginia.
  The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
  ^ He wanted to strike at Robert E. Lee 's army while a sizable portion was detached under James Longstreet in the Suffolk area.
  The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
  .He was soon appointed to the Virginia Militia and later headed the Confederate Army.

Just throw three or four shells among these blue-bellied Yankees and they'll scatter like sheep.
^ The papers were among a collection of important Confederate documents transferred to Washington after the surrender of Robert E. Lee 's Army of Northern Virginia.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
^ The campaign begins as McClellan's Army of the Potomac advances from Washington down the Potomac River and the Chesapeake Bay to the peninsular south of the Confederate Capital of Richmond, Virginia then begins an advance toward Richmond.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Although the Battle of Atlanta was a severe defeat for Hood's Confederate Army, they still held the city.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
- Anonymous overconfident Confederate supporter (1861).

War Aims

We seek no conquest. All we ask is to be left alone. .
- Confederate President Jefferson Davis, on the war aims of the Confederacy (1861).

We here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain — that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom — and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.
^ President Jefferson Davis appeared on the scene.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
^ November 6, 1861 - Election of Jefferson Davis.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Jefferson Davis is elected president of the Confederate States of America.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
- President Abraham Lincoln, Gettysburg Address (1863).

The First Major Battle: Bull Run (July 21, 1861)

Woh-who-ey! Who-ey! .
- The "Rebel Yell" shouted by Confederate troops in the attack (1861).

There is nothing like it on this side of the infernal region.
^ Screaming their rebel yell, Confederate troops hit Cameron's lines hard.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
^ January 2, Bragg directed Breckenridge's troops to attack Beatty's division, which was occupying the hill on the east side of the river.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
^ The Rebels repulsed the attack causing high casualties (1600 Union, 500 Confederate).
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
The peculiar corkscrew sensation that it sends down your backbone under these circumstances can never be told. You have to feel it.
- A Union soldier, on the Rebel Yell (1861).

Let us determine to die here, and we will conquer. .There is Jackson standing like a stone wall!
^ Bee remarked, "There stands Jackson like a stone wall!
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Meanwhile Col. Erastus B. Tyler's brigade had made a flanking movement of its own, during which it encountered Jackson's men at the stone wall.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
.Rally behind the Virginians.
^ Rally behind the Virginians!"
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
- Confederate Gen. .Bernard Elliott Bee at the First Battle of Bull Run, in a comment that gave Gen.
  ^ July 21, 1861 - Battle of Bull Run (First Manassas).
  The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
  ^ The Army of the Potomac stayed there until August, when they were withdrawn by order of President Abraham Lincoln in the run-up to the Second Battle of Bull Run.
  The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
  ^ With Pope's army approaching from the west, Jackson decided to destroy the remaining supplies in Manassas Junction and to withdraw his command northward during the night to the site of the previous year's battle of First Bull Run.
  The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
  .Thomas Jonathan Jackson the nickname "Stonewall" (1861).

Soon the slopes...
^ When McClellan's army ceased to threaten Richmond, Lee sent Thomas J. (Stonewall) Jackson to operate against Maj.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson 's campaign through the Shenandoah Valley.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson and his smaller, but more offensive-minded Second Corps, which had performed with great valor in recent actions in the Shenandoah Campaign.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
were swarming with our retreating and disorganized forces, while riderless horses and artillery [horse] teams ran furiously through the flying crowd. All further efforts were futile. .The words, gestures, and threats of our officers were thrown away upon men who had lost all presence of mind, and only longed for absence of body [from the field of battle].
^ If there be, all our labor is lost, and, ere long, must be done again.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
^ At Spotsylvania, he lost another 10-13,000 men, and the Confederates had to pull men away from other fronts to reinforce him.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
^ For each unit it notes where organized along with its field officers, campaigns and battles it was engaged in, and number of casualties.
Subject Guide: History 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.lib.jmu.edu [Source type: Academic]
.
- Union Colonel Andrew Porter, on the rout of the initially-overconfident Federal troops that ended the Battle of Bull Run (1861).

It is best for the country and for mankind that we make peace with the rebels, and on their own terms...
^ July 21, 1861 - Battle of Bull Run (First Manassas).
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Zollicoffer was killed when he mistakenly rode into the Federal lines thinking the troops were his own men.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Making a wide flank march, Thomas J. Jackson hoped to cut off the Union retreat from Bull Run.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
- Advice for President Lincoln from Horace Greeley, publisher of the New York Tribune, following the Union defeat at Bull Run (1861).

The Peninsula Campaign (April-July 1862)

My dear McClellan: If you don't want to use the army, I would like to borrow it for a while.
^ Lincoln had grown impatient with McClellan's slowness to follow up on the success at Antietam, even telling him, "If you don't want to use the army, I should like to borrow it for a while."
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Likely Heth used the shoe excuse to absolve himself of the blame for prematurely instigating a battle that General Lee wanted to fight only when the army was concentrated.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
^ It seemed likely that Sherman would divide his armies so as to use both roads.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
Yours respectfully, A. Lincoln.
- Pres. Lincoln, unsent letter to Gen. .George McClellan, the inactive commander of the Federal Army of the Potomac (1862).

I was left alone on horseback, with my men dropping around me....
^ George B. McClellan 's army encountered Maj.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
^ September 2, 1862 - McClellan Restored to Command.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
^ McClellan retains command of the Army of the Potomac.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
My field [staff] officers... were all dead. Every horse ridden into the fight, my own among them, was dead. .Fully one half of my line officers and half my men were dead or wounded.
^ Nearly one half would not return to their own lines.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Riding in front of the lines to reconnoiter, Stonewall Jackson was accidentally shot and seriously wounded by his own men.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Pyron and his men retired about a mile and a half to a narrow section of the pass and formed a defensive line before Chivington's men appeared.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
- Confederate Army Colonel John B. Gordon, after the Battle of Seven Pines (May 31, 1862).

The Battle of Fredericksburg, Virginia (December 13, 1862)

A chicken could not live on that field when we open on it. .
- General E.P. Alexander, Lee's engineer and superintendent of artillery, before the Union attack on Fredericksburg (1862); reported in Bim Sherman, The Century (1886), p.
  ^ The Union cavalry, which Sherman had neglected to train adequately, had a difficult time following Hood and reporting his movements.
  The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
  ^ McClellan was relieved as general-in-chief of all the Union armies on July 11, 1862, replaced by Henry W. Halleck , although he did retain command of the Army of the Potomac.
  The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
  ^ Lee declined to attack the Union position because he believed that it would be too costly.
  The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
  .617.

Gone were the proud hopes, the high aspirations that swelled our bosoms a few days ago....
^ Lincoln remained a few more days in hopes that Robert E. Lee's army would surrender, but on April 8 he headed back to Washington.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
[The army] has strong limbs to march and meet the foe, stout arms to strike heavy blows, brave hearts to dare — but the brains, the brains! Have we no brains to use the arms and limbs and eager hearts with cunning? .
- Union Army private William Lusk, letter home after the Union defeat at Fredericksburg, blaming Gen.
  ^ William T. Sherman 's army out of Georgia, Gen.
  The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
  ^ William T. Sherman had command of the Union armies in the West.
  The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
  ^ Most of the committee's energies were directed towards investigating Union defeats, particularly those of the Army of the Potomac.
  The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
  .Ambrose Burnside, commander of the Union Army of the Potomac.
  ^ The Mud March was Burnside's final attempt to command the Army of the Potomac.
  The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
  ^ Ambrose E. Burnside (1824-81) as the new Commander of the Army of the Potomac (over the protest of Burnside).
  The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
  ^ McClellan retains command of the Army of the Potomac.
  The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
  The Federal attacks against high ground south of the Rappahannock River, strongly held by the Confederates, cost it 12,000 casualties (1862).

The Battle of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania (July 1863)

Our army held the war in the hollow of their hand and they would not close it.
^ Although the Battle of Atlanta was a severe defeat for Hood's Confederate Army, they still held the city.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
^ The II Corps took close to 4,000 prisoners and probably would have cut the Army of Northern Virginia in half if the IX Corps (Maj.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
^ The Confederates had not held up the Union Army as long as they had hoped.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
- President Lincoln, regretting the failure of Union Army commanders to destroy the Confederate Army before it could recross the Potomac and retreat into the safety of northern Virginia (1863).

The Siege of Vicksburg (June-July 1863)

If you can't feed us, you had better surrender, horrible as the idea is, than suffer this noble army to disgrace themselves by desertion.
^ Although Bragg's army suffered less than Buell's, the Confederate commander realized he faced the entire Army of the Ohio, and ordered an immediate retreat.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Lee inflicted heavy casualties on Grant, but they were a smaller percentage than the casualties his army suffered.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
^ The Confederates suffered 813 casualties, a quarter of whom were prisoners who had surrendered rather than run the gauntlet of fire back to their own lines.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
- A Confederate soldier besieged at Vicksburg to the Confederate commander (1863).

The Eastern Front (1863-1865)

I propose to fight it out on this line if it takes all summer.
^ That convinced Grant, who had vowed to "fight it out on this line if it takes all summer," that Lee's men could not be dislodged from their Spotsylvania line.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
^ At the corner of the L, Johnson Hagood's division managed to break through the Union lines, but then nearly became cut off before fighting its way back out.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
- Gen. .Ulysses S. Grant, during the campaign in Virginia (May 11, 1864), commanding Union forces, on his intention to keep up offensive operations in Virginia, in contrast with his predecessors.

This is not war, this is murder.
^ Union forces, under the command of Brig.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Ulysses S. Grant to command all operations in the western theater.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
^ He held the post until 1864, when President Abraham Lincoln replaced him with General Ulysses S. Grant .
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
.
- Confederate general after viewing Union dead in the Battle of Cold Harbor (June 3, 1864).

We have met a man this time, who either does not know when he is whipped, or who cares not if he loses his whole army.
^ June 9-18, 1864 - Battle of Marietta.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
^ May 22-June 3, 1864 - Battle of Cold Harbor.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
^ The final phase ended triumphantly for the Confederate forces of General Lee, who forced the withdrawal of the Federal Army of the Potomac after the Seven Days' Battles (June 25-July 1).
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
.
- Southern officer, reflecting on Grant, the new Northern commander (1864).

Leave nothing to invite the enemy to return....
^ To the detrimental effects of this blind faith were added the fact that the Army of Northern Virginia had many new and inexperienced commanders.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Grant hoped that one more attack might finally break the outnumbered Army of Northern Virginia commanded by Lee.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
^ The Battle of the Crater, part of the Siege of Petersburg, took place on July 30, 1864 between the Army of Northern Virginia commanded by Gen.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
Let the valley be left so that crows flying over it will have to carry their rations long with them.
- Federal Commander Gen. Ulysses S. Grant, instructions for Gen. .Philip Sheridan for his invasion of the Shenandoah Valley in northwestern Virginia (1864).

If [Georgians] raise a howl against my barbarity and cruelty, I will answer that war is war, and not popularity-seeking.
^ On February 27 General Philip H. Sheridan rode south from Winchester up the devastated Valley with two divisions of cavalry totaling 10,000 men.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Tennessee, naval warfare, Atlanta Campaign, and 1864 in the Shenandoah Valley.
Subject Guide: History 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.lib.jmu.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ At dawn the Confederates advanced, initially gaining ground against Philip H. Sheridan 's cavalry.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
If they want peace, they and their relatives must stop the war.
- Gen. .William T. Sherman (1864), whose Western Army invaded Georgia and waged total war against the Confederacy, destroying cities and property along a band 60 miles wide during his march to the seacoast at Savannah (September-December 1864).

I beg to present you, as a Christmas gift, the city of Savannah.
^ William T. Sherman 's army out of Georgia, Gen.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
^ September 1864 - Sherman and Hood Maneuver.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
^ William T. Sherman reached Savannah on December 10.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
- General Sherman to President Lincoln (December 22, 1864), following his capture of the seacoast city of Savannah, Georgia.

Lee's Surrender to Grant at Appomattox Court House (April 9, 1865)

Let all the men who claim to own a horse or mule [with the Confederate Army] take the animals home with them to work their little farms."
^ The defenders, consisting mostly of men from the Confederate First and Third Corps, who fought from behind earthworks, slaughtered them as soon as they moved forward.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
^ At New Market on the 15th, Sigel was attacked by a makeshift Confederate army of about 4,100 men commanded by Maj.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
^ May 13, just as the Confederates had completed expelling the II Corps from the Mule Shoe, the new line was ready, and Lee had his battered men retire behind it.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
.
- Grant to Lee at Appomattox (1865).

This will do much toward conciliating our people."
^ In March 1865 the Confederates were driven back at the Battle of Fort Stedman, leaving Lee with 50,000 troops as opposed to Grant's 120,000.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Lee led his remaining 30,000 men in a north-by-west arc across the Appomattox River and toward Lynchburg.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Immediately following was the Appomattox Campaign, including the Battle of Five Forks and the final surrender of Lee's army on April 9, 1865.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
.
- Lee to Grant, on the latter permitting Confederate troops take their horses home to be farm animals (1865).

At a little before 4 o'clock General Lee shook hands with General Grant...
^ Wallace's prospects brightened with word that the first contingent of Grant's Veterans, the troops commanded by General Ricketts, had reached Baltimore and were rushing by rail to join Wallace at the Monocacy.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
^ The next morning, Grant learns that Confederate troops had crossed the Mississippi River from Columbus to Belmont, Missouri, to intercept two detachments sent in pursuit of Brig.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Samuel R. Curtis defeated Confederate troops under General Earl Van Dorn .
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
and with Colonel Marshall left the room.... .Lee gazed sadly in the direction of the valley beyond where his army lay — now an army of prisoners....
^ Lee's army was now surrounded on three sides.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Sheridan's army was engaged in destroying the economic base of the Valley, meant to deprive Robert E. Lee 's army of the supplies they required.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
^ The prisoners we now take show it, and the actions of his Army show it unmistakably.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
.
All [Union officers present] appreciated the sadness that overwhelmed him, and he had the personal sympathy of everyone who beheld him at this supreme moment of trial....
^ Ashby made a mounted assault, which cost him several of his best officers before the Union defenders surrendered.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Lincoln won an overwhelming Electoral College victory: 180 of 303 possible electoral votes, but the eighteen states voting for him were all above the Mason/Dixon line.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
^ However, Lincoln no longer had confidence in McClellan and removed him from supreme command of the Union Army.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
"General Grant... saluted him by raising his hat. .He was followed in this act of courtesy by all our officers present; Lee raised his hat respectfully and rode off to break the sad news to the brave fellows whom he had so long commanded....
^ Jefferson Davis had been present with at the battle of Fair Oaks on May 31, and, after the wounding of Johnston in that engagement, assigned Lee to the command of the Army.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
^ If there be, all our labor is lost, and, ere long, must be done again.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
.
The news of the surrender had reached the Union lines, and the firing of salutes began at several points, but the general sent orders at once to have them stopped, and used these words...: 'The war is over, the Rebels are our countrymen again, and the best sign of rejoicing after the victory will be to abstain from all demonstrations in the field.'
^ Grant issued a brief statement: "The war is over; the rebels are our countrymen again and the best sign of rejoicing after the victory will be to abstain from all demonstrations in the field."
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
^ These reinforcements began to reach Winder, strengthening his line and stopping the Union counterattack.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Union Flag-Officer David G. Farragut , with his squadron, continued up the Mississippi River and demanded the surrender of the City of New Orleans the next day.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
- Gen. .Horace Porter, account of the Confederate Surrender at Appomattox Court House (April 9, 1865).

I have done for you all that it was in my power to do.
^ April 9, 1865 - Surrender at Appomattox.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
^ April 18, 1865 - Surrender of Johnston.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
^ On April 18, Johnston signed an armistice with Sherman at the Bennett House, and on April 26, formally surrendered his army.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
You have done all your duty. Leave the result to God. Go to your homes and resume your occupations. Obey the laws and become as good citizens as you were soldiers.
- General Robert E. Lee to the men of the Army of Northern Virginia, following the surrender (1865).

The War on the Home Front

The war has stimulated the genius of our people and directed it to the service of our country.
^ Lincoln responded promptly that he too was ready to receive overtures "with the view of securing peace to the people of our one common country."
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
Sixty-six new inventions relating to engines, implements, and articles of warfare have been illustrated in our columns....

Other departments of industry have also been well represented. Our inventors have not devoted themselves exclusively to the invention of destructive implements; they have also cultivated the arts of peace.
- Scientific American magazine, year-end summary for 1861.

We have reproached the South for arbitrary conduct in coercing their people; at last we find we must imitate their example. .We have denounced their tyranny for filling their armies with conscripts, and now we must follow their example.
^ In order to save valuable ammunition for the infantry attack that they knew must follow, the Army of the Potomac's artillery at first did not return the enemy's fire.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
We have denounced their tyranny in suppressing freedom of speech and the press, and here, too, in time, we must follow their example. The longer it is deferred the worse it becomes.

I say with the press unfettered as now we are defeated to the end of time. 'Tis folly to say the people must have news.
- Letter from Union Gen. William T. Sherman to his brother John Sherman (1863).

The Antiwar Movement in the North

How are you my Abe? Is the list nearly filled
Of the sick men and dying of wounded and killed
Of widows and tears, or orphans unfed
Of poor honest white men struggling for bread?
'Dear Devil,' quoth Abe, 'I'm doing my best
To promote the interest of you and the rest.
- "Abe's Visitor," a poem published in a Democrat newspaper in Pennsylvania.

I will not consent to put the entire purse of the country and the sword of the country into the hands of the executive, giving him despotic and dictatorial power to carry out an object which I avow before my countrymen is the destruction of their liberties and the overthrow of the Union of these states....

The charge has been made against us — all who are opposed to the policy of this administration and opposed to this war — that we are for 'peace on any terms.' It is false.... .I am for peace, and would be, even if the Union could not be restored...
^ Selma demonstrated that even Forrest, whom some had considered invincible, could not stop the unrelenting Union movements deep into the Southern Heartland.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Grant was hoping that Lee would take the bait of an isolated Union corps and attack it, drawing the Confederates out into the open, where they could be attacked.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
because without peace, permitting this administration for two years to exercise its tremendous powers, the war still existing, you will not have one remnant of civil liberty left among yourselves. .The exercise of these tremendous powers, the apology for which is the existence of this war, is utterly incompatible with the stability of the Constitution and of constitutional liberty.
^ In other words, the exercise of confiscation was a war power and not a criminal measure for the punishment of a crime.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
- Rep. Clement L. Vallandingham (D-Ohio), leader of the “Copperhead" antiwar Democrats, in a speech to the Democrat Union Association of New York (1863).

The War and Slavery

On the face of this wide earth, Mr. President, there is not one... intelligent champion of the .Union cause who does not feel...
^ Lincoln's call for 300,000 more young men to fight a seemingly endless war frightened even those who supported the Union cause.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
^ No matter who may be elected, no matter what may be done, still they (the North) will stand to the Union as the great cause of their prosperity.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
that the rebellion, if crushed tomorrow, would be renewed if slavery were left in full vigor... and that every hour of deference to slavery is an hour of added and deepened peril to the Union.
- Horace Greeley, Open Letter to Pres. .Lincoln (1862).

If there be those who would not save the Union unless they could at the same time save slavery, I do not agree with them.
^ McClellan believed that to keep resistance to a minimum, it should be made clear that the Union forces would not interfere with slavery and would help put down any slave insurrections.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
^ After about an hour, they again advanced, this time sending regiments to either side of the high ground to enfilade the Union position.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Lincoln's call for 300,000 more young men to fight a seemingly endless war frightened even those who supported the Union cause.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
.If there be those who would not save the Union unless they could at the same time destroy slavery, I do not agree with them.
^ Those receiving amnesty would be required to swear that they would support the Constitution of the United States and the Union.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Grant was hoping that Lee would take the bait of an isolated Union corps and attack it, drawing the Confederates out into the open, where they could be attacked.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
^ The Union forces panicked, their flanks had been turned, and they fled as quick as they could.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
.My paramount object in this struggle is to save the Union, and it is not either to save or destroy slavery.
^ The war to preserve the Union now becomes a revolutionary struggle for the abolition of slavery.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
^ U.S. Congress passes the Crittenden-Johnson Resolution stating that the war is being fought to preserve the Union, not to destroy slavery.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
.If I could save the Union without freeing any slave, I would do it; and if I could save it by freeing all the slaves, I would do it; and if I could do it be freeing some and leaving others alone, I would also do that.
^ Grant was hoping that Lee would take the bait of an isolated Union corps and attack it, drawing the Confederates out into the open, where they could be attacked.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
^ The total number of slave owners was 385,000 (including, in Louisiana, some free Negroes).
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Selma demonstrated that even Forrest, whom some had considered invincible, could not stop the unrelenting Union movements deep into the Southern Heartland.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
- Pres. Lincoln, reply to Horace Greeley (1862).

We the colored citizens of Queens County, N.Y., having met in mass meeting... take the present opportunity to express our opinions most respectfully and freely....
.Why not declare slavery abolished and favor our peaceful colonization in the Rebel states, or some portion of them?...
^ Each state's constitution was to be required to abolish slavery, repudiate secession, and disqualify Confederate officials from voting or holding office.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
^ The Declaration of Secession for Mississippi states, "Our position is thoroughly identified with the institution of slavery-the greatest material interest of the world.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Georgia's Declaration of Secession is approved stating, "For the last ten years we have had numerous and serious causes of complaint against our non-slave-holding confederate States with reference to the subject of African slavery.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
We would cheerfully return there and give our most willing aid to deliver our loyal colored brethren and other Unionists from the tyranny of rebels to our government."
- Petition of the Colored Citizens of Queens County (1862).

African Americans Recruited for the Army

Once let the black man get upon his person the brass letters. U.S.; let him get an edge on his button, and a musket on his shoulder and bullets in his pocket, and there is no power on earth which can deny that he has earned the right to citizenship. .
- Frederick Douglass, whose sons Charles and Lewis served in the 54th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment, commanded by Colonel Robert Gould Shaw (1862).

Many persons believed, or pretended to believe, and confidently asserted, that freed slaves would not make good soldiers; they would lack courage, and could not be subjected to military discipline.
^ Robert Gould Shaw and half of the 600 men in the regiment are killed.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
^ McClellan believed that to keep resistance to a minimum, it should be made clear that the Union forces would not interfere with slavery and would help put down any slave insurrections.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Believing that the fears of the corps commanders would be communicated to their men and thus weaken the army's confidence, Johnston yielded to these demands, even though he thought the position to be defensible.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
Facts have shown how groundless were these apprehensions. .
- Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton (1863).

We congratulate the American people upon your reelection by a large majority.
^ The very first Medals of Honor were given to these men by Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton .
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Part of the mystery stems from the fact that the papers have not survived and appear to have been intentionally destroyed by Union Secretary of War Edwin Stanton in 1865.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Lee scolded him: "Why did you not do as [Stonewall] Jackson would have done, thrown your whole force upon those people and driven them back?"
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
.If resistance to the slave power was the reserved watchword of your first administration, the triumphant war cry of your reelection is 'Death to slavery.'
^ McClellan believed that to keep resistance to a minimum, it should be made clear that the Union forces would not interfere with slavery and would help put down any slave insurrections.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
^ At the beginning of the war, it was critical because the administration did not have the eradication of slavery as one of its goals.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
From the commencement of the titanic American strife, the workingmen of Europe felt instinctively that the star-spangled banner carried the destiny of their class....
.
The workingmen of Europe feel sure that as the American War of Independence initiated a new era of ascendancy for the middle class, so the American antislavery war will do for the working classes.
^ The Battle of Glorieta Pass, fought on March 26-28, 1862, in northern New Mexico Territory, was the decisive battle of the New Mexico Campaign during the American Civil War.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
.They consider it an earnest of the epoch to come that it fell to the lot of Abraham Lincoln, the single-minded so of the working class, to lead his country through the matchless struggle for the rescue of an enchained race and the reconstruction of a social world.
^ The Army of the Potomac stayed there until August, when they were withdrawn by order of President Abraham Lincoln in the run-up to the Second Battle of Bull Run.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
^ The delegates considered three top candidates: William H. Seward , Salmon P. Chase , and Abraham Lincoln .
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
^ President Abraham Lincoln 's pocket veto of the bill presaged the struggle that was to take place after the war between President Andrew Johnson and the Radical Republicans in Congress.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
.
- Letter of the Communist International to President Lincoln (1864).

Shall we expect some transatlantic military giant, to step over the ocean, and crush us at a blow?
^ President Abraham Lincoln learned of this plan from some disaffected officers on Burnside's staff and put a stop to it, assessing it as too risky.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
^ He held the post until 1864, when President Abraham Lincoln replaced him with General Ulysses S. Grant .
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
^ President Abraham Lincoln tells his cabinet that he intends to issue an emancipation proclamation, but agrees to wait for a military victory so that this will not appear to be an act of desperation.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
Never! -- .All the armies of Europe, Asia and Africa combined, with all the treasure of the earth (our own excepted) in their military chest; with a Bonaparte for a commander, could not by force, take a drink from the Ohio, or make a track on the Blue Ridge, in a trial of a Thousand years.
^ The only way that Lee could escape from the trap that Grant had set was to destroy the Army of the Potomac while he still had sufficient force to do so, and Grant was too skilled to allow that to happen.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
^ At the beginning of the campaign, Union forces designated the Military Division of the Mississippi were commanded by Maj.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
^ President Lincoln temporarily relieves McClellan as general-in-chief and takes direct command of the Union Armies.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
At what point, then, is the approach of danger to be expected? I answer, if it ever reach us, it must spring up amongst us. It cannot come from abroad. If destruction be our lot, we must ourselves be its author and finisher. As a nation of freemen, we must live through all time, or die by suicide.
- President Lincoln (1861).

External links

Wikipedia has an article about:

American Civil War

Categories: History | Wars and battles

1911 encyclopedia

Up to date as of January 14, 2010

From LoveToKnow 1911

.AMERICAN CIVIL WAR (1861-1865).^ The standard American Civil War encyclopedia.

Subject Guide: History 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.lib.jmu.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ The American Civil War (1860-1865) The American Civil War (1860-1865) .

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Black Americans that fought in the Civil War.

Subject Guide: History 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.lib.jmu.edu [Source type: Academic]

.1. The Civil War between the northern and southern sections of the United States, which began with the bombardment of Fort Sumter on the 12th of April 1861, and came to an end, in the last days of April 1865, with the surrender of the Confederates, was in its scope one of the greatest struggles known to history.^ April 12, 1861 - Attack on Fort Sumter.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ It was one of the worst disasters of the war for the Confederate States Army.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Centennial History of the Civil War , 3 vols.

American Civil War - Bibliography - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Academic]

.Its operations were spread over thousands of miles, vast numbers of men were employed, and both sides fought with an even more relentless determination than is usual when "armed nations" meet in battle.^ Shiloh's awesome toll of 23,746 men killed, wounded, or missinggreater than in all previous American wars combinedbrought a shocking realization to both sides that the war would not end quickly.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The battlefield was the Wilderness of Spotsylvania, an expanse of impenetrable scrub growth and rough terrain that encompassed more than 70 square miles of Spotsylvania County in central Virginia.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ More terrible than the number of casualties was how they were inflicted not by foreign enemies, but by fellow citizens.

The American Civil War 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC homepage.eircom.net [Source type: Original source]

.The duration of the war was due to the nature of the country and the enormous distances to be traversed, not to any want of energy, for the armies were in deadly earnest and their battles and combats (of which two thousand four hundred can be named) sterner than those of almost any war in modern history.^ Lt General James Longstreet's First Corps, almost a third of Lee's Army, missed the entire second phase of the battle, being in North Carolina.

The American Civil War 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC homepage.eircom.net [Source type: Original source]

^ The struggle continued along a hundred-mile crescent before the two exhausted armies settled in for a siege at Petersburg, southeast of the Confederate capital.

The American Civil War 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC homepage.eircom.net [Source type: Original source]

^ More men of the Confederate Army of Tennessee were killed in five hours at Franklin than in two days at the Battle of Shiloh.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.The political history of the war, its antecedents and its consequences, are dealt with in the articles United States (History) and Confederate States.^ Confederate Home, Higginsville, History and Cemetery Records, n.d., (C3498) 1 folder(s) Account of formation of the Confederate Home Association, building of the home, cost, dedication, and takeover by the state.

WHMC-Columbia--American Civil War--COLLECTION DESCRIPTIONS 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC whmc.umsystem.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ The following day the deputies elect unanimously a Confederate Provisional President: Jefferson Davis of Mississippi, former United States Secretary of War and Senator, a West Point graduate and former U.S. Army officer, considered by most a moderate.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Confederate Regimental History Links Arranged by state with categories by general, artillery, cavalry, and infantry.

Subject Guide: History 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.lib.jmu.edu [Source type: Academic]

.For the purposes of the military narrative it is sufficient to say that eleven southern states seceded from the Union and formed the Confederate States of America.^ The Confederate States of America, 1861-1865 (1950), highly detailed overview Davis, William C. Look Away!

American Civil War - Bibliography - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Academic]

^ Constitution of the Confederate States of America A web page copy of the Constitution.

Subject Guide: History 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.lib.jmu.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ The Congress of the Confederate States of America adjourns for the last time.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Jefferson Davis was chosen president of this confederacy, and an energetic government prepared to repel the expected attack of the "Union" states.^ Thousands of southerners fought for the Union, and thousands of northerners fought for the Confederacy father against son, brother against brother, for the war divided families as well as states.

The American Civil War 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC homepage.eircom.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Jefferson Davis understood that the Confederacy had received an excellent returns on its investment of men and materiel in Lee's generalship.

The American Civil War 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC homepage.eircom.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Jefferson Davis, after the Battle of Manassas "I have been blind expecting everything to stay the same."

The American Civil War 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC homepage.eircom.net [Source type: Original source]

.The "resumption" by the seceding states of the coast defences (built on land ceded by the various states to the Federal government, and, it was argued, withdrawn therefore by the act of secession) brought on the war.^ [The Defence of Fort Pillow] In many ways the American Civil War was unlike any other civil war before or after in that by and large the participants acted with restraint and treated their opponents honourably.

The American Civil War 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC homepage.eircom.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Do you think that State Legisatures would have signed off on the Declaration of Independence, on the Constitution, if an almight and dominant federal government was the goal of the founding fathers?

A rant about stupidity... and the coming civil war... - David Brin - Open Salon 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC open.salon.com [Source type: Original source]

^ An example of the federal government's plans for a Civil War battle site.

Subject Guide: History 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.lib.jmu.edu [Source type: Academic]

2. Bombardment of Fort Sumter. - .South Carolina, finding other means of seizing or regaining Fort Sumter at Charleston ineffectual, ushered in the great struggle by the bombardment of the 12th of April 1861. Against overwhelming odds the United States troops held out until honour was satisfied; they then surrendered the ruins of the fort and were conveyed by warships to the north.^ April 12, 1861 - Attack on Fort Sumter.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The fort was seized by Georgia troops on January 3, 1861.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ So- we fired on fort sumter and hence they get SLAVERY out of that?

Election Central | Talking Points Memo | Ron Paul: American Civil War Was Unnecessary 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC tpmelectioncentral.talkingpointsmemo.com [Source type: Original source]

At once the war spirit was aroused. .President Lincoln called out 75,000 men.^ Issued in response to Lincoln's call for 75,000 men.

WHMC-Columbia--American Civil War--COLLECTION DESCRIPTIONS 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC whmc.umsystem.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ President Lincoln "You know, years ago John Calhoun said that West Point men would lead great armies...

The American Civil War 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC homepage.eircom.net [Source type: Original source]

.The few southern states which had not yet seceded, refused their contingents and promptly joined the "rebels," but there was no hesitation in the people of the North, and the state troops volunteered in far greater numbers than had been demanded.^ With eighteen vessels, he commanded far greater firepower than the Confederate fleet of four.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The White House of the Confederacy, located a few blocks north of the State Capitol, was home to the family of Confederate President Jefferson Davis.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Of these, 86 came from the South; 65 resigned rather than fight their states or were discharged for refusing to take the oath of allegiance, while 21 remained in the Army.

The American Civil War 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC homepage.eircom.net [Source type: Original source]

Nearly the whole of the nation had now definitely taken sides in the quarrel. .The Confederacy consisted of eleven states (Virginia, North and South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas, Arkansas and Tennessee).^ The White House of the Confederacy, located a few blocks north of the State Capitol, was home to the family of Confederate President Jefferson Davis.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ In early September, Rosecrans consolidated his forces scattered in Tennessee and Georgia and forced Braxton Bragg 's army out of Chattanooga, heading south.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Virginia, North Carolina, Arkansas and Tennessee refuse to send troops and soon join the Confederacy.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.All the remaining states and territories stood by the Union, except Missouri, Kentucky and Maryland, in which public opinion was divided.^ The telegram, which was sent to all states still in the Union, asked for two regiments of troops for immediate military service.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Belief that all the "seceded States would return to the Union if the Crittenden proposition were adopted".

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Thousands of southerners fought for the Union, and thousands of northerners fought for the Confederacy father against son, brother against brother, for the war divided families as well as states.

The American Civil War 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC homepage.eircom.net [Source type: Original source]

.But the first operations of the war brought about the willing or unwilling adhesion of these border states to the Federal cause.^ Poyntz, John, Order, 1863, (C1955) 1 folder(s) Headquarters of District of the Border, Kansas City, MO, orders John Poyntz out of the state for the duration of the war, 19 September 1863.

WHMC-Columbia--American Civil War--COLLECTION DESCRIPTIONS 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC whmc.umsystem.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ The Civil War was about State's Rights, and a strict interpretation of the powers of the Federal Government as allowed by the Constitution.

Election Central | Talking Points Memo | Ron Paul: American Civil War Was Unnecessary 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC tpmelectioncentral.talkingpointsmemo.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The battle caused a rise in anti-war sentiment in the Northern States.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Citizens of these states served on either side in the war.^ But the attempt proved futile: both Union and Confederate recruiters operated in the state, with Kentuckians serving on both sides.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Nothing was really gained on either side; like the war's first big battle (First Bull Run to the Union, First Manassas to the Confederates), it is recorded as a Confederate victory.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Fort's forcible surrender would ensure Virginia and North Carolina entering the war on the southern side, but, in the end, the north would "swoop down on" the seceding states.

The American Civil War 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC homepage.eircom.net [Source type: Original source]

.The small, but highly efficient, regular army stood by the president, though large numbers of the officers, amongst them many of the best in the service, left it when their states seceded.^ Meade's Army of the Potomac followed, though the pursuit was half-spirited at best.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ For almost a month, the normally aggressive Sherman took little action, while his men sat about idly and many left the army at the end of their enlistments.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ A politician as well as a soldier, President Polk didn't want him to see field service in the Mexican War even though he was the army's chief general, but was finally forced to do so.

The American Civil War 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC homepage.eircom.net [Source type: Original source]

.The navy likewise remained national, and of its officers very few went with their states, for the foreign relations of the navy tended to produce a sentiment wider than local.^ King Cotton Diplomacy: Foreign relations of the Confederate States of America (1931) Union military leaders .

American Civil War - Bibliography - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Academic]

^ As a matter of fact, we produce more spinach than any other state.

Election Central | Talking Points Memo | Ron Paul: American Civil War Was Unnecessary 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC tpmelectioncentral.talkingpointsmemo.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Owsley, Frank L. King Cotton Diplomacy; Foreign Relations of the Confederate States of America .

Subject Guide: History 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.lib.jmu.edu [Source type: Academic]

.But the Federal armaments were not on such a scale as to enable the government to cope with a "nation in arms," and the first call for volunteers was followed by more and more, until in the end the Federals had more than a million men under arms.^ More than 700 Federals were captured.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Lincoln's call for 300,000 more young men to fight a seemingly endless war frightened even those who supported the Union cause.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ More men of the Confederate Army of Tennessee were killed in five hours at Franklin than in two days at the Battle of Shiloh.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.At first the troops on both sides were voluntarily enlisted, but the South quickly, the North later, put in force conscription acts.^ The point is simply to put to rest the arrogance of those who somehow believe the north engaged the south for moral reasons.

Election Central | Talking Points Memo | Ron Paul: American Civil War Was Unnecessary 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC tpmelectioncentral.talkingpointsmemo.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Curtis found an excellent defensive position on the north side of the creek and proceeded to fortify it and place artillery for an expected Confederate assault from the south.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Reinforcements arrived, and both sides fed more and more troops into the action.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Reducing the figures to a three years' average, the North furnished about 45% of her military population, the South not less than 90% for that term.^ The Econo Lodge Metro, a 100 percent non-smoking hotel, is ideally located off Interstate 66 East, less than three blocks from the W...

Hotels Near African-American Civil War Memorial - Washington District of Columbia hotels 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC hotel.uscity.net [Source type: General]

^ By the next morning (April 7), the combined Federal forces numbered about 40,000, outnumbering Beauregard's army of less than 30,000.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ About 2,500 entries with an emphasis on military figures.

Subject Guide: History 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.lib.jmu.edu [Source type: Academic]

.Even so the Confederacy was numerically, as in every other respect, far weaker, and rarely, after the second year, opposed equal numbers to the troops of the Union.^ August 10, 1863 - President Lincoln meets with abolitionist Frederick Douglass who pushes for full equality for Union 'Negro troops.'

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Union boats began landing troops near Arkansas Post in the evening of January 9 and the troops started up river towards Fort Hindman.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Throughout the critical period of the war, that is, from the beginning of 1862 up to the day of Chattanooga, three distinct campaigns were always in progress.^ April 17-May 22, 1862 - Grierson's Raid was a Union cavalry raid during the Vicksburg Campaign of the American Civil War.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Then Lee himself had gone on the attack, north, up through Maryland, only to be stopped at a town named Sharpsburg in September 1862, on the bloodiest day of the war.

The American Civil War 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC homepage.eircom.net [Source type: Original source]

^ At the beginning of the war, it was critical because the administration did not have the eradication of slavery as one of its goals.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Virginia, separating the two hostile capitals, Richmond and Washington, was the theatre of the great campaigns of the east, where the flower of both armies fought.^ The campaign begins as McClellan's Army of the Potomac advances from Washington down the Potomac River and the Chesapeake Bay to the peninsular south of the Confederate Capital of Richmond, Virginia then begins an advance toward Richmond.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ July 11-12, 1864 - Battle of Fort Stevens was fought outside Washington D.C. as part of the Valley Campaigns of 1864, Jubal A. Early 's attempt to seize the city of Washington.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The struggle continued along a hundred-mile crescent before the two exhausted armies settled in for a siege at Petersburg, southeast of the Confederate capital.

The American Civil War 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC homepage.eircom.net [Source type: Original source]

.In the centre, the valleys of the Ohio, the Cumberland and the Tennessee were the battle-ground of large armies attacking and defending the south and south-eastern states of the Confederacy, while on and beyond the great waterway of the Mississippi was carried on the struggle for those interests, vital to either party, which depended on the mighty river and its affluents.^ The majority of these records was created by men in Missouri Union and Confederate regiments, and troops from other Midwestern states, active in Missouri, Arkansas, Louisiana, and other areas west of the Mississippi River, Kentucky and Tennessee, and the deep South, with more limited materials from the eastern theater of war.

WHMC-Columbia--American Civil War--COLLECTION DESCRIPTIONS 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC whmc.umsystem.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ Grant had entrusted Sherman with the second most important part of his grand strategy to seize Atlanta, the "Gate City of the South" and the second most important manufacturing center of the Confederacy, and to smash the combined Confederate armies of the Tennessee and Mississippi under Joseph E Johnston that would try to stop him.

The American Civil War 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC homepage.eircom.net [Source type: Original source]

^ In a spirit more seen in the largely volunteer army of the Civil War than in professional armies of any country or time, the colonel said, "If you make the attack as contemplated it will be the greatest slaughter of the war; there isn't enough infantry in our whole army to carry those heights if they are well defended."

The American Civil War 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC homepage.eircom.net [Source type: Original source]

.Until the end of 1863 the events in these three regions remain distinct episodes; after that the whole theatre of war is comprised in the "anaconda policy," which concentrated irresistible masses of troops from all sides on the heroic remnants of the Confederacy.^ Shiloh's awesome toll of 23,746 men killed, wounded, or missinggreater than in all previous American wars combinedbrought a shocking realization to both sides that the war would not end quickly.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Congress passes the Wade-Davis Bill, an unsuccessful attempt by Radical Republicans and others in the U.S. Congress to set Reconstruction policy before the end of the Civil War.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ He was later exiled to the Conferacy by President Abraham Lincoln and travelled via Bermuda to Canada, where he remained until the end of the war.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.In Virginia and the east, Washington, situated on the outpost line of the Union, and separated by the "border" state of Maryland from Pennsylvania and the North, was for some time in great peril.^ Present on the first day were delegates from New Hampshire, Vermont, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, Kentucky, Ohio, Indiana and Iowa, 14 states.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ My suspicion is that Mexico would extend to the Mason-Dixon line and the Blue States would have eventually formed some tighter alliance or incorporation with our rational neighbor to the north.

A rant about stupidity... and the coming civil war... - David Brin - Open Salon 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC open.salon.com [Source type: Original source]

^ At the same time, Union cavalry would cross the Rappahannock at Kelly's Ford, 20 miles north, and strike south into Lee's rear, destroying his supply lines.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Virginia, and with it the Federal navy yard at Norfolk and the arsenal at Harper's Ferry, was controlled by the rebels.^ Virginia headed for its navy yard; the battle was over.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ On April 20 the Union Navy burned and evacuated the Norfolk Navy Yard, destroying nine ships in the process, leaving only Fort Monroe at Old Point Comfort as the last bastion of the United States in Tidewater Virginia.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ They tended to overlook, for example, the stranglehold the Federal navy kept on the Confederate coastline or its increasing control of the river system beyond the Appalachians.

The American Civil War 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC homepage.eircom.net [Source type: Original source]

.Baltimore was the scene of a bloody riot as the first Northern regiment (6th Mass.^ A week later, one of the first regiments to respond to Lincoln's call for troops arrived in Baltimore by train, en route to the capital.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

) passed through on its way to .Washington on the 19th of April, and, until troops could be spared to protect the railway through Maryland, all reinforcements for the national capital had to be brought up to Annapolis by sea.^ Warren brought up reinforcements and counterattacked.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The University of Maryland, Washington DC and The National Harbor are about twenty minutes away.

Hotels Near African-American Civil War Memorial - Washington District of Columbia hotels 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC hotel.uscity.net [Source type: General]

^ Crook's troops had to march through a swamp and the XIX Corps was not advancing at all.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.When that state was reduced to order, the Potomac became the front, and, later, the base, of the Northern armies.^ Eventually, Lincoln deployed combat troops from the Federal Army of the Potomac to restore order; they remained encamped around the city for several weeks.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ By mid-June, the Army of Northern Virginia was poised to cross the Potomac River and enter Maryland.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ On May 8, Grant ordered the Army of the Potomac to resume its advance, and a few days later, the two armies clashed again 10 miles to the southeast, at the Battle of Spotsylvania Court House.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

Table of contents

.1 3. Missouri and West Virginia

2 5. Close of the First Year

3 7. Fort Donelson

4 8. Island No.^ "The Surrender of Fort Sumter"] Threats to the security of the United States during the first 75 years of its existence were largely external.

The American Civil War 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC homepage.eircom.net [Source type: Original source]

io and Pea Ridge

5 13. The Campaign of Perryville

6 14. The Western Campaign

7 16. Antietam

8 17. Vicksburg in 1862

9 20. Capture of Vicksburg

10 21. Chancellorsville and Gettysburg

11 22. Chickamauga

12 23. Chattanooga

13 25. The Wilderness Campaign

14 26. Cold Harbor

15 27. Petersburg

16 28. Sheridan's Valley Campaign

17 29. Sherman and Johnston

18 32. Nashville

19 33. The Carolinas

20 34. The Final Campaign

21 36. Strategy and Tactics

22 37. The Union and Confederate Navies

23 38. Fort Fisher

24 39. Other Naval Actions

3. Missouri and West Virginia

.Missouri, at the other flank of the line, contained an even stronger Confederate element, and it was not without a severe struggle that the energy of Mr (afterwards General) F. P. Blair, and of Nathaniel Lyon, the Unionist military commander, prevailed over the party of secession.^ By evening the ends of the Confederate line had been turned and were in danger of being flanked.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ A wide variety of record types document many of the military, political, social, and psychological aspects of the war in Missouri and other areas of the country throughout the conflict.
WHMC-Columbia--American Civil War--COLLECTION DESCRIPTIONS 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC whmc.umsystem.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ The Confederate musket and artillery fire along the XVIII Corps front was so severe that its men were actually pinned to the ground for protection, unable even to retire to their own lines.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.In Kentucky the Unionist victory was secured almost without a blow, and, even at the end of 1861, the Confederate outposts west of the Alleghenies lay no farther north than the line Columbus - Bowling Green - Cumberland Gap, though southern Missouri was still a contested ground.^ By evening the ends of the Confederate line had been turned and were in danger of being flanked.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ With Pope no longer a threat, Lee turned his army west and north to invade Maryland, initiating the Maryland Campaign and the battles of South Mountain and Antietam.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Missouri joins the Confederate States of America in November 1861.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

Between the Mississippi and the mountains the whole of the year was spent by both sides in preparing for the contest. In the east hostilities began in earnest in western Virginia. .This part of the state, strongly Unionist, had striven to prevent secession, and soon became itself a state of the Union (1863).^ The Union will soon have 21 states and a population of over 20 million.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ When the secession crisis swept the State in early 1861 the Arkansas Secession Convention voted to remain in the Union.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The Declaration of Secession for South Carolina states, "We affirm that these ends for which this Government was instituted have been defeated, and the Government itself has been made destructive of them by the action of the non-slaveholding States.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.A force under General G. B. McClellan advanced from the Ohio in June and captured Philippi.^ Richard S. Ewell held off Pope's advance forces under Maj.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ After noon, Chivington's men captured some Rebel advance troops and then found the main force behind them.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Lieutenant General Jubal Early defeated Union forces under Maj.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.This promptitude was not only dictated by the necessity of preserving West Virginia, but imposed by the necessity of holding the Baltimore & Ohio railway, which, as the great link between east and west, was essential to the Federal armies.^ It provides no indication of “Absolute Truth” It is only valid in terms of Relative Position – is Mecca East or West?
A rant about stupidity... and the coming civil war... - David Brin - Open Salon 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC open.salon.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Their goals were to disrupt the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad at Oakland, Maryland, and at Grafton, cut telegraph communication, and weaken federal control in the area.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Was Robert E. Lee's preoccupation with Virginia a consequence of paraochialism that limited his vision to the East while the war was being lost in the West?
The American Civil War 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC homepage.eircom.net [Source type: Original source]

A month later, an easy triumph was obtained by McClellan and Rosecrans against the Confederates of Virginia at Rich Mountain.

.4. First Bull Run.^ Nothing was really gained on either side; like the war's first big battle (First Bull Run to the Union, First Manassas to the Confederates), it is recorded as a Confederate victory.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ July 21, 1861 - Battle of Bull Run (First Manassas).
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Davis, William C. Battle at Bull Run: A History of the First Major Campaign of the Civil War (1977).
American Civil War - Bibliography - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Academic]

- .The opposing forces now in the field numbered 190,000 Unionists and half that number of Confederates; sixty-nine warships flew the Stars and Stripes and a number of improvised ironclads and gunboats the rival "Stars and Bars."^ When Confederate forces, numbering about 800 men, threatened to seize control of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad (B&O) at Grafton, W.Va., the South's troops were met by 3,000 federal troops under the general command of Maj.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Although Bragg now had a strong force of 38,000 veteran troops, he made no effort to regain the initiative.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Only Lee's Army at Petersburg and Joseph E. Johnston 's forces in North Carolina remain to fight for the South against Northern forces now numbering 280,000 men.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.On the 10th of June a Federal force was defeated at Big Bethel (near Fortress Monroe), and soon afterwards the main Virginian campaign began.^ But heavy fighting around Richmond followed and in June the federal forces are withdrawn from the peninsula.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Hood's campaign ended when Union forces under Thomas defeated him decisively at Nashville, Tennessee, on December 15-16, 1864.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ When Pettigrew told Hill and Henry Heth, his division commander, about what he had seen, neither general believed that there was a substantial Federal force in or near the town.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.On the Potomac the Unionist generals McDowell and Patterson commanded respectively the forces at Washington and Harper's Ferry, opposed by the Confederates under Generals J. E. Johnston and Beauregard at Winchester and at Manassas.^ Expresses concern over brother Robert, who is under the command of General Beauregard; speaks of daily visits of James S. Rollins, friend of her sister Vinnie; and refers to lack of gaiety and dances in Washington.
WHMC-Columbia--American Civil War--COLLECTION DESCRIPTIONS 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC whmc.umsystem.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ Confederate soldier under Lee's command at Wilderness "Quit thinking about what Bobby Lee's gonna do to us and start thinking about what we're going to do to him."
The American Civil War 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC homepage.eircom.net [Source type: Original source]

^ It was important to the Confederates too, because as long as it was under their command they threatened the north's capital city of Washington.
The American Civil War 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC homepage.eircom.net [Source type: Original source]

The forces of these four commanders were raw but eager, and the people behind them clamoured for a decision. .Much against his own judgment, Lieutenant-General Winfield Scott, the Federal general-in-chief, a veteran of the second war with England and of the war with Mexico, felt constrained to order an advance against Beauregard, while Patterson was to hold Johnston in check on the Shenandoah.^ Jackson ordered a general advance.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ In the late afternoon Breckinridge, supported by massed artillery south of Shiloh Branch ravine, checked the Union advance, but Beauregard, realizing that his army was in peril, ordered a retreat.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Union General Winfield Scott resigns as Commander of the United States Army, citing failing health.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.On the 21st of July took place the first battle of Bull Run (q.v.^ Answers Samuel's inquiries about why he opposed a Confederate pursuit at the Battle of Bull Run and why he was not tried for treason.
WHMC-Columbia--American Civil War--COLLECTION DESCRIPTIONS 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC whmc.umsystem.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ Because many Civil War battles and incidents took place in Virginia, and Virginia institutions now hold many primary sources on the Civil War, this can be useful to researchers in this area.
Subject Guide: History 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.lib.jmu.edu [Source type: Academic]

) between .McDowell and Beauregard, fought by the raw troops of both sides with an obstinacy that foreboded the desperate battles of subsequent campaigns.^ This happened at Ball's Bluff because both sides were so raw in the ways of warfare that the Union troops didn't think of surrendering when their cause was lost.
The American Civil War 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC homepage.eircom.net [Source type: Original source]

^ The Red River Campaign was a series of battles fought along the Red River in Louisiana during the American Civil War from March 10 to May 22, 1864.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ July 11-12, 1864 - Battle of Fort Stevens was fought outside Washington D.C. as part of the Valley Campaigns of 1864, Jubal A. Early 's attempt to seize the city of Washington.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.The arrival of Johnston on the previous evening and his lieutenant Kirby Smith at the crisis of the battle (for Patterson's part in the plan had completely failed), turned the scale, and the Federals, not yet disciplined to bear the strain of a great battle, broke and fled in wild rout.^ Bragg had ordered Polk to Perryville to "attack the enemy immediately, rout him, and then move rapidly to join Major General [Kirby] Smith" near Versailles.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Lieutenant General Edmund Kirby Smith commanded a majority of the participating Southern forces, organized under the Trans-Mississippi Department.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ General Johnston, more than satisfied with Hood's previous attack on the Federal left the day before, had again ordered General Hood to attack.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

The equally raw Confederates were in no condition to pursue. A desultory duel between the forces of Rosecrans and Robert E. Lee in West Virginia, which ended in the withdrawal of the Confederates, and a few combats on the Potomac (Ball's Bluff or Leesburg, October 21; Dranesville, December 20), brought to a close the first campaign in the east.

5. Close of the First Year

.In the end Bull Run did more harm to the victors than to the conquered.^ In that capacity he did more to shape the future of America than anyone else except Abraham Lincoln.

The American Civil War 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC homepage.eircom.net [Source type: Original source]

^ "Little did I conceive," William Howard Russell wrote of Bull Run and its impact toward the end of the year, "of the greatness of the defeat, the magnitude of the disaster which it had entailed upon the United States...

The American Civil War 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC homepage.eircom.net [Source type: Original source]

^ In all, more than 90,000 Confederates fell between Lee's assumption of command and the end of 1863.

The American Civil War 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC homepage.eircom.net [Source type: Original source]

.The Southerners undeniably rested on their laurels, and enabled McClellan, who was now called to the chief military command at Washington, to raise, organize and train the famous Army of the Potomac, which, in defeat and victory, won its reputation as one of the finest armies of modern history.^ The victory seemed to belong to the Army of the Potomac.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ McClellan retains command of the Army of the Potomac.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ As for Mahone, the victory, won largely due to his efforts in supporting Johnson's stunned men, earned him a lasting reputation as one of the better generals of Lee's army in the war's last year.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Johnston meanwhile was similarly employed in fashioning the equally famous Army of northern Virginia, which for three years carried the Confederacy on its bayonets.^ The Battle of the Crater, part of the Siege of Petersburg, took place on July 30, 1864 between the Army of Northern Virginia commanded by Gen.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Wisconsin, Eighth Regiment, Mascot, (SUNP0961) Engraving of "Old Abe" the eagle carried through three years' campaign.

WHMC-Columbia--American Civil War--COLLECTION DESCRIPTIONS 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC whmc.umsystem.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ The papers were among a collection of important Confederate documents transferred to Washington after the surrender of Robert E. Lee 's Army of Northern Virginia.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.It was not until the people was stung by the humiliation of Bull Run that the unorganized enthusiasm of the North settled down into an invincible determination to crush the rebellion at all costs.^ Geography offers a major clue as to why the North found it so difficult to project its industrial and military power into the Southern states and end the rebellion.

The American Civil War 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC homepage.eircom.net [Source type: Original source]

^ His battle line passed down into the valley, crossed the run, and began climbing Victory Hill.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ You are rushing into war with one of the most powerful, ingeniously mechanical, and determined people on Earth -- right at your doors.

The American Civil War 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC homepage.eircom.net [Source type: Original source]

.The men of the South were not less in earnest, and the most highly individualized people in the world was thus found ready to accept a rigorous discipline as the only way to success.^ Thomas, who fought to save the Union and was crucial to its preservation, is held in far less esteem - if, indeed, most people even know who he is...

The American Civil War 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC homepage.eircom.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Most people in the North and South, as well as European observers, shared that view.

The American Civil War 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC homepage.eircom.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Only WE THE PEOPLE can make it stop by refusing to condone or accept it any longer.

A rant about stupidity... and the coming civil war... - David Brin - Open Salon 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC open.salon.com [Source type: Original source]

In the autumn, a spirited attempt was made by the Arkansas Confederates to. reoccupy Missouri. .Fremont, the Federal commander, proved quite unable to deal with this, and the gallant Lyon was defeated and killed at Wilson's Creek (August io).^ He fought in the Battle of Wilson's Creek, August 10, 1861.

WHMC-Columbia--American Civil War--COLLECTION DESCRIPTIONS 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC whmc.umsystem.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ Letters recalling a conversation between his father, John Wesley Rogers, and a soldier guarding the body of General Nathaniel Lyon who was killed 10 August 1861 at Wilson's Creek.

WHMC-Columbia--American Civil War--COLLECTION DESCRIPTIONS 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC whmc.umsystem.edu [Source type: Academic]

.Soon afterwards, after a steady resistance, the Unionist garrison of Lexington surrendered to Sterling Price.^ Tilghman then returned to the fort and, soon afterwards, surrendered to the fleet, which had engaged the fort and closed within 400 yards.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.But the work of Blair and Lyon had not been in vain, and the mere menace of Fremont's advance sufficed to clear the state, while General John Pope, by vigorous action in the field and able civil administration, restored order and quiet in the northern part of the state.^ Poyntz, John, Order, 1863, (C1955) 1 folder(s) Headquarters of District of the Border, Kansas City, MO, orders John Poyntz out of the state for the duration of the war, 19 September 1863.

WHMC-Columbia--American Civil War--COLLECTION DESCRIPTIONS 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC whmc.umsystem.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ Civil War Orders, 1861, (C1495) 1 folder(s) Orders signed by John Bryner, commander of the 47th Regiment, Illinois Volunteers, and by E.B. Eno, acting provost marshal.

WHMC-Columbia--American Civil War--COLLECTION DESCRIPTIONS 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC whmc.umsystem.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ Bartlett, John R. The Literature of the Rebellion; a Catalogue of Books and Pamphlets Relating to the Civil War in the United States, and on Subjects Growing Out of that Event, Together with Works on American Slavery, and Essays from Reviews on the Same Subjects .

Subject Guide: History 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.lib.jmu.edu [Source type: Academic]

.In the central theatre (Kentucky), the only event of importance was a daring reconnaissance of the Confederate fort at Columbus on the Mississippi by a small force under Brigadier-General U. S. Grant (action of Belmont, November 7).^ Confederate forces under Brig.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Union forces in Kentucky under Maj.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The next morning, Grant learns that Confederate troops had crossed the Mississippi River from Columbus to Belmont, Missouri, to intercept two detachments sent in pursuit of Brig.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

6. The Blockade. - Meanwhile the Federal navy had settled down to its fourfold task of blockading the enemy's coast against. the export of .cotton and the import of war material, protecting the Union commerce afloat, hindering the creation of a Confederate navy and co-operating with the land forces.^ The majority of these records was created by men in Missouri Union and Confederate regiments, and troops from other Midwestern states, active in Missouri, Arkansas, Louisiana, and other areas west of the Mississippi River, Kentucky and Tennessee, and the deep South, with more limited materials from the eastern theater of war.

WHMC-Columbia--American Civil War--COLLECTION DESCRIPTIONS 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC whmc.umsystem.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ But the attempt proved futile: both Union and Confederate recruiters operated in the state, with Kentuckians serving on both sides.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ David D. Porter on January 13, Union forces landed and prepared an attack on Maj.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

From the first months of the war the sea power of the Federals was practically unchallenged, and the whole length of the hostile coast-line was open to invasion. .But the blockade of 3000 miles of coast was a far more formidable task, and international law required it to be effective in order to be respected.^ Each was required to build only 50 miles (80.47 km) in the first year; after that, only 50 more miles were required each year.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Nevertheless along the whole line some kind of surveillance was established long before the close of 1861, and, in proportion as the number of vessels available increased, the blockade became more and more stringent, until at last it was practically unbreakable at any point save by the fastest steamers working under unusually favourable conditions of wind and weather.^ The "Rebel yell" became famous and feared, with its ululating wolf-howl "ow-ow-ow-ow" running back and forth along the Confederate battle line...

The American Civil War 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC homepage.eircom.net [Source type: Original source]

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Some prefer the square proportions of this flag over Mile's original rectangle as more sonorous and more distinct.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.As against the civilian enemy the navy strangled commerce; its military preponderance nipped in the bud every successive attempt of the Confederates to create a fleet (for each new vessel as it emerged from the estuary or harbour in which it had been built, was destroyed or driven back), while at any given point a secure base was available for the far-ranging operations of the Union armies.^ Articles concern Confederate and Union military news, and the fall of Vicksburg.

WHMC-Columbia--American Civil War--COLLECTION DESCRIPTIONS 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC whmc.umsystem.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ Secondly, despite a brilliant strategy, brilliantly executed, which caued entire Union army corps to dissolve and take to their heels, the Army of the Potomac had not been destroyed.

The American Civil War 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC homepage.eircom.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Since the soldiers hoped to return and live back among these people, they were sometimes driven to attempt more than was reasonable.

The American Civil War 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC homepage.eircom.net [Source type: Original source]

.Two hundred and twelve warships or converted merchantmen were in commission on the 1st of January 1862. There had been severalcoastal successes in 1861,notably the occupation of Hatteras Inlet, North Carolina, by Commodore S.H. Stringham and General B. F. Butler (August 28-29, 1861), and the bombardment and capture of Forts Beauregard and Walker at Port Royal, South Carolina,by the fleet under Commodore S.F. duPont and the forces of General T. W. Sherman (November 7, 1861).^ August 26, 1861 - Butler's North Carolina Coastal Campaign.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ On August 26 1861, the Federal fleet embarked from Fort Monroe and headed south.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ February 6, 1862 - Capture of Fort Henry.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Early in 1862 a large expedition under General A. E. Burnside and Commodore L. M. Goldsborough captured Roanoke Island, and the troops penetrated inland as far as Newbern (actions of February 8 and March 14).^ Only one week after they had begun their expedition, Goldsborough and Burnside had successfully invaded North Carolina, captured Roanoke Island and two towns on the coast, sealed one of the state's primary canals, and destroyed the "mosquito fleet."

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Samuel R. Curtis defeated Confederate troops under General Earl Van Dorn .

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ His army marched in two large columns under the command of Oliver Otis Howard on the right and the left under Maj.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.About the same time Fort Pulaski (the main defence of Savannah, Georgia) was invested and captured.^ Lee's army suffered heavy casualties during the battle of Fort Stedmanabout 2,900, including 1,000 captured in the Union counterattack.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ January 3, 1861 - Georgia seizes Fort Pulaski.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Ulysses S. Grant consolidate his position after capturing Fort Henry on February 6, Grant advanced cross-country to invest Fort Donelson.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.But the greatest and most important enterprise was the capture of New Orleans by Flag-Officer D. G. Farragut and General Butler (April 18-25, 1862).^ May 1, 1862 - Capture of New Orleans.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ April 24-25, 1862 - Farragut Atttacks New Orleans.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Union Flag-Officer David G. Farragut , with his squadron, continued up the Mississippi River and demanded the surrender of the City of New Orleans the next day.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.This success opened up the lower Mississippi at the same time as the armies of the west began to move down that river under Grant, who was always accompanied by the gunboat flotilla which had been created on the upper waters in 1861. A slight campaign in New Mexico took place in February 1862, in which several brilliant tactical successes were won by the Texan forces, but no permanent foothold was secured by them.^ Ulysses S. Grant to advance his Union Army of West Tennessee on an invasion up the Tennessee River.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Once again, Lee's tactics had inflicted severe casualties on Grant's army.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Union Flag-Officer David G. Farragut , with his squadron, continued up the Mississippi River and demanded the surrender of the City of New Orleans the next day.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

7. Fort Donelson

In the early months of 1862 preparations on a gigantic scale were made for the conquest of the South. .McClellan and the Army of the Potomac faced Johnston, who with the Army of northern Virginia lay at Manassas, exercising and training his men with no less care than his opponent.^ It was Custer and his men who completed the entrapment of the Army of Northern Virginia at Appomattox.

The American Civil War 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC homepage.eircom.net [Source type: Original source]

^ McClellan retains command of the Army of the Potomac.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Prelude: Confederate General Robert E. Lee 's Army of Northern Virginia40,000 menhad entered Maryland following their recent victory at Second Bull Run.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.MajorGeneral D. C. Buell in Kentucky had likewise drilled his troops to a high state of efficiency and was preparing to move against the Confederate general Albert Sidney Johnston, whose reputation was that of being the foremost soldier on either side.^ Samuel R. Curtis defeated Confederate troops under General Earl Van Dorn .

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Taking advantage of the fact that Confederate General James Longstreet was moving toward Maj.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The campaign began favorably as Confederate forces in East Tennessee, under the control of General Kirby Smith and in cooperation with Bragg, moved north into Kentucky with 12,000 troops.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Farther west the troops on both sides were by no means so well trained, yet active operations began on the Tennessee.^ Reinforcements arrived, and both sides fed more and more troops into the action.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ In June 1864 the Union army began a siege of the two cities, with both sides rapidly constructing fortifications 35 miles (56 km) long.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ But the attempt proved futile: both Union and Confederate recruiters operated in the state, with Kentuckians serving on both sides.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Here Fort Donelson on the Cumberland, Fort Henry on the Tennessee and Columbus on the Mississippi guarded the left of the Southern line, Sidney Johnston himself maintaining a precarious advanced position at Bowling Green, with his lieutenants, Zollicoffer and Crittenden, farther east at Mill Springs, and a small force under General Marshall in the mountains of eastern Kentucky.^ Early in his memoirs, Grant described General Zachary Taylor, under whom he had served as a 24 year old lieutenant in the Mexican War.

The American Civil War 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC homepage.eircom.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Standing above a bend of the Tennessee River at the meeting point of two important railroads, Chattanooga guarded the gateway to the eastern Confederacy and the rebel war industries in Georgia.

The American Civil War 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC homepage.eircom.net [Source type: Original source]

.The last-named was soon defeated by General James A. Garfield at Prestonburg, and a few days later General G. H. Thomas won his first victory at Mill Springs (Logan's Cross Roads).^ Lt General James Longstreet's First Corps, almost a third of Lee's Army, missed the entire second phase of the battle, being in North Carolina.

The American Civil War 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC homepage.eircom.net [Source type: Original source]

.Zollicoffer was killed and his army forced to make a disastrous retreat (January 19-20, 1862).^ The slow moving Confederates finally collided with General Blunt's Kansas militiamen at Lexington on October 19, but Shelby's Iron Brigade, of Price's army, forced General Blunt to retreat.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ After their disastrous defeat at the Battle of Chickamauga (September 19-20, 1863), Union forces under Maj.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Jackson's decisive victory over the small Union force at Front Royal forced the main Union Army at Strasburg under Banks into abrupt retreat.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.The centre of Johnston's line (Forts Henry and Donelson) was next attacked by General Grant and Flag-Officer A. H. Foote.^ Henry Adams The plan Grant outlined to Meade and the general staff called for four co-ordinated, simultaneous blows against the Confederacy.

The American Civil War 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC homepage.eircom.net [Source type: Original source]

.On the 6th of February Fort Henry fell to Foote's gunboat flotilla, and Grant then moved overland to Donelson.^ February 6, 1862 - Capture of Fort Henry.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The next day (February 14), Grant watches an assault on Donelson by the gunboats of Andrew H. Foote 's flotilla which is equally unsuccessful.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ February 16, 1862 - Capture of Fort Donelson.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.His troops were raw and possessed no decisive superiority in numbers, and sharp fighting took place when the garrison of Donelson tried to cut its way out.^ I am warning them today: I will fight them every step of the way if they try to dictate their moral convictions to all Americans in the name of 'conservatism.'

A rant about stupidity... and the coming civil war... - David Brin - Open Salon 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC open.salon.com [Source type: Original source]

^ At the corner of the L, Johnson Hagood's division managed to break through the Union lines, but then nearly became cut off before fighting its way back out.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Hard fighting took place in the Peach Orchard, Devil's Den, Little Round Top, the Wheat Field, and Cemetery Ridge.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.The attempt failed when almost on the point of success, and the Federals, under the excellent leadership of Generals C. F. Smith, Lew Wallace and McClernand, effected a lodgment in the works.^ Lieutenant General Edmund Kirby Smith commanded a majority of the participating Southern forces, organized under the Trans-Mississippi Department.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The Federals were repulsed with heavy losses by William Bates' division and failed in an attempt to break the railroad.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ This assault routed the Federal Left Wing under General Alexander McD. McCook .

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.The Confederate commanders proved themselves quite unequal to the crisis, and 15,000 men surrendered with the fort on the 16th of February.^ On April 7, 1862, the Confederate garrison, of 7,000 men surrendered.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The Battle of Resaca was one of the largest engagements and is estimated to have cost the Federals some 4,000 causalities and the Confederates nearly 3,000 men.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ At least 15,000 bleeding men were carried into Richmond that week...

The American Civil War 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC homepage.eircom.net [Source type: Original source]

8. Island No. io and Pea Ridge

.This very considerable success thrust back Johnston's whole line to New Madrid, Corinth and the Memphis & Charleston railway.^ The new line was roughly perpendicular to the original line, in a half oval with its back to the river.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The Confederates are now emboldened to make an assault of their own (February 15) aiming to break out of the siege, which has temporary success, but then the Confederates are forced back to their lines.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ This time, the breach in the Confederate line was complete, thanks in large part to an order from Lee that had already pulled much of the Confederate artillery back to the new line.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.The left flank, even after the evacuation of Columbus, was exposed, and the Missouri divisions under Pope quickly seized New Madrid.^ Sheridan sent the VIII Corps under George Crook to find the Confederate left flank.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Barnard E. Bee , having recently resigned from the U. S. Army and still wearing his blue uniform, realized that the army's left flank was seriously exposed.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ On this same date McCown ordered the evacuation of New Madrid and moved the garrison across the river to the peninsula in order to avoid being isolated.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

The adjoining river defences of Island No. io in the Mississippi proved more formidable. .Foote's gunboats could, and did, run the gauntlet, but a canal had to be cut right round the batteries for the transports, before the land forces could cross the river and attack the works in rear; when this was accomplished, by the skill and energy of all concerned, the place with its garrison of 7000 men surrendered at once (April 8, 1862).^ He hoped to accomplish all of this before Sherman could reach him.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ On April 7, 1862, the Confederate garrison, of 7,000 men surrendered.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Over a thousand men were lost before Stewart could return to his works.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Meanwhile, in the Missouri theatre, the Federal general Curtis, outnumbered and outmanoeuvred by the forces of Price and Van Dorn, fought, and by his magnificent tenacity won, the battle of Pea Ridge (March 7-8), which put an end to the war in this quarter.^ The guards fought in the battles of Wilson's Creek and Pea Ridge.

WHMC-Columbia--American Civil War--COLLECTION DESCRIPTIONS 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC whmc.umsystem.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ The battle led to greater federal military activity in Missouri, and set the stage for the Battle of Pea Ridge in March 1862.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

On the whole, the first part of the western campaign was uniformly a brilliant success for the Federal arms. .General H. W. Halleck, who was here in control of all the operations of the Federals, had meanwhile ordered Grant's force to ascend the Tennessee river and operate against Corinth; Buell's well-disciplined forces were to march overland from Nashville to join him, and General O. M. Mitchel with a division was sent straight southwards from the same place to cut the Memphis & Charleston line.^ Johnston meanwhile chose Corinth, Mississippi, as the staging area for an offensive against Grantthe western Confederacy's most important rail junction where the Memphis & Charleston crossed the Mobile & Ohio Railroad, the only east-west all weather supply route that linked the lower Mississippi Valley to cities on the Confederacy's east coast.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Halleck had instructed Grant to await the arrival of Buell from Nashville, after which Grant was to advance south in a joint offensive to seize the Memphis & Charleston Railroad.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ He held the post until 1864, when President Abraham Lincoln replaced him with General Ulysses S. Grant .

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

The latter mission, brilliantly as it was executed, failed, through want of support, to secure a foothold. .Had Halleck reinforced Mitchel, that officer might perhaps have forestalled the later victories of Grant and Sherman.^ Telegram to Sherman from Henry Halleck, 1864, announcing victory over enemy in battle.

WHMC-Columbia--American Civil War--COLLECTION DESCRIPTIONS 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC whmc.umsystem.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ General Grant also assessed Wallace's delaying tactics at Monocacy: "If Early had been but one day earlier, he might have entered the capital before the arrival of the reinforcements I had sent .

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ His frail hopes for victory now lay with Sherman, the only one of Grant's commanders still moving forward against the enemy...

The American Civil War 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC homepage.eircom.net [Source type: Original source]

As it was, the enterprise became a mere diversion.

9. Shiloh. - .Meanwhile Grant was encamped at Pittsburg Landing on the Tennessee with an army of 45,000 men, and Buell with 37,000 men about two marches away.^ Between March 1 and April 5 Grant transported his army (over 58,000 men) into southwest Tennessee, established it at Pittsburg Landing, and awaited the arrival the Army of Ohio under Maj.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Grant lands on the Missouri shore, out of the range of Confederate artillery at Columbus, and starts marching to Belmont.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ On October 3, Sherman left Henry W. Slocum in Atlanta and moved toward Marietta with a force of about 55,000 men.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Early on the 6th of April A. S. Johnston and Beauregard completely surprised the camps of Grant's divisions.^ On April 3, realizing that Buell would soon reinforce Grant, Johnston launched an offensive with his newly christened Army of the Mississippi.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Johnston originally planned to attack Grant on April 4, but rain and bad roads postponed the assault until the 6th.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ B. M. Prentiss 's camp, routing the Union 6th Division.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.The battle of Shiloh was a savage scuffle between two half-disciplined hosts, contested with a fury rare even in this war.^ More men of the Confederate Army of Tennessee were killed in five hours at Franklin than in two days at the Battle of Shiloh.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The subsequent battle between the two ironclads was generally interpreted as a victory for the Monitor , however, and produced feelings of combined relief and exultation in the North.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Had he lived through even one more battle which would have been Gettysburg the rest of the Civil War might have been very different.

The American Civil War 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC homepage.eircom.net [Source type: Original source]

.On the 6th the Unionists, scattered and unable to combine, were driven from point to point, and at nightfall barely held their ground on the banks of the river.^ However, Confederate cannons (many captured from Banks) and sharpshooters opened at point blank range on the ships as they passed down the river.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.The losses were enormous on both sides, Johnston himself being amongst the killed.^ Losses for the day were heavy on both sides.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Losses were heavy on both sides.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ In the interim, our soldiers are being killed in record numbers, isolated in the hills and valleys of Afganistan, and even the administration admits that the momentum is on the side of the Taliban.

A rant about stupidity... and the coming civil war... - David Brin - Open Salon 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC open.salon.com [Source type: Original source]

.The arrival of Buell enabled the Federals to take the offensive next morning along the whole line, and by sunset on the 7th, after another sanguinary battle, Beauregard was in full retreat.^ The "Rebel yell" became famous and feared, with its ululating wolf-howl "ow-ow-ow-ow" running back and forth along the Confederate battle line...

The American Civil War 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC homepage.eircom.net [Source type: Original source]

^ The Battle of Shiloh, or Pittsburgh Landing (April 6th & 7th, 1862) [quotes Sunday Morning ] [26 May] .

American Civil War Music (1861-1865) 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.pdmusic.org [Source type: General]

^ By the next morning (April 7), the combined Federal forces numbered about 40,000, outnumbering Beauregard's army of less than 30,000.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Some weeks afterwards, Halleck with the combined armies of Grant, Buell and Pope began the siege of Corinth, which Beauregard ultimately evacuated a month later.^ Ulysses S. Grant and the Army of the West after a six week siege.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Beauregard could not hope to hold Corinth given the condition of his army and the size of the enemy.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Grierson and his troopers ultimately pulled in to Baton Rouge; combined with Sherman's feint, the befuddled Confederates did not oppose Grant's landing on the east side of the Mississippi.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Thus the first campaign of the western armies, completed by the victory of the gunboat flotilla at Memphis (June 6), cleared the Mississippi as far down as Vicksburg, and compelled the Confederates to evacuate the Cumberland and a large portion of the Tennessee basins.^ The campaign begins as McClellan's Army of the Potomac advances from Washington down the Potomac River and the Chesapeake Bay to the peninsular south of the Confederate Capital of Richmond, Virginia then begins an advance toward Richmond.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Grant was furious, ordered McClernand back to the Mississippi, disbanded the Army of the Mississippi, and assumed personal command of the Vicksburg Campaign.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The Union army had gained its first decisive victory during the siege of Petersburg and achieved a major objective.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

I o. The Peninsula. - .Many schemes were discussed between McClellan and President Lincoln before the Army of the Potomac finally took the offensive in Virginia.^ McClellan retains command of the Army of the Potomac.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Finally, in desperation, Lincoln removed the popular McClellan and replaced him with a corps commander, Major General Ambrose E. Burnside.

The American Civil War 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC homepage.eircom.net [Source type: Original source]

^ The Battle of the Crater, part of the Siege of Petersburg, took place on July 30, 1864 between the Army of Northern Virginia commanded by Gen.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.It was eventually decided that General Banks was to oppose "Stonewall" Jackson in the Shenandoah Valley, Fremont to hold western Virginia against the same general's enterprise, and McDowell with a strong corps to advance overland to meet McClellan, who, with the main army, was to proceed by sea to Fortress Monroe and thence to advance on Richmond.^ Robert C. Schenck), advancing toward the Shenandoah Valley from western Virginia.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ When McClellan's army ceased to threaten Richmond, Lee sent Thomas J. (Stonewall) Jackson to operate against Maj.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ They were saved in part by McClellan's vacillation and by the operations of Col. T. J. ("Stonewall") Jackson (1824-63), who managed to draw a considerable federal force into the Shenandoah Valley and ultimately succeeded in joining Lee with substantial reinforcements.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.The James river, afterwards so much used for the Federal operations, was not yet clear, and it was here, in Hampton Roads, that the famous fight took place between the ironclads "Merrimac" (or "Virginia") and "Monitor" (March 8-9, 1862).^ The naval engagement at Hampton Roads, Virginia, a harbour at the mouth of the James River, notable as history's first duel between ironclad warships and the beginning of a new era of naval warfare.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Following the engagement between the ironclads Monitor and Merrimack at nearby Hampton Roads (March 9), Federal supplies and 100,000 troops were disembarked at Fort Monroe under Maj.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The battle led to greater federal military activity in Missouri, and set the stage for the Battle of Pea Ridge in March 1862.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.McClellan's advance was opposed by a small force of Confederates under General Magruder, which, gradually reinforced, held the historic position of Yorktown for a whole month, and only evacuated it on the 3rd of May.^ Confederate forces under Brig.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Confederate lines as the Confederates had reinforced the position.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ They pushed across Camp Creek valley towards a crest held by Confederate General Hardee 's Corps.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Two days later McClellan's advanced troops fought a sharp combat at Williamsburg and the Army of the Potomac rendezvoused on the Chickahominy with its base at White House on the Pamunkey (May 7).^ McClellan retains command of the Army of the Potomac.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ On May 8, Grant ordered the Army of the Potomac to resume its advance, and a few days later, the two armies clashed again 10 miles to the southeast, at the Battle of Spotsylvania Court House.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.J. E. Johnston had, long ere this, fallen back from Manassas towards Richmond, and the two armies were in touch when a serious check was given to McClellan by the brilliant successes of Jackson in the Shenandoah Valley.^ Jackson's division had been retreating down the Valley to cover the flank of Joseph E. Johnston 's forces, falling back from Centerville.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ By May 20-21, the two armies were on their way to take positions along the North Anna River, another dozen miles closer to Richmond.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ William T. Sherman was moving his army north towards Goldsboro, North Carolina, in two columns.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.I 1. Jackson's Valley Campaign.^ Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson 's campaign through the Shenandoah Valley.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Early was operating in the shadow of Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson , whose audacious 1862 Valley Campaign against superior forces was fabled in Confederate history.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Coverage highlights include ironclad battle action, the Peninsular Campaign, "in camp with the common soldier," railroads in the War, war on the Mississippi River, and Jackson's Valley Campaign.
Subject Guide: History 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.lib.jmu.edu [Source type: Academic]

- .The " Valley of Virginia," called also the "Granary of the Confederacy," was cut into long parallel strips by ridges and rivers, across which passages were rare, and along which the Confederates could, with little fear of interruption from the east, debouch into Maryland and approach Washington itself.^ Across the river to the east, Confederate cavalry commander Maj.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The "Rebel yell" became famous and feared, with its ululating wolf-howl "ow-ow-ow-ow" running back and forth along the Confederate battle line...

The American Civil War 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC homepage.eircom.net [Source type: Original source]

^ The Confederate line paralleled the Union line about a mile to the west on Seminary Ridge, ran east through the town, then curved southeast to a point opposite Culp's Hill.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Here Stonewall Jackson lay with a small force, and in front of him at the outlet of the valley was Banks, while Fremont threatened him from West Virginia.^ Jackson's division had been retreating down the Valley to cover the flank of Joseph E. Johnston 's forces, falling back from Centerville.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ When McClellan's army ceased to threaten Richmond, Lee sent Thomas J. (Stonewall) Jackson to operate against Maj.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ In conjunction with Ewell's advance on the Front Royal Pike, Jackson advanced the Stonewall Brigade on the Valley Pike at early dawn in a heavy fog.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Jackson had already fought a winter campaign which ended in his defeat at the hands of General Shields at Kernstown (March 23).^ From March to June 1862, Thomas J. Jackson led his famous "foot cavalry" on a campaign that ranged more than 650 miles (1,050 km) and fought five battles: Kernstown, March 23; Front Royal, May 23; Winchester, May 25; Cross Keys, June 8; and Port Republic, June 9.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The First Battle of Kernstown was fought on March 23, 1862, in Frederick County and Winchester, Virginia, the opening battle of Confederate Army Maj.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Jackson turned his men around and marched 25 miles on March 22 and another 15 on the morning of March 23, reaching Kernstowna village just four miles south of Winchesteron the afternoon of March 23, a Sunday.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Banks's main army, early in May, lay far down the Valley at Strasburg and Front Royal, Fremont at the town of McDowell.^ On May 21, Jackson marched his command east from New Market, combining with Ewell, and proceeded (northward) down the Luray Valley.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ In conjunction with Ewell's advance on the Front Royal Pike, Jackson advanced the Stonewall Brigade on the Valley Pike at early dawn in a heavy fog.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The Confederates won the race to Spotsylvania, and on May 9, each army began to take up new positions north of the small town.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Jackson's first blow fell on part of Fremont's corps, which was sharply attacked and driven into the mountains (McDowell, May 8).^ Rebel cavalry received the first blow and fell back away from Bloody Hill.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The Confederate attack did not envelop the Union left flank as planned, but slammed into the front of McCook's 13,000-man corps.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The Battle of McDowell, also known as Sitlington's Hill, was fought May 8-9, 1862, in Highland County, Virginia, as part of Maj.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.The victor quickly turned upon Banks, destroyed his garrison of Front Royal and nearly surrounded his main body; barely escaping, Banks was again defeated at Winchester and driven back to the Maryland border (May 23-25).^ May 23, 1862 - Battle of Front Royal.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ He sent Ashby's cavalry directly north to make Banks think that he was going to attack Strasburg, but his plan was to defeat Kenly's small outpost at Front Royal and quickly attack Banks's line of communication at Harpers Ferry.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.These rapid successes paralysed the Federal offensive.^ Federal forces had to reduce these forts in connection with their general offensive down the Mississippi (the Henry-Donelson and Shiloh campaigns).

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.McDowell, instead of marching to join McClellan, was ordered to the Valley to assist in "trapping Jackson," an operation which, at one critical moment very near success, ended in the defeat of Fremont at Cross Keys and of McDowell's advanced troops at Port Republic (June 8-9) and the escape of the daring Confederates with trifling loss.^ June 8, 1862 - Battle of Port Republic.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ June 8, 1862 - Battle of Cross Keys.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ After the dual defeats at Cross Keys and Port Republic, the Union armies retreated, leaving Jackson in control of the upper and middle Shenandoah Valley and freeing his army to reinforce Robert E. Lee before Richmond in the Seven Days Battles.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.McClellan, deprived of McDowell's corps, felt himself reduced to impotence, and three Federal armies were vainly marching up and down the Valley when Johnston fell with all his forces upon the Army of the Potomac.^ McClellan retains command of the Army of the Potomac.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Jackson's division had been retreating down the Valley to cover the flank of Joseph E. Johnston 's forces, falling back from Centerville.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The final phase ended triumphantly for the Confederate forces of General Lee, who forced the withdrawal of the Federal Army of the Potomac after the Seven Days' Battles (June 25-July 1).

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.The Federals lay on both sides of the Chickahominy river, and at this moment Johnston heard that McDowell's arrival need not be feared.^ He fortified the area, especially both sides of the Cumberland River.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ On May 31, Johnston attempted to overwhelm two Federal corps that appeared isolated south of the Chickahominy River.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Another American Civil War would be an unimaginable horror, but I fear that there are some on both sides of the political spectrum are hoping for just that nightmare.

A rant about stupidity... and the coming civil war... - David Brin - Open Salon 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC open.salon.com [Source type: Original source]

.The course of the battle of Seven Pines or Fair Oaks bore some resemblance to that of Shiloh; a sharp attack found the Unionists unprepared, and only after severe losses and many partial defeats could McClellan check the rebel advance.^ May 31-June 1, 1862 - Battle of Seven Pines (Fair Oaks).

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Jefferson Davis had been present with at the battle of Fair Oaks on May 31, and, after the wounding of Johnston in that engagement, assigned Lee to the command of the Army.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The relatively small battle that followed Morgan's surprise attack was an embarrassing Union defeat, resulting in many captured Union supplies and soldiers.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

Here also fortune was against the Confederates. .J. E. Johnston fell severely wounded, and in the end a properly connected and combined advance of the Army of the Potomac drove back his successor into the lines of Richmond (May 31 - June 1).^ The Confederates fell back into their defenses.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Eventually, Lincoln deployed combat troops from the Federal Army of the Potomac to restore order; they remained encamped around the city for several weeks.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

12. The Seven Days. - Bad weather and skilful defence completely checked the assailants for another three weeks, and the situation was now materially altered. .Jackson with the Valley troops had stealthily left Harrisonburg by rail on the 17th of June, and was now at Ashland in McClellan's rear.^ John C. Frémont , about 15,000 strong, moved south on the Valley Pike and reached the vicinity of Harrisonburg on June 6.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ March-June, 1862 - Jackson's Shenandoah Valley Campaign.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.General Lee, who had succeeded Johnston in the command of the Army of northern Virginia, proposed to attack the Federals in their line of communication with White House, and passed most of his forces round to the aid of Jackson.^ Lee then renames his force the Army of Northern Virginia.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Lee failed to break the Yankees' army, but he most assuredly broke the Yankees' commanding general.

The American Civil War 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC homepage.eircom.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Lee never did, because the Army of Northern Virginia was unable to do so.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.The Seven Days' Battle (q.v.^ The Seven Days proved to be Richmond's deliverance, and the Battle of Malvern Hill, for all its bloody fumbling, was vital to that result.

The American Civil War 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC homepage.eircom.net [Source type: Original source]

^ June 26-July 2, 1862 - Seven Days Battles.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The Battles: 1) Battle of Oak Grove (June 25, 1862) - A minor clash that preceded the major battles of the Seven Days.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

) opened with the combat of .Mechanicsville on the 26th of June, and the battle of Gaines' Mill on the 27th.^ June 26, 1862 - Battle of Mechanicsville.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ June 27, 1862 - Battle of Gaines' Mill.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ While battle raged north of the Chickahominy River at Gaines' Mill on June 27, Confederate General John B. Magruder demonstrated against the Union line south of the river at Garnett's Farm.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Lee soon cut the communication with White House, but McClellan changed his base and retreated towards Harrison's Landing on the James river.^ The attack was poorly coordinated and the Union lines held for most of the day, but Lee eventually broke through and McClellan withdrew again, heading for a secure base at Harrison's Landing on the James River.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Due to a tired and lackluster performance by Thomas J. (Stonewall) Jackson , Lee's army failed in its last attempt to cut off the Union army before it reached the James.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ George B. McClellan to abandon his advance on Richmond and begin the retreat to the James River.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.It was some time before Lee realized this.^ Lloyd Tilghman, commander of the fort's garrison, realized that it was only a matter of time before Fort Henry fell.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.In the end the Federals were sharply pursued, but McClellan had gained a long start and, fighting victoriously almost every day, at length placed himself in a secure position on the James, which was now patrolled by the Federal warships (June 26 - July I).^ June 26-July 2, 1862 - Seven Days Battles.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The final phase ended triumphantly for the Confederate forces of General Lee, who forced the withdrawal of the Federal Army of the Potomac after the Seven Days' Battles (June 25-July 1).

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ But heavy fighting around Richmond followed and in June the federal forces are withdrawn from the peninsula.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

But the second advance on Richmond was clearly a strategical failure.

13. The Campaign of Perryville

.After the capture of Corinth Halleck had suspended the Federal advance all along the line in the west, and many changes took place about this time.^ William J. Hardee was placed in Triune, Tennessee, about 20 miles (30 km) to the west.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ After about an hour, they again advanced, this time sending regiments to either side of the high ground to enfilade the Union position.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ As one line was repulsed another took its place and pressed forward as if determined by force of numbers and fury of assault to drive us from our positions."

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Halleck went to Washington as general-in-chief, Pope was transferred to Virginia, Grant, with his own Army of the Tennessee and Rosecrans's (lately Pope's) Army of the Mississippi, was entrusted with operations on the latter river, while Buell's Army of the Ohio was ordered to east Tennessee to relieve the inhabitants of that district, who, as Unionist sympathizers, were receiving harsh treatment from the Confederate and state authorities.^ The majority of these records was created by men in Missouri Union and Confederate regiments, and troops from other Midwestern states, active in Missouri, Arkansas, Louisiana, and other areas west of the Mississippi River, Kentucky and Tennessee, and the deep South, with more limited materials from the eastern theater of war.

WHMC-Columbia--American Civil War--COLLECTION DESCRIPTIONS 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC whmc.umsystem.edu [Source type: Academic]

The American Civil War 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC homepage.eircom.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Muster rolls, a muster and pay roll, and an order book of Dawson's 3rd Missouri Battery (also called St. Louis Battery and McDonald's Battery), C.S.A., with the army of the West's General and Special Orders.

WHMC-Columbia--American Civil War--COLLECTION DESCRIPTIONS 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC whmc.umsystem.edu [Source type: Academic]

.Late in July Braxton Bragg, who had succeeded Beauregard in command of the Confederates, transferred his forces to the neighbourhood of Chattanooga.^ Braxton Bragg on Confederate left.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Confederate General Richard Taylor , commanding all Confederate forces in Alabama, Mississippi, and eastern Louisiana, surrenders his forces to Union General Edward Canby at Citronelle, Alabama.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The final phase ended triumphantly for the Confederate forces of General Lee, who forced the withdrawal of the Federal Army of the Potomac after the Seven Days' Battles (June 25-July 1).

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

Tennessee was thenceforward to be the central theatre of war, and too late it was recognized that Mitchel should have been supported in the spring. .The forces left south of Corinth were enough to occupy the attention of Grant and Rosecrans, and almost contemporaneously with Lee's advance on Washington (see below), Price and Bragg took the offensive against Grant and Buell respectively.^ Vicksburg, a city high on a bluff overlooking the river below, was ringed with fortifications against a Union army commanded by Major General Ulysses S. Grant.

The American Civil War 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC homepage.eircom.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Because of what happened when he and Grant at last met, Lee when he left Appomattox a paroled soldier without an army rode straight into legend, and he took his people with him.

The American Civil War 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC homepage.eircom.net [Source type: Original source]

.The latter early in August lay near Murfreesboro, covering Nashville, but the Confederate general did not intend to threaten that place.^ Threatened by the Confederate cavalry on his left flank and rear, Sigel ordered a general withdrawal burning the North Fork bridge behind him.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Union forces in Missouri, during the latter part of 1861 and early 1862, had effectively pushed Confederate forces out of Missouri.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Confederate General Braxton Bragg 's Army of Tennessee besieged the city, threatening to starve the Union forces into surrender.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.The valleys and ridges of eastern Tennessee screened him as he rapidly marched on Louisville and Cincinnati.^ Hood moved rapidly, screened his march, and maintained the initiative.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.The whole of the Southern army in the west swung round on its left wing as the pivot, and Buell only just reached Louisville before his opponent.^ Due to a tired and lackluster performance by Thomas J. (Stonewall) Jackson , Lee's army failed in its last attempt to cut off the Union army before it reached the James.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Sherman sent a reinforcement brigade to Allatonna commanded by General John M. Corse before the southern army arrived.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ It is often said that the Wilderness and Chancellorsville were fought in the same spot, but the 1864 battle was actually fought a few miles to the west, and only overlapped the old battlefield along the Brock Road on the Union army's left flank.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.The Washington authorities, thoroughly dissatisfied, ordered him to turn over the command to General Thomas, but the latter magnanimously declined the offer, and Buell on the 8th of October fought the sanguinary and indecisive battle of Perryville, in consequence of which Bragg retired to Chattanooga.^ Lincoln was unhappy with the turn of events and on October 24, ordered Buell to turn over his command to Maj.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Finally, in desperation, Lincoln removed the popular McClellan and replaced him with a corps commander, Major General Ambrose E. Burnside.

The American Civil War 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC homepage.eircom.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Bragg, frustrated, withdrew through the Cumberland Gap, passed through Chattanooga, turned northwest, and eventually stopped in Murfreesboro, Tennessee.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

14. The Western Campaign

.The Union leader was now ordered once more to east Tennessee, but he protested that want of supplies made such a move impossible.^ They may be willing to play hands off just now because they don't want to destabilize things, but once it's not stable, I think there are a lot more options.

A rant about stupidity... and the coming civil war... - David Brin - Open Salon 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC open.salon.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Bragg's troops were ordered to Missionary Ridge and Lookout Mountain, both of which had excellent views of the city, the river, and the Union's supply lines.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ When Bragg ordered him to attack to his frontso that some use could be made of his corpsBreckenridge moved forward and was embarrassed to find out that there were no Union troops opposing him.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Rosecrans, the victor of Corinth and Iuka (see below), was thereupon ordered to replace him.^ William S. Rosecrans , victor of the recent battles of Iuka and Corinth.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Buell's failure to appreciate political considerations as a part of strategy justified his recall, but the value of his work, like that of McClellan, can hardly be measured by marches and victories.^ Lincoln had little patience for slow generals and remarked of the situation, "This seems like the McClellan and Rosecrans strategy of do nothing and let the rebels raid the country."

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.The disgraced general was not again employed, but the men of the Army of the Ohio retained throughout, as did those of the Army of the Potomac, the impress of their first general's discipline and training.^ McClellan retains command of the Army of the Potomac.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ General Henry Judah launched an independent attack with his 2nd Division of John M. Schofield 's Army of the Ohio accompanied by Baird's 3rd Division.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ "Go an tell General Wickham that he may command the men of the South, but he does not command the women of the South and we will stand here and die with you until you whip those Yankees."

The American Civil War 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC homepage.eircom.net [Source type: Original source]

.Sterling Price in the meanwhile had been ordered forward against Grant and Rosecrans, and Van Dorn promised his assistance.^ Van Dorn ordered McCulloch to circle around the western end of Pea Ridge, turn east along the south face and meet Price's division at Elkhorn Tavern.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Van Dorn and Price would travel east along the north face of the ridge, secure Elkhorn Tavern, and wait for McCulloch.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Right wing: On the other side of Pea Ridge Van Dorn and Price encountered the Federals near Elkhorn Tavern.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Before the latter could come up, however, Rosecrans defeated Price at Iuka (September 19).^ Carroll retreated in confusion, losing his two guns, before his infantry could come within range.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ This would give Johnston the opportunity to attack one column before the other could come to its aid.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ September 19-October 28, 1864 - Price's Missouri Raid.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.The Confederates, not dismayed thereby, effected their junction and moved on Corinth, which was defended by Rosecrans and 23,000 Federal troops.^ The Battle of Resaca was one of the largest engagements and is estimated to have cost the Federals some 4,000 causalities and the Confederates nearly 3,000 men.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ On August 30, at Richmond, Kentucky, they met a command of 7,000 new Federal recruits defending the city.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The defenders, consisting mostly of men from the Confederate First and Third Corps, who fought from behind earthworks, slaughtered them as soon as they moved forward.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Grant's other forces were split up into detachments, and when Van Dorn, boldly marching right round Rosecrans, descended upon Corinth from the north, Grant could hardly stir to help his subordinate.^ Grant was hoping that Lee would take the bait of an isolated Union corps and attack it, drawing the Confederates out into the open, where they could be attacked.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Van Dorn and Price would travel east along the north face of the ridge, secure Elkhorn Tavern, and wait for McCulloch.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ November 30, all of Schofield's army was north of Spring Hill and Hood was forced to resume his pursuit, setting up the Battle of Franklin that afternoon.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Rosecrans, however, won the battle of Corinth (October 3-4), though on the evening of the 3rd he had been in a perilous position.^ Sterne was mortally wounded in the Battle of Corinth, 4 October 1862, and died 17 October 1862.

WHMC-Columbia--American Civil War--COLLECTION DESCRIPTIONS 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC whmc.umsystem.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ William S. Rosecrans , victor of the recent battles of Iuka and Corinth.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Buoyed by his sense that he had won the battle, Bragg was content to wait for Rosecrans to retreat.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.The Confederates fell back to the southward, escaping Grant once more, and thus ended the Confederate advance in the West.^ The Confederates fell back into their defenses.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ He soon found himself in a footrace with Burnside, who had decided not to contest Longstreet's advance and quickly fell back from his forward position near Loudon.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ In March 1865 the Confederates were driven back at the Battle of Fort Stedman, leaving Lee with 50,000 troops as opposed to Grant's 120,000.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.15. Pope's Campaign in Virginia.^ John Pope 's army along the Rapidan River, thus initiating the Northern Virginia Campaign.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The Battle of Drewry's Bluff, also known as the Battle of Fort Darling or Fort Drewry, took place on May 15, 1862 in Chesterfield County, Virginia as part of the Peninsula Campaign.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

- .The Army of Virginia under Pope was composed of the troops lately chasing Jackson in the Valley - Fremont's (now Sigel's), Banks's and McDowell's corps.^ On the morning of the 16th, troops of the Union XX Corps under Alpheus S. Williams were driven back by a Confederate assault.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ On June 26, 1862, the Army of Virginia was formed under the command of Maj.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Also, three separate Union commands were created in the Valleyone under Irvin McDowell , one under Banks, and one under newly arrived Maj.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Halleck (at the Washington headquarters) began by withdrawing McClellan from the James to assist Pope in central Virginia; Lee, thus released from any fear for the safety of Richmond, turned swiftly upon Pope.^ With Pope no longer a threat, Lee turned his army west and north to invade Maryland, initiating the Maryland Campaign and the battles of South Mountain and Antietam.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The papers were among a collection of important Confederate documents transferred to Washington after the surrender of Robert E. Lee 's Army of Northern Virginia.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ He was encouraged by his progress against Lee and wrote to his chief of staff, Henry W. Halleck , in Washington: "Lee's army is really whipped.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.That officer desired to concentrate his command on Gordonsville, but Jackson was before him at that place, and he fell back on Culpeper.^ Pope believed he had trapped Jackson and sought to capture him before he could be reinforced by Longstreet.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Ashby made a mounted assault, which cost him several of his best officers before the Union defenders surrendered.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Federal land forces, in the meantime, fell back to a more defensible line, and the Union commander, Brig.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.On the 9th of August Banks and Jackson joined battle once more at Cedar Mountain (or Cedar Run); the Federals, though greatly inferior in numbers, attacked with much vigour.^ August 9, 1862 - Battle of Cedar Mountain.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Ewell's orders from Jackson had been to take up a position at Swift Run Gap and counter any advance by Banks.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ August 28: The engagement began as a Federal column, under Jackson's observation near Brawner Farm, moved along the Warrenton Turnpike.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Banks was eventually beaten, but he had come very near to success, and Jackson soon retired across the Rapidan, where (the Army of the Potomac having now begun to leave the James) Lee joined him (August 17) with the corps of Longstreet.^ James Longstreet retained command of his First Corps.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ However, Longstreet did not have enough men to complete his victory, and the fighting soon petered out near the Brock Road.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ He soon found himself in a footrace with Burnside, who had decided not to contest Longstreet's advance and quickly fell back from his forward position near Loudon.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Pope now fell back behind the Rappahannock without showing fight.^ Confederates abandoned Little Bethel and fell back to their entrenchments behind Brick Kiln Creek, near Big Bethel Church.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ More than 10,000 men fell in the Mule Shoe, which now passed to the Union forces without a fight.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Here Halleek's orders bade him cover both Washington and Aquia Creek (whence the Army of the Potomac was to join him), orders almost impossible of execution, as any serious change of position necessarily uncovered one of these lines.^ The campaign begins as McClellan's Army of the Potomac advances from Washington down the Potomac River and the Chesapeake Bay to the peninsular south of the Confederate Capital of Richmond, Virginia then begins an advance toward Richmond.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Eventually, Lincoln deployed combat troops from the Federal Army of the Potomac to restore order; they remained encamped around the city for several weeks.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ As one line was repulsed another took its place and pressed forward as if determined by force of numbers and fury of assault to drive us from our positions."

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.The leading troops of the Army of the Potomac were now landed, and set out to join Pope's army, which faced Longstreet and Jackson on the Rappahannock between Bealton and Waterloo.^ Jackson defended the left (north) flank, anchored on the Potomac River, James Longstreet the right (south) flank, anchored on the Antietam.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Eventually, Lincoln deployed combat troops from the Federal Army of the Potomac to restore order; they remained encamped around the city for several weeks.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.On the 24th of August Lee ordered Jackson to march round Pope's right wing and descend on his rear through Thoroughfare Gap on Manassas and the old battle-ground of 1861. Pope was at this moment about to take the offensive, when a violent storm swelled the rivers and put an end to all movement.^ On the evening of August 26, after passing around John Pope 's right flank via Thoroughfare Gap, Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson 's wing of the army struck the Orange & Alexandria Railroad at Bristoe Station and before daybreak August 27 marched to capture and destroy the massive Union supply depot at Manassas Junction.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ With Pope no longer a threat, Lee turned his army west and north to invade Maryland, initiating the Maryland Campaign and the battles of South Mountain and Antietam.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ He fought in the Battle of Wilson's Creek, August 10, 1861.

WHMC-Columbia--American Civil War--COLLECTION DESCRIPTIONS 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC whmc.umsystem.edu [Source type: Academic]

.On the 26th of August the daring flank march of Jackson's corps ended at Manassas Station (see Bull Run).^ On the evening of August 26, after passing around John Pope 's right flank via Thoroughfare Gap, Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson 's wing of the army struck the Orange & Alexandria Railroad at Bristoe Station and before daybreak August 27 marched to capture and destroy the massive Union supply depot at Manassas Junction.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ August 26, 1862 - Jackson Destroys Supply Depot at Manassas.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The Army of the Potomac stayed there until August, when they were withdrawn by order of President Abraham Lincoln in the run-up to the Second Battle of Bull Run.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Longstreet followed Jackson, and Lee's army was reunited on the battlefield.^ When McClellan's army ceased to threaten Richmond, Lee sent Thomas J. (Stonewall) Jackson to operate against Maj.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ While the Union forces were engaged with Jackson, Lee ordered Longstreet forward.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Lt General James Longstreet's First Corps, almost a third of Lee's Army, missed the entire second phase of the battle, being in North Carolina.

The American Civil War 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC homepage.eircom.net [Source type: Original source]

By the ist of September the campaign of "Second Manassas" was over. .Pope's army and such of the troops of the Army of the Potomac as had been involved in the catastrophe were driven, tired and disheartened, into the Washington lines.^ The campaign begins as McClellan's Army of the Potomac advances from Washington down the Potomac River and the Chesapeake Bay to the peninsular south of the Confederate Capital of Richmond, Virginia then begins an advance toward Richmond.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Eventually, Lincoln deployed combat troops from the Federal Army of the Potomac to restore order; they remained encamped around the city for several weeks.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Zollicoffer was killed when he mistakenly rode into the Federal lines thinking the troops were his own men.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.The Confederates were once more masters of eastern Virginia.^ This victory, along with Mill Springs a little more than a week later, cemented Union control of eastern Kentucky until Confederate Gen.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ One of the first things the Confederate Congress did was to pass a law that made all prior US laws that did not conflict with the Confederate Constitution once more the law of the land.

The American Civil War 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC homepage.eircom.net [Source type: Original source]

16. Antietam

.It was at this moment that Bragg was in the full tide of his temporary success in Tennessee and Kentucky, and, after his great victory of Second Bull Run, Lee naturally invaded Maryland, which, it was assumed, had not forgotten its Southern sympathies.^ Generals Lee and Longstreet, before the second day at Gettysburg (At a crucial moment in the battle...

The American Civil War 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC homepage.eircom.net [Source type: Original source]

^ He had a second chance at Antietam in September when a set of orders showing the disposition of Lee's spread-out army in an invasion of Maryland fell into his hands.

The American Civil War 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC homepage.eircom.net [Source type: Original source]

.But Lee received no real accession of strength, and when McClellan with all available forces moved out of Washington to encounter the Army of northern Virginia, the Confederates were still but a few marches from the point where they had crossed the Potomac.^ George B. McClellan 's army encountered Maj.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Lee never did, because the Army of Northern Virginia was unable to do so.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Lee then renames his force the Army of Northern Virginia.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Lee had again divided his army.^ Robert E. Lee divided his army to march on and invest Harpers Ferry.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.On the i 3 th of September Jackson was besieging i 1,000 Federals in Harper's Ferry, Longstreet was at Hagerstown, Stuart's cavalry holding the passes of the South Mountain, while McClellan's whole army lay at Frederick.^ There were two significant engagements in the Maryland campaign prior to the major battle of Antietam: Lieutenant General Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson 's capture of Harpers Ferry and McClellan's assault through the Blue Ridge Mountains in the Battle of South Mountain.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Although McClellan arrived in the area on September 16, his trademark caution delayed his attack on Lee, which gave the Confederates more time to prepare defensive positions and allowed Longstreet's corps to arrive from Hagerstown and Jackson's corps, minus A. P. Hill 's division, to arrive from Harpers Ferry.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ With Pope no longer a threat, Lee turned his army west and north to invade Maryland, initiating the Maryland Campaign and the battles of South Mountain and Antietam.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Here extraordinary good fortune put into the enemy's hands a copy of Lee's orders, from which it was clear that the Confederates were dangerously dispersed.^ Nevertheless, many Union prisoners fell into Confederate hands.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ To counter the threat, Confederate President Jefferson Davis ordered troops into the area.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Robert E. Lee with 75,000 Confederates launches his second invasion of the North, heading into Pennsylvania in a campaign that will soon lead to Gettysburg.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Had McClellan moved at once he could have seized the passes without difficulty, as he was aware that he had only cavalry to oppose him.^ The only forces the Confederacy could bring to oppose him was Joseph Wheeler 's cavalry and a motley collection of militia and over and under-aged reserves of perhaps 14,000 troops; certainly no match for the 62,000 Union veterans Sherman had kept with him upon leaving Atlanta.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ His ship could not pass some obstructions that had been placed in the river by the Confederates so 12 soldiers rowed him to shore.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ He continued to move forward, determined to drive McClellan off the Peninsula, and McClellan fell back steadily before him.

The American Civil War 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC homepage.eircom.net [Source type: Original source]

But the 1 3 th was spent in idleness, and stubborn infantry now held the passes. .A serious and costly action had to be fought before the way was cleared (battle of South Mountain, September 14).^ September 14, 1862 - Battle of South Mountain (Boonsboro).

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ With Pope no longer a threat, Lee turned his army west and north to invade Maryland, initiating the Maryland Campaign and the battles of South Mountain and Antietam.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ November 19, 1861 - The Battle of Round Mountain (also known as Round Mountains) was fought November 19, 1861, in what is now Payne County, Oklahoma (then Indian Territory).

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.On the following day Harper's Ferry capitulated after a weak defence.^ They rode to McCoy's Ford several miles above Harpers Ferry, sliced across the narrow Maryland panhandle, and rode into Pennsylvania that same day.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Jackson thereupon swiftly rejoined Lee, leaving only a division to carry out the capitulation.^ James Shields and his division to reinforce Irvin McDowell's forces at Fredericksburg, leaving Banks only 8,000 troops, which he relocated to a strong position at Strasburg, Virginia.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ During the night of June 8-9, 1862, Charles S. Winder's Stonewall Brigade was withdrawn from its forward position near Bogota and rejoined Jackson's division at Port Republic.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ In May a new Union commander tried the flank again, only to be bluffed, baffled, and beaten dramatically by Lee and his invaluable lieutenant, Stonewall Jackson.

The American Civil War 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC homepage.eircom.net [Source type: Original source]

.On the i 6th McClellan found Lee in position behind the Antietam Creek, and on the 17th was fought the sanguinary and obstinately contested battle of Antietam (q.v.^ With Pope no longer a threat, Lee turned his army west and north to invade Maryland, initiating the Maryland Campaign and the battles of South Mountain and Antietam.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ He fought in the Battle of Wilson's Creek, August 10, 1861.

WHMC-Columbia--American Civil War--COLLECTION DESCRIPTIONS 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC whmc.umsystem.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ He soon found himself in a footrace with Burnside, who had decided not to contest Longstreet's advance and quickly fell back from his forward position near Loudon.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

) or Sharpsburg. .At the price of enormous losses both sides escaped defeat in the field, but Lee's offensive was at an end and he retired into Virginia.^ Losses for the day were heavy on both sides.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Losses were heavy on both sides.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Thwarted in the attempt to take the capital, the Confederates turned back to Virginia, ending their last campaign to carry the war into the North.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

Thenceforward the Confederacy was purely on the defensive. .Only twice more did the forces of the South strike out (Gettysburg, 1863; Nashville, 1864), and then the offensive was more of a counter-attack than an advance.^ If only half of them actually hit an attacker, that would still be more than enough to stop an attack by at least 100% more attackers than defenders.

The American Civil War 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC homepage.eircom.net [Source type: Original source]

^ And more than I have said that people only get news that reinforces their own prejudices.

A rant about stupidity... and the coming civil war... - David Brin - Open Salon 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC open.salon.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Hood's campaign ended when Union forces under Thomas defeated him decisively at Nashville, Tennessee, on December 15-16, 1864.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

17. Vicksburg in 1862

.The Confederate failures of Corinth, Perryville and Antietam were followed by a general advance by the Federals.^ The failure of the Confederates to advance further into Kentucky following Perryville, along with the Rebel defeat at Antietam (Sharpsburg, Md.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Distracted by a Federal diversion, Bragg paid little attention to the approach of Buell's 60,000-man army towards Perryville and the 16,000 Confederate forces commanded by General Leonidas Polk .

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ After Confederate General Braxton Bragg 's Army of Mississippi was defeated at the Battle of Perryville on October 8, 1862, he retreated to Harrisburg, Kentucky, where he was joined by Maj.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

It is about this time that Vicksburg becomes a place of importance. .Farragut from New Orleans, and the gunboat flotilla from the upper waters, had engaged the batteries in June and July, but had returned to their respective stations, while a Federal force under General Williams, which had appeared before the fortress, retired to Baton Rouge.^ Rebels assailed the new line, but finally the Federals forced them to retire.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Lee reacted to the news of the Federals in the Wilderness by sending General Richard H. Anderson 's division to investigate.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ General William T. Sherman 's Union armies had partially encircled the city of Atlanta, Georgia, which was being held by Confederate forces under the command of General John Bell Hood .

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Early in August, Van Dorn, now in command of the place, sent a force to attack Williams, and on the 5th a hard-fought action took place at Baton Rouge, in which Williams was killed but his troops held their own.^ August 5, 1862 - Battle of Baton Rouge.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ General Joseph Johnston sent General William Hardee 's corps to attack Slocum's left wing while it was separated from the rest of Sherman's forces.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ George H. Thomas (the Rock of Chickamauga), the force previously commanded by William S. Rosecrans and then Sherman himself.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.At this time the minor fortress of Port Hudson was established to guard the rear of Vicksburg.^ When General Joseph E. Johnston withdrew from the Warwick-Yorktown Line, he established a rear guard position along a series of redoubts built by Maj.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ On July 9, 1863, after hearing of the fall of Vicksburg, the Confederate garrison of Port Hudson surrendered, opening the Mississippi River to Union navigation from its source to New Orleans.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.In November Grant, with 57,000 men, began to move down from the north against General J. C. Pemberton, who has superseded the talented Van Dorn.^ On October 3, Sherman left Henry W. Slocum in Atlanta and moved toward Marietta with a force of about 55,000 men.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Schofield correctly interpreted Hood's moves, but foul weather prevented him from crossing to the north bank before November 28, leaving Columbia to the Confederates.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Samuel R. Curtis defeated Confederate troops under General Earl Van Dorn .

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.A converging movement made by Grant from Grand Junction, W. T. Sherman from Memphis, and a force from Helena on the Arkansas side, failed, owing to Pemberton's prompt retirement to Oxford, Mississippi, and complications brought about by the intrigues of an able but intractable subordinate, McClernand, induced Grant to make a complete change of plan.^ McClernand ordered Grant's subordinate, Maj.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Lee was forced to change his plans.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Grierson and his troopers ultimately pulled in to Baton Rouge; combined with Sherman's feint, the befuddled Confederates did not oppose Grant's landing on the east side of the Mississippi.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Sherman was to proceed down the great river, and join the ships from the Gulf before Vicksburg, while Grant himself drove Pemberton southwards along the Mississippi Central railway.^ Grant was furious, ordered McClernand back to the Mississippi, disbanded the Army of the Mississippi, and assumed personal command of the Vicksburg Campaign.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Includes letters from family members while in the Mexican War, in Oregon, traveling down the Mississippi River, and serving in the Confederate Army.

WHMC-Columbia--American Civil War--COLLECTION DESCRIPTIONS 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC whmc.umsystem.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ Throughout most of the war, U.S. Colonel Stephen G. Hicks was in charge of Paducah and massive Union supply depots and dock facilities for the gunboats and supply ships that supported Federal forces along the Ohio, Mississippi and Tennessee River systems.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

This double plan failed. .Grant, as he pushed Pemberton before him to Granada, lengthened day by day his line of communication, and when Van Dorn, ever enterprising, raided the great Federal depot of Holly Springs the game was up.^ Grant's forces overran the Petersburg line on April 2, and the Confederate government fled the capital later that day.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ General Grant also assessed Wallace's delaying tactics at Monocacy: "If Early had been but one day earlier, he might have entered the capital before the arrival of the reinforcements I had sent .

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The Federal survivors established a solid front before Pittsburg Landing and repulsed the last Confederate charge as dusk ended the first day of fighting.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Grant retired hastily, for starvation was imminent, and Pemberton, thus freed, turned upon Sherman, and inflicted a severe defeat on that general at Chickasaw Bayou near Vicksburg (December 29).^ He left Washington at the invitation of general-in-chief Ulysses S. Grant to visit Grant's headquarters at City Point, near the lines at Petersburg south of Richmond.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ After Sherman destroys the factories and stores, he urged upon Ulysses S. Grant his plan of a march to the sea.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ On August 27, Jackson routed a Union brigade near Union Mills (Bull Run Bridge), inflicting several hundred casualties and mortally wounding Union Brig.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.McClernand now assumed command, and on the 11th of January 1863 captured Fort Hindman near Arkansas Post.^ The Battle of Fort Hindman, or the Battle of Arkansas Post, was fought January 9-11, 1863, near the mouth of the Arkansas River at Arkansas Post, Arkansas, as part of the Vicksburg Campaign.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ January 9-11, 1863 - Battle of Fort Hindman.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Grant was furious, ordered McClernand back to the Mississippi, disbanded the Army of the Mississippi, and assumed personal command of the Vicksburg Campaign.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

This was the solitary gain of the whole operation. Meanwhile Vicksburg was steadily becoming stronger and more formidable.

18. Fredericksburg. - .McClellan, after the battle of the Antietam, paused for some time to reorganize his forces, some of which had barely recovered from the effects of Pope's unlucky campaign.^ With Pope no longer a threat, Lee turned his army west and north to invade Maryland, initiating the Maryland Campaign and the battles of South Mountain and Antietam.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ There were two significant engagements in the Maryland campaign prior to the major battle of Antietam: Lieutenant General Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson 's capture of Harpers Ferry and McClellan's assault through the Blue Ridge Mountains in the Battle of South Mountain.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.He then slowly moved down the east side of the Blue Ridge, while Lee retired up the Valley on the west side of the same range.^ On May 21, Jackson marched his command east from New Market, combining with Ewell, and proceeded (northward) down the Luray Valley.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ But Grant chose to set up his camps to the west of the old battle site before moving southward.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Early's command fell back to Waynesboro, twelve miles to the east, to cover Rockfish Gap in the Blue Ridge Mountains.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.On the 6th of November the Army of the Potomac was at Warrenton, Lee at Culpeper, and Jackson in the Valley.^ Lee, William Fitzhugh, Papers, 1861-1863, (C0471) 1 folder(s) From Edwin J. Lee, aide-de-camp of Stonewall Jackson, to his aunt, November 1861.

WHMC-Columbia--American Civil War--COLLECTION DESCRIPTIONS 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC whmc.umsystem.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ Finally, Meade was to the lead the Army of the Potomac, 110,000 strong, south against Lee.

The American Civil War 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC homepage.eircom.net [Source type: Original source]

.When on the point of resuming the offensive, McClellan was suddenly superseded by Burnside, one of his corps commanders.^ Finally, in desperation, Lincoln removed the popular McClellan and replaced him with a corps commander, Major General Ambrose E. Burnside.

The American Civil War 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC homepage.eircom.net [Source type: Original source]

.Like Buell, McClellan had tempered the tools with which others were to strike; he was not again employed, and in his fall was involved his most brilliant subordinate, Fitz John Porter.^ Fitz John Porter 's V Corps, which was drawn up behind Beaver Dam Creek.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Lee observed that McClellan had moved his army so that only the 5th Corps under Fitz John Porter remained north of the Chickahominy River.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Fitz John Porter .

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Burnside was by no means the equal of his predecessor, though a capable subordinate, and indeed only accepted the chief command with reluctance.^ (Neither Hill nor Ewell, for instance, though capable division commanders, had commanded a corps before.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ No armistice, said Lincoln; surrender was the only means of stopping the war.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.He began his campaign by cancelling McClellan's operation, and, his own plan being to strike at Richmond from Fredericksburg, he moved the now augmented army to Falmouth opposite that place, hoping to surprise the crossing of the Rappahannock.^ Instead of crossing the Rappahannock south of Fredericksburg, he planned to move upstream and cross at Banks' Ford.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Henry W. Halleck , planned a late fall offensive in which he hoped to cross the Rappahannock River, seize the city of Fredericksburg, Virginia, and then move southward along the roads to the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ He planned a surprise crossing of the Rappahannock River south of Fredericksburg, Virginia, on January 1, 1863, to flank Robert E. Lee .

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Delays and neglect, not only at the front, but on the part of the headquarters staff at Washington, permitted Lee to seize the heights of the southern bank in time.^ He was encouraged by his progress against Lee and wrote to his chief of staff, Henry W. Halleck , in Washington: "Lee's army is really whipped.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Stephen D. Lee on the southern bank of the Duck River at Columbia, facing a Union division under Brig.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The Battle of Chancellorsville, fought in May, was not only Lee's greatest victory but it was won despite the absence of a large part of the Army of Northern Virginia.

The American Civil War 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC homepage.eircom.net [Source type: Original source]

.When Burnside fought his battle of Fredericksburg (q.v.^ Following his defeat in the disastrous Battle of Fredericksburg in December 1862, Burnside was desperate to restore his reputation and the morale of his Army of the Potomac.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

) an appalling reverse was the result, the more terrible as it was absolutely useless (December 13). � 1g. .Closing Operations of 1862. - Chickasaw Bayou and Fredericksburg ended the Federal initiative in the west and the east; the Army of the Cumberland under Rosecrans alone could claim a victory.^ October 30, 1862 - Rosecrans Appointed Commander of the Army of the Cumberland.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ While it may be true that the Confederacy lost the war in the West, it is also clear that Lee's victories in the East came close on several occasions to winning the war, or at least to staving off defeat.

The American Civil War 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC homepage.eircom.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Battles (with the calamitous exception of Cold Harbor) may have ended in draws, or marginal victories for Lee's Army of Northern Virginia; but the Confederates increasingly could not afford the kind of losses that were bearable for the Union.

The American Civil War 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC homepage.eircom.net [Source type: Original source]

.Buell's successor retained the positions about Nashville, whilst a new Army of the Ohio prepared to operate in east Tennessee.^ At New Market on the 15th, Sigel was attacked by a makeshift Confederate army of about 4,100 men commanded by Maj.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ With the fall of Nashville, the Confederate position at Columbus, Ohio, becomes untenable and Major Leonidas Polk abandones his fortifications and falls back.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Although Bragg's army suffered less than Buell's, the Confederate commander realized he faced the entire Army of the Ohio, and ordered an immediate retreat.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Bragg lay at Murfreesboro (see Stone River), where Rosecrans attacked him on the 31st of December 1862. A very obstinate and bloody two days' battle ended in Bragg's retirement towards Chattanooga.^ December 31, 1862-January 1, 1863 - Battle of Stones River (Murfreesboro).

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ December 13, 1862 - Battle of Fredericksburg.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ December 7, 1862 - Battle of Prairie Grove.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.During these campaigns the United States navy had not been idle.^ "The Surrender of Fort Sumter"] Threats to the security of the United States during the first 75 years of its existence were largely external.

The American Civil War 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC homepage.eircom.net [Source type: Original source]

The part played by the gunboats on the upper Mississippi had been most conspicuous, as had been the operations of Farragut's heavier ships in the lower waters of the same river. .The work of Du Pont and Goldsborough on the Atlantic coast has been alluded to above.^ From this base its South Atlantic Blockading Squadron under Du Pont proceeded to capture or render inoperative nearly all the South's Atlantic ports below North Carolina.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Charleston was attacked without success in 1862, but from June to August 1863 it was besieged by General Gillmore and Admiral Dahlgren, and under great difficulties the Federals secured a lodgment, though it was not until Sherman appeared on the land side early in 1865 that the Confederate defence collapsed, Fort Fisher near Wilmington also underwent a memorable siege by land and sea.^ Pickett's Charge at Gettysburg in July 1863 and Fredericksburg in December 1862 were attacks of this type.

The American Civil War 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC homepage.eircom.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Van Dorn, Earl (1820-1863), Papers, 1862, (C2456) 1 folder(s) Special orders issued by Major General Van Dorn, Headquarters, Army of the West, concerning Confederate forces.

WHMC-Columbia--American Civil War--COLLECTION DESCRIPTIONS 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC whmc.umsystem.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ Steen, A[lexander] E., Papers, 1861-1862, (C2454) 1 folder(s) Correspondence of Confederate brigadier general of the 5th Division, Missouri State Guard, concerning a military engagement near Fort Scott, September 1, 1861; John E. Pitt's attempt to organize troops in the 5th Military District; and the discharge of soldiers.

WHMC-Columbia--American Civil War--COLLECTION DESCRIPTIONS 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC whmc.umsystem.edu [Source type: Academic]

Certain incursions were from time to time made at different points along the whole sea-board. .Minor operations moreover, especially in Arkansas and southern Missouri, were continually undertaken by both sides during 1862-1863, of which the battle of Prairie Grove, Arkansas (December 7, 1862), was the most notable incident.^ December 7, 1862 - Battle of Prairie Grove.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Richardson, John, Diary, (SUNP6170) 1 folder(s) Diary of John Richardson of Prairie Grove, Missouri, 1862-1863.

WHMC-Columbia--American Civil War--COLLECTION DESCRIPTIONS 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC whmc.umsystem.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ December 13, 1862 - Battle of Fredericksburg.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

Meanwhile the blockade had become so stringent that few ordinary vessels could expect to break through, and a special type of steamer came into vogue for the purpose.

20. Capture of Vicksburg

.In 1863 the campaigns once more divided themselves accurately into those of east, centre and west.^ It was originally created by areas from existing territories, Most of the area west of the continental divide was formerly part of the Washington Territory, whereas most of the area east of the continental divide had been part of the Dakota Territory.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ General James Wolfe (1757) The superior command skills of the Confederate generals in the East were more than counterbalanced by the quality of Union leadership in the West...

The American Civil War 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC homepage.eircom.net [Source type: Original source]

.This year saw the greatest successes and the heaviest reverses of the Union army, Gettysburg and Vicksburg and Chattanooga against Chancellorsville and Chickamauga.^ Lee could win Chancellorsville magnificiently, but the Union army could return to win Gettysburg and then go on to win the war.

The American Civil War 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC homepage.eircom.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Henry Adams, cheering the twin Union victories at Gettysburg and Vicksburg in London In the autumn, Grant crowned his Vicksburg victory with another great triumph Chattanooga.

The American Civil War 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC homepage.eircom.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Bragg's and Longstreet's combined forces badly defeated the Union Army of the Cumberland at Chickamauga and hemmed it inside the fortifications around Chattanooga.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

Operations began in the west with the second advance upon Vicksburg. .One corps of the Army of the Tennessee was detached to cover the Memphis & Charleston railway.^ John Logan 's Army of the Tennessee corps, to exploit any weakness or possible withdrawal.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Therefore, the obvious thinking was to send one of the Army of Northern Virginia's corps west to join the forces sent to relieve Vicksburg and save the city.

The American Civil War 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC homepage.eircom.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Bragg's choice for this critical assignment was fortuitous because Cleburne was one of the best officers in the luckless Army of Tennessee.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Grant, with the other three under Sherman, McClernand and McPherson, moved by water to the neighbourhood of the fortress.^ William T. Sherman, letter to a Southern friend at the outset of the war "Grant stood by me when I was crazy and I stood by him when he was drunk, and now we stand by each other."

The American Civil War 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC homepage.eircom.net [Source type: Original source]

^ At 3:30 p.m., Grant was concerned that Bragg was reinforcing his right flank at Sherman's expense, so he ordered Thomas to move forward and attempt to seize the first of three lines of Confederate entrenchments to his front.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Grant dispatched a corps under Horatio G. Wright and other troops under George Crook to reinforce Washington and pursue Early.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Many weeks passed without any success to the Union arms.^ Attempting to drive the sharpshooters out, Union artillery bombardments destroyed many of the buildings without much effect.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ More than 10,000 men fell in the Mule Shoe, which now passed to the Union forces without a fight.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Vicksburg and its long line of fortifications stood on high bluffs, all else was swampy lowland and intricate waterways.^ Vicksburg, a city high on a bluff overlooking the river below, was ringed with fortifications against a Union army commanded by Major General Ulysses S. Grant.

The American Civil War 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC homepage.eircom.net [Source type: Original source]

.As Sherman in 1862, so now Grant was unable to obtain any foothold on the high ground, and no effective attack was possible until this had been gained.^ William T. Sherman, letter to a Southern friend at the outset of the war "Grant stood by me when I was crazy and I stood by him when he was drunk, and now we stand by each other."

The American Civil War 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC homepage.eircom.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Johnston originally planned to attack Grant on April 4, but rain and bad roads postponed the assault until the 6th.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The next day, Grant launched no more attacks on the Confederate defenses.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

At last, after many trials and failures, Grant took a daring step. .The troops with their supplies marched round through a network of lakes and streams to a point south of Vicksburg; Admiral Porter's gunboats and the transports along with them "ran" the batteries.^ The Union forces coming in from the east had to march through narrow canyons and roads, which eventually got clogged up with supply wagons and troops delaying the attack.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Crook's troops had to march through a swamp and the XIX Corps was not advancing at all.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The Union line as established ran from Culp's Hill southeast of the town, northwest to Cemetery Hill just south of town, then south for nearly two miles along Cemetery Ridge, terminating just north of Little Round Top.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.At Bruinsburg, beyond Pemberton's reach, a landing was made on the eastern bank and, without any base of supplies or line of retreat, Grant embarked upon a campaign which made him in the end master of the prize.^ Ulysses S. Grant from duty and made him second in command, a position with few duties or responsibilities.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Hood's campaign ended when Union forces under Thomas defeated him decisively at Nashville, Tennessee, on December 15-16, 1864.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Bragg withdrew his forces from the southern end of the mountain to a line behind Chattanooga Creek, burning the bridges behind him.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.On the 4th of July Pemberton surrendered the fortress and 37,000 men.^ On April 7, 1862, the Confederate garrison, of 7,000 men surrendered.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ T.J. Jackson with 14,000 men to Gordonsville in July.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ On July 4, Pemberton surrendered the city after prolonged siege operations, along with his army of 29,000 troops.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Grant's endurance and daring had won what was perhaps the greatest success of the war.^ Grant's greatest contribution to American history was as a Civil War general.

The American Civil War 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC homepage.eircom.net [Source type: Original source]

^ At the end, it was Scott's plan implemented by Grant that won the war.

The American Civil War 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC homepage.eircom.net [Source type: Original source]

.General Joseph Johnston with a small relieving army had appeared at Jackson, Mississippi, but had been held in check by General F. P. Blair and a force from the Army of the Tennessee; when Vicksburg surrendered a larger force was at once sent against him, whereupon he retired.^ Joseph E. Johnston 's army, which was retiring up through North Carolina.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

The American Civil War 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC homepage.eircom.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Jackson's division had been retreating down the Valley to cover the flank of Joseph E. Johnston 's forces, falling back from Centerville.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.In the meanwhile Banks had moved upstream from New Orleans, and laid siege to Port Hudson.^ Nathaniel P. Banks 's army moved against the Confederate stronghold at Port Hudson on the Mississippi River.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ May 27-July 9, 1863 - Siege of Port Hudson.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Instead of crossing the Rappahannock south of Fredericksburg, he planned to move upstream and cross at Banks' Ford.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Operations were pressed with vigour, and the place surrendered four days after Vicksburg.^ The armies stared at one another across the bloody fields on July 4, the same day that the Vicksburg garrison surrendered to Gen.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.A Confederate attack on the post of Helena, Arkansas, was the last serious fight on the great river, and before the end of July the first merchant steamer from St Louis discharged her cargo at New Orleans.^ Union Flag-Officer David G. Farragut , with his squadron, continued up the Mississippi River and demanded the surrender of the City of New Orleans the next day.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ At New Market on the 15th, Sigel was attacked by a makeshift Confederate army of about 4,100 men commanded by Maj.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ On the July 21, McDowell crossed at Sudley Ford and attacked the Confederate left flank on Matthews Hill.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

21. Chancellorsville and Gettysburg

.In Virginia Burnside had made, in January 1863, an attempt to gain by manoeuvre what he had missed in battle.^ The battle was fought in central Virginia over the same ground as the Battle of Gaines' Mill during the Seven Days Battles of 1862.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The Mud March was an abortive attempt at a winter offensive in January, 1863, by Maj.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The Battle of Fort Hindman, or the Battle of Arkansas Post, was fought January 9-11, 1863, near the mouth of the Arkansas River at Arkansas Post, Arkansas, as part of the Vicksburg Campaign.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

The sudden swelling of rivers and downpour of rain stopped all movement at once, and the "Mud March" came to an end. .A Federal general could retain his hold on the men after a reverse, but not after a farce: Burnside was replaced by General Joseph Hooker, who had a splendid reputation as a subordinate leader.^ Finally, in desperation, Lincoln removed the popular McClellan and replaced him with a corps commander, Major General Ambrose E. Burnside.

The American Civil War 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC homepage.eircom.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Morale in the Federal Army of the Potomac rose with the appointment of Joseph Hooker to command.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ McClellan was relieved as general-in-chief of all the Union armies on July 11, 1862, replaced by Henry W. Halleck , although he did retain command of the Army of the Potomac.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.The new commander displayed great energy in reorganizing the Army of the Potomac, the discipline of which had not come unscathed through a career of failure.^ McClellan retains command of the Army of the Potomac.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ At New Market on the 15th, Sigel was attacked by a makeshift Confederate army of about 4,100 men commanded by Maj.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The Mud March was Burnside's final attempt to command the Army of the Potomac.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Lee still held the battlefield of Fredericksburg and had not attempted the offensive, and in April he was much weakened by thedetachmentof Longstreet's corps to a minor theatre of operations.^ Lt General James Longstreet's First Corps, almost a third of Lee's Army, missed the entire second phase of the battle, being in North Carolina.

The American Civil War 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC homepage.eircom.net [Source type: Original source]

^ The Confederate retreat began on April 1 southwestward as Robert E. Lee sought to use the still-operational Richmond & Danville Railroad.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Robert E. Lee making its second attempt to halt the spring offensive of the Union Army of the Potomac under the command of Lieut.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Hooker's operations began well, Lee was outmanoeuvred and threatened in flank and rear, but the Federals were in the end involved in the confused and disastrous battle of Chancellorsville (q.v.^ The final phase ended triumphantly for the Confederate forces of General Lee, who forced the withdrawal of the Federal Army of the Potomac after the Seven Days' Battles (June 25-July 1).

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ When McClellan's army ceased to threaten Richmond, Lee sent Thomas J. (Stonewall) Jackson to operate against Maj.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Threatened by the Confederate cavalry on his left flank and rear, Sigel ordered a general withdrawal burning the North Fork bridge behind him.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

). .Stonewall Jackson was mortally wounded, but his men and those of Longstreet's who had remained with Lee defeated Hooker and forced him to retire again beyond the Rappahannock, though he had double Lee's force.^ While the Union forces were engaged with Jackson, Lee ordered Longstreet forward.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Only Lee's Army at Petersburg and Joseph E. Johnston 's forces in North Carolina remain to fight for the South against Northern forces now numbering 280,000 men.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ When McClellan's army ceased to threaten Richmond, Lee sent Thomas J. (Stonewall) Jackson to operate against Maj.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.But Hooker could at least make himself obeyed, and when Lee initiated his second invasion of the North a month after the battle of Chancellorsville, the Army of the Potomac was as resolute as ever.^ June 3, 1863 - Lee's Second Invasion of the North.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The final phase ended triumphantly for the Confederate forces of General Lee, who forced the withdrawal of the Federal Army of the Potomac after the Seven Days' Battles (June 25-July 1).

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.On the 9th of June the cavalry combat of Brandy Station made it clear to the Federal staff that Lee was about to use the Valley once more to screen an invasion of Maryland.^ The Federal cavalry would open the campaign with a raid on Lee's line of communications with the Confederate capital at Richmond.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ At Bristoe Station, Hill lost standing in the eyes of Lee, who angrily ordered him to bury his dead and say no more about it.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The first major action of the campaign took place on June 9 between the opposing cavalry forces at Brandy Station, near Culpeper, Virginia.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Longstreet, A. P. Hill and Ewell (who were now Lee's corps commanders) were at one time scattered from Strasburg in the Valley to Fredericksburg, and Hooker earnestly begged to be allowed to attack them in detail.^ Although McClellan arrived in the area on September 16, his trademark caution delayed his attack on Lee, which gave the Confederates more time to prepare defensive positions and allowed Longstreet's corps to arrive from Hagerstown and Jackson's corps, minus A. P. Hill 's division, to arrive from Harpers Ferry.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ James Longstreet retained command of his First Corps.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Robert E. Lee reacted quickly, sending the Third Corps under A. P. Hill to secure the important rail line.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Success was certain, but the scheme was vetoed by the Federal headquarters and government, whose first and ruling idea was to keep the Army of the Potomac between Lee and Washington.^ Hooker's army pursued, keeping between the U.S. Capital and Lee's army.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The final phase ended triumphantly for the Confederate forces of General Lee, who forced the withdrawal of the Federal Army of the Potomac after the Seven Days' Battles (June 25-July 1).

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The papers were among a collection of important Confederate documents transferred to Washington after the surrender of Robert E. Lee 's Army of Northern Virginia.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

Hooker was thus compelled to follow Lee's movements. .Ewell's men were raiding unchecked as far north as the Susquehanna, while Hooker was compelled to inactivity before the forces of Hill and Longstreet.^ November 30, all of Schofield's army was north of Spring Hill and Hood was forced to resume his pursuit, setting up the Battle of Franklin that afternoon.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ However, before Longstreet was ready, Federal XII Corps troops attacked the Confederates on Culp's Hill in an effort to regain a portion of their lost works.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Confederate cavalry, continuing the pursuit, reported a third Union force of about 5,800 men sitting atop a hill.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

The Federal general, within his limitations, acted prudently and skilfully. .The Army of the Potomac crossed that river only one day later than Lee, and concentrated at Frederick.^ Finally, Meade was to the lead the Army of the Potomac, 110,000 strong, south against Lee.

The American Civil War 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC homepage.eircom.net [Source type: Original source]

^ This location is also half a mile from Potomac River, one mile from downtown Indian Hea...

Hotels Near African-American Civil War Memorial - Washington District of Columbia hotels 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC hotel.uscity.net [Source type: General]

^ Only moments away from the Nation?s Capitol and the Pentagon , we are less than one mile from Reagan ...

Hotels Near African-American Civil War Memorial - Washington District of Columbia hotels 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC hotel.uscity.net [Source type: General]

But Hooker was no longer trusted by the Washington authorities, and his dispositions were interfered with. .Not allowed to control the operations of his own men, the unfortunate general resigned his command on the 28th.^ "Go an tell General Wickham that he may command the men of the South, but he does not command the women of the South and we will stand here and die with you until you whip those Yankees."

The American Civil War 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC homepage.eircom.net [Source type: Original source]

^ He failed to discipline his generals sufficiently, allowing men like Stuart to pursue their own interests rather than being sufficiently subordinated to the overall interests of the cause.

The American Civil War 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC homepage.eircom.net [Source type: Original source]

.He was succeeded by General G. G. Meade, who, besides steadiness and ability, possessed the confidence of Lincoln and Halleck which Hooker had lacked.^ Meade, who lacked confidence in the operation, ordered Burnside not to use the black troops in the lead assault, thinking the attack would fail and the black soldiers would be killed needlessly, creating political repercussions in the North.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ In a dispute over the use of the forces defending the Harpers Ferry garrison, Hooker offered his resignation, and Abraham Lincoln and General-in-Chief Henry W. Halleck , who were looking for an excuse to get rid of Hooker, immediately accepted the resignation.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ "I just lost confidence in Joe Hooker," said Hooker later about his own lack of nerve during the battle.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Meade was thus able to move promptly, Lee was compelled to meet him, and the Army of the Potomac began to take up its position on Pipe Creek, screened by Generals Reynolds and Buford at Gettysburg (q.v.^ As for Mahone, the victory, won largely due to his efforts in supporting Johnson's stunned men, earned him a lasting reputation as one of the better generals of Lee's army in the war's last year.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The final phase ended triumphantly for the Confederate forces of General Lee, who forced the withdrawal of the Federal Army of the Potomac after the Seven Days' Battles (June 25-July 1).

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Generals Lee and Longstreet, before the second day at Gettysburg (At a crucial moment in the battle...

The American Civil War 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC homepage.eircom.net [Source type: Original source]

). On the 1st of July the heads of Lee's columns engaged Buford's cavalry outposts, and the conflict began. .All troops on both sides hurried to the unexpected battlefield, and after a great three days' battle, the Army of the Potomac emerged at last with a decisive victory.^ Losses for the day were heavy on both sides.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Both sides claimed victory.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The victory seemed to belong to the Army of the Potomac.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

On the 4th, as Pemberton surrendered at Vicksburg, Lee drew off his shattered forces. .One third of the Army of northern Virginia and one quarter of the Army of the Potomac remained on the field.^ The papers were among a collection of important Confederate documents transferred to Washington after the surrender of Robert E. Lee 's Army of Northern Virginia.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Eventually, Lincoln deployed combat troops from the Federal Army of the Potomac to restore order; they remained encamped around the city for several weeks.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Pursuit was not seriously undertaken, and the armies manoeuvred back to the old battle-grounds of the Rapidan and the Rappahannock.^ On December 15, Burnside ordered his beaten army back across the Rappahannock.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ On July 5, in a driving rain, the Army of Northern Virginia left Gettysburg on the Hagerstown Road; the Battle of Gettysburg was over, and the Confederates were headed back to Virginia.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Maneuvering following the Battle of Cedar Mountain on August 9 brought the armies to positions across the Rappahannock River.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.A war of manoeuvre followed, each side being reduced in turn by successive detachments sent to aid Rosecrans and Bragg in the struggle for Tennessee.^ Bragg, frustrated, withdrew through the Cumberland Gap, passed through Chattanooga, turned northwest, and eventually stopped in Murfreesboro, Tennessee.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Following these two January victories in Kentucky, the Federals carried the war into Tennessee in February.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ In early September, Rosecrans consolidated his forces scattered in Tennessee and Georgia and forced Braxton Bragg 's army out of Chattanooga, heading south.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.In October Lee attempted a third Bull Run campaign on the same lines as the second, but Meade's steadiness foiled him, and he retired to the Rapidan again, where he in turn repulsed Meade's attempt to surprise him (Mine Run, November 26-28, 1863).^ Prelude: Confederate General Robert E. Lee 's Army of Northern Virginia40,000 menhad entered Maryland following their recent victory at Second Bull Run.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Robert E. Lee reacted quickly, sending the Third Corps under A. P. Hill to secure the important rail line.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Grant's attempt to turn Lee's right flank and the ever-extending trench line that seemed always just a step ahead of his advances was a preview of the 1914 "Race for the Sea" in France and Belgium.

The American Civil War 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC homepage.eircom.net [Source type: Original source]

22. Chickamauga

.In the centre Rosecrans and Bragg spent the first six months of the year, as it were glaring at each other.^ Rosecrans spent five and a half months reinforcing Murfreesboro.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Nothing was done by the main armies, but the far-ranging cavalry raids of the Confederates under J. H. Morgan and other leaders created much excitement, especially "Morgan's Raid" (June 27 - July 26), through Indiana, Kentucky and Ohio, which states had hitherto little or no experience of the war on their own soil.^ June 11-July 26, 1863 - Morgan's Raid.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Confederate cavalry under Maj.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Morgan's Raid was a highly publicized incursion by Confederate cavalry into the Northern states of Indiana and Ohio during the American Civil War.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

At last the Army of the Cumberland advanced. .Rosecrans manoeuvred his opponent out of one position after another until Bragg was driven back into Chattanooga.^ Arnold, of the 1st artillery, with a detachment of regulars, from the fort, when the Confederates were driven back to their landing place, closely pressed by about one-fifth their number, who kept up the fire until the boats were out of range.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ As one line was repulsed another took its place and pressed forward as if determined by force of numbers and fury of assault to drive us from our positions."

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ In early September, Rosecrans consolidated his forces scattered in Tennessee and Georgia and forced Braxton Bragg 's army out of Chattanooga, heading south.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.These operations were very skilfully conducted by Rosecrans and his second-in-command, Thomas, and, at a trifling cost, advanced the Union outposts to the borders of Georgia.^ George H. Thomas (the Rock of Chickamauga), the force previously commanded by William S. Rosecrans and then Sherman himself.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ John A. Logan was directed to proceed to Nashville and assume command if, upon his arrival, Thomas had not yet initiated operations.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Thomas would be the principal Union commander after Sherman's departure.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Burnside and the new Army of the Ohio had now cleared east Tennessee and occupied Knoxville (September 2), and meanwhile Rosecrans by a brilliant movement, in which he displayed no less daring in execution than skill in planning, once more manoeuvred Bragg out of his position and occupied Chattanooga.^ Rosecrans occupied Murfreesboro, but made no attempt to pursue Bragg.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ In early September, Rosecrans consolidated his forces scattered in Tennessee and Georgia and forced Braxton Bragg 's army out of Chattanooga, heading south.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The Monitor could fire only once in seven or eight minutes but was faster and more maneuverable than her larger opponent.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

But he had to fight:to maintain his prize, and in the desperate battle of Chickamauga (q.v.) on the .19th and 10th of September, Bragg, reinforced by Longstreet from Virginia, won a complete victory.^ However, Longstreet did not have enough men to complete his victory, and the fighting soon petered out near the Brock Road.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Shortly after this victory, Longstreet led an abortive cabal to remove the incompetent and unpopular Bragg from command, hoping to be named in Bragg's stead.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ On the Confederate side, Bragg was certain that he had won a victory.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Thomas's defence won him the popular title of the "Rock of Chickamauga" and enabled Rosecrans to draw off his men, but the critical position of the Army of the Cumberland in Chattanooga aroused great alarm.^ George H. Thomas (the Rock of Chickamauga), the force previously commanded by William S. Rosecrans and then Sherman himself.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ In early September, Rosecrans consolidated his forces scattered in Tennessee and Georgia and forced Braxton Bragg 's army out of Chattanooga, heading south.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The three army corps comprising Rosecrans's army split and set out for Chattanooga by separate routes.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

23. Chattanooga

.Grant was now given supreme command in the west, and the Army of the Tennessee (now under Sherman) and two corps from Virginia under Hooker were hurried by rail to Tennessee.^ William T. Sherman had command of the Union armies in the West.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ William T. Sherman succeeds Grant as commander in the west.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ To accomplish this goal, Sherman commanded his easternmost army, under Maj.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

In spite of his good record Rosecrans was deprived of his command. .But Thomas, his successor, was one of the greatest soldiers of the war, and Grant's three generals, all men of great ability, set to work promptly.^ Grant's greatest contribution to American history was as a Civil War general.

The American Civil War 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC homepage.eircom.net [Source type: Original source]

^ The personal papers of soldiers afford the view of the war with the greatest detail and immediacy.

WHMC-Columbia--American Civil War--COLLECTION DESCRIPTIONS 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC whmc.umsystem.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ Bruce Catton, on the legacy of the war Here was the greatest and most moving chapter in American history, a blending of meanness and greatness, an ending and a beginning.

The American Civil War 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC homepage.eircom.net [Source type: Original source]

.Hooker defeated Longstreet at Wauhatchie and revictualled Chattanooga (q.v.^ Bragg's and Longstreet's combined forces badly defeated the Union Army of the Cumberland at Chickamauga and hemmed it inside the fortifications around Chattanooga.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

), and on the .23rd, 24th and 25th of November the three armies attacked Bragg's position.^ This may have saved Grant from a disaster on the North Anna, when his decimated army was positioned badly and was ripe to be attacked.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Bragg, who was outnumbered three-to-one, but did not think so at the time, ordered an attack by William J. Hardee and Leonidas Polk .

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Ultimately these few men were unable to hold their positions after the entire Federal army attacked.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.On the left Sherman made little progress; on the right, however, Hooker and the men from the Potomac army fought and won the extraordinary "Battle above the Clouds" on Lookout Mountain, and on the 25th the Confederate centre on Missionary Ridge was brilliantly stormed by Thomas and the Army of the Cumberland.^ Thomas was to advance after Sherman reached Missionary Ridge from the north.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ November 24: Battle of Lookout Mountain.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Joseph Hooker against the Confederate left, Sherman the right.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Grant's triumph was decisive of the war in the west, and with Burnside's victory over Longstreet at Knoxville, the struggle for Tennessee was over.^ Following these two January victories in Kentucky, the Federals carried the war into Tennessee in February.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ As the first major Union victory of the war, it touches off great celebrations in the North, in the course of which Grant's words provoke as much enthusiasm as the victory itself.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ "That man [Grant]," James Longstreet said, "will fight us every day and every hour till the end of the war."

The American Civil War 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC homepage.eircom.net [Source type: Original source]

.Vicksburg, Gettysburg and Chattanooga ended the crisis of the war, which had been at its worst for the Union in this year.^ April 17-May 22, 1862 - Grierson's Raid was a Union cavalry raid during the Vicksburg Campaign of the American Civil War.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Describing the attack on the Union centre at Gettysburg "It is now conceded that all idea of British intervention is at an end...

The American Civil War 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC homepage.eircom.net [Source type: Original source]

^ The war had been going badly for the Union, and this was a bright spot in an otherwise dismal year.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

Henceforth the South was fighting a hopeless battle.

.24. Plan of Campaign for 1864. - Grant, now the foremost soldier in the Federal army, was on the 9th of March 1864 commissioned lieutenant-general and appointed general-in-chief.^ President Abraham Lincoln appoints Ulysses S. Grant Lieutenant General and Commander in Chief of all the armies.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ March 9, 1864 - Grant Appointed Commander-in-Chief.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ He held the post until 1864, when President Abraham Lincoln replaced him with General Ulysses S. Grant .

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Halleck, Lincoln and Stanton, the intractable, if energetic, war secretary, now stood aside, and the efforts of the whole vast army were to be directed and co-ordinated by one supreme military authority.^ As for Mahone, the victory, won largely due to his efforts in supporting Johnson's stunned men, earned him a lasting reputation as one of the better generals of Lee's army in the war's last year.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ President Lincoln temporarily relieves McClellan as general-in-chief and takes direct command of the Union Armies.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ As late as February 1865, Secretary of War Edmin M. Stanton and Senator Charles Sumner agreed that "peace can be had only when Lee's army is beaten, captured or dispersed."

The American Civil War 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC homepage.eircom.net [Source type: Original source]

.Sherman was to command in the west, Grant's headquarters accompanied Meade and the Army of the Potomac.^ William T. Sherman had command of the Union armies in the West.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ William T. Sherman succeeds Grant as commander in the west.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ McClellan retains command of the Army of the Potomac.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

The general plan was simple and comprehensive. .Meade was to "hammer" Lee, and Sherman, at the head of the armies which had been engaged at Chattanooga and Knoxville, was to deal with the other great field army of Confederates under Johnston, and as far as possible gain ground for the Union in the south-east.^ Part of the Sherman's army, under Gen.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The Confederate army was left in possession of the field.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

The American Civil War 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC homepage.eircom.net [Source type: Original source]

.Sherman's own plans went farther still, and included an eventual invasion of Virginia itself from the south, but this was not contemplated as part of the immediate programme.^ The Proclamation immediately freed slaves in parts of Florida, Louisiana, and South Carolina.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ His plan was to invade Virginia from the sea and to seize Richmond and the other major cities in the South.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ His South had meant neither revolution nor rebellion; it simply desired to detach itself and live in its own chosen part of an unchanging past, and Mr. Davis had defined it perfectly when he said that all his people wanted was to be let alone.

The American Civil War 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC homepage.eircom.net [Source type: Original source]

.Butler with the new Army of the James was to move up that river towards Richmond and Petersburg.^ Benjamin Butler was to lead an army up from the James River.

The American Civil War 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC homepage.eircom.net [Source type: Original source]

^ On June 14-17, the Army of the Potomac crossed the James River and began moving towards Petersburg to support and renew Butler's assaults.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Then, Burnside's two other divisions, made up of white troops, would move in, supporting Ferrero's flanks and race for Petersburg itself.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

Subsidiary forces were to operate on the sea-board, in the Shenandoah Valley and elsewhere. .At this time took place the Red River Expedition, which was intended for the subjugation of western Louisiana.^ Killings after surrender took place among neighbours who had taken opposite sides, especially in the western theatre where frontier rules still predominated.

The American Civil War 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC homepage.eircom.net [Source type: Original source]

.The troops of General Banks and the war vessels under Admiral Porter moved up the Red river, and on the 16th of March 1864 reached Alexandria.^ March 10-May 22, 1864 - The Red River Campaign.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Then, Burnside's two other divisions, made up of white troops, would move in, supporting Ferrero's flanks and race for Petersburg itself.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The Red River Campaign was a series of battles fought along the Red River in Louisiana during the American Civil War from March 10 to May 22, 1864.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Skirmishing constantly with the Confederates under Kirby Smith and Taylor, the Federals eventually on the 8th and 9th of April suffered serious reverses at Sabine Cross Roads and Pleasant Hill.^ Kirby Smith also ordered two tiny divisions, numbering 4,000 men total, to Louisiana to support Taylor.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ On the July 21, McDowell crossed at Sudley Ford and attacked the Confederate left flank on Matthews Hill.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Taylor stationed himself 25 miles northwest on Pleasant Hill, still with less that 10,000 men.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Banks thereupon retreated, and, high water in the river having come to an end, the fleet was in the gravest danger of being cut off, until Colonel Bailey suggested, and rapidly carried out, the construction of a dam and weir over which the ships ran down to the lower waters.^ By evening the ends of the Confederate line had been turned and were in danger of being flanked.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The Federals rout the Confederates out of their Belmont cantonment, destroying the Rebel supplies and equipment since they did not have the means to carry them off.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ In October, the Confederates constructed batteries at Evansport, Freestone Point, Shipping Point, and Cockpit Point to close the Potomac River to shipping and isolate Washington.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Eventually the various forces retired to the places whence they had come.^ The Union forces coming in from the east had to march through narrow canyons and roads, which eventually got clogged up with supply wagons and troops delaying the attack.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

25. The Wilderness Campaign

.Virginia was now destined to be the scene of the bloodiest fighting of the whole war.^ Because many Civil War battles and incidents took place in Virginia, and Virginia institutions now hold many primary sources on the Civil War, this can be useful to researchers in this area.
Subject Guide: History 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.lib.jmu.edu [Source type: Academic]

.Grant and Meade, reinforced by Burnside's IX. Corps to a strength of 120,000 men, crossed the Rapidan on the 4th of May with the intention of attacking Lee's inner flank, that nearer Richmond.^ Burnside's IX Corps was in the center.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ McCook, anticipating that the next day would start with a major attack by Crittenden, planted numerous campfires in his area, hoping to deceive the Confederates as to his strength on that flank.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ At least 15,000 bleeding men were carried into Richmond that week...
The American Civil War 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC homepage.eircom.net [Source type: Original source]

.With a bare 70,000 men the Confederate general struck at the flank of Grant's marching columns in that same Wilderness where Jackson had won his last battle twelve months before.^ He started the campaign with barely 7,000 men.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The Battle of Resaca was one of the largest engagements and is estimated to have cost the Federals some 4,000 causalities and the Confederates nearly 3,000 men.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Prelude: Confederate General Robert E. Lee 's Army of Northern Virginia40,000 menhad entered Maryland following their recent victory at Second Bull Run.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

The battle of the Wilderness (q.v.) went on for two days, with little advantage to either side. .On his part Grant had lost 18,000 men.^ At Spotsylvania, he lost another 10-13,000 men, and the Confederates had to pull men away from other fronts to reinforce him.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ This time, the toll was over 18,000 men, of which close to 3,000 were killed.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The Union army, in bravely attempting the futile assault, lost 1013,000 men over twelve days.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Lee had lost fewer, but could ill spare them, and Longstreet had been severely wounded (May 5-6).^ In fact, Lee's army would never regain the initiative it lost in those two weeks of May 1864.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ As the fighting wound down on this part of the battlefield, Longstreet was badly wounded and did not return to the Army of Northern Virginia for several months.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Perhaps the most damaging loss to the Confederacy was the death of Lee's "right arm," Stonewall Jackson, who died of pneumonia on May 10 while recuperating from his wounds.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Grant, astonished perhaps, but here as always resolute, tried again to reach Lee's right wing, and on the 8th another desperate battle began at Spottsylvania Court House.^ Grant's attempt to turn Lee's right flank and the ever-extending trench line that seemed always just a step ahead of his advances was a preview of the 1914 "Race for the Sea" in France and Belgium.
The American Civil War 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC homepage.eircom.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Beginning on the old Chancellorsville battlefield on May 5, 1864, and continuing without a break for the six bloodiest weeks of the war, Grant tried again and again to get around the right flank of Lee's army, destroy it, then move to Richmond and end the war.
The American Civil War 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC homepage.eircom.net [Source type: Original source]

^ May 8-21, 1864 - Battle of Spotsylvania Court House.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.The fighting on this field lasted ten days, at the end of which Grant had doubled his losses and was as far as ever from success.^ "That man [Grant]," James Longstreet said, "will fight us every day and every hour till the end of the war."
The American Civil War 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC homepage.eircom.net [Source type: Original source]

.On the 21st of May, with extraordinary pertinacity, he sent Meade and Burnside once more against the inner flank of the Army of northern Virginia.^ When McClellan's army ceased to threaten Richmond, Lee sent Thomas J. (Stonewall) Jackson to operate against Maj.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The papers were among a collection of important Confederate documents transferred to Washington after the surrender of Robert E. Lee 's Army of Northern Virginia.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ It was Custer and his men who completed the entrapment of the Army of Northern Virginia at Appomattox.
The American Civil War 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC homepage.eircom.net [Source type: Original source]

The action of North Anna ended like the rest, though on this occasion the loss was small. .A week later the Federals, again moving to their left, arrived upon the ground on which McClellan had fought two years before, and at Cold Harbor (Porter's battlefield of Gaines' Mill) the leading troops of the Army of the James joined the lieutenant-general.^ Theophilus H. Holmes made a feeble attempt to turn the Union left flank at Turkey Bridge, but was driven back by Federal gunboats in the James River.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Eventually, Lincoln deployed combat troops from the Federal Army of the Potomac to restore order; they remained encamped around the city for several weeks.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Lt General James Longstreet's First Corps, almost a third of Lee's Army, missed the entire second phase of the battle, being in North Carolina.
The American Civil War 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC homepage.eircom.net [Source type: Original source]

.Meanwhile the minor armies had come to close quarters all along the line.^ One night during the drive on Richmond in 1864, Grant noticed that bonfires had suddenly sprouted all along the Confederate lines.
The American Civil War 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC homepage.eircom.net [Source type: Original source]

^ The battle was fought from May 8-21, 1864, along a trench line some four miles long, with the Army of Northern Virginia under Gen.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ After victory at First Manassas, the Confederate army established a defensive line from Centreville along the Occoquan River to the Potomac River.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.The Army of the James moved towards Richmond on the same day on which the Army of the Potomac crossed the Rapidan.^ He was determined that he would not be caught off guard as Grant had beeneven if it meant the army moved less than a mile a day.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The campaign begins as McClellan's Army of the Potomac advances from Washington down the Potomac River and the Chesapeake Bay to the peninsular south of the Confederate Capital of Richmond, Virginia then begins an advance toward Richmond.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ George B. McClellan 's army found its progress toward Richmond blocked by the Confederate fortifications at nearby Lee's Mill.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.On the 16th of May Butler fought the indecisive battle of Drury's Bluff against Beauregard, in consequence of which he had to retire to Bermuda Hundred, whence most of his troops were sent to join Grant.^ The battle was fought May 5-7, 1864.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The Red River Campaign was a series of battles fought along the Red River in Louisiana during the American Civil War from March 10 to May 22, 1864.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Wallace's prospects brightened with word that the first contingent of Grant's Veterans, the troops commanded by General Ricketts, had reached Baltimore and were rushing by rail to join Wallace at the Monocacy.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.At the same time the Union troops under Sigel in the Shenandoah Valley were defeated at New Market (May 15).^ May 15, 1864 - Battle of New Market.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ On the morning of the 16th, troops of the Union XX Corps under Alpheus S. Williams were driven back by a Confederate assault.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Also, three separate Union commands were created in the Valleyone under Irvin McDowell , one under Banks, and one under newly arrived Maj.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.General Hunter, who replaced Sigel, won a combat at Piedmont, and marched on the 8th of June towards Lynchburg.^ On June 29, the main body of the Union army began a general withdrawal toward the James River.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The citified sophisticates who have, for generations, sent vast net-flows of their taxes toward the red counties that then bit that generous hand with rants about the "decadent cities..."
A rant about stupidity... and the coming civil war... - David Brin - Open Salon 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC open.salon.com [Source type: Original source]

.The danger threatening this important point caused Lee to send thither General Early with the remnants of Jackson's old Valley troops.^ Robert E. Lee reacted quickly, sending the Third Corps under A. P. Hill to secure the important rail line.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ In conjunction with Ewell's advance on the Front Royal Pike, Jackson advanced the Stonewall Brigade on the Valley Pike at early dawn in a heavy fog.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Confederate General Jubal A. Early had withdrawn "up the Valley" (southwest into the higher elevations of the Shenandoah Valley) under pressure from Union Maj.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

Hunter's assault (June 18) failed, and the Federals, unable to hold their ground, had to make a circuitous retreat to the Potomac by way of West Virginia.

26. Cold Harbor

.On the 3rd of June at Cold Harbor (q.v.^ May 22-June 3, 1864 - Battle of Cold Harbor.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

) took place the last of Grant's "hammering" battles in the open fields. .The attack of the Federals failed utterly; not even Fredericksburg was so disastrous a defeat.^ Five Confederate attacks failed to dislodge the Federal defenders and darkness ended the first day's fighting.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Following his defeat in the disastrous Battle of Fredericksburg in December 1862, Burnside was desperate to restore his reputation and the morale of his Army of the Potomac.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Six thousand men fell in one hour's fighting, and the total losses on this field, where skirmishing went on for many days, were 13,000. But Grant was as resolute as ever.^ Hancock's men were tired and disorganized from six hours of fighting.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Admiral David Farragut, commanding Union fleet at Mobile Bay (1864) In one year 13,000 men died at Andersonsville and were buried in mass grave...

The American Civil War 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC homepage.eircom.net [Source type: Original source]

^ The Battle of Resaca was one of the largest engagements and is estimated to have cost the Federals some 4,000 causalities and the Confederates nearly 3,000 men.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.His forces once more manoeuvred against Lee's inner flank, still found no weak spot, and eventually arrived upon the James.^ The only way that Lee could escape from the trap that Grant had set was to destroy the Army of the Potomac while he still had sufficient force to do so, and Grant was too skilled to allow that to happen.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ This caused a weak spot in the Union line at the Carter House as an inexperienced regiment, just arrived from Nashville, broke and fled with Wagner's troops.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Facing 75,000 men to his 55,000, Lee decided to split his forces and send half on a wide flanking movement.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.The river was crossed, Lee as usual conforming to the movement, and on the 15th of June the Federals appeared before the works of Petersburg (q.v.^ Butler's leading elements (XVIII Corps and Kautz's cavalry) crossed the Appomattox River at Broadway Landing and attacked the Petersburg defenses on June 15.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Lee was furious with Hill for his piecemeal attacks; if Hill had attacked with his entire corps at the river crossing, Warren might have been defeated.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ When, on June 29, Lee learned that the Army of the Potomac had crossed its namesake river, he ordered a concentration of his forces around Cashtown, located at the eastern base of South Mountain and eight miles west of Gettysburg.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

). .Here, and in the narrow neck of land between the Appomattox and the James, was the ganglion of the Confederacy, and the struggle for its possession was perhaps the greatest of modern history.^ Bruce Catton, on the legacy of the war Here was the greatest and most moving chapter in American history, a blending of meanness and greatness, an ending and a beginning.

The American Civil War 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC homepage.eircom.net [Source type: Original source]

^ The hamlet of Port Republic lies on a neck of land between the North and South forks of the Shenandoah River (called the North and South Rivers locally) at the point where they conjoin.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.A first assault made at once (June 15-18) failed with a loss of 8150 men.^ The plan had failed, but Burnside, instead of cutting his losses, sent in Ferrero's men.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ One of the first things the Confederate Congress did was to pass a law that made all prior US laws that did not conflict with the Confederate Constitution once more the law of the land.

The American Civil War 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC homepage.eircom.net [Source type: Original source]

^ On June 1, the Confederates renewed their assaults against the Federals who had brought up more reinforcements but made little headway.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Two sharp combats followed on the 22nd of June and the 2nd of July, as Grant once more began to feel Lee's right.^ In order to attain more efficiency in his commands, Lee had pared down his two large corps into three new corps.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ McClellan was at last getting ready to mount his barrage of Richmond when Lee hit him first, at Mechanicsville on the Union right, on June 26.

The American Civil War 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC homepage.eircom.net [Source type: Original source]

^ After Lee had checked Grant in an attempt to seize Petersburg on June 15, the battle settled into a stalemate.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.But the anniversary of Gettysburg saw Lee's works still intact, and 72,000 men of the Army of the Potomac and the Army of the James had fallen since the campaign had opened two months before.^ He started the campaign with barely 7,000 men.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Nathaniel P. Banks , numbering about 9,000 men, was concentrated in the vicinity of Strasburg, Virginia, with two companies of infantry at Buckton Depot.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Prelude: Confederate General Robert E. Lee 's Army of Northern Virginia40,000 menhad entered Maryland following their recent victory at Second Bull Run.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

History has few examples to show comparable to this terrible campaign in Virginia. .The ruthless determination of the superior leaders had been answered splendidly by the devotion of the troops, but the men of Chancellorsville and Gettysburg were mostly dead or wounded, and the recruits attracted by bounties or compelled by the "draft," which had at last been enforced in the North, proved far inferior soldiers to the gallant veterans whom they replaced.^ The defenders, consisting mostly of men from the Confederate First and Third Corps, who fought from behind earthworks, slaughtered them as soon as they moved forward.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Vowing they would teach the Western troops a lesson, Creighton's men advanced up the steep slopes.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The dead were mainly old men, women and children and the cavalry lost only 9 or 10 killed and three dozen wounded.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

27. Petersburg

.There was no formal siege of Lee's position.^ There is no position on which people are so immovable as their religious beliefs.

A rant about stupidity... and the coming civil war... - David Brin - Open Salon 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC open.salon.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Thousands of Confederate soldiers remained under arms after April 9, 1865, but without Lee and his men in the field there seemed no reason to fight on...

The American Civil War 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC homepage.eircom.net [Source type: Original source]

.A vast network of fortifications covered the front of both armies, whose flank extended far to the south-west, Grant seeking to capture, Lee to defend, the Danville railway by which the Confederates received their supplies.^ With Pope no longer a threat, Lee turned his army west and north to invade Maryland, initiating the Maryland Campaign and the battles of South Mountain and Antietam.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Jackson defended the left (north) flank, anchored on the Potomac River, James Longstreet the right (south) flank, anchored on the Antietam.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ He ordered Schenck's brigade forward to find the Confederate left flank south of Union Church.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Richmond, though no longer of paramount importance, was no less firmly held than Petersburg, and along the whole long line fighting went on with little interruption.^ Sheridan ordered the VI Corps, under Horatio G. Wright , to return to the Petersburg siege lines, assuming that Early had no aggressive moves left to him after more than a month of battling.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ In terms of organizational assignments, the regiments tended to be treated as typical infantry, but serving tactically as skirmishers rather than fighting in regular battle lines.

The American Civil War 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC homepage.eircom.net [Source type: Original source]

^ By year's end, however, General Robert E. Lee still held Richmond and Petersburg.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.On the 30th of July the Federal engineers exploded a mine under the hostile works, and Burnside's corps rushed to the assault.^ On the morning of the 16th, troops of the Union XX Corps under Alpheus S. Williams were driven back by a Confederate assault.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The IX Corps (under Ambrose E. Burnside ) moved against the Confederate center, but was repulsed.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ At 4 p.m., Cheatham, on Shy's Hill, was under assault from three sides and his corps broke and fled to the rear.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.But the attempt ended in failure - the first defeat of the Army of the Potomac which could fairly be called discreditable.^ The Mud March was Burnside's final attempt to command the Army of the Potomac.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Army Srugeon, attacks and defeats hostile Chiricahua Indians in the Apache war in Arizona, the first action for which a Medal of Honor is awarded.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The slaves harbored no illusion that a war to defeat secession could be anything but a war to end slavery.

The American Civil War 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC homepage.eircom.net [Source type: Original source]

.Still, Lee was losing men, few it is true, but most precious, since it was impossible to replace them, while the North poured unlimited numbers into the Federal camps.^ Striking two hours before dusk, Jackson's men routed the astonished Federals in their camps.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Although the Federal line wavered and broke temporarily at the "Angle," just north of the copse of trees, reinforcements rushed into the breach and the Confederate attack was repulsed.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Zollicoffer was killed when he mistakenly rode into the Federal lines thinking the troops were his own men.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

The policy of "attrition" upon which Grant had embarked, and which he was carrying through regardless of his losses, was having its effect. .About this time Early, freed from the opposition of Hunter's forces, made a bold stroke upon Washington.^ At about this time, Bragg received a false report that a strong Union force was moving south along the Lebanon Turnpike in his direction.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Williams prepared for evacuation, hoping for time to reach Virginia, and sent out a cavalry force to meet Nelson about eight miles from Pikeville.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Early chose boldness and planned an assault on superior forces, using surprise to his advantage.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Crossing the Potomac, he marched eastward, and, defeating a motley force (action of the Monocacy)which General Lew Wallace had collected to oppose him, appeared before the lines of Washington.^ Schofield correctly interpreted Hood's moves, but foul weather prevented him from crossing to the north bank before November 28, leaving Columbia to the Confederates.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ General Grant also assessed Wallace's delaying tactics at Monocacy: "If Early had been but one day earlier, he might have entered the capital before the arrival of the reinforcements I had sent .

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Hood's campaign ended when Union forces under Thomas defeated him decisively at Nashville, Tennessee, on December 15-16, 1864.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.The Federal capital was at the moment almost denuded of troops, and forces hastily despatched from the James only arrived just in time to save it.^ In the end, the draft raised only about 150,000 troops throughout the North, about three-quarters of them substitutes, amounting to just one-fifth of the total Union force.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Garfield attacked shortly after noon, and the fighting continued for most of the afternoon until Union reinforcements arrived in time to dissuade the Confederates from assailing the Federal left.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The Federal troops, their ammunition wet and having not received reinforcements, were forced to withdraw under the stress of a vicious counterattack by Thomas R. R. Cobb 's Georgia Legion.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Thereupon the Confederates retired, narrowly escaping Hunter, and the brief campaign came to an end with an engagement at Kernstown.^ Thwarted in the attempt to take the capital, the Confederates turned back to Virginia, ending their last campaign to carry the war into the North.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Early had been nearer to the immediate success than Lee had been in 1862 and 1863, but he had failed utterly to relax Grant's hold on Petersburg, which was becoming daily more crushing.^ Lee's artillery possessed fewer guns than Grant's, and those they had were of lower quality.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The first time, in early 1862, he had brought the army up the peninsula to just outside Richmond where he was out-generalled and foiled by Robert E. Lee.

The American Civil War 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC homepage.eircom.net [Source type: Original source]

^ The battle brought the toll in Union casualties since the beginning of May to a total of more than 52,000, compared to 33,000 for Lee.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.On the decisive theatre the Federals made their way, little by little and at a heavy cost, to the Weldon railway, and beyond it to the westward.^ On June 1, the Confederates renewed their assaults against the Federals who had brought up more reinforcements but made little headway.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Lee's lines were becoming dangerously extended, but he could not allow the enemy to cut him off from the west.^ Due to a tired and lackluster performance by Thomas J. (Stonewall) Jackson , Lee's army failed in its last attempt to cut off the Union army before it reached the James.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Both commanders devised similar plans for the following day: envelop the enemy's right, get into his rear, and cut him off from his base.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.On the 25th of August there was a battle at Reams Station, in which the Federals were forced back, and the famous II. Corps under Hancock was for the first time routed.^ The "Rebel yell" became famous and feared, with its ululating wolf-howl "ow-ow-ow-ow" running back and forth along the Confederate battle line...

The American Civil War 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC homepage.eircom.net [Source type: Original source]

^ On the morning of the 16th, troops of the Union XX Corps under Alpheus S. Williams were driven back by a Confederate assault.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ William J. Hardee counterattacked Nelson's right flank and forced the Federal left back.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.But Grant was tireless, and five days later another battle was fought, at Peebles Farm, in which the lost ground was regained.^ Grant's forces overran the Petersburg line on April 2, and the Confederate government fled the capital later that day.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ "I just lost confidence in Joe Hooker," said Hooker later about his own lack of nerve during the battle.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ More men of the Confederate Army of Tennessee were killed in five hours at Franklin than in two days at the Battle of Shiloh.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Butler and the Army of the James at the same time won some successes in front of the Richmond works.^ Nevertheless, he won the Battle of Buena Vista against an army three times larger than his own and thereby ensured his election as the next president.

The American Civil War 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC homepage.eircom.net [Source type: Original source]

^ The first time, in early 1862, he had brought the army up the peninsula to just outside Richmond where he was out-generalled and foiled by Robert E. Lee.

The American Civil War 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC homepage.eircom.net [Source type: Original source]

^ To cut off Atlanta's rail links with Richmond, Sherman dispatched General James B McPherson and his Army of the Tennessee to Decatur, 10 miles to the east.

The American Civil War 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC homepage.eircom.net [Source type: Original source]

.One more attempt to outflank Lee to the westward was made by Grant without success, before winter came on, and the campaign closed with an expedition, under the direction of General Warren, which destroyed the Weldon line.^ It was a tactical draw, but it had wide-ranging consequences for the warJohnston was wounded and replaced by the much more aggressive General Robert E. Lee .

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Due to a tired and lackluster performance by Thomas J. (Stonewall) Jackson , Lee's army failed in its last attempt to cut off the Union army before it reached the James.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ After the victory at Five Forks, Ulysses S. Grant orders a general advance against Robert E. Lee 's lines at Petersburg.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Grant had not reached Lee's flank at any point,.^ Robert E. Lee amassed nearly half of his army in an attempt to break through Ulysses S. Grant 's Petersburg defenses and threaten his supply depot at City Point.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

and his casualties from first to last had been unprecedentedly heavy, but "hammering" was steadily prevailing where skill and valour had failed.

28. Sheridan's Valley Campaign

.In the closing months of the year Grant's brilliant cavalry commander Sheridan had been put in command of an army to operate against Early in the Valley.^ When McClellan's army ceased to threaten Richmond, Lee sent Thomas J. (Stonewall) Jackson to operate against Maj.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Grant was furious, ordered McClernand back to the Mississippi, disbanded the Army of the Mississippi, and assumed personal command of the Vicksburg Campaign.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Phil Sheridan and 45,000 men stormed into the Shenandoah Valley with orders from Grant to follow Jubal Early "to the death" and to strip the valley so thoroughly that "crows flying over it for the balance of the season will have to carry their provender."

The American Civil War 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC homepage.eircom.net [Source type: Original source]

The Federals in this quarter had hitherto suffered from want of unity in the command (e.g. Banks, Fremont and McDowell in 1862). .The Army of the Shenandoah would not be thus handicapped, for Sheridan was a leader of exceptional character.^ Philip H. Sheridan had been given command of the Army of the Shenandoah and sent to the Shenandoah Valley to deal with the Confederate threat under Lieutenant General Jubal A. Early .

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Philip H. Sheridan and his Army of the Shenandoah advanced, driving back the skirmishers and capturing important high ground.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Philip H. Sheridan and his Army of the Shenandoah.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.The first encounter took place on the Opequan near Winchester.^ The first major action of the campaign took place on June 9 between the opposing cavalry forces at Brandy Station, near Culpeper, Virginia.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Although the 152 delegates gathered in the capitol that first day, most of their meetings took place in the Virginia Mechanic's Institute, at the corner of Ninth and Franklin streets.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Early was defeated, but not routed (September 9), and another battle took place near Strasburg (Fisher's Hill) on the 22nd.^ September 21-22, 1864 - Battle of Fisher's Hill.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The Battle of the Crater, part of the Siege of Petersburg, took place on July 30, 1864 between the Army of Northern Virginia commanded by Gen.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The first major action of the campaign took place on June 9 between the opposing cavalry forces at Brandy Station, near Culpeper, Virginia.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

Always disposing of superior numbers, Sheridan on this occasion won an important victory without much loss. A combat which took place, at Mount Jackson, during the pursuit, again ended successfully, and the triumphant Federals retired down the Valley, ruthlessly destroying everything which might be of the slightest value to the enemy. .Early sharply followed them up, his men infuriated by the devastation of the "Granary of the Confederacy."^ Early planned to get his men across the creek and attack the Union left, rolling up the line and defeating each part in detail.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ On February 27 General Philip H. Sheridan rode south from Winchester up the devastated Valley with two divisions of cavalry totaling 10,000 men.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

At Cedar Creek, during a momentary absence of the Federal commander, his camps were surprised by Early (October 19). .The Army of the Shenandoah was routed and driven towards the Potomac.^ Then the Army of the Potomac moved back south again, again towards Richmond, this time by the direct route which had brought failure in the spring of 1861.

The American Civil War 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC homepage.eircom.net [Source type: Original source]

.But the gallant stand of the old Potomac troops of the VI. Corps checked the Confederates.^ On the morning of the 16th, troops of the Union XX Corps under Alpheus S. Williams were driven back by a Confederate assault.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ As Union forces probed Confederate skirmish lines on May 9 to determine the placement of defending forces, Union VI Corps commander Maj.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Horatio G. Wright 's Union VI Corps on the left flank halted when faced with well entrenched Confederates on a hilltop supported by artillery.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

Sheridan arrived on the scene to find a new battle in progress. .He was at his best at such a moment, and the rallied Federals under his command swept all before them.^ The Federals, under immediate command of Brig.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The Confederate cavalry under J.E.B. Stuart was nearly bested by the Federal horsemen, but Stuart eventually prevailed.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Each side suffered just under 700 casualties, however these were losses the Federals could afford while the Confederates could not afford at all.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.The victory was decisive, and, the country being now bare of supplies, the Army of the Shenandoah was sent to reinforce Grant, while the remnant of Early's forces also went to Petersburg.^ The Confederates had lost the Weldon Railroad and were forced to cart supplies 30 miles from the railroad at Stony Creek up the Boydton Plank Road into Petersburg.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Results and Aftermath: The Battle of Cold Harbor was the final victory won by Lee's army (part of his forces won the Battle of the Crater the following month, during the Siege of Petersburg, but this did not represent a general engagement between the armies), and its most decisive in terms of casualties.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Sheridan's campaign was a famous episode of the war.^ Like Thomas J. Jackson before him, Sheridan's aggressive and mobile campaign made him famous.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.It was conducted with skill, though, with twice the numbers of the enemy at his command, Sheridan's victory was a foregone conclusion.^ His frail hopes for victory now lay with Sherman, the only one of Grant's commanders still moving forward against the enemy...

The American Civil War 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC homepage.eircom.net [Source type: Original source]

But he had at least shown that he possessed to an unusual degree the real attribute of a great captain - power over men.

29. Sherman and Johnston

Meanwhile Sherman had fought his Atlanta campaign. .General Johnston opposed him almost on the old Chickamauga battle-ground, where the Federal commander, after a brief campaign in Mississippi and Alabama, the result of which was to clear his right flank (February 3 - March 6, 1864), collected his armies - the Army of the Tennessee under McPherson, the Army of the Cumberland under Thomas (Hooker's troops had now become part of this army) and the Army of the Ohio under Schofield.^ Grant had entrusted Sherman with the second most important part of his grand strategy to seize Atlanta, the "Gate City of the South" and the second most important manufacturing center of the Confederacy, and to smash the combined Confederate armies of the Tennessee and Mississippi under Joseph E Johnston that would try to stop him.

The American Civil War 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC homepage.eircom.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Finally, in desperation, Lincoln removed the popular McClellan and replaced him with a corps commander, Major General Ambrose E. Burnside.

The American Civil War 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC homepage.eircom.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Fearing that the general was becoming too popular and might win the Whig presidential nomination, Democratic president James Polk transferred most of Taylor's troops to General Winfield Scott's campaign against Mexico City.

The American Civil War 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC homepage.eircom.net [Source type: Original source]

In the celebrated campaign of Atlanta the highest manoeuvring skill was displayed by both the famous commanders. .Whilst Grant, with his avowed object of crushing Lee's army, lost no opportunity of fighting a battle coute que coute, Sherman, intent rather on the conquest of territory, acted on different lines.^ With Pope no longer a threat, Lee turned his army west and north to invade Maryland, initiating the Maryland Campaign and the battles of South Mountain and Antietam.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Lt General James Longstreet's First Corps, almost a third of Lee's Army, missed the entire second phase of the battle, being in North Carolina.

The American Civil War 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC homepage.eircom.net [Source type: Original source]

.Johnston, than whom there was no better soldier in the Confederate service when a careful defence was required, disposed of sensibly inferior forces, and it was to be expected that the 18th-century methods of making war by manoeuvring and by combats, not battles, would receive a modern illustration in Georgia.^ This assault was conducted by the largest number of Confederate soldiers of any battle in the war.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Johnston formed his army on a ridge and hoped that Sherman would attack him there on May 20.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ One Confederate soldier was quoted after the battle as saying it was "simply murder".

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Operations began early in May 1864, and five days of manoeuvring and skirmishing about Resaca and Rocky Face ended in Johnston's retirement to Resaca.^ The Battle: The battle began on May 31, 1864, when Union cavalry under Maj.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Following skirmishing throughout the day, Pope moved against Jackson's position in force at about 3 p.m.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ On May 13, 1864, Confederate General Joseph Johnston positioned his forces along a ridge that lay between the Oostanaula River and the Conasauga River just north of the small town of Resaca, Ga.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.A fortnight later the same manoeuvres, combined with constant "tapping" at the Confederate defences, caused him to fall back again.^ With the fall of Nashville, the Confederate position at Columbus, Ohio, becomes untenable and Major Leonidas Polk abandones his fortifications and falls back.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Franklin scoffed at the idea, thinking the Confederates would keep falling back.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Finally the Union was able to get enfilade fire into the Confederate line, forcing it to fall back.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.At Adairsville the same process was gone through, and Johnston retired to Cassville, where he offered battle.^ On the morning of May 19, Johnston ordered Hood to march along a country road a mile or so east of the Adairsville-Cassville Road and form his corps for battle facing west.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Joseph E. Johnston 's army, which was retiring up through North Carolina.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

Sherman was far too wary to be drawn into an action under unfavourable conditions. .If each general had been able to obtain a great battle upon his own terms, each would have fought most willingly, for neither desired a useless prolongation of the war.^ The Lee Cult ensured that Lee, despite his own admission of responsibility to his men, would not be blamed for losing the battle that, in the estimation of many Southerners, had decided the outcome of the entire war.

The American Civil War 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC homepage.eircom.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Confederate General Johnston would later rebut, "Had the enemy beaten us on the fifth, as he claims to have done, our army would have lost most of its baggage and artillery."

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Richard Taylor of the West Louisiana Department, son of President Zachary Taylor, would fight most of the battles in the campaign.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

As it was, both declined to risk a decision. .Johnston's inferiority in numbers was now becoming lessened as Sherman had to detach more and more troops to his ever-lengthening communications with Chattanooga.^ The two Confederates planned their strategy, which called for Hood to move toward Chattanooga, Tennessee, and operate against Sherman's lines of communications.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Another manoeuvre brought about a heavy combat near Dallas (Pickett's Mills and New Hope Church, May 25-27).^ May 27, 1864 - Battle of Pickett's Mill.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ May 25-26, 1864 - Battle of New Hope Church.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Johnston anticipated Sherman's move and met the Union forces at New Hope Church.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.After a time Johnston fell back, and on the 6th of June the Federals appeared before Marietta.^ The Federals fell back and entrenched for the night.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ On May 31, Johnston attempted to overwhelm two Federal corps that appeared isolated south of the Chickahominy River.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ He continued to move forward, determined to drive McClellan off the Peninsula, and McClellan fell back steadily before him.

The American Civil War 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC homepage.eircom.net [Source type: Original source]

.Hitherto neither leader had offered a weak spot to his opponent, though the constant skirmishing had caused a loss of 9000 men to Sherman and about two-thirds of that number to the Confederates.^ Nathaniel P. Banks , numbering about 9,000 men, was concentrated in the vicinity of Strasburg, Virginia, with two companies of infantry at Buckton Depot.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ At New Market on the 15th, Sigel was attacked by a makeshift Confederate army of about 4,100 men commanded by Maj.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Kirby Smith also ordered two tiny divisions, numbering 4,000 men total, to Louisiana to support Taylor.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.At this moment Sherman suddenly changed his policy and sent his troops straight against the hostile entrenchments.^ On the morning of June 27, Sherman sent his troops forward after an artillery bombardment.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.The neighbourhood of Marietta witnessed for the next fortnight very heavy fighting, notably at Pine Mountain on the 14th and Kenesaw on the 27th, both actions being frontal assaults gallantly pushed home and as gallantly repulsed.^ On May 27, after their frontal assaults were repulsed, the Federals settled into a siege which lasted for 48 days.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Confederate General Samuel Garland and Union General Jesse L. Reno both received mortal wounds during the heavy fighting near Fox's Gap.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ At one point Sherman's patience snapped and he frontally assaulted the Southerners at Kennesaw Mountain, Georgia, on June 27; Johnston threw him back with heavy losses.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Sherman acted thus in order to teach his own men and the enemy that he was not "afraid," and the lesson was not valueless.^ Vowing they would teach the Western troops a lesson, Creighton's men advanced up the steep slopes.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ But lack of men and supplies forced Johnston to order continued withdrawal, and he surrendered to Sherman at Durham Station, N.C., on April 26.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Two-thirds of the city was burned down, although it was probably done at their own initiative rather than under any orders from Sherman.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

He then resumed his manoeuvring, which was now facilitated by improved weather and better roads.

30. A tlanta. - Johnston in due time evacuated the Marietta lines. .On the 7th of July his fortifications on the Chattahoochee river were turned, and he fell back into the Atlanta (q.v.^ In little more than a week, a third of his force 20,000 men were gone, and he fell back into Atlanta.

The American Civil War 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC homepage.eircom.net [Source type: Original source]

) position, which was carefully prepared, like all the others, beforehand. Here Johnston was deprived of his command. His campaign had not been unsuccessful, for Sherman had never succeeded in taking him at a disadvantage, but the whole of the South, including President Davis and his chief of staff General Bragg, clamoured for a more "energetic" policy, and General J. B. Hood was put in command on the understanding that he should "fight." The new general, whose bold and skilful leading had been conspicuous on most of the Virginia battlefields, promptly did so. .At first successful, the Confederates had in the end to retire.^ The Federal survivors established a solid front before Pittsburg Landing and repulsed the last Confederate charge as dusk ended the first day of fighting.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Union counterattacks on the Confederate right and left were successful, forcing them from the field in a retreat that ended in Murfreesboro, Tennessee.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Five Confederate attacks failed to dislodge the Federal defenders and darkness ended the first day's fighting.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.A few days after this battle (called Peach Tree Creek) took place the battle of Atlanta, which was fiercely contested by the veterans of both sides, and in which McPherson, one of the best generals in the Union army, was killed.^ Appendices include general officers of both armies, main government officials of both governments, battlefield sites, battlefield location maps, a chronology of the War, glossary of terms, and bibliography.

Subject Guide: History 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.lib.jmu.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ Because many Civil War battles and incidents took place in Virginia, and Virginia institutions now hold many primary sources on the Civil War, this can be useful to researchers in this area.

Subject Guide: History 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.lib.jmu.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ McKeever, C. Civil War Battle Flags of the Union Army and Order of Battle .

Subject Guide: History 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.lib.jmu.edu [Source type: Academic]

Still, Hood was again beaten. .The Army of the Tennessee, under its new commander General O. O. Howard, fought and won the battle of Ezra Church on the 28th of July, and, Atlanta being now nearly surrounded, Hood was compelled to adopt the Fabian methods of his predecessor, and fell back to the southward.^ July 28, 1864 - Battle of Ezra Church.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The main Union force in this battle was the Army of the Tennessee, under Maj.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ July 22, 1864 - The Battle of Atlanta.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.An attack on the Army of the Ohio near Jonesboro concluded the Atlanta campaign, which left Sherman in control of Atlanta, but hampered by the necessity of preserving his communications with Chattanooga and weakened by a total loss of 30,000 men.^ William T Sherman had orders to strike out from Chattanooga for Atlanta.

The American Civil War 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC homepage.eircom.net [Source type: Original source]

^ To cut off Atlanta's rail links with Richmond, Sherman dispatched General James B McPherson and his Army of the Tennessee to Decatur, 10 miles to the east.

The American Civil War 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC homepage.eircom.net [Source type: Original source]

^ In little more than a week, a third of his force 20,000 men were gone, and he fell back into Atlanta.

The American Civil War 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC homepage.eircom.net [Source type: Original source]

.In this celebrated campaign the American generals rivalled if they did not excel the exploits of Marlborough, Eugene and Villars, under allied conditions.^ "What a general could do, Thomas did; no more dependable soldier for a moment of crisis existed on the North American continent, or ever did exist...

The American Civil War 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC homepage.eircom.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Nor did they immediately give the campaigns in the West, with their fluid maneuvers and frequently impressive generalship, the credit they deserved.

The American Civil War 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC homepage.eircom.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Even after the Emancipation Proclamation, the committee still found fault with many of the administration's decisions-for instance, they did not want any Democratic generals in the army.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

31. The March to the Sea. - .Although General Canby, with a Federal force in the south, had been ordered to capture Mobile early in the year - after which he was to operate towards Atlanta - Mobile still flew the Confederate flag, and Hood, about to resume the offensive, was thus able to base himself on Montgomery in order to attack Sherman in flank and rear.^ Naturally there were excesses from time to time - the Confederates declared that many of their men had been bayoneted after capture in the early stages of Cedar Mountain, for example - but such incidents were rare.

The American Civil War 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC homepage.eircom.net [Source type: Original source]

^ William T Sherman had orders to strike out from Chattanooga for Atlanta.

The American Civil War 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC homepage.eircom.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Impetuous, they replied, and Sherman set about preparing for an immediate Confederate attack - which came, and which he handily beat back.

The American Civil War 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC homepage.eircom.net [Source type: Original source]

But the Federal commander was not to be shaken off from his prize. He held firmly to Atlanta, clearing the city of non-combatants and in other ways making ready for a stubborn defence. Thomas and the Army of the Cumberland were sent back to guard Tennessee. .A heavy attack on the post of Allatoona (to the garrison of which Sherman sent the famous message, "Hold the fort, for I am coming") was repulsed (October 5).^ General Joseph Johnston sent General William Hardee 's corps to attack Slocum's left wing while it was separated from the rest of Sherman's forces.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Joseph Hooker attacked Fort Magruder, but were repulsed.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The II, XI, and V Corps from right to left attacked on June 18 but was repulsed with heavy casualties.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.The main armies quickly regained contact, each edging away northwestwards towards the Tennessee and coming into contact at Gaylesville, Alabama, and again at Decatur.^ From Resaca, Hood withdrew to the west toward Gaylesville and entered Alabama.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ John B. Hood began the Franklin-Nashville Campaign during the fall of 1864, his Army of Tennessee demonstrated against Decatur, Alabama, October 26-29, in an attempt to cross the Tennessee River.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ John B. Hood led the Army of Tennessee north toward Nashville in November 1864.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.General Slocum with Hooker's old Potomac troops garrisoned Atlanta, and every important post along the railway to Chattanooga was held in force.^ General Joseph Johnston sent General William Hardee 's corps to attack Slocum's left wing while it was separated from the rest of Sherman's forces.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ General William T. Sherman 's Union armies had partially encircled the city of Atlanta, Georgia, which was being held by Confederate forces under the command of General John Bell Hood .

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Sherman had now resolved to execute his plan of a march through Georgia to the sea and thence through the Carolinas towards Virginia, destroying everything of military value en route. With the provisos that if Lee turned upon Sherman, Grant must follow him up sharply,'and that Thomas could be left to deal with Hood (both of which could be, and were, done), the scheme might well be decisive of the war.^ Sherman was confident that he had provided sufficient forces to Thomas to handle Hood, and he now prepared for his March through Georgia.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ After Sherman destroys the factories and stores, he urged upon Ulysses S. Grant his plan of a march to the sea.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ After resting and refitting his army, Sherman began his march north through the Carolinas toward Virginia in February 1865.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

Preparations were carefully made. .Fifty thousand picked men were to march through Georgia with Sherman, and Thomas was to be reinforced by all other forces available.^ At Spotsylvania, he lost another 10-13,000 men, and the Confederates had to pull men away from other fronts to reinforce him.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The Union forces coming in from the east had to march through narrow canyons and roads, which eventually got clogged up with supply wagons and troops delaying the attack.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Crook's troops had to march through a swamp and the XIX Corps was not advancing at all.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

There was no force to oppose the "March to the Sea." .Hood was far away on the Tennessee, which he crossed on the 29th of October at Tuscumbia, making for Nashville.^ Hood's campaign ended when Union forces under Thomas defeated him decisively at Nashville, Tennessee, on December 15-16, 1864.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ John B. Hood began the Franklin-Nashville Campaign during the fall of 1864, his Army of Tennessee demonstrated against Decatur, Alabama, October 26-29, in an attempt to cross the Tennessee River.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Hood advanced in three columns to seize the Duck River crossings at Columbia, Tennessee, which, if successful, would separate Schofield from Thomas.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Want of supplies checked the Confederates after a few marches, while Schofield was pressing forward to meet them at Pulaski and Thomas was gathering, at Nashville, a motley army drawn from all parts of the west.^ The result of miscommunication and simply bad military management was that during the night, all of Schofield's command, including Cox, passed from Columbia through Spring Hill to Franklin while the Confederate army slept.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ John M. Schofield left Franklin, Tennessee, and concentrated within the defensive works of Nashville alongside the Army of the Cumberland, commanded by Maj.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ March 6, 1861 - The Confederate Congress authorizes an army of volunteers.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.It was at this same time that Sherman broke up his railway communication, destroying Atlanta as a place of arms, and set out on his adventurous expedition.^ John B. Hood pulled his troops out of Atlanta the next day, destroying supply depots as he left to prevent them from falling into Union hands.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ They actually broke the Confederate line, and the Second Corps had a hard time driving them out.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Hood set out in the direction of Decatur, Alabama, with the intention of meeting up with Nathan Bedford Forrest in the vicinity of Florence, Alabama.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

There was little in his path. Skirmishes at Macon and Milledgeville alone varied the daily routine of railway-breaking and supply-finding, in which a belt of country 60 m. wide was absolutely cleared. .On the 10th of December the army, thoroughly invigorated by its march, appeared before the defences of Savannah.^ The Army of the Cumberland marched southeast on December 26 in three columns, or "wings", towards Murfreesboro and they were effectively harassed by Brig.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.On the 13th of December a division stormed Fort McAllister, and communication was opened with the Federal fleet.^ The Federal cavalry would open the campaign with a raid on Lee's line of communications with the Confederate capital at Richmond.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ On August 26 1861, the Federal fleet embarked from Fort Monroe and headed south.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ James Longstreet 's division took up positions in Fort Magruder and the nearby redoubts during the evening of May 4 under pressure from Federal cavalry.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

The march concluded with the occupation of Savannah on the loth.

32. Nashville

.Hood, at a loss to divine Sherman's purpose, hastened on into Tennessee amidst weather which would have stopped most troops.^ Hood advanced in three columns to seize the Duck River crossings at Columbia, Tennessee, which, if successful, would separate Schofield from Thomas.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Hood, anticipating Sherman's maneuver, moved his troops out to oppose the Union army.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Hood had hoped to engage Sherman in battle near Cross Roads, Georgia, but his subordinate commanders convinced him that their troops' morale was not ready to risk an attack.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Schofield met him on the Duck river, while Thomas was shaping his army in rear.^ While Hood's infantry crossed the Duck River and converged on Spring Hill, Schofield sent troops to hold the crossroads there: Maj.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ He made demonstrations along the front while marching two corps of his army to Davis Ford, some five miles eastward on the Duck River.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Hood advanced in three columns to seize the Duck River crossings at Columbia, Tennessee, which, if successful, would separate Schofield from Thomas.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Hood manoeuvred Schofield out of his lines and pushed on once more.^ Johnston, believing that the opportunity for a successful battle had passed, ordered Hood and Polk to move to a new line east and south of Cassville, where they were joined by Hardee who had been pushed out of Kingston.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.At Franklin Schofield had to accept battle, and thirteen distinct assaults on his works were made, all pushed with extraordinary fury and lasting far into the night.^ The result of miscommunication and simply bad military management was that during the night, all of Schofield's command, including Cox, passed from Columbia through Spring Hill to Franklin while the Confederate army slept.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ On May 27, after their frontal assaults were repulsed, the Federals settled into a siege which lasted for 48 days.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ John M. Schofield left Franklin, Tennessee, and concentrated within the defensive works of Nashville alongside the Army of the Cumberland, commanded by Maj.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Thomas ordered his lieutenant to retire on Nashville, Hood following him up, impressing recruits, transports and supplies, and generally repeating the scenes of Bragg's march of 1862. The civil authorities and the lieutenant-general also urgently demanded that Thomas should advance.^ The Battle of Glorieta Pass, fought on March 26-28, 1862, in northern New Mexico Territory, was the decisive battle of the New Mexico Campaign during the American Civil War.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ As Bragg marched north on the 18th, his cavalry and infantry fought with Union cavalry and mounted infantry which were armed with Spencer repeating rifles.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ While Rosecrans was preparing in Nashville, Bragg ordered Colonel John Hunt Morgan to move north with his cavalry and operate along Rosecrans's lines of communications, to prevent him from foraging for supplies north of Nashville.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

Constancy of purpose was the salient feature of Thomas's military character. He would not fight till he was ready. But this last great counterstroke of the Confederacy alarmed the whole North. .So great was the tension that Grant finally sent General J. A. Logan to take command.^ General Grant also assessed Wallace's delaying tactics at Monocacy: "If Early had been but one day earlier, he might have entered the capital before the arrival of the reinforcements I had sent .
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ On September 29, General Ulysses S. Grant urged Sherman to dispose of Forrest and Sherman sent Maj.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ He was one of Sherman's and Grant's favorite commanders, as he was very quick and aggressive (qualities found in few Union generals).
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.But before Logan arrived, Thomas had on the 15th and 16th of December fought and won the battle of Nashville (q.v.^ Hood's campaign ended when Union forces under Thomas defeated him decisively at Nashville, Tennessee, on December 15-16, 1864.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ John A. Logan was directed to proceed to Nashville and assume command if, upon his arrival, Thomas had not yet initiated operations.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ September-December 1864 - Hood's Tennessee Campaign , also known as Franklin-Nashville Campaign, was a series of battles fought in the fall of 1864 in Alabama, Tennessee, and northwestern Georgia as the Confederate Army of Tennessee under Lt. Gen.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

), the most crushing victory of the whole war. Hood's army was absolutely ruined. Only a remnant of it reassembled beyond the Tennessee.

33. The Carolinas

From Savannah, Sherman started on his final march through the Carolinas. .Columbia, his first objective, was reached on the 17th of February 1865. As usual, all that could be of possible value to the enemy was destroyed and, by some accident, the town itself was burned.^ I could cite more use of anecdotes by the President, but you can all recall the people picked out of the audiences at his speeches and town hall meetings.
A rant about stupidity... and the coming civil war... - David Brin - Open Salon 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC open.salon.com [Source type: Original source]

.Sherman, like Sheridan, was much criticized for his methods of reducing opposition, but it does not seem that his "bummers" were guilty of wanton cruelty and destructiveness, at least in general, though the cavalry naturally gave more ground for the accusation than the main body of the army.^ Later, General Wallace gave orders to collect the bodies of the dead in a burial ground on the battlefield where he proposed a monument to read: "These men died to save the National Capital, and they did save it."
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ On June 29, the main body of the Union army began a general withdrawal toward the James River.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ General Johnston, more than satisfied with Hood's previous attack on the Federal left the day before, had again ordered General Hood to attack.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

And the methods of the Confederates had on occasion been somewhat similar. .The Confederate general Hardee managed to gather some force (chiefly from the evacuated coast towns) wherewith to oppose the onward progress of the Federals.^ They pushed across Camp Creek valley towards a crest held by Confederate General Hardee 's Corps.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ General Joseph Johnston sent General William Hardee 's corps to attack Slocum's left wing while it was separated from the rest of Sherman's forces.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Distracted by a Federal diversion, Bragg paid little attention to the approach of Buell's 60,000-man army towards Perryville and the 16,000 Confederate forces commanded by General Leonidas Polk .
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.As commander-in-chief, Lee now reappointed Johnston to command, and the latter soon attacked and very nearly defeated his old opponent at Bentonville (March 19-20).^ Joseph E. Johnston 's Army attacks McClellan's troops in front of Richmond and nearly defeats them, but Johnston is badly wounded.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ March 19-21, 1865 - Battle of Bentonville.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Jefferson Davis had been present with at the battle of Fair Oaks on May 31, and, after the wounding of Johnston in that engagement, assigned Lee to the command of the Army.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

But the "bummers" were no mere marauders, but picked men from the armies that had won Vicksburg and Chattanooga, and, though surrounded, held their ground stoutly and successfully. .Advancing once more, they were joined at Goldsboro by the forces lately besieging Fort Fisher (see below), and nearly 90,000 men marched northward towards Virginia, pushing Johnston's weak army before them.^ James Blunt's divisions before they joined forces.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Nathaniel P. Banks , numbering about 9,000 men, was concentrated in the vicinity of Strasburg, Virginia, with two companies of infantry at Buckton Depot.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The Battle of Resaca was one of the largest engagements and is estimated to have cost the Federals some 4,000 causalities and the Confederates nearly 3,000 men.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

Meanwhile the bulk of the forces at Nashville had been sent to the north-east to close Lee's escape to the mountains, and in March the final campaign had opened at Petersburg.

34. The Final Campaign

At last Lee's men had lost heart in the unequal struggle. .Sheridan raided the upper James and destroyed all supplies.^ Joseph Wheeler and his cavalry raided into North Georgia to destroy railroad tracks and supplies.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Sheridan's army was engaged in destroying the economic base of the Valley, meant to deprive Robert E. Lee 's army of the supplies they required.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ James J. Andrews proposed a daring raid aimed at destroying the Western & Atlantic Railroad link to Chattanooga, isolating the city from Atlanta.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Grant lay in front of the Army of northern Virginia with 125,000 men, and when active operations began Lee had no resource but to try and escape to the southwest in order to join Johnston.^ Lee never did, because the Army of Northern Virginia was unable to do so.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Lee then renames his force the Army of Northern Virginia.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Nathaniel P. Banks , numbering about 9,000 men, was concentrated in the vicinity of Strasburg, Virginia, with two companies of infantry at Buckton Depot.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.The western movement was covered by a furious sortie from the lines of Petersburg, which was repulsed with heavy loss.^ As one line was repulsed another took its place and pressed forward as if determined by force of numbers and fury of assault to drive us from our positions."
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The Federals were repulsed with heavy losses by William Bates' division and failed in an attempt to break the railroad.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

Grant felt that this was a mere feint to screen some other move, and instantly carried the Army of the Potomac to the westward, leaving a bare screen of troops in his lines. .On the 29th of March the movement began, followed in rapid succession by the combats of White Oak Road and Dinwiddie Court House and Sheridan's great victory of Five Forks.^ Although this brilliant victory further strengthened Forrest's reputation and destroyed a great amount of Union materiel, it failed to stem the tide of Union success in Georgia.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The lead attackers reached Harrison's Creek along the Prince George Court House Road, but were unable to widen their breakthrough past the neighboring forts.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The Battle of Spotsylvania Court House, sometimes simply referred to as the Battle of Spotsylvania, was the second battle (following the Wilderness on May 5-7) in Lieut.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

At the same time the VI. Corps at last carried the Petersburg lines by storm. .Thereupon Lee and Longstreet evacuated the Petersburg and Richmond lines and began their retreat.^ Lee decides to evacuate Petersburg.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The Confederate retreat began on April 1 southwestward as Robert E. Lee sought to use the still-operational Richmond & Danville Railroad.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Sheridan personally directed the attack, which extended Lee's Petersburg lines to the breaking point.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

Their men were practically starving, though their rearguard showed a brave front. .The remnant of Ewell's corps was cut off at Sailor's Creek, and when Sheridan got ahead of the Confederates while Grant furiously pressed them in the rear, surrender was inevitable (April 8).^ They pushed across Camp Creek valley towards a crest held by Confederate General Hardee 's Corps.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ On April 1, while Philip H. Sheridan 's cavalry pinned the Confederate force in position at about 4 p.m., Maj.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Grant called off the attacks at midday after visiting his corps commanders.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.On the 9th the gallant remnant of the Army of northern Virginia laid down its arms at Appomattox Court House, and the Confederacy came to an end.^ The papers were among a collection of important Confederate documents transferred to Washington after the surrender of Robert E. Lee 's Army of Northern Virginia.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The campaign begins as McClellan's Army of the Potomac advances from Washington down the Potomac River and the Chesapeake Bay to the peninsular south of the Confederate Capital of Richmond, Virginia then begins an advance toward Richmond.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The II Corps took close to 4,000 prisoners and probably would have cut the Army of Northern Virginia in half if the IX Corps (Maj.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Johnston surrendered to Sherman at Durham Station on the 26th, and soon afterwards all the remaining Confederate soldiers followed their example.^ On April 18, Johnston signed an armistice with Sherman at the Bennett House, and on April 26, formally surrendered his army.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Tilghman then returned to the fort and, soon afterwards, surrendered to the fleet, which had engaged the fort and closed within 400 yards.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ During the Atlanta Campaign, William T. Sherman maneuvered Joseph E. Johnston 's Confederate army out of several successive defensive positions in Cobb County.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.So ended the gigantic struggle, as to the conduct of which it is only necessary to quote, with a more general application, the envoi of a Federal historian, "It has not seemed necessary to me to attempt a eulogy of the Army of the Potomac or the Army of northern Virginia."^ The victory seemed to belong to the Army of the Potomac.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The flag is also known by historians as the flag of the Army of Northern Virginia.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Shortly after Confederate General Robert E. Lee 's Army of Northern Virginia won a smashing victory over the Federal Army of the Potomac at the Battle of Chancellorsville (May 1-3, 1863), Lee decided upon a second invasion of the North.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.The general terms of surrender were that the Confederates should give up all material, and sign a parole not to take up arms again.^ Adults should sign up too.
A rant about stupidity... and the coming civil war... - David Brin - Open Salon 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC open.salon.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The purpose was to effect the release of all prisoners of war and to deal with the problem of an excess on one side or the other by having surplus prisoners released under parole not to take up arms again, while prisoners released on the basis of even exchange were not denied further military service.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The next day Fort Marion at St. Augustine is handed over to the Confederates on the basis of a receipt for the Fort and all of its contents signed by Confederate authorities and given to the Union commander.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.There were no manifestations of triumph or exultation on the part of the victors, the lot of the vanquished was made as easy as possible, and after a short time the armies melted into the mass of the people without disturbance or disorder.^ Unfortunately for Hood, there was no surprise for Howard, who had predicted such a maneuver based on his knowledge of Hood from their time together at West Point before the war.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The first comment Greg made concerned what aspects of Government I would do without, and then listed a whole lot of things that are best, and usually done at a local level.
A rant about stupidity... and the coming civil war... - David Brin - Open Salon 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC open.salon.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Bragg was determined to reoccupy Chattanooga and decided to meet a part of Rosecrans's army, defeat them, and then move back into the city.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

A general amnesty proclaimed by the president of the United States on the 29th of May was the formal ending of the Civil War.

35. Character of the War. - .No undisciplined levies could have fought as did the armies on both sides.^ Early in 1865, both sides in Texas agreed to a gentlemen's agreement that there was no point to further hostilities.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ In June 1864 the Union army began a siege of the two cities, with both sides rapidly constructing fortifications 35 miles (56 km) long.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ There has been no effort to emphasize a pro-Northern or pro-Southern viewpoint although I did attempt to include items, when available, from both perspectives, e.g.

Subject Guide: History 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.lib.jmu.edu [Source type: Academic]

Grave faults the men had, from the regular's point of view. They required humouring, and their march discipline was very elastic. .But in battle the "thinking bayonets" resolutely obeyed orders, even though it were to attack a Marye's Hill, or a "Bloody Angle," for they had undertaken their task and would carry it through unflinchingly.^ Grant was hoping that Lee would take the bait of an isolated Union corps and attack it, drawing the Confederates out into the open, where they could be attacked.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Confederate casualties were not recorded, but due to the bloody fighting between A.P. Hill and Warren, it is probable they suffered around 2,000 casualties.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Despite the implication of finality in its name, the battle occurred mid-way through the campaign and the city would not fall for another six weeks.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

So much may be said of both armies. .The great advantage of the Confederate - an advantage which he had in a less degree as against the hardier and country-bred Federal of the west - was that he was a hunter and rider born and bred, an excellent shot, and still not infrequently settled his quarrels by the duel.^ This was a source of great danger, for had Hood formed facing west, these Federals would have been in position to attack the exposed flank and rear of his corps.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.The town-bred soldier of the eastern states was a thoughtful citizen who was determined to do his duty, but he had far less natural aptitude for war than his enemy from the Carolinas or his comrade from Illinois or Kansas.^ He was determined that he would not be caught off guard as Grant had beeneven if it meant the army moved less than a mile a day.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ "He remains the only enemy leader who ever defeated us at war..."

A rant about stupidity... and the coming civil war... - David Brin - Open Salon 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC open.salon.com [Source type: Original source]

^ He remains the only enemy leader who ever defeated us at war, and then only because our hubris (not decadence) got the better of us.

A rant about stupidity... and the coming civil war... - David Brin - Open Salon 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC open.salon.com [Source type: Original source]

At the same time the more varied conditions of urban life made him more adaptable to changes of climate and of occupation than the "Southron." .Irish brigades served on both sides and shot each other to pieces as at Fredericksburg.^ But the attempt proved futile: both Union and Confederate recruiters operated in the state, with Kentuckians serving on both sides.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ On August 9, both sides formulated plans to attack the other.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Fighting flared for a couple of hours, but the Yankees ceased firing and both sides glared at each other for the rest of the day.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

They had the reputation of being excellent soldiers. The German divisions, on the other hand, were rarely as good as the rest. .The leading of these men was in the hands, as a rule, of regular or ex-regular officers, who made many mistakes in their handling of large masses, but had been taught at West Point and on the Indian frontier to command men in danger, and administer them in camp.^ The white divisions were moved into the lead role, but their commanders, who were of questionable quality, failed to brief the men on what was expected of them.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Gordon, who was in Fort Stedman, realized the plan had failed when his lead men started returning and reported remarkable Union resistance.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Although Selma was well-defended, the Union columns broke through the defenses at separate points forcing the Confederates to surrender the city, although many of the officers and men, including Forrest and Lt. Gen.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.The volunteer officers rarely led more than a division.^ Chivington led more than 400 soldiers to the Pass and on the morning of March 26 moved out to attack.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Halleck also called in massive reinforcements and soon had an army of 120,000 men in 15 divisions and more than 200 guns.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.When given high command at once they usually failed, but the best of them rose gradually to the superior ranks; Logan, for instance, became an army commander, Sickles, Terry and others corps commanders.^ Other information includes organization during and after the Civil War, grades and rank, command structure, chronology of the War, etc.

Subject Guide: History 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.lib.jmu.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ Meade and his corps commanders failed to conduct any meaningful reconnaissance of the enemy position.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ John Logan 's Army of the Tennessee corps, to exploit any weakness or possible withdrawal.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Cleburne, one of the best division commanders of the South, had been a corporal in the British army.^ Grant hoped that one more attack might finally break the outnumbered Army of Northern Virginia commanded by Lee.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The Confederate commander divided his army: one part remained to guard Fredericksburg, while the other raced west to meet Hooker's advance.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Bragg's choice for this critical assignment was fortuitous because Cleburne was one of the best officers in the luckless Army of Tennessee.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

Meagher, the leader of the "Irish brigade" at Fredericksburg, was the young orator of the "United Irishmen." But Lee, the Johnstons, McClellan, Grant and Sherman had all served in the old army. .Most of them were young men in 1861. Stuart was twenty-eight, Sheridan thirty, Grant and Jackson under forty, while some of the subordinate generals were actually fresh from West Point.^ He sent most of his infantryColonel Samuel Fulkerson's brigade along with Jackson's former command, the Stonewall Brigade (less the 5th Virginia) now under Brig.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Sheridan crossed the James and Appomattox Rivers and rode into City Point to join Grant's spring offensive.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ From Staunton, Jackson marched his army west along the Parkersburg Road to confront two brigades of John C. Frémont 's force (under Brig.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

36. Strategy and Tactics

The roughness of much of the country gave a peculiar tone to the strategy of the combatants. .Roads were untrustworthy, rivers swelled suddenly, advance and retreat were conditioned and compelled, especially in the case of the ill-equipped Confederates, by the exigencies of food supply.^ The Confederates were too disorganized and ill-equipped to pursue.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The Confederates had lost the Weldon Railroad and were forced to cart supplies 30 miles from the railroad at Stony Creek up the Boydton Plank Road into Petersburg.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The 10,000-man raid advanced into the most pro-Confederate portion of the state, the western Missouri River valley.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Long forward strides of the Napoleonic type were rarely attempted; "changes of base" were indeed made across country, and over considerable distances, as by Sherman in 1864, but ordinarily either the base and the objective were connected by rail or water, or else every forward step was, after the manner of Marlborough's time, organized as a separate campaign.^ Every time Republicans wanted to slow the rate of growth of a program, the Dems would launch a PR campaign saying Republicans were cutting the program and the apocalypse was near.

A rant about stupidity... and the coming civil war... - David Brin - Open Salon 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC open.salon.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Lee had to abandon the railroad, and his army stumbled across rolling country in an effort to reach Lynchburg, another supply base that could be defended.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The Union held Chattanooga, the "Gateway to the Lower South," which became the supply and logistics base for Sherman's 1864 Atlanta Campaign.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Hence field fortifications played an unusually prominent part, time and material being available as a rule for works of solid construction.^ President Lincoln signs the Homestead Act, which plays a prominent part in the settlement of the West and the removal of Native Americans from land east and west of the Mississippi River.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

In isolated instances of more rapid campaigning - e.g. Antietam and Gettysburg - they were of subordinate importance. The attack and defence of these entrenchments led to tactical phenomena of unusual interest. Cavalry could not bring about the decision in such country, and sought a field for its restless activity elsewhere. .Artillery had fallen, technically, far behind the infantry arm, and in face of long-range rifle fire could not annihilate the hostile line with case-shot fire as in the days of Napoleon.^ As Bragg marched north on the 18th, his cavalry and infantry fought with Union cavalry and mounted infantry which were armed with Spencer repeating rifles.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The artillery and rifle fire from both sides acted like a scythe, cutting down all the cornstalks and over 8,000 men on both sides.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Carroll retreated in confusion, losing his two guns, before his infantry could come within range.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.In a battle such as Chancellorsville or the Wilderness guns were almost valueless, since there was little open space in which they might be used.^ And since their hasty battle line faced south rather than west, Confederate guns across the creek were able to shell the open Union flank.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

It thus fell to the infantry to attack and defend with its own weapons, and the defence was, locally, almost inexpugnable behind its tall breastworks. .One line of works could be stormed, but there were almost always two or three retrenchments behind.^ "If it had been two men wrestling it could have been called a 'dog fall,'" one Confederate wrote later, "Both sides claiming the victoryboth whipped."

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ It was one of the closest spots on the line, there were fewer wooden chevaux de frise obstructions, and a supply depot on the U.S. Military Railroad was less than a mile behind it.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Polk launched two probes of the Union line, one against Thomas, the other against Sheridan, to no effect other than wasted casualties.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.The attacking infantry, who found it necessary to cross a fire-swept zone l000 yds.^ The attack was repulsed by infantry fire and heavy artillery from Maj.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Union artillery fired on the fort from positions across the river on January 11, effectively silencing most of the Confederate guns in the fort, and the infantry moved into position for an attack.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ In order to save valuable ammunition for the infantry attack that they knew must follow, the Army of the Potomac's artillery at first did not return the enemy's fire.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

broad, had to be used resolutely in masses, line following line, and each carrying forward the wrecks of its predecessor. Partial attacks were invariably costly failures. .The use of masses was never put in practice more sternly than by Grant in 1864. At the same time, as has been said, the cavalry arm found plenty of work.^ And more than I have said that people only get news that reinforces their own prejudices.

A rant about stupidity... and the coming civil war... - David Brin - Open Salon 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC open.salon.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Stuart had covered more than 100 miles in 2 days, destroyed some stores, captured more, and severely disorganized the Union cavalry for weeks to come.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Unfortunately, I think that makes it more likely we WILL see it turn into an armed conflict, because, as others have found elsewhere, terrorism is easier.

A rant about stupidity... and the coming civil war... - David Brin - Open Salon 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC open.salon.com [Source type: Original source]

.The horses were not trained for European shock-tactics, nor did the country offer charging room, and though melees of mounted men engaging with sword and pistol were not infrequent, the usual method of fighting was dismounted fire action, which was practised with uncommon skill by the troopers on both sides.^ Victory for the people of this country will only begin when people on both sides of the political spectrum join with the independents in saying ENOUGH! This has got to stop - on both sides.

A rant about stupidity... and the coming civil war... - David Brin - Open Salon 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC open.salon.com [Source type: Original source]

.The far-ranging strategic "raid" was a notable feature of the war; freely employed by both sides, it was sometimes harmful, more usually profitable, especially to the South, by reason of the captures in material, the information acquired and the alarm and confusion created.^ Another American Civil War would be an unimaginable horror, but I fear that there are some on both sides of the political spectrum are hoping for just that nightmare.

A rant about stupidity... and the coming civil war... - David Brin - Open Salon 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC open.salon.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Major Robert Anderson , commanding the federal forts in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina, dismantles Fort Moultrie on the north side of the harbor, spikes its guns, and removes its garrison to the island stronghold Fort Sumter, which was supposed to be far more defensible.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ He fortified the area, especially both sides of the Cumberland River.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.These raids, and the more ordinary screening work, were never executed more brilliantly than by Lee's great cavalry general, "Jeb" Stuart, in Virginia, but the Federal generals, Pleasonton and Sheridan, did excellent work in the east, as also Wheeler and Forrest on the Confederate, Wilson and Grierson on the Federal, side in the west.^ More than 700 Federals were captured.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The final phase ended triumphantly for the Confederate forces of General Lee, who forced the withdrawal of the Federal Army of the Potomac after the Seven Days' Battles (June 25-July 1).

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Prelude: Confederate General Robert E. Lee 's Army of Northern Virginia40,000 menhad entered Maryland following their recent victory at Second Bull Run.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

The technical services, in which the mechanical skill and ingenuity of the American had full play, developed remarkable efficiency. Whether it was desired to build a railway bridge, disable a locomotive or cut a canal, the engineers were always ready with some happy expedient. On one occasion an infantry division of 8000 men repaired 102 miles of railway and built 182 bridges in 40 days, forging their own tools and using local resources. Many novelties, too, such as the field telegraph, balloons and signalling, were employed.

37. The Union and Confederate Navies

The naval war had been likewise fruitful of lessons for the future. Though wooden ships were still largely employed, the ironclad even then had begun to take a commanding place, and the sailing ship at last disappeared from naval warfare. .Mines, torpedoes and submarines were all employed, and with the "Monitor" may fairly be said to have begun the application of mechanical science to the uses of naval war.^ Useful for locating societies with a Civil War emphasis and/or for determining organizations in a given geographic area that may have information.

Subject Guide: History 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.lib.jmu.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ The researcher may need to scan the Civil War years, or (ideally) use the subject index for those diaries that started before the War.

Subject Guide: History 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.lib.jmu.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ This reprint of the Magazine is a gold mine of information on all aspects of the Confederacy in the War.

Subject Guide: History 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.lib.jmu.edu [Source type: Academic]

The Federal navy was enormously expanded. Three hundred and thirteen steamers were brought into the service. Sloops of an excellent type were built for work on the high seas, of which the celebrated "Kearsarge" was one. .Gunboats were constructed so fast that they were called "ninety-day gunboats."^ They planned to capture a Union gunboat, the Pawnee , but it was called away.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Special reversible paddle steamers (called doubleenders) were designed for service in the inlets and estuaries, and sixty-six ironclads were built and employed during the four years.^ Some historians believe that this battle, because it marked a fatal loss of initiative for the South, was as decisive as any other during the entire four-year conflict.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Mississippi river steamers were armed with heavy guns and protected by armour, boiler-plates, cotton bales, &c., and some fast cruisers were constructed for ocean work, one of them actually reaching the high speed of 17.75 m.^ Kearny led his men onto the field shouting, "I am a one-armed Jersey Son-of-a-Gun, Follow me!"

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ By mid-December, the Confederates had 37 heavy guns in position along the river.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ November 17, 1862 - Ambrose E. Burnside reaches the north bank of the Rappahannock River, opposite Fredericksburg, Va.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

per hour. The existing Federal navy of 1861 already included some large and powerful modern vessels, such as the "Minnesota" and "Powhatan." To oppose them the Confederates, limited as they were for means, managed to construct various ironclads, and to improvise a considerable fleet of minor vessels, and, though a fighting navy never assembled under a Confederate flag-officer, the Southern warships found another more damaging and more profitable scope for their activity. .It has been said that the blockade of the Confederate coast became in the end practically impenetrable, and that every attempt of the Confederate naval forces to break out was checked at once by crushing numerical preponderance.^ Thwarted in the attempt to take the capital, the Confederates turned back to Virginia, ending their last campaign to carry the war into the North.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The mine took weeks to dig, and although the Confederates on the other end of the field were aware that something was in the works, they never figured out exactly what it was.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Union counterattacks on the Confederate right and left were successful, forcing them from the field in a retreat that ended in Murfreesboro, Tennessee.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.The exciting and profitable occupation of blockade-running led to countless small fights off the various harbours, and sometimes the United States navy had to fight a more serious action when some new "rebel" ironclad emerged from her harbour, inlet or sound.^ Presumably, if the rebels had an obligation to the United States government, that same government had an obligation to them.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ After severe fighting at close range the Southern line gave way only to be saved by a series of stubborn rearguard actions by General Shelby's men.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Senator Jacob M. Howard of Michigan explained the status of rebels when he declared that the United States was not waging war against "foreign enemies .

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

38. Fort Fisher

Many of the greater combats in which the navy was engaged on the coast and inland have been referred to above, and thefightingbefore Charleston,NewOrleans, Mobile and Vicksburg is described in separate articles. .One of the heaviest of the battles was fought at Fort Fisher in 1864. This place guarded the approaches to Wilmington, North Carolina.^ The battle was fought May 5-7, 1864.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The Battle of the Crater, part of the Siege of Petersburg, took place on July 30, 1864 between the Army of Northern Virginia commanded by Gen.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The Battle of Monocacy (or Battle of Monocacy Junction) was fought on July 9, 1864, just outside Frederick, Maryland, as part of the Valley Campaigns of 1864.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Troops under Butler and a large fleet under Admiral Porter were destined for this enterprise.^ A Navy fleet under Samuel F. Du Pont bombarded the protecting forts, Beauregard and Walter, which were then overrun by Army troops under Lieutenant Col. Thomas W. Sherman.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Rear Admiral David D. Porter , on January 10, moved his fleet towards Fort Hindman and bombarded it, withdrawing at dusk.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

An incendiary vessel was exploded close to the works without effect on the 23rd-24th of December, and the ships engaged on the 24th. .The next day the troops were disembarked, only to be called off after a partial assault.^ John B. Hood pulled his troops out of Atlanta the next day, destroying supply depots as he left to prevent them from falling into Union hands.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Meade inexplicably bragged to his wife the next day that he was in command for the assault.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The next day (February 14), Grant watches an assault on Donelson by the gunboats of Andrew H. Foote 's flotilla which is equally unsuccessful.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Butler then withdrew, and Porter was informed on the 31st that "a competent force properly commanded" would be sent out.^ Lovell Rousseau, commanding all of the forces at Murfreesboro, sent two brigades out under Brig.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ These "fixing" actions heightened the fear in the Union high command that an all-out attack would be launched against them south of the river.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ If enough Union troops filled the breach quickly enough, the Confederates wouldn't be able to muster enough force to drive them out, and Petersburg would fall.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.On the 8th of January 1865 General Terry arrived with the land forces, and the armada arrived off Fisher on the 12th.^ The Rebels began to run low on ammunition, and reports of arriving Union reinforcements influenced them to move off and rejoin Hood's force.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ David D. Porter on January 13, Union forces landed and prepared an attack on Maj.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ January 15, 1865 - Capture of Fort Fisher, N.C. After the failure of his December expedition against Fort Fisher, Maj.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.On the 13th, 6000 men were landed, covered by the guns of the fleet, and, after Porter had subjected the works to a terrific bombardment, Fisher was brilliantly carried by storm on the 15th.^ Rear Admiral David D. Porter , on January 10, moved his fleet towards Fort Hindman and bombarded it, withdrawing at dusk.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Reinforcements arriving, the whole force then marched inland to meet Sherman.^ Sherman sent a reinforcement brigade to Allatonna commanded by General John M. Corse before the southern army arrived.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The Rebels began to run low on ammunition, and reports of arriving Union reinforcements influenced them to move off and rejoin Hood's force.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Sherman was confident that he had provided sufficient forces to Thomas to handle Hood, and he now prepared for his March through Georgia.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

39. Other Naval Actions

Apart from this, and other actions referred to, two incidents of the coast war call for notice - the career of the "Albemarle" and the duel between the "Atlanta" and the "Weehawken." The ironclad ram "Albemarle," built at Edwards' Ferry on the Roanoke river, had done considerable damage to the Federal vessels which, since Burnside's expedition to Newberne, had cruised in Albemarle Sound, and in 1864 a force of double-enders and gunboats, under Captain Melancton Smith, U.S.N., was given the special task of destroying the rebel ram. .A naval battle was fought on the 5th of May 1864, in which the double-ender "Sassacus" most gallantly rammed the "Albemarle" and was disabled alongside her, and Smith's vessel and others, unarmoured as they were, fought the ram at close quarters.^ May 28, 1864 - Battle of Dallas.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ May 17, 1864 - Battle of Adairsville.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The battle was fought May 5-7, 1864.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.After this the ironclad retired upstream, where she was eventually destroyed in the most daring manner by a boat's crew under Lieutenant W. B. Cushing.^ The Union ironclad Monitor , under the command of Lieutenant John Worden , arrived the same night.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

Making his way up the Roanoke as far as Plymouth he there sank the ironclad at her wharf by exploding a spar-torpedo (October 27). On the 17th of June 1863 after a brief action the monitor "Weehawken" captured the Confederate ironclad "Atlanta" in Wassaw Sound, South Carolina. This duel resembled in its attendant circumstances the famous fight of the "Chesapeake" and the "Shannon." Captain John Rodgers, like Broke, was one of the best officers, and the "Weehawken," like the "Shannon," was known as one of the smartest ships in the service. Five heavy accurate shots from the Federal's turret guns crushed the enemy in a few minutes.

40. The Commerce-Destroyers. - .Letters of marque were issued to Confederate privateers as early as April 1861, and Federal commerce at once began to suffer.^ On the morning of April 16, Union artillery, including Mott's 3rd New York Battery, began shelling the Confederate earthworks.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Elections for the First Confederate Congress were held on November 6, 1861 and held it first (of four) sessions in Richmond, Virginia, from February 18 to April 21, 1862.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The Confederate retreat began on April 1 southwestward as Robert E. Lee sought to use the still-operational Richmond & Danville Railroad.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.When, however, surveillance became blockade, prizes could only with difficulty be brought into port, and, since the parties interested gained nothing by burning merchantmen, privateering soon died out, and was replaced by commerce-destroying pure and simple, carried out by commissioned vessels of the Confederate navy.^ John B. Hood pulled his troops out of Atlanta the next day, destroying supply depots as he left to prevent them from falling into Union hands.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Grant was hoping that Lee would take the bait of an isolated Union corps and attack it, drawing the Confederates out into the open, where they could be attacked.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ This Anaconda Plan was derided in the press; however, it was the strategy the Union actually used in its broad outlines, particularly in the Western Theater and in the successful naval blockade of Confederate ports.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

Captain Raphael Semmes of the C.S.S. "Sumter" made a successful cruise on the high seas, and before she was abandoned at Gibraltar had made seventeen prizes. Unable to build at home, the Confederates sought warships abroad, evading the obligations of neutrality by various ingenious expedients. The "Florida" (built at Liverpool in 1861-1862) crossed the Atlantic, refitted at Mobile, escaped the blockaders, and fulfilled the instructions which, as her captain said, "left much to the discretion but more to the torch." She was captured by the U.S.S. "Wachusett" in the neutral harbour of Bahia (October 7, 1862). The most successful of the foreign-built cruisers was the famous "Alabama," commanded by Semmes and built at Liverpool. .In the course of her career she burned or brought into port seventy prizes, fought and sank the U.S.S. "Hatteras" off Galveston, and was finally sunk by the U.S.S. "Kearsarge," Captain Winslow, off Cherbourg (June 19, 1864).^ June 19, 1864 - Sinking of the Alabama .

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ October 19, 1864 - Battle of Cedar Creek (also known as The Battle of Belle Grove), was one of the final, and most decisive, battles in the Valley Campaigns of 1864.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Shortly after dawn on June 8, Carroll scattered the Confederate pickets, forded the South River, and dashed into Port Republic.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.The career of another promising cruiser, the "Nashville," was summarily ended by the Federal monitor "Montauk" (February 28, 1863).^ As a result, Stone was jailed for six months in 1862 and his promising career came to an end.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.The "Shenandoah" was burning Union whalers in the Bering Sea when the war came to an end.^ Union households had paid some form of income tax by war's end; residents of the northeast comprised 15 percent of that total.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.None of the various "rams" built abroad for the "rebel" government ever came into action.^ But even Charles I, said Hunter, had entered into agreements with rebels in arms against his government during the English Civil War.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.The difficulties of coaling and the obligations of neutrality hampered these commerce-destroyers as much as the Federal vessels that were chasing them, but, in spite of drawbacks, the guerre de course was the most successful warlike operation undertaken by the Confederacy.^ Forrest had destroyed railroad track, blockhouses, and some homes and generally disrupted Union operations in the area, but he did not accomplish much else.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.The mercantile marine of the United States was almost driven off the high seas by the terror of these destructive cruisers.^ It was almost identical to the United States constitution, with a few differences: 1) In the preamble, it omitted the general welfare clause, and added that each ratifying state was acting "in its sovereign and independent character."

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The Declaration of Secession for South Carolina states, "We affirm that these ends for which this Government was instituted have been defeated, and the Government itself has been made destructive of them by the action of the non-slaveholding States.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The high rates probably also contributed to the rapid decline in British exports to the United States in the early summer of 1861.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

41. Cost of the War. - .The total loss of life in the Union forces during the four years of war was 359,528, and of the many thousands discharged from the services as disabled or otherwise unfit, a large number died in consequence of injuries or disease incurred in the army.^ The devastation reaped on the nation during the civil war can still be seen in many places in the south.

A rant about stupidity... and the coming civil war... - David Brin - Open Salon 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC open.salon.com [Source type: Original source]

^ As for Mahone, the victory, won largely due to his efforts in supporting Johnson's stunned men, earned him a lasting reputation as one of the better generals of Lee's army in the war's last year.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Lee's army suffered heavy casualties during the battle of Fort Stedmanabout 2,900, including 1,000 captured in the Union counterattack.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.The estimate of 50o,000 in all may be taken as approximately correct.^ Some authors (Catton, Esposito, Foote, McPherson, Smith) estimate the casualties for the major assault on June 3 and all agree on approximately 7,000 total Union casualties, 1,500 Confederate.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

The same number is given as that of the Southern losses, which of course fell upon a much smaller population. .The war expenditure of the Federal government has been estimated at $3,400,000,000; the very large sums devoted to the pensions of widows, disabled men, &c., are not included in this amount (Dodge).^ Abraham Lincoln appeals for 42,000 men to serve for three years or for the duration of the war.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The Battle of Resaca was one of the largest engagements and is estimated to have cost the Federals some 4,000 causalities and the Confederates nearly 3,000 men.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Lincoln's call for 300,000 more young men to fight a seemingly endless war frightened even those who supported the Union cause.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.In 1879 an estimate made of all Federal war expenses up to that date, including pension charges, interest on loans, &c., showed a total of $6,190,000,000 (Dewey, Financial History of the United States). Bibliography.^ The Battle of Resaca was one of the largest engagements and is estimated to have cost the Federals some 4,000 causalities and the Confederates nearly 3,000 men.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ This index lists, by keyword and author, all dissertations produced in the United States through 1989.

Subject Guide: History 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.lib.jmu.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ A comprehensive bibliography of Civil War publications arranged by state.

Subject Guide: History 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.lib.jmu.edu [Source type: Academic]

- .The United States government's Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies (70 vols., most of which are divided into two or three "parts," and atlas, 1880-1900) include every important official document of either side that it was possible to obtain in the course of many years' work.^ Nevertheless, many Union prisoners fell into Confederate hands.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ A slightly reduced in size reprint of the "Atlas to accompany the official records of the Union and Confederate armies."

Subject Guide: History 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.lib.jmu.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ Official records from the Quartermaster General of the Army records.

Subject Guide: History 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.lib.jmu.edu [Source type: Academic]

.A similar but less voluminous work is the Records of the Union and Confederate Navies (1894-); The Rebellion Record (1862-1868), edited by F. W. Moore, a contemporary collection, has been superseded to a great extent by the official records, but is still valuable as a collection of unofficial documents of all kinds.^ Confederate General Richard Taylor , commanding all Confederate forces in Alabama, Mississippi, and eastern Louisiana, surrenders his forces to Union General Edward Canby at Citronelle, Alabama.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Parts of three Confederate divisions assailed the Union works but were repulsed.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ A slightly reduced in size reprint of the "Atlas to accompany the official records of the Union and Confederate armies."

Subject Guide: History 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.lib.jmu.edu [Source type: Academic]

.Battles and Leaders of the Civil War (1887-1889) is a series of papers, covering the whole war, written by the prominent commanders of both sides.^ A scholarly work covering both sides in the War.

Subject Guide: History 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.lib.jmu.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ A classic written for the Civil War's centennial.

Subject Guide: History 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.lib.jmu.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ Indispensable for serious Civil War research.

Subject Guide: History 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.lib.jmu.edu [Source type: Academic]

.The sixteen volumes of the Campaigns of the Civil War (1881-1882) and the Navy in the Civil War (1883) (written by various authors) are of very unequal merit, but several of the volumes are indispensable to the study of the Civil War.^ The Battle of Glorieta Pass, fought on March 26-28, 1862, in northern New Mexico Territory, was the decisive battle of the New Mexico Campaign during the American Civil War.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ April 17-May 22, 1862 - Grierson's Raid was a Union cavalry raid during the Vicksburg Campaign of the American Civil War.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Ulysses S. Grant 's 1864 Overland Campaign during the American Civil War, today lives in infamy as one of history's most lopsided battles.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Of general works the following are the best: - Comte de Paris, History of the Civil War in America, translated from the French (1875-1888); Horace Greeley, The American Conflict (1864-1866); J. Scheibert, Der Biirgerkrieg i.^ A standard work on the naval history of the Civil War.
Subject Guide: History 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.lib.jmu.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ The standard American Civil War encyclopedia.
Subject Guide: History 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.lib.jmu.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ Black Americans that fought in the Civil War.
Subject Guide: History 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.lib.jmu.edu [Source type: Academic]

d. Nordam. .Freistaaten (Berlin, 1874); Wood and Edmonds, Civil War in the United States (London, 1905); T. A. Dodge, Bird's Eye View of our Civil War (revised edition, 1887); E. A. Pollard, A Southern History of the War (1866).^ Bartlett, John R. The Literature of the Rebellion; a Catalogue of Books and Pamphlets Relating to the Civil War in the United States, and on Subjects Growing Out of that Event, Together with Works on American Slavery, and Essays from Reviews on the Same Subjects .

Subject Guide: History 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.lib.jmu.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ Rhodes, James F. History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850 to the End of the Roosevelt Administration .

Subject Guide: History 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.lib.jmu.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ A standard work on the naval history of the Civil War.

Subject Guide: History 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.lib.jmu.edu [Source type: Academic]

The contemporary accounts mentioned should be studied with caution. .Of critical works, J. C. Ropes, The Story of the Civil War (1894-1898); G. F. R. Henderson, Stonewall Jackson and the American Civil War (London, 1898) and The Science of War, chapters viii.^ Encyclopedia of the American Civil War: A Political, Social, and Military History .

Subject Guide: History 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.lib.jmu.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ The Battle of Glorieta Pass, fought on March 26-28, 1862, in northern New Mexico Territory, was the decisive battle of the New Mexico Campaign during the American Civil War.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ April 17-May 22, 1862 - Grierson's Raid was a Union cavalry raid during the Vicksburg Campaign of the American Civil War.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

and ix. .(London, 1905); C. C. Chesney, Essays in Military Biography (1874); FreytagLoringhoven, Studien fiber Kriegfiihrung, 1861-1865 (Berlin, 190'- 1903), are the most important.^ An index to this work entitled A Guide to Virginia Military Organizations, 1861-1865, Index, by Bernice M. Ashby is located @ Sp Coll E 581.4 W3 Index).

Subject Guide: History 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.lib.jmu.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ Williams, George W. A History of the Negro Troops in the War of the Rebellion, 1861-1865; Preceded by a Review of the Military Services of Negroes in Ancient and Modern Times .

Subject Guide: History 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.lib.jmu.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ Military Operations of the Civil War: a Guide-Index to the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, 1861-1865 .

Subject Guide: History 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.lib.jmu.edu [Source type: Academic]

.Publications of the Military Historical Society of Massachusetts (vols.^ Griffin indexed major historical society publications up to 1905.

Subject Guide: History 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.lib.jmu.edu [Source type: Academic]

i.-x., 1881 onwards) also comprise critical accounts of nearly all the important campaigns. A critical account of the Virginian operations and the Chickamauga campaign is Gen. E. P. Alexander's Military Memoirs of a Confederate (1906). .C. R. Cooper, Chronological and Alphabetical Record of the Great Civil War (Milwaukee, 1904) may be mentioned as a work of reference.^ April 17-May 22, 1862 - Grierson's Raid was a Union cavalry raid during the Vicksburg Campaign of the American Civil War.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ A standard work on the naval history of the Civil War.

Subject Guide: History 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.lib.jmu.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ The Red River Campaign was a series of battles fought along the Red River in Louisiana during the American Civil War from March 10 to May 22, 1864.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.A fairly complete bibliography will be found in J. N. Lamed, Literature of American History (Boston, 1902), and useful lists in Ropes, op.^ To locate additional primary sources use Leonardo, various titles from the GUIDES and BIBLIOGRAPHIES sections (above), and bibliographies/bibliographical essays in general histories on the War.
Subject Guide: History 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.lib.jmu.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ The source used to identify the histories is Charles Dornbusch's Military Bibliography of the Civil War .
Subject Guide: History 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.lib.jmu.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ Larned, Josephus N. The Literature of American History: a Bibliographical Guide...
Subject Guide: History 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.lib.jmu.edu [Source type: Academic]

cit., and in the Cambridge Modern History, vol. vii. p. 812. For biographies, memoirs and general works, see the lists appended to the various biographical articles and to the articles UNITED STATES and CONFEDERATE STATES. (C. F. A.)

<< America Islands

American Law >>

Categories: ALU-AMO | American Civil War

Genealogy

Up to date as of February 01, 2010

From Familypedia

American Civil War

Top left: Rosecrans at Stones River, Tennessee; top right: Confederate prisoners at Gettysburg; bottom: Battle of Fort Hindman, Arkansas

Date	April 12 1861 – April 9 1865
Location	Principally in the Southern United States
Result	Union victory; Reconstruction; slavery abolished

Combatants

United States of America ("Union")

Confederate States of America ("Confederacy")

Commanders

Abraham Lincoln,
Ulysses S. Grant

Jefferson Davis,
Robert E. Lee

Strength

2,200,000

1,064,000

Casualties

110,000 killed in action,
360,000 total dead,
275,200 wounded

93,000 killed in action,
258,000 total dead,
137,000+ wounded

</tr></table>

Theaters of the American Civil War</span></th></tr>
Union blockade – Eastern – Western – Lower Seaboard – Trans-Mississippi – Pacific Coast

.The American Civil War (1861–1865) was a civil war between the United States of America (the "Union") and the Southern slave states of the newly-formed Confederate States of America under Jefferson Davis.^ During the Civil War the southern soldiers were referred to as Confederates for this reason.

American Civil War Facts - 21 Interesting and Strange Facts 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC 21facts.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
American Civil War Facts - 21 Interesting and Strange Facts 20 September 2009 3:36 UTC www.21facts.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The American Civil War , also known as the War Between the States and several other names, was a civil war in the United States of America.

American Civil War 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.nydailynews.com [Source type: General]

^ Why was the 'war between the states' called the "Civil War?"

How many states were there during the American Civil War? 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.funtrivia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.The Union included all of the free states and the five slaveholding border states and was led by Abraham Lincoln and the Republican Party.^ The Union included free states and border states and was led by President Abraham Lincoln and the Republican Party.

American Civil War 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC thomaslegion.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ He had no wish to alienate the thousands of slaveholders in the Union border states.

American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ To his nephew discussing Lincoln, state of the union, and position of border states.

WHMC-Columbia--American Civil War--COLLECTION DESCRIPTIONS 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC whmc.umsystem.edu [Source type: Academic]

.Republicans opposed the expansion of slavery into territories owned by the United States, and their victory in the presidential election of 1860 resulted in seven Southern states declaring their secession from the Union even before Lincoln took office.^ However he firmly opposed the expansion of slavery into territories of the USA, which were likely to become states in future.

The American Civil War 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.localhistories.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Secession of the Southern States - a history .

Kidinfo.com - Your Guide to the Civil War 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC www.kidinfo.com [Source type: Reference]

^ Stars and Bars ) It started with Lincoln's victory in the presidential election of 1860 , which triggered South Carolina's secession from the Union.

American Civil War - Discussion and Encyclopedia Article. Who is American Civil War? What is American Civil War? Where is American Civil War? Definition of American Civil War. Meaning of American Civil War. 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.knowledgerush.com [Source type: Original source]

^[1] .The Union rejected secession, regarding it as rebellion.^ Both the outgoing and incoming U.S. administrations rejected secession, regarding it as rebellion .

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The plantation owners in the 1860 election generally voted for the more moderate Constitutional Union party, which rejected secession.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

^ The " Union ", led by President Abraham Lincoln and the Republican party which opposed expansion of slavery, rejected any right of secession.

American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

.Hostilities began on April 12 1861, when Confederate forces attacked a U.S. military installation at Fort Sumter in South Carolina.^ The American Civil War began on April 12, 1861, with the Confederate forces attacking a U.S. Military installation at Fort Sumter in South Carolina , and ended on April 9, 1865, with the Union forces emerging victorious.

Interesting Facts about the American Civil War 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.buzzle.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ In April 1861 it was requisitioned for military use.

Columbian College and the American Civil War - GWUEncyc 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC encyclopedia.gwu.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Fort Sumter was where the rebels began their cannonade.

Kalundborg og Omegns Museum - West-Zealanders in the American Civil War 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.kalmus.dk [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.Lincoln responded by calling for a large volunteer army, then four more Southern states declared their secession.^ Secession of the Southern States - a history .

Kidinfo.com - Your Guide to the Civil War 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC www.kidinfo.com [Source type: Reference]

^ Some states responded well to Lincoln's call for volunteers.

American Civil War 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk [Source type: Original source]

^ Then four more damned racist redneck Southern states declared their secession.

American Civil War - Liberapedia 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC liberapedia.wikia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.In the war's first year, the Union assumed control of the border states and established a naval blockade as both sides massed armies and resources.^ During the first year, the Union asserted control of the border states and established a naval blockade , as a means of economic warfare rather than stopping military reinforcements, as both sides raised large armies.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

^ Border states had fewer plantations still and sided with the Union.

American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Both sides quickly raised armies.

American Civil War (United States history) -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.britannica.com [Source type: Reference]

.In 1862, battles such as Shiloh and Antietam caused massive casualties unprecedented in U.S. military history.^ In 1862, major bloody battles, such as Shiloh and Antietam , were fought causing massive casualties unprecedented in U.S. military history.

American Civil War 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC thomaslegion.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ In 1862, battles such as Shiloh and Antietam caused massive casualties unprecedented in U.S. military history.

American Civil War - Liberapedia 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC liberapedia.wikia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Current weather and city History for Civil War Battle locations Electronic Military Games .

American Civil War History Timelines Battle Map Pictures 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC americancivilwar.com [Source type: General]

.In September 1862, Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation made ending slavery in the South a war goal, which complicated the Confederacy's manpower shortages.^ After the Battle of Antietam in September 1862, Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation made the freeing of the slaves a war goal " one bitterly opposed by Copperhead s.

American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ In September 1862, Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation made ending slavery in the South a war goal, and dissuaded the British from intervening.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

^ What won the Civil War was Lincoln freeing the slaves with the Emancipation Proclamation.

Hacker News | Why The American Civil War Is Important 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC news.ycombinator.com [Source type: Original source]

.In the East, Confederate commander Robert E. Lee won a series of victories over Union armies, but Lee's reverse at Gettysburg in early July, 1863 proved the turning point.^ In the East, Confederate General Robert E. Lee assumed command of the Army of Northern Virginia and experienced a series of victories against the Army of the Potomac .

American Civil War 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC thomaslegion.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Gettysburg (1 Jul 1863) Union victory .

American Civil War 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC ehistory.osu.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The two armies eventually met on July 1, 1863 in the Gettysburg area.

Civil War 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.harlingen.isd.tenet.edu [Source type: Original source]

.The capture of Vicksburg and Port Hudson by Ulysses S. Grant completed Union control of the Mississippi River.^ Union Flag-Officer David G. Farragut , with his squadron, continued up the Mississippi River and demanded the surrender of the City of New Orleans the next day.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Introduction from editor Robert Cowley [From "Grant at Vicksburg" by Joseph Glatthaar] The Vicksburg campaign was Ulysses S. Grant's sterling military feat of the Civil War.

The American Civil War 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC homepage.eircom.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Ulysses S. Grant also gave instructions to William Sherman to attack the Army of Tennessee under the control of Joseph E. Johnston .

American Civil War 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk [Source type: Original source]

.Grant fought bloody battles of attrition with Lee in 1864, forcing Lee to defend the Confederate capital at Richmond, Virginia.^ Lee was forced to retreat into Virginia.

The American Civil War 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.localhistories.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ In March Lee's forces again attacked Grants.

American Civil War-Union and Confederate-Slavery to Reconstruction: event, pictures and information - Footnote.com 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.footnote.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Once Virginia seceded, the Confederate capital was moved to Richmond, Virginia .

American Civil War - Discussion and Encyclopedia Article. Who is American Civil War? What is American Civil War? Where is American Civil War? Definition of American Civil War. Meaning of American Civil War. 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.knowledgerush.com [Source type: Original source]
Bambooweb: U.S. Civil War 20 September 2009 5:47 UTC www.bambooweb.com [Source type: Original source]

.Union general William Sherman captured Atlanta, Georgia, and began his famous March to the Sea, devastating a hundred-mile-wide swath of Georgia.^ On November 15, Sherman began his march to the sea.

CIVIL WAR, AMERICAN, 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.history.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Sherman's March to the Sea destroyed a hundred-mile-wide swath of Georgia.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

^ Meanwhile, after Chattanooga, General Sherman began to advance through Georgia towards the sea.

The American Civil War 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.localhistories.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

Confederate resistance collapsed after Lee surrendered to Grant at Appomattox Court House in April 1865.

.The war, the deadliest in American history, caused 620,000 soldier deaths and an undetermined number of civilian casualties, ended slavery in the United States, restored the Union by settling the issues of nullification and secession and strengthened the role of the Federal government.^ By the end of the war, 620,000 men had been killed.

American Civil War, Footsteps of History, War between States 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.usacitiesonline.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Government Violence in the United States , 2006.

Term papers on UNITED STATES CIVIL WAR, UNITED STATES CIVIL WAR research papers and essays on UNITED STATES CIVIL WAR - AcaDemon - 20090830 20 September 2009 3:36 UTC www.academon.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Its legacy includes ending slavery in the United States, restoring the Union, and strengthening the role of the federal government.

American Civil War Collection, 1861-1865: Finding Aid 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC diglib.princeton.edu [Source type: Reference]

.However, issues affected by the war's unresolved social, political, economic and racial tensions continue to shape contemporary American thought.^ The social, political, economic and racial issues of the war decisively shaped the reconstruction era that lasted to 1877 , and continued into the 20th century.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

^ For me, the producers have chosen to focus on the 'human' side of the conflict, at the expense of a more in-depth investigation into the political, economical and sociological aspects of the war.

Rent The-American-Civil-War from 19 September 2009 14:34 UTC dvdrental.cd-wow.com [Source type: General]

^ Regarding the mountains, William Holland Thomas , a Cherokee chief, Confederate colonel, and senator, had an outstanding War Strategy ; however, the war's demands and political infighting nullified Thomas's strategy .

Western North Carolina: American Civil War History 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC thomaslegioncherokee.tripod.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

Causes of the war

Main articles: Origins of the American Civil War and Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War

.The coexistence of a slave-owning South with an increasingly anti-slavery North made secession inevitable.^ The coexistence of a slave-owning South with an increasingly anti-slavery North made conflict likely.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Many in the North did not own slaves; did not believe in slavery.

What Were The Causes Of The American Civil War? - Blurtit 19 September 2009 14:34 UTC www.blurtit.com [Source type: Original source]

^ North and South over slavery in the territories."

Gary J. Kornblith | Rethinking the Coming of the Civil War: A Counterfactual Exercise | The Journal of American History, 90.1 | The History Cooperative 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.historycooperative.org [Source type: Original source]

.Lincoln did not propose federal laws against slavery where it already existed, but he had, in his 1858 House Divided Speech, expressed a desire to "arrest the further spread of it, and place it where the public mind shall rest in the belief that it is in the course of ultimate extinction".^[2] Much of the political battle in the 1850s focused on the expansion of slavery into the newly created territories.^ Lincoln signs a law prohibiting slavery in the territories.

American Civil War Timeline | Carter House 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.carter-house.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Lincoln did not believe he had the power to abolish slavery in states where it already existed.

The American Civil War 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.localhistories.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Much of the political battle in the 1850s focused on the expansion of slavery into the newly created territories.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

^[3]^[4]^[5] .All of the organized territories were likely to become free-soil states, which increased the Southern movement toward secession.^ Secession of the Southern States - a history .

Kidinfo.com - Your Guide to the Civil War 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC www.kidinfo.com [Source type: Reference]

^ All of the organized territories were likely to become free-soil states, which increased the Southern movement toward secession.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

^ However he firmly opposed the expansion of slavery into territories of the USA, which were likely to become states in future.

The American Civil War 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.localhistories.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.Both North and South assumed that if slavery could not expand it would wither and die.^ Both North and South assumed that if slavery could not expand it would wither and die.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

^ North and South over slavery in the territories."

Gary J. Kornblith | Rethinking the Coming of the Civil War: A Counterfactual Exercise | The Journal of American History, 90.1 | The History Cooperative 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.historycooperative.org [Source type: Original source]

^ In addition, he provides sharp insights into the relationship between Christianity and both the abolition movement in the North and the institution of slavery in the South.

American Civil War 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.wordtrade.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^[6]^[7]^[8]

.Southern fears of losing control of the federal government to antislavery forces, and Northern fears that the slave power already controlled the government, brought the crisis to a head in the late 1850s.^ It was at this time that northern factions feared that those supporting slavery had too much control in government and the South feared losing that control to antislavery forces.

Civil War Summary and Articles 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC www.legendsofamerica.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Southern fears of losing control of the federal government, and northern fears that the slave power already controlled the government, brought the crisis to a head in the late 1850s.

American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Southern fears of Republican control .

American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

Sectional disagreements over the morality of slavery, the scope of democracy and the economic merits of free labor vs. slave plantations caused the Whig and "Know-Nothing" parties to collapse, and new ones to arise (the Free Soil Party in 1848, the Republicans in 1854, the Constitutional Union in 1860). .In 1860, the last remaining national political party, the Democratic Party, split along sectional lines.^ In 1860 the last remaining national political party, the Democratic party , also split on sectional lines.

American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]

^ In 1860, the last remaining national political party, the Democratic Party , split along sectional lines.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

^ In 1860 the last remaining national political party, the Democratic Party , also split on sectional lines.

American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

.Both North and South were influenced by the ideas of Thomas Jefferson.^ Both North and South were influenced by the ideas of Thomas Jefferson .

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

^ In addition, he provides sharp insights into the relationship between Christianity and both the abolition movement in the North and the institution of slavery in the South.

American Civil War 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.wordtrade.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Social, political and economic power was at stake for both the North and the South.

NPS, The American Civil War, About the Civil War: Timeline ofEvents/Lead-in 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC cwar.nps.gov [Source type: Original source]

.Southerners emphasized the states' rights ideas mentioned in Jefferson's Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions and the right of revolution mentioned in the Declaration of Independence.^ Southerners emphasized, in connection with slavery, the states' rights ideas mentioned in Jefferson's Kentucky Resolutions .

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

^ War for Southern Independence (strong states' rights view of the Civil War) .

weblinks-American Civil War 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.historyteacher.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ American Civil War (1861–1865) was a major war between the United States ("Union") and eleven Southern states ("Confederacy"), which declared that they had a right to secession and formed the Confederate States of America, led by President Jefferson Davis.

American Civil War 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC thomaslegion.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.Northerners ranging from the abolitionist William Lloyd Garrison to the moderate Republican leader Abraham Lincoln^[9] emphasized Jefferson's declaration that all men are created equal.^ Northerners ranging from the abolitionist William Lloyd Garrison to the moderate Republican leader Abraham Lincoln emphasized Jefferson's declaration that all men are created equal .

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The Republican Party nominated Abraham Lincoln , a moderate opponent of slavery, but not an abolitionist .

Bambooweb: U.S. Civil War 20 September 2009 5:47 UTC www.bambooweb.com [Source type: Original source]

^ "Four score and seven years ago, our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.

American History: The American Civil War: Lincoln's Gettysburg Address (VOA Special English 2005-04-20) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.manythings.org [Source type: Original source]

.Lincoln mentioned this proposition in his Gettysburg Address.^ Lincoln mentioned this proposition in his Gettysburg Address .

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Gettysburg Address in President Lincoln's handwriting.

Civil War Photos 20 September 2009 3:36 UTC www.wildwestweb.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Though Lincoln spoke just 269 words in his Gettysburg address, the main speaker, an orator from Massachusetts, spoke for nearly two hours.

Civil War Facts 20 September 2009 3:36 UTC www.legendsofamerica.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.Historian Kenneth M. Stampp mentioned Confederate Vice President Alexander Stephens' A Constitutional View of the Late War Between the States as an example of a Southern leader who said that slavery was the "cornerstone of the Confederacy" when the war began and then said that the war was not about slavery but states' rights after Southern defeat.^ We of the South contend that slavery is right, and that this is a confederate Republic of sovereign States."

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Also known, depending on who's talking, as the War Between the States , the War for States' Rights , the Late Unpleasantness , and the War of Northern Aggression .

American Civil War@Everything2.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC everything2.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Confederate President Jefferson Davis also switched from saying the war was caused by slavery to saying that states' rights was the cause.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

.Stampp said that Stephens became one of the most ardent defenders of the Lost Cause.^ After Southern defeat, Stephens said that the war was not about slavery but states' rights, and became one of the most ardent defenders of the Lost Cause .

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The Amy's top brass agreed, Chief of Staff, Major General Henry W. Halleck said: "It is one of the most creditable marches on record.

California Military History: California and the Civil War 20 September 2009 3:36 UTC www.militarymuseum.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ You have no oath registered in Heaven to destroy the government, while I shall have the most solemn one to preserve, protect and defend it."

The American Civil War 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.rockingham.k12.va.us [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^[10]

.All but one inter-regional crisis involved slavery, starting with debates on the three-fifths clause in the Constitutional Convention of 1787. Other factors include modernization in the rapidly industrializing North, sectionalism (caused by the growth of slavery in the deep South while slavery was gradually phased out in Northern states) and economic differences between North and South, although most modern historians disagree with the extreme economic determinism of historian Charles Beard.^ North and one from the South.

Civil War 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.andrew.cmu.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ Another quarrel between the North and South and perhaps the most emotional one, was over the issue of slavery .

American Civil War Causes Kids Zone 19 September 2009 14:34 UTC americancivilwar.com [Source type: Original source]

^ From the North or South, all of the states from that time period are represented!

American Civil War Records: event, pictures and information - Footnote.com 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.footnote.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^[11] .The fact that seven immigrants out of eight settled in the North, plus the fact that twice as many whites left the South for the North as vice versa, contributed to the South's defensive-aggressive political behavior^[12] There was controversy over adding the slave state of Missouri to the Union that led to the Missouri Compromise of 1820, the Nullification Crisis over the Tariff of 1828 (although the tariff was low after 1846^[13]), the Gag rule that prevented discussion in Congress of petitions for ending slavery from 1835–1844, the acquisition of Texas as a slave state in 1845 and Manifest Destiny as an argument for gaining new territories where slavery would become an issue after the Mexican-American War (1846–1848), which resulted in the Compromise of 1850.^ Texas becomes the seventh state to secede.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ I would add this comment on the never-ending discussion of what “caused” the war.

Hallmarks of the Politically Correct Myth of the American Civil War | TOCWOC - A Civil War Blog 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.brettschulte.net [Source type: General]

^ So in the territory gained from Mexico in the Mexican War, the South wanted to authorize slavery where it had been previously illegal.

Election Central | Talking Points Memo | Ron Paul: American Civil War Was Unnecessary 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC tpmelectioncentral.talkingpointsmemo.com [Source type: Original source]

^[14] .The Wilmot Proviso was an unsuccessful attempt by Northern politicians to exclude slavery from the territories conquered from Mexico.^ The Wilmot Proviso was an attempt by Northern politicians to exclude slavery from the territories conquered from Mexico .

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Popular sovereignty promised to keep the subject of slavery out of the hands of politicians in Washington, and to give it, instead, to the people, the territorial citizens, most directly involved.

The Election of 1860 20 September 2009 5:47 UTC www.tulane.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ So in the territory gained from Mexico in the Mexican War, the South wanted to authorize slavery where it had been previously illegal.

Election Central | Talking Points Memo | Ron Paul: American Civil War Was Unnecessary 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC tpmelectioncentral.talkingpointsmemo.com [Source type: Original source]

.There were unsuccessful attempts to end controversy over slavery in the territories through popular sovereignty and Southern attempts to annex Cuba (including the Ostend Manifesto) and Nicaragua as slave states.^ The 1854 Ostend Manifesto was an unsuccessful Southern attempt to annex Cuba as a slave state.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

^ However he firmly opposed the expansion of slavery into territories of the USA, which were likely to become states in future.

The American Civil War 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.localhistories.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ In the compromise, which averted disunion and war, Missouri entered the Union as a slave state; but slavery was excluded from the remaining, unsettled portions of the Louisiana Territory north of 36° 30′ north latitude, the same latitude as the southern border of Missouri.

Civil War: American History Through Literature 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.enotes.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.The extremely popular antislavery novel Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852) by Harriet Beecher Stowe greatly increased Northern opposition to the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850.^ The most famous antislavery novel was Uncle Tom's Cabin (1851) by Harriet Beecher Stowe .

American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The Fugitive Slave Law converted countless northerners to the antislavery cause.

Civil War: American History Through Literature 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.enotes.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ First published in 1852, Harriet Beecher Stowe's novel greatly helped the aniti-slavery movement.

Civil War Photos 20 September 2009 3:36 UTC www.wildwestweb.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^[15]^[16]

.There was the polarizing effect of slavery that split the largest religious denominations (the Methodist, Baptist and Presbyterian churches)^[17] and controversy caused by the worst cruelties of slavery (whippings, mutilations and families split apart).^ The polarizing effect of slavery split the largest religious denominations (the Methodist, Baptist and Presbyterian churches) the worst cruelties of slavery (whippings, mutilations and families split apart) raised abolitionist attacks.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

^ There was the polarizing effect of slavery that split the largest religious denominations (the Methodist , Baptist and Presbyterian churches) and controversy caused by the worst cruelties of slavery (whippings, mutilations and families split apart).

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

^ In this last speech he also makes clear that he considers slavery to be the root cause of the war- in his view, without slavery, there would never have been a war.

Election Central | Talking Points Memo | Ron Paul: American Civil War Was Unnecessary 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC tpmelectioncentral.talkingpointsmemo.com [Source type: Original source]

.In Congress arguments over slavery became violent when Representative Preston Brooks of South Carolina attacked Radical Republican Senator Charles Sumner with a cane after Sumner's "Crime against Kansas" speech.^ Republican attacks against the expansion of slavery also violated the South’s sense of honor.

Questions and Answers About the American Civil War - Sidebar - MSN Encarta 19 September 2009 14:34 UTC encarta.msn.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Republican leader Senator Charles Sumner was violently attacked at his desk in the Senate by Congressman Preston Brooks of South Carolina, violating the sanctuary of Congress and emphasizing the increased resort to violence.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

^ In 1856 Congressional arguments over slavery became violent when Representative Preston Brooks of South Carolina attacked and severely wounded Republican Senator Charles Sumner on the Senate floor after Sumner's "Crime against Kansas" speech.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

^[18] Even rival plans for Northern vs. Southern routes for a transcontinental railroad became entangled in the Bleeding Kansas controversy over slavery. The old Second Party System broke down after passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854. The "Dred Scott Decision" of 1857, the Lincoln-Douglas debates of 1858, John Brown's raid in 1859 and the split in the Democratic Party in 1860 polarized the nation between North and South. .The election of Lincoln in 1860 was the final trigger for secession.^ The election of Lincoln in 1860 was the final trigger for secession for the deep South Cotton states.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

^ Lincoln's victory in the presidential election of 1860 triggered South Carolina's secession from the Union.

Bambooweb: U.S. Civil War 20 September 2009 5:47 UTC www.bambooweb.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The election of Lincoln in 1860 was the final trigger for secession.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

.During the secession crisis, many sought compromise—of these attempts, the best known was the "Crittenden Compromise"—but all failed.^ This was Crittenden's last attempt at compromise.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ During the secession crisis, many sought compromise: of these attempts, the best known was the " Crittenden Compromise ", but they failed.

American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ During the secession crisis, many sought one final compromise the " Crittenden Compromise ," but the attempt failed.

American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]

.Southern secession was triggered by the election of Republican Abraham Lincoln^[19] because regional leaders feared that he would stop the expansion of slavery and put it on a course toward extinction.^ Southern leaders feared that Lincoln would stop the expansion of slavery and put it on a course toward extinction.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Abraham Lincoln's election led to secession and secession to war.

African American Odyssey: The Civil War (Part 1) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC memory.loc.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Southern secession was triggered by the election of Republican Abraham Lincoln because regional leaders feared that he would make good on his promise to stop the expansion of slavery and would thus put it on a course toward extinction.

American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

.Many Southerners thought either Lincoln or another Northerner would abolish slavery, and that it was time to secede.^ Many Southerners thought that even if Lincoln did not abolish slavery, sooner or later another Northerner would do so, and that it was thus time to quit the Union.

American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ And southerners thought that the North sought to abolish slavery throughout the nation.

Civil War: American History Through Literature 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.enotes.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Lincoln and Freedom , a related site, details the progress of Mr. Lincoln's opposition to slavery from his years in the Illinois State Legislature to the passage of the Thirteenth Amendment abolishing slavery.

U.S. History - Civil War 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.besthistorysites.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The slave states had lost the balance of power in the Electoral College and the Senate, and were facing a future as a perpetual minority against an increasingly powerful North.

American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]

^ However he firmly opposed the expansion of slavery into territories of the USA, which were likely to become states in future.

The American Civil War 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.localhistories.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.Deep South states with the most slavery seceded first, followed by the secession of four more states following the Battle of Fort Sumter and Lincoln's subsequent call for each remaining state to provide troops to retake forts and suppress the insurrection.^ December 20: South Carolina becomes the first state to secede.

Civil War Timeline, Timeline of Civil War, American Civil War Timeline 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.civilwaracademy.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ July 2, 1862 - Lincoln Calls for Troops.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Lincoln issued a call for troops.

HowStuffWorks "American Civil War" 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC history.howstuffworks.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.Upper South states refused to send troops against their neighbors in what they considered an invasion.^ Against overwhelming odds the United States troops held out until honor was satisfied; they then surrendered the ruins of the fort and were conveyed by warships to the north.

Civil War Overview 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.sonofthesouth.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Four states in the upper South (Tennessee, Arkansas, North Carolina, and Virginia) which had repeatedly rejected Confederate overtures, now refused to send forces against their neighbors, declared their secession, and joined the Confederacy.

American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Four states in the upper South (Tennessee, Arkansas, North Carolina, and Virginia), which had repeatedly rejected Confederate overtures, now refused to send forces against their neighbors, declared their secession, and joined the Confederacy.

American Civil War Page 2 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC vetshome.com [Source type: Original source]
American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

Slavery

Main article: History of slavery in the United States

.A strong correlation was shown between the degree of support for secession and the number of plantations in the region; states of the deep South which had the greatest concentration of plantations were the first to secede.^ Thus there was a strong correlation between the number of plantations in a region and the degree of support for secession.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

^ December 20: South Carolina becomes the first state to secede.

Civil War Timeline, Timeline of Civil War, American Civil War Timeline 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.civilwaracademy.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Nevins, Ordeal of the Union 1:383; Pressly, 123-33, 278-81 There was a strong correlation between the number of plantations in a region and the degree of support for secession.

American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

Chronology Of The American Civil War 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.civilwarhome.com [Source type: General]

American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The upper south slave states of Virginia, North Carolina, Arkansas and Tennessee had fewer plantations and rejected secession until the Fort Sumter crisis forced them to choose sides.

American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

.Border states had fewer plantations still and never seceded.^ Border states had fewer plantations still and never seceded.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Border states had fewer plantations still and sided with the Union.

American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The following two states never seceded via any mechanism provided by a "regular" government: 12.

U.S. Civil War FAQ, Part 1/2 20 September 2009 5:47 UTC www.faqs.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^[20]^[21] .The percentage of Southern whites living in families that owned slaves was 36.7 percent in the lower South, 25.3 percent in the upper South and 15.9 percent in the border states that fought mostly for the Union.^ His own family barely escaped with their lives...

The American Civil War 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC homepage.eircom.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Almost one-third of all Southern families owned slaves.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The remaining southern states as yet remained in the Union.

American Civil War - Discussion and Encyclopedia Article. Who is American Civil War? What is American Civil War? Where is American Civil War? Definition of American Civil War. Meaning of American Civil War. 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.knowledgerush.com [Source type: Original source]
Bambooweb: U.S. Civil War 20 September 2009 5:47 UTC www.bambooweb.com [Source type: Original source]

^[22] .Ninety-five percent of blacks lived in the South, comprising one third of the population there as opposed to one percent of the population of the North.^ The North had a larger population than the South.

Starship Troopers, Civic Virtue, and the American Civil War 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC people.cohums.ohio-state.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ North and one from the South.

Civil War 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.andrew.cmu.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ Ninety-five percent of blacks lived in the South, comprising one third of the population there as opposed to one percent of the population of the North.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

.Consequently, fears of eventual emancipation were much greater in the South than in the North.^ Consequently, fears of eventual emancipation were much greater in the South than in the North.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The North had a larger population than the South.

Starship Troopers, Civic Virtue, and the American Civil War 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC people.cohums.ohio-state.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ After the war, the North, never enjoying an Industrial Revolution suffers in poverty, while the prosperous Confederacy annexes Mexico, Central America, and eventually all of South America.

How the South Won the American Civil War - alternate history - io9 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC io9.com [Source type: General]

^[23]

Abraham Lincoln 16th President of the United States (1861–1865)

The Supreme Court decision of 1857 in Dred Scott v. .Sandford added to the controversy.^ Sandford added to the controversy.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

.Chief Justice Roger B. Taney's decision said that slaves were "so far inferior that they had no rights which the white man was bound to respect",^[24] and that slaves could be taken to free states and territories.^ In no state could women vote.

Booknotes 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.booknotes.org [Source type: Original source]

^ Chief Justice Roger Taney 's decision said that slaves "have no rights which any white man is bound to respect", Dred Scott v.

American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Sandford, U. S. Supreme Court, Roger Taney's decision, 1857 and that slaves could be taken to free states and territories.

American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

.Lincoln warned that "the next Dred Scott decision"^[25] could threaten northern states with slavery.^ Lincoln warned that "the next Dred Scott decision" could threaten northern states with slavery.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

^ Lincoln warned that "the next Dred Scott decision could threaten Northern states with slavery.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Lincoln warned that "the next Dred Scott decision" First Lincoln Douglas Debate at Ottawa, Illinois August 21, 1858 could threaten northern states with slavery.

American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

Northern politician Abraham Lincoln said, "this question of Slavery was more important than any other; indeed, so much more important has it become that no other national question can even get a hearing just at present."^[26] The slavery issue was related to sectional competition for control of the territories,^[27] and the Southern demand for a slave code for the territories was the issue used by Southern politicians to split the Democratic Party in two, which all but guaranteed the election of Lincoln and secession. .When secession was an issue, South Carolina planter and state Senator John Townsend said that "our enemies are about to take possession of the Government, that they intend to rule us according to the caprices of their fanatical theories, and according to the declared purposes of abolishing slavery."^ Read South Carolina's declaration of the reasons for secession.

Election Central | Talking Points Memo | Ron Paul: American Civil War Was Unnecessary 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC tpmelectioncentral.talkingpointsmemo.com [Source type: Original source]

^ According to Rhett, secession was justified by "the consolidation of the North to rule the South, by the tariff and Slavery issues."

American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ South Carolina Secession Declaration Debate (12/25/1860) .

weblinks-American Civil War 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.historyteacher.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^[28] .Similar opinions were expressed throughout the South in editorials, political speeches and declarations of reasons for secession.^ Read South Carolina's declaration of the reasons for secession.

Election Central | Talking Points Memo | Ron Paul: American Civil War Was Unnecessary 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC tpmelectioncentral.talkingpointsmemo.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Similar opinions were expressed throughout the South in editorials, political speeches and declarations of reasons for secession.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Even though Lincoln had no plans to outlaw slavery where it existed, Southerners throughout the South expressed fears for the future of slavery.^ So the main Southern fear seems to have been for the future of slavery.

American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Even though Lincoln had no plans to outlaw slavery where it existed, Southerners throughout the South expressed fears for the future of slavery.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The conflict ostensibly began as a war to save the Union, even though the issue of slavery cast a shadow over the decade of crises leading to secession and conflict.

Illinois Copperheads and the American Civil War 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.lib.niu.edu [Source type: Original source]

.Southern concerns included not only economic loss but also fears of racial equality.^ Southern concerns included not only economic loss but also fears of racial equality.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

American Civil War (United States history) -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.britannica.com [Source type: Reference]

^[29]^[30]^[31]^[32] The Texas Declaration of Causes for Secession^[33]^[34] said that the non-slave-holding states were "proclaiming the debasing doctrine of equality of all men, irrespective of race or color", and that the African race "were rightfully held and regarded as an inferior and dependent race". Alabama secessionist E. S. Dargan said that emancipation would make Southerners feel "demoralized and degraded".^[35]

.Beginning in the 1830s, the U.S. Postmaster General refused to allow mail which carried abolition pamphlets to the South.^ Beginning in the 1830s, the U.S. Postmaster General refused to allow mail which carried abolition pamphlets to the South.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Beginning in the 1830s, the Postmaster General refused to allow the mails to carry abolition pamphlets to the South.

American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The beginning of the article suggests that it is the President and his Generals who must determine what effect the war will have on the South.

PennTags /tag/civil_war 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC tags.library.upenn.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^[36] .Northern teachers suspected of any tinge of abolitionism were expelled from the South, and abolitionist literature was banned.^ By the 1850s Northern teachers suspected of any tinge of abolitionism were expelled from the region, and abolitionist literature was banned there as well.

American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Northern teachers suspected of any tinge of abolitionism were expelled from the South, and abolitionist literature was banned.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Schlesinger Age of Jackson , p.190 Northern teachers suspected of any tinge of abolitionism were expelled from the South, and abolitionist literature was banned.

American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

.Southerners rejected the denials of Republicans that they were abolitionists.^ Southerners rejected the denials of Republicans that they were abolitionists.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]

^[37] .John Brown's raid on the federal Harpers Ferry Armory greatly increased Southern fears of slave insurrections.^ In 1859 he suppressed John Brown's raid on Harper's Ferry.

Civil War 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.harlingen.isd.tenet.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ He had command of Harper's Ferry after brown was captured.

iTalian Generals?!!!!! in Wars in History Channel 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC boards.history.com [Source type: Original source]

^ John Brown raid at Harpers Ferry, VA (now WV).

NPS, The American Civil War, About the Civil War: Timeline ofEvents/Lead-in 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC cwar.nps.gov [Source type: Original source]

^[38] The North felt threatened as well, for as Eric Foner concludes, "Northerners came to view slavery as the very antithesis of the good society, as well as a threat to their own fundamental values and interests".^[39]

Secession begins

Secession of South Carolina

.South Carolina adopted the "Declaration of the Immediate Causes Which Induce and Justify the Secession of South Carolina from the Federal Union" on December 24, 1860.^ The First Wave of Secession --Within weeks of Lincoln's election, the Deep South states, led by perennial firebrand South Carolina, had seceded.

The American Civil War 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.rockingham.k12.va.us [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The American Civil War began with the secession of South Carolina on 12-17-1860.

American Civil War@Everything2.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC everything2.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The Proclamation immediately freed slaves in parts of Florida, Louisiana, and South Carolina.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.It argued for states' rights for slave owners in the South, but contained a complaint about states' rights in the North in the form of opposition to the Fugitive Slave Act, claiming that Northern states were not fulfilling their federal obligations under the Constitution.^ It argued for states' rights for slave owners in the South, but contained a complaint about states' rights in the North in the form of opposition to the Fugitive Slave Act , claiming that Northern states were not fulfilling their federal obligations under the Constitution.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

^ States' rights advocates also cited the Constitution's fugitive slave clause to demand federal jurisdiction over slaves who escaped into the North.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

^ ZERO percent were under W. States Rights?

A rant about stupidity... and the coming civil war... - David Brin - Open Salon 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC open.salon.com [Source type: Original source]

At issue were:

The refusal of Northern states to enforce the fugitive slave code, violating Southern personal property rights;
Agitation against slavery, which "denied the rights of property".
Assisting "thousands of slaves to leave their homes" through the Underground Railroad.
The election of Lincoln "because he has declared that 'Government cannot endure permanently half slave, half free,' and that the public mind must rest in the belief that slavery is in the course of ultimate extinction".
"...elevating to citizenship, persons who, by the supreme law of the land, are incapable of becoming citizens". Most Northerners opposed the Dred Scott decision, although only a few New England states allowed blacks an equal right to vote.
^ Lincoln warned that "the next Dred Scott decision" could threaten northern states with slavery.
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]
^ And in the immediate wake of Lincoln's election, Southern states began seceding.
Civil War: American History Through Literature 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.enotes.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The Underground Railroad was perhaps the most dramatic protest action against slavery in United States history.
Oshels of the American Civil War 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.oshel.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^[40]

Secession winter

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

^ Lincoln stated: I do not expect the Union to be dissolved .

Was the American Civil War inevitable or could it have been avoided? 19 September 2009 14:34 UTC members.ozemail.com.au [Source type: Original source]

^ The Republican victory in that election resulted in seven Southern states declaring their secession from the Union even before Lincoln took office on March 4, 1861.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

.They established a Southern government, the Confederate States of America on February 9 1861.^ Missouri joins the Confederate States of America in November 1861.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Before Lincoln took office, seven states declared their secession from the Union, and established a Southern government, the Confederate States of America, on February 9, 1861.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

^ Journal of the Congress of the Confederate States of America, 1861-1865.

THE CIVIL WAR AND RECONSTRUCTION ERAS 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC andromeda.rutgers.edu [Source type: Reference]

.They took control of federal forts and other properties within their boundaries with little resistance from President Buchanan, whose term ended on March 4 1861.^ They took control of federal forts and other properties within their boundaries, with little resistance from President Buchanan, whose term ended on March 3, 1861.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ They took control of federal forts and other properties within their boundaries with little resistance from outgoing President James Buchanan , whose term ended on March 4, 1861.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Confederate forces seized most of the federal forts within their boundaries.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

.Buchanan asserted, "The South has no right to secede, but I have no power to prevent them."^ Buchanan asserted, "The South has no right to secede, but I have no power to prevent them."

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Buchanan asserted, "The South has no right to secede, but I have no power to prevent them.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

^ U.S.; let him get an edge on his button, and a musket on his shoulder and bullets in his pocket, and there is no power on earth which can deny that he has earned the right to citizenship.

American Civil War - Wikiquote 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.wikiquote.org [Source type: Original source]

^[41] .One quarter of the U.S. Army—the entire garrison in Texas—was surrendered to state forces by its commanding general, David E. Twiggs, who then joined the Confederacy.^ One quarter of the U.S. Army—the entire garrison in Texas—was surrendered to state forces by its commanding general, David E. Twiggs, who then joined the Confederacy.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

^ One fourth of the U.S. Army " the entire garrison in Texas " was surrendered to state forces by its commanding general David E. Twiggs , who then joined the Confederacy.

American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ One fourth of the U.S. Army — the entire garrison in Texas — was surrendered to state forces by its commanding general David E. Twiggs , who then joined the Confederacy.

American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ February 25, 1862 - The Legal Tender Act.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Description: Is secession legal under the United States Constitution?

Causes of the Civil War 19 September 2009 14:34 UTC thomaslegion.net [Source type: Original source]

Status of the states, 1861. <p style="margin:0px;font-size:90%">██ States that seceded before April 15 1861

██ States that seceded after April 15, 1861

██ Union states that permitted slavery

██ Union states that banned slavery

██ Territories

The Confederacy

Main article: Confederate States of America

.Seven Deep South cotton states seceded by February 1861, starting with South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas.^ Texas becomes the seventh state to secede.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ By March 1861, when Lincoln was inaugurated, seven states—South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas—had adopted ordinances of secession, and the CONFEDERATE STATES OF AMERICA, (q.v.

CIVIL WAR, AMERICAN, 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.history.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The states of the deep south had the greatest concentration of plantations and were the first to secede.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

.These seven states formed the Confederate States of America (February 4 1861), with Jefferson Davis as president, and a governmental structure closely modeled on the U.S. Constitution.^ February 18, 1861 - Inaugaration of Jefferson Davis.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ February 9: Jefferson Davis becomes provisional president of the Confederacy.

Civil War Timeline, Timeline of Civil War, American Civil War Timeline 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.civilwaracademy.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Constitution of the Confederate States of America A web page copy of the Constitution.

Subject Guide: History 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.lib.jmu.edu [Source type: Academic]

.In April and May 1861, four more slave states seceded and joined the Confederacy: Arkansas, Tennessee, North Carolina and Virginia.^ Virginia, North Carolina, Arkansas and Tennessee refuse to send troops and soon join the Confederacy.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The remaining eight slave states rejected pleas to join the Confederacy.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ North Carolina provisionally admitted to CSA 17 May 1861.

U.S. Civil War FAQ, Part 1/2 20 September 2009 5:47 UTC www.faqs.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.Virginia was split in two, with the eastern portion of that state seceding to the Confederacy and the northwestern part joining the Union as the new state of West Virginia on June 20 1863.^ During the war, Nevada and West Virginia (slave) joined as new states of the Union.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

^ On 20 June 1863, West Virginia was officially admitted to the Union.

U.S. Civil War FAQ, Part 2/2 20 September 2009 5:47 UTC www.faqs.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Union forces took control of the northwestern portions of Virginia in 1861-62, and residents seceded from Virginia and entered the Union in 1863 as West Virginia .

American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

State and territory boundaries, 1864–5.

██ Union states

██ Union territories

██ Kansas, which entered the Union as a free state after the Bleeding Kansas crisis

██ Union border states that permitted slavery

██ The Confederacy

██ Confederate claimed and sometimes held territories

The Union states

Main article: Union (American Civil War)

Sullivan Ballou: The Macabre Fate of a American Civil War Major » HistoryNet 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.historynet.com [Source type: Original source]

American Civil War - Wikiquote 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.wikiquote.org [Source type: Original source]

Gary J. Kornblith | Rethinking the Coming of the Civil War: A Counterfactual Exercise | The Journal of American History, 90.1 | The History Cooperative 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.historycooperative.org [Source type: Original source]

.During the war, Nevada and West Virginia joined as new states of the Union.^ During the war, Nevada and West Virginia joined as new states of the Union.

American Civil War Page 2 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC vetshome.com [Source type: Original source]
American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ View from State Capitol during the War.

American Civil War 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC americancivilwar.50megs.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ During the war, Nevada and West Virginia (slave) joined as new states of the Union.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

.Tennessee and Louisiana were returned to Union control early in the war.^ Tennessee and Louisiana were returned to Union control early in the war.

American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Most of Tennessee (slave) and Louisiana (slave) came under to Union control early in the war.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

^ Tennessee and Louisiana were returned to Union military control early in the war.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

.The territories of Colorado, Dakota, Nebraska, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, and Washington fought on the Union side.^ The territories of Colorado , Dakota , Nebraska , Nevada , New Mexico , Utah , and Washington fought on the Union side.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Congress creates Dakota and Nevada Territories out of the Nebraska and Utah territories.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The railroad surveyors, mail routes, and stage coach routes between the states of Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, Oklahoma, Kansas, Nebraska, Utah, California, and the Dakotas were also in need of protection from Indian raids and sometimes western outlaws.

African American Freedom Fighters: Soldiers for Liberty 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.liu.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.Several slave-holding Native American tribes supported the Confederacy, giving the Indian territory (now Oklahoma) a small bloody civil war.^ The standard American Civil War encyclopedia.

Subject Guide: History 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.lib.jmu.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ American Civil War has 412 friends.

MySpace - American Civil War - 102 - Male - DFW, Texas - myspace.com/americancivilwar 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.myspace.com [Source type: General]

^ Several slave-holding Native American tribes supported the Confederacy, giving the Indian territory a small bloody civil war.

American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

Border states

Main article: Border states (Civil War)

.The Border states in the Union were West Virginia (which was separated from Virginia and became a new state), and four of the five northernmost slave states (Maryland, Delaware, Missouri, and Kentucky).^ During the war, Nevada and West Virginia joined as new states of the Union.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Only three border states states voted Democratic (Delaware, Maryland and Kentucky).

the American Civil War -- Reconstruction 19 September 2009 14:34 UTC histclo.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Border state slaves .

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

.Maryland had numerous pro-Confederate officials who tolerated anti-Union rioting in Baltimore and the burning of bridges.^ Maryland had numerous pro-Confederate officials who tolerated anti-Union rioting in Baltimore and the burning of bridges.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]

^ About 190,000 volunteered, further enhancing the numerical advantage the Union armies enjoyed over the Confederates, who did not dare emulate the equivalent manpower source for fear of fundamentally undermining the legitimacy of slavery.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

^ The Maryland Legislature rejected secession ( April 27 , 1861), but only after the rioting in Baltimore and other events had prompted a federal declaration of martial law .

Bambooweb: U.S. Civil War 20 September 2009 5:47 UTC www.bambooweb.com [Source type: Original source]

.Lincoln responded with martial law and called for troops.^ July 2, 1862 - Lincoln Calls for Troops.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Lincoln responded with martial law , moved in Union troops, and arrested the pro-Confederates.

American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Lincoln responded with martial law and called for troops.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

.Militia units that had been drilling in the North rushed toward Washington and Baltimore.^ Militia units that had been drilling in the North rushed toward Washington and Baltimore.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

^ Once Lincoln called for troops, militia units that had been drilling in the North rushed toward Washington and Baltimore.

American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ By the time the Zouave Cadets returned to Chicago, there was no question that they had truly won the prize of best-drilled militia unit.

American Civil War Zouaves 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC acwzouaves.blogspot.com [Source type: General]

^[42] .Before the Confederate government realized what was happening, Lincoln had seized firm control of Maryland (and the separate District of Columbia), by arresting all the Maryland government members and holding them without trial.^ Before the Confederate government realized what was happening, Lincoln had seized firm control of Maryland (and the separate District of Columbia ), by arresting all the Maryland government members and holding them without trial.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Before the Confederate government realized what was happening, Lincoln had seized firm control of Maryland and the District of Columbia.

American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Before the Confederate government realized what was happening, Lincoln had seized firm control of Maryland (and the separate District of Columbia), by arresting Confederate leaders and holding them without trial for several months.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

.In Missouri, an elected convention on secession voted decisively to remain within the Union.^ In Missouri, an elected convention on secession voted decisively to remain within the Union.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Its convention votes for secession from the Union by a vote of 166-8, pending ratification by the people.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.When pro-Confederate Governor Claiborne F. Jackson called out the state militia, it was attacked by federal forces under General Nathaniel Lyon, who chased the governor and the rest of the State Guard to the southwestern corner of the state.^ Confederate forces under Brig.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ When pro-Confederate Governor Claiborne F. Jackson called out the state militia, it was attacked by federal forces under General Nathaniel Lyon .

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The Federals fired into the Confederate cavalry and, in large force, came out to attack them.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.(See also: Missouri secession).^ See also: Missouri secession ).

American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

.In the resulting vacuum, the convention on secession reconvened and took power as the Unionist provisional government of Missouri.^ In the resulting vacuum the convention on secession reconvened and took power as the Unionist provisional government of Missouri.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]

^ In the resulting vacuum, the convention on secession reconvened and took power as the Unionist provisional government of Missouri.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^[43]

.Kentucky did not secede; for a time, it declared itself neutral.^ Kentucky did not secede; for a time it declared itself neutral.

American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Kentucky did not secede; for a time, it declared itself neutral.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

^ Kentucky declares neutrality.

American Civil War Timeline | Carter House 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.carter-house.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.However, the Confederates broke the neutrality by seizing Columbus, Kentucky in September 1861. That turned opinion against the Confederacy, and the state reaffirmed its loyal status, while trying to maintain slavery.^ However, the military occupation of Columbus by Confederate General Leonidas Polk in September 1861 turned popular opinion in Kentucky against the Confederacy, and the state reaffirmed its loyal status and expelled the Confederate government.

American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Leonidas Polk 's invasion of Columbus , Kentucky ended Kentucky's policy of neutrality and turned that state against the Confederacy.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

^ However, the Confederates broke the neutrality by seizing the town of Columbus, Kentucky in September 1861.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ During a brief invasion by Confederate forces, Southern sympathizers organized a secession convention, inaugurated a Confederate Governor, and gained recognition from the Confederacy.

American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

.The rebel government soon went into exile and never controlled the state.^ The rebel government soon went into exile and never controlled the state.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ They were never put into effect in any state.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Presumably, if the rebels had an obligation to the United States government, that same government had an obligation to them.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^[44]

.Union supporters in the far northwestern counties of Virginia opposed secession and formed a pro-Union government in Wheeling shortly after Virginia's 1861 declaration of secession from the U.S. They then organized a vote on October 24, 1861 to approve a secession from Virginia, and were admitted to the Union as the new state of West Virginia on June 20, 1863, eventually composed of 50 former counties of Virginia.^ On 20 June 1863, West Virginia was officially admitted to the Union.

U.S. Civil War FAQ, Part 2/2 20 September 2009 5:47 UTC www.faqs.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ After Virginia voted to secede, Union supporters in fifty counties of northwestern Virginia voted on October 24, 1861 to approve the creation of the new state of West Virginia.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

^ During the war, Nevada and West Virginia joined as new states of the Union.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

.The vote was poorly attended and only token votes appeared in many counties that had supported Virginia's secession, some giving no vote at all,^[45]^[46] and both before and after admission to statehood, there were disputes over the boundary between West Virginia and Virginia, and the legality of the vote.^ Both sides hold the distinction being the only belligerents in the history of warfare to participate in a conflict in which all sides lost instead of ending in a stalemate.

American Civil War - Uncyclopedia, the content-free encyclopedia 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC uncyclopedia.wikia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The last Continental Congress of 1787 and the first Constitutional Congress of 1789 -90 had legally excluded slavery from all Territories of the republic north-west of the Ohio.

American Civil War@Everything2.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC everything2.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The problem with figuring out if that was the original intent or not is that the Fourteenth Amendment went through so many drafts and so many votes--there were seven to eight votes in the committee on Reconstruction which drafted the amendment--no single person or group actually was responsible.

National Park Service: Rally on the High Ground("The Civil War and a New Birth of American Freedom") 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.cr.nps.gov [Source type: Original source]

^[47]^[48]^[49]

.Similar Unionist secessions attempts appeared in East Tennessee, but were suppressed by the Confederacy.^ Similar secessions appeared in East Tennessee , but were suppressed by the Confederacy.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

^ Similar Unionist secessions attempts appeared in East Tennessee , but were suppressed by the Confederacy.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Similar secessions appeared in east Tennessee , but were suppressed by the Confederacy.

American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

.Jefferson Davis arrested over 3000 men suspected of being loyal to the Union and held them without trial.^ Jefferson Davis arrested over 3000 men suspected of being loyal to the Union and held them without trial.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Jefferson Davis arrested over 3,000 men suspected of being loyal to the Union and held them without trial.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Jefferson Davis , first and only President of the Confederate States of America At the beginning of 1864, Lincoln made Grant commander of all Union armies.

American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]

^[50]

Overview

A Roman Catholic Union army chaplain celebrating a Mass

.Over 10,000 military engagements took place during the war, 40% of them in Virginia and Tennessee.^ Some 10,000 military engagements took place during the war, 40% of them in Virginia and Tennessee.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Over 10,000 military engagements took place during the war, 40% of them in Virginia and Tennessee.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

^ More than 10,000 military actions of one kind or another took place during the Civil War.

The Civil War at a Glance 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.pueblo.gsa.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^[51] .Since separate articles deal with every major battle and many minor ones, this article only gives the broadest outline.^ War Comes Again (1995) p 247 Separate articles deal with every major battle and some minor ones.

American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ This article only gives the broad outline.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Since separate articles deal with every major battle and many minor ones, this article only gives the broadest outline.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

.For more information see List of American Civil War battles and Military leadership in the American Civil War.^ Military Bibliography of the Civil War (1961).

Reference books - American Civil War - Subject Guides @ UT Tyler at University of Texas Tyler 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC libguides.uttyler.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ Search another word or see american civil war on Dictionary .

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

^ CWSAC Battle Summaries This a site with information on the battlefields of the Civil War.

Subject Guide: History 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.lib.jmu.edu [Source type: Academic]

The war begins

For more details on this topic, see Battle of Fort Sumter

.Lincoln's victory in the presidential election of 1860 triggered South Carolina's declaration of secession from the Union.^ Lincoln's victory in the election triggered South Carolina's declaration of secession from the Union.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

^ For more details on this topic, see Battle of Fort Sumter Lincoln's victory in the presidential election of 1860 triggered South Carolina's declaration of secession from the Union.

American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ December 17-20, 1860 - South Carolina Secession Convention.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.By February 1861, six more Southern states made similar declarations.^ By February 1861, six more Southern states made similar declarations.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ By February 1 , 1861 , six more Southern states had seceded.

Bambooweb: U.S. Civil War 20 September 2009 5:47 UTC www.bambooweb.com [Source type: Original source]

American Civil War - Wikiquote 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.wikiquote.org [Source type: Original source]

.On February 7, the seven states adopted a provisional constitution for the Confederate States of America and established their temporary capital at Montgomery, Alabama.^ Montgomery , Alabama, became its capital and the Stars and Bars was adopted as its flag.

American Civil War 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk [Source type: Original source]

^ March 11, 1861 - The Constitution of the Confederate States of America is adopted.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ On February 7 , the seven states adopted a provisional constitution for the Confederate States of America and established their capital at Montgomery, Alabama .

Bambooweb: U.S. Civil War 20 September 2009 5:47 UTC www.bambooweb.com [Source type: Original source]

.A pre-war February Peace Conference of 1861 met in Washington in a failed attempt at resolving the crisis.^ February 4-27, 1861 - Washington Peace Conference.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The Washington Peace Conference met at Willard's Dancing Hall, adjoining Willard's Hotel in Washington, from February 4-27, 1861.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ A pre-war February Peace Conference of 1861 met in Washington in a failed attempt at resolving the crisis.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

.The remaining eight slave states rejected pleas to join the Confederacy.^ The remaining eight slave states rejected pleas to join the Confederacy.

American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Eleven Southern slave states declared their secession from the U.S. and formed the Confederate States of America (the Confederacy).

American Civil War - Wikiquote 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.wikiquote.org [Source type: Original source]

Declaration of Causes of Secession 20 September 2009 3:36 UTC sunsite.utk.edu [Source type: Original source]

.Confederate forces seized most of the Federal forts within their boundaries (they did not take Fort Sumter); President Buchanan protested but made no military response aside from a failed attempt to resupply Fort Sumter via the ship Star of the West (the ship was fired upon by Citadel cadets), and no serious military preparations.^ Confederate forces seized all but three federal forts within their boundaries (they did not take Fort Sumter); President Buchanan protested but made no military response aside from a failed attempt to resupply Fort Sumter via the ship Star of the West , and no serious military preparations.

American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Confederate forces seized all but three Federal forts within their boundaries (they did not take Fort Sumter); President Buchanan protested but made no military response aside from a failed attempt to resupply Fort Sumter via the ship Star of the West (the ship was fired upon by Citadel cadets), and no serious military preparations.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

^ Fort Sumter fired on by Confederate batteries -- the conflict begins.

Navy Civil War chronology 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.history.navy.mil [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^[52] .However, governors in Massachusetts, New York, and Pennsylvania quietly began buying weapons and training militia units.^ However, governors in Massachusetts, New York, and Pennsylvania began buying weapons and training militia units to ready them for immediate action.

American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ However, governors in Massachusetts, New York, and Pennsylvania quietly began buying weapons and training militia units.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

American Civil War - Wikiquote 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.wikiquote.org [Source type: Original source]

.On March 4 1861, Abraham Lincoln was sworn in as President.^ Abraham Lincoln is sworn in as 16th President of the United States of America.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Abraham Lincoln 16th President (1861–1865) .

American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ On March 4, 1861, Abraham Lincoln was sworn in as President.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

.In his inaugural address, he argued that the Constitution was a more perfect union than the earlier Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union, that it was a binding contract, and called any secession "legally void".^[53] He stated he had no intent to invade Southern states, nor did he intend to end slavery where it existed, but that he would use force to maintain possession of federal property.^ Secession of the Southern States - a history .

Kidinfo.com - Your Guide to the Civil War 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC www.kidinfo.com [Source type: Reference]

^ He stated he had no intent to invade southern states, but would use force to maintain possession of federal property.

American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]
Bambooweb: U.S. Civil War 20 September 2009 5:47 UTC www.bambooweb.com [Source type: Original source]

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

.His speech closed with a plea for restoration of the bonds of union.^ His speech closed with a plea for restoration of the bonds of union.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - Discussion and Encyclopedia Article. Who is American Civil War? What is American Civil War? Where is American Civil War? Definition of American Civil War. Meaning of American Civil War. 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.knowledgerush.com [Source type: Original source]
American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]
Bambooweb: U.S. Civil War 20 September 2009 5:47 UTC www.bambooweb.com [Source type: Original source]

^[54]

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

Civil War 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.harlingen.isd.tenet.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ It is of the greatest importance to the workingmen of the United States to understand the true sentiments and objects of the leading traitors of the South ...

weblinks-American Civil War 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.historyteacher.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.Lincoln rejected any negotiations with Confederate agents on the grounds that the Confederacy was not a legitimate government, and that making any treaty with it would be tantamount to recognition of it as a sovereign government.^ Lincoln rejected any negotiations with Confederate agents on the grounds that the Confederacy was not a legitimate government, and that making any treaty with it would be tantamount to recognition of it as a sovereign government.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Grant understood the concept of total war and realized, along with Lincoln, that only the utter defeat of Confederate forces would bring an end to the war.

American Civil War - Discussion and Encyclopedia Article. Who is American Civil War? What is American Civil War? Where is American Civil War? Definition of American Civil War. Meaning of American Civil War. 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.knowledgerush.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Lincoln's cabinet opposed surrendering the Confederate agents.

The American Civil War 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC homepage.eircom.net [Source type: Original source]

^[55] .However, Secretary of State William Seward engaged in unauthorized and indirect negotiations that failed.^ However, Secretary of State William Seward engaged in unauthorized and indirect negotiations that failed.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Secretary of State William H. Seward told Lincoln to wait for a victory before issuing the proclamation, as to do otherwise would seem like "our last shriek on the retreat".

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Secretary of State William H. Seward was stabbed in his Washington home on April 14, 1865, the same night President Lincoln was shot in the Ford Theater.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^[55]

.Fort Sumter in Charleston, South Carolina, Fort Monroe, Fort Pickens and Fort Taylor were the remaining Union-held forts in the Confederacy, and Lincoln was determined to hold Fort Sumter.^ Sumter in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina, in April 1861.

CIVIL WAR, AMERICAN, 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.history.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Fort Pickens remained in Union hands throughout the Civil War.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Charleston is located in South Carolina.

Civil War 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.harlingen.isd.tenet.edu [Source type: Original source]

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Beauregard rejected this offer and ordered his Confederate troops to open fire.

American Civil War 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk [Source type: Original source]

^ Jefferson Davis elected provisional Confederate president.

Chronology Of The American Civil War 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.civilwarhome.com [Source type: General]

.Northerners rallied behind Lincoln's call for all of the states to send troops to recapture the forts and to preserve the Union.^ Northerners reacted quickly to this attack on the flag, and rallied behind Lincoln, who called for all of the states to send troops to recapture the forts and to preserve the Union.

American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Lincoln called for an invasion force to recapture the fort.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

^ Lincoln called for all of the states in the Union to send troops to defend the country against the secessionist forces.

American Civil War - Discussion and Encyclopedia Article. Who is American Civil War? What is American Civil War? Where is American Civil War? Definition of American Civil War. Meaning of American Civil War. 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.knowledgerush.com [Source type: Original source]
Bambooweb: U.S. Civil War 20 September 2009 5:47 UTC www.bambooweb.com [Source type: Original source]

.With the scale of the rebellion apparently small so far, Lincoln called for 75,000 volunteers for 90 days.^ With the scale of the rebellion apparently small so far, Lincoln called for 75,000 volunteers for 90 days.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

^ President Lincoln called out 75,000 men.

Civil War Overview 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.sonofthesouth.net [Source type: Original source]

^ With the scale of the rebellion apparently small so far, Lincoln called for 74,000 volunteers for 90 days only.

American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^[56] .For months before that, several Northern governors had discreetly readied their state militias; they began to move forces the next day.^ For months before that, several Northern governors had discreetly readied their state militias; they began to move forces the next day.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

^[57]

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The upper South slave states of Virginia , North Carolina , Arkansas , and Tennessee had fewer plantations and rejected secession until the Fort Sumter crisis forced them to choose sides.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Read South Carolina's declaration of the reasons for secession.

Election Central | Talking Points Memo | Ron Paul: American Civil War Was Unnecessary 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC tpmelectioncentral.talkingpointsmemo.com [Source type: Original source]

.To reward Virginia, the Confederate capital was moved to Richmond.^ Once Virginia seceded, the Confederate capital was moved to Richmond, Virginia .

American Civil War - Discussion and Encyclopedia Article. Who is American Civil War? What is American Civil War? Where is American Civil War? Definition of American Civil War. Meaning of American Civil War. 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.knowledgerush.com [Source type: Original source]
Bambooweb: U.S. Civil War 20 September 2009 5:47 UTC www.bambooweb.com [Source type: Original source]

^ To reward Virginia the Confederate capital was moved to Richmond, Virginia , a highly vulnerable location at the end of the supply line.

American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ To reward Virginia, the Confederate capital was moved to Richmond .

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

^[58] .The city was the symbol of the Confederacy; if it fell, the new nation would lose legitimacy.^ Loss of its national capital was unthinkable for the Confederacy, for it would lose legitimacy as an independent nation.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

^ The city became the symbol of the Confederacy; if it fell, the new nation would lose legitimacy.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

^ The city was the symbol of the Confederacy.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

.Richmond was in a highly vulnerable location at the end of a tortuous Confederate supply line.^ Richmond was in a highly vulnerable location at the end of a tortuous supply line.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

^ Strategically the location of the capital Richmond tied Lee to a highly exposed position at the end of supply lines.

American Civil War - Uncyclopedia, the content-free encyclopedia 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC uncyclopedia.wikia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ To reward Virginia the Confederate capital was moved to Richmond, Virginia , a highly vulnerable location at the end of the supply line.

American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

.Although Richmond was heavily fortified, supplies for the city would be reduced by Sherman's capture of Atlanta and cut off almost entirely when Grant besieged Petersburg and its railroads that supplied the Southern capital.^ Although Richmond was heavily fortified, supplies for the city were be reduced by Sherman's capture of Atlanta and cut off almost entirely when Grant besieged Petersburg and its railroads that supplied the Southern capital.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

^ Although Richmond was heavily fortified, supplies for the city would be reduced by Sherman's capture of Atlanta and cut off almost entirely when Grant besieged Petersburg and its railroads that supplied the Southern capital.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Grant devised a coordinated strategy that would strike at the heart of Confederacy from multiple directions: General Meade and Benjamin Butler were ordered to move against Lee near Richmond; General Franz Sigel (and later Philip Sheridan ) were to attack the Shenandoah Valley ; General Sherman was to capture Atlanta and march to the sea; Generals George Crook and William W. Averell were to operate against railroad supply lines in West Virginia ; and General Nathaniel Banks was to capture Mobile, Alabama .

American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]

Anaconda Plan and blockade, 1861

Main articles: Naval battles of the American Civil War, Union blockade, and Confederate States Navy

1861 cartoon of Scott's "Anaconda Plan"

.Winfield Scott, the commanding general of the U.S. Army, devised the Anaconda Plan^[59] to win the war with as little bloodshed as possible.^ This strategy was based on the Anaconda Plan developed by General Winfield Scott , the commanding general of the Union Army.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Yet he did not accept Scott's grand strategy for winning the war as painlessly as possible: the "anaconda plan."

Don E. Fehrenbacher | Lincoln's Wartime Leadership: The First Hundred Days | Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association, 9 | The History Cooperative 20 September 2009 3:36 UTC www.historycooperative.org [Source type: Original source]

^ Winfield Scott created the Anaconda Plan as the Union's main plan of attack during the war.

Bambooweb: U.S. Civil War 20 September 2009 5:47 UTC www.bambooweb.com [Source type: Original source]

.His idea was that a Union blockade of the main ports would weaken the Confederate economy; then the capture of the Mississippi River would split the South.^ Union control of the Mississippi meant the Confederacy would be split in two.

Civil War 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.harlingen.isd.tenet.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ His idea was that a Union blockade of the main ports would weaken the Confederate economy; then the capture of the Mississippi River would split the South.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

^ His idea was that a Union blockade of the main ports would strangle the rebel economy; then the capture of the Mississippi River would split the South.

American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

.Lincoln adopted the plan, but overruled Scott's warnings against an immediate attack on Richmond.^ Lincoln adopted the plan but overruled Scott's warnings against an immediate attack on Richmond.

American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Lincoln adopted the plan, but overruled Scott's warnings against an immediate attack on Richmond.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

^ Winfield Scott created the Anaconda Plan as the Union's main plan of attack during the war.

Bambooweb: U.S. Civil War 20 September 2009 5:47 UTC www.bambooweb.com [Source type: Original source]

.In May 1861, Lincoln enacted the Union blockade of all Southern ports, ending most international shipments to the Confederacy.^ In May 1861, Lincoln proclaimed the Union blockade of all southern ports, which immediately shut down almost all international shipping to the Confederate ports.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

^ May 3, 1861 - Lincoln Appeals for Volunteers.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ In May 1861, Lincoln enacted the Union blockade of all Southern ports, ending most international shipments to the Confederacy.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

.Violators' ships and cargos could be seized and were often not covered by insurance.^ Violators' ships and cargos could be seized and were often not covered by insurance.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

^ (Violators risked seizure of the ship and cargo, and insurance probably would not cover the losses.

American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Violators risked seizure of the ship and cargo, and insurance probably would not cover the losses.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

.By late 1861, the blockade stopped most local port-to-port traffic.^ By late 1861 the blockade shut down most local port-to-port traffic as well.

American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ By late 1861, the blockade shut down most local port-to-port traffic as well.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

^ By late 1861, the blockade stopped most local port-to-port traffic.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

.The blockade shut down King Cotton, ruining the Southern economy.^ The blockade shut down King Cotton , ruining the Southern economy.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Although few naval battles were fought and few men were killed, the blockade shut down "King Cotton" and ruined the southern economy.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

^ Although few naval battles were fought and few men were killed, the blockade shut down King Cotton and ruined the southern economy.

American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

.British investors built small, fast "blockade runners" that traded arms and luxuries from Bermuda, Cuba and the Bahamas in return for high-priced cotton and tobacco.^ British investors built small, fast " blockade runners " that traded arms and luxuries from Bermuda , Cuba and the Bahamas in return for high-priced cotton and tobacco.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

^ British investors built small, very fast "blockade runners" that brought in military supplies (and civilian luxuries) from Cuba and the Bahamas and took out some cotton and tobacco.

American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Some British investors built small, very fast "blockade runners" that brought in military supplies (and civilian luxuries) from Cuba and the Bahamas and took out high-priced cotton and tobacco.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

^[60] .When captured, the blockade runners and cargo were sold and the proceeds given to the Union sailors, but the British crews were released.^ When captured, the blockade runners and cargo were sold and the proceeds given to the Union sailors, but the British crews were released.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The officers and crews were British and when captured they were released.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The British crews were released.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

.Shortages of food and other goods triggered by the blockade, foraging by Northern armies, and the impressment of crops by Confederate armies combined to cause hyperinflation and bread riots in the South.^ When added to the effects of foraging by Northern armies and impressment of crops by Confederate armies, the result was hyper-inflation and even bread riots.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

^ Shortages of food and other goods triggered by the blockade, foraging by Northern armies, and the impressment of crops by Confederate armies combined to cause hyperinflation and bread riots in the South.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Union Army records show that a large number of its soldiers died from diseases caused by contaminated food and water.

American Civil War 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk [Source type: Original source]

^[61]

.On March 8, 1862, the Confederate Navy waged a fight against the Union Navy when the ironclad CSS Virginia attacked the blockade; it seemed unstoppable but the next day it had to fight the new Union warship USS Monitor in the Battle of the Ironclads.^ In March 1862 the Confederate navy sent its ironclad CSS Virginia (the rebuilt USS Merrimac ) to attack the blockade; it seemed unstoppable but the next day it had to fight the new Union warship USS Monitor in the "Battle of the Ironclads".

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

^ On March 8, 1862, the Confederate Navy waged a fight against the Union Navy when the ironclad CSS Virginia attacked the blockade; it seemed unstoppable but the next day it had to fight the new Union warship USS Monitor in the Battle of the Ironclads .

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The next day Hill attacked Warren's new position.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^[62] .The battle ended in a draw, which was a strategic victory for the Union in that the blockade was sustained.^ The battle ended in a draw, which was a strategic victory for the Union in that the blockade was sustained.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Memphis , Drewry's Bluff , Arkansas Post , and Mobile Bay .The Second Battle of Fort Fisher virtually ended blockade running.

American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The second day the Battle at Hampton Roads took place between the ironclads USS Monitor and the CSS Virginia in March 1862, ending in a draw.

American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

.The Confederacy lost the CSS Virginia when the ship was scuttled to prevent capture, and the Union built many copies of the USS Monitor.^ The first Confederate ironclad ship, the CSS Virginia, was built from a scuttled Union ship, the USS Merrimac.

Æ Aeragon - First Modern War 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.aeragon.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The Confederacy lost the CSS Virginia when the ship was scuttled to prevent capture, and the Union built many copies of the USS Monitor .

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The Battle of Hampton Roads in 1862 , a naval battle between the USS Monitor and the CSS Virginia , was the first battle in history between steam-powered, iron-armored ships with shell-firing guns called ironclads .

Bambooweb: U.S. Civil War 20 September 2009 5:47 UTC www.bambooweb.com [Source type: Original source]

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The Confederacy purchased several warships from commercial ship builders in Britain.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The Confederacy purchased several warships from commercial ship builders in Britain; the most famous, the Alabama , did considerable damage and led to serious postwar disputes .

American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

.The Union victory at the Second Battle of Fort Fisher in January 1865 closed the last useful Southern port and virtually ended blockade running.^ The battle ended in a draw, which was a strategic victory for the Union in that the blockade was sustained.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Fort Stedman (25 Mar 1865) Union victory .

American Civil War 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC ehistory.osu.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Spanish Fort (27 Mar 1865) Union victory .

American Civil War 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC ehistory.osu.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

Eastern Theater 1861–1863

For more details on this topic, see Eastern Theater of the American Civil War.

A Union Regimental Fife and Drum Corps

.Because of the fierce resistance of a few initial Confederate forces at Manassas, Virginia, in July 1861, a march by Union troops under the command of Maj.^ The Union rearguard under Maj.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Union troops seize Alexandria, Virginia.

Chronology Of The American Civil War 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.civilwarhome.com [Source type: General]

^ Union troops, led by Maj.

American Civil War 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC americancivilwar.50megs.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.Gen. Irvin McDowell on the Confederate forces there was halted in the First Battle of Bull Run, or First Manassas,^[63] whereupon they were forced back to Washington, by Confederate troops under the command of Generals Joseph E. Johnston and P. G. T. Beauregard.^ At the battle two Confederate flags were taken from the forces of General McCulloch.

Historical Flags of Our Ancestors - American Civil War Flags 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.loeser.us [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Confederate forces under Brig.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The Confederate Army under General Joseph Johnston was in no condition to advance on Washington.

Questions and Answers About the American Civil War - Sidebar - MSN Encarta 19 September 2009 14:34 UTC encarta.msn.com [Source type: Original source]

.It was in this battle that Confederate General Thomas Jackson received the nickname of "Stonewall" because he stood like a stone wall against Union troops.^ It was in this battle that Confederate General Thomas Jackson received the nickname of "Stonewall" because he stood like a stone wall against Union troops.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

^ It was here that Confederate General Stonewall Jackson received the nickname of "Stonewall" because he stood like a stone wall against Union troops.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

^ Thomas J. Jackson earns the nickname "Stonewall,"as his Brigade resists Union attacks.

The American Civil War 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.rockingham.k12.va.us [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^[64] .Alarmed at the loss, and in an attempt to prevent more slave states from leaving the Union, the U.S. Congress passed the Crittenden-Johnson Resolution on July 25 of that year, which stated that the war was being fought to preserve the Union and not to end slavery.^ Alarmed at the loss, and in an attempt to prevent more slave states from leaving the Union, the U.S. Congress passed the Crittenden-Johnson Resolution on July 25 of that year, which stated that the war was being fought to preserve the Union and not to end slavery.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Alarmed at the loss, and in an attempt to prevent more border slave states from leaving the Union, the U.S. Congress passed the Crittenden-Johnson Resolution on July 25, 1861, which stated that the war was being fought to preserve the Union and not to end slavery.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

^ Arrangement is by year of the war and by state.

Subject Guide: History 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.lib.jmu.edu [Source type: Academic]

Maj. Gen. .George B. McClellan took command of the Union Army of the Potomac on July 26 (he was briefly general-in-chief of all the Union armies, but was subsequently relieved of that post in favor of Maj.^ July 27, 1861 - McClellan Appointed Commander of the Department of the Potomac.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ McDowell was relieved of command of the Union army and replaced by Maj.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ When he assumed command of the Army of the Potomac, Gen.

CIVIL WAR, AMERICAN, 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.history.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

Gen. .Henry W. Halleck), and the war began in earnest in 1862. Upon the strong urging of President Lincoln to begin offensive operations, McClellan attacked Virginia in the spring of 1862 by way of the peninsula between the York River and James River, southeast of Richmond.^ President Lincoln realizes the war will be long.

The American Civil War 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.rockingham.k12.va.us [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
The History Place - U.S. Civil War 1861-1865 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC www.historyplace.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Upon the strong urging of President Lincoln to begin offensive operations, McClellan attacked Virginia in the spring of 1862 by way of the peninsula between the York River and James River, southeast of Richmond.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

^ George B. McClellan to abandon his advance on Richmond and begin the retreat to the James River.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Although McClellan's army reached the gates of Richmond in the Peninsula Campaign,^[65] Johnston halted his advance at the Battle of Seven Pines, then General Robert E. Lee and top subordinates James Longstreet and Stonewall Jackson^[66] defeated McClellan in the Seven Days Battles and forced his retreat.^ By June, McClellan’s army approached Richmond.

CIVIL WAR, AMERICAN, 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.history.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ While the Union forces were engaged with Jackson, Lee ordered Longstreet forward.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Generals Lee and Longstreet, before the second day at Gettysburg (At a crucial moment in the battle...

The American Civil War 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC homepage.eircom.net [Source type: Original source]

.The Northern Virginia Campaign, which included the Second Battle of Bull Run, ended in yet another victory for the South.^ Battle of 2nd Bull Run (Virginia) (to the 30th).

Chronology Of The American Civil War 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.civilwarhome.com [Source type: General]

^ They state he saved the Army of Virginia at Second Bull Run.

TOCWOC - A Civil War Blog 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.brettschulte.net [Source type: General]

^ The Second Battle of Fort Fisher virtually ended blockade running.

American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]

^[67] .McClellan resisted General-in-Chief Halleck's orders to send reinforcements to John Pope's Union Army of Virginia, which made it easier for Lee's Confederates to defeat twice the number of combined enemy troops.^ Union troops seize Alexandria, Virginia.

Chronology Of The American Civil War 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.civilwarhome.com [Source type: General]

^ The Confederate army retreats to Virginia.

Robert E. Lee (The Biography by Douglas Freeman, 1934) 20 September 2009 3:36 UTC penelope.uchicago.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ John Pope was blamed for the defeat.

American Civil War 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk [Source type: Original source]

.Emboldened by Second Bull Run, the Confederacy made its first invasion of the North, when General Lee led 45,000 men of the Army of Northern Virginia across the Potomac River into Maryland on September 5.^ Prelude: Confederate General Robert E. Lee 's Army of Northern Virginia40,000 menhad entered Maryland following their recent victory at Second Bull Run.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Robert E. Lee was only able to muster an army of 8,000 men.

American Civil War 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk [Source type: Original source]

^ Battle of Second Bull Run --The Union army led by General John Pope suffered a loss of 1/4th of 63,000 Union men.

The American Civil War 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.rockingham.k12.va.us [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.Lincoln then restored Pope's troops to McClellan.^ Lincoln then restored Pope's troops to McClellan.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Eventually, Lincoln deployed combat troops from the Federal Army of the Potomac to restore order; they remained encamped around the city for several weeks.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ McClellan was stripped of many of his troops to reinforce John Pope 's Union Army of Virginia .

American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

.McClellan and Lee fought at the Battle of Antietam^[68] near Sharpsburg, Maryland, on September 17 1862, the bloodiest single day in United States military history.^ Antietam, Setember 17, 1862 --The battle ended at sundown on September 17, 1862.

The American Civil War 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.rockingham.k12.va.us [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ George McClellan at Antietam, Maryland - October, 1862 .

The History Place - U.S. Civil War 1861-1865 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC www.historyplace.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Sept 17, 1862 - The bloodiest day in U.S. military history as Gen.

The History Place - U.S. Civil War 1861-1865 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC www.historyplace.com [Source type: Original source]

^[69] .Lee's army, checked at last, returned to Virginia before McClellan could destroy it.^ Lee's army, checked at last, returned to Virginia before McClellan could destroy it.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ President Lincoln, regretting the failure of Union Army commanders to destroy the Confederate Army before it could recross the Potomac and retreat into the safety of northern Virginia (1863).

American Civil War - Wikiquote 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.wikiquote.org [Source type: Original source]

^ When Joseph E. Johnston was wounded that May, Davis asked Lee to assume command of what was coming to be known as the Army of Northern Virginia.

The American Civil War 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.rockingham.k12.va.us [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.Antietam is considered a Union victory because it halted Lee's invasion of the North and provided an opportunity for Lincoln to announce his Emancipation Proclamation.^ Involves slavery and Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation.

American Civil War - Associated Content - Topic 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC www.associatedcontent.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Antietam was a strategic Union victory because it halted Lee's invasion of the North and provided an opportunity for Lincoln to announce his Emancipation Proclamation .

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

^ Antietam is considered a Union victory because it halted Lee's invasion of the North and provided an opportunity for Lincoln to announce his Emancipation Proclamation .

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^[70]

Confederate dead behind the stone wall of Marye's Heights, Fredericksburg, Virginia, killed during the Battle of Chancellorsville, May 1863

.When the cautious McClellan failed to follow up on Antietam, he was replaced by Maj.^ When the cautious McClellan failed to follow up on Antietam, he was replaced by Maj.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Lincoln had grown impatient with McClellan's slowness to follow up on the success at Antietam, even telling him, "If you don't want to use the army, I should like to borrow it for a while."

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ THE EASTERN THEATER: THE PENINSULA CAMPAIGN --Following the Federal fiasco at First Manassas, Major General George B. McClellan replaced McDowell as commander of the Federal forces.

The American Civil War 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.rockingham.k12.va.us [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

Gen. Ambrose Burnside. .Burnside was soon defeated at the Battle of Fredericksburg^[71] on December 13 1862, when over twelve thousand Union soldiers were killed or wounded during repeated futile frontal assaults against Marye's Heights.^ December 7, 1862 - Battle of Prairie Grove.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The Marye House --During the Battle of Fredericksburg, December 13, 1862, the famed Washington Artillery of New Orleans was posted around the Marye House, here on Marye's Heights.

The American Civil War 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.rockingham.k12.va.us [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Burnside suffered near-immediate defeat at the Battle of Fredericksburg on December 13 1862 , when over twelve thousand Union soldiers were killed or wounded.

American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

.After the battle, Burnside was replaced by Maj.^ After the battle, Burnside was replaced by Maj.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The 1863 campaigns open along the Rappahannock in the final days of April as Burnside's replacement, Maj.

The Civil War at a Glance 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.pueblo.gsa.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

Gen. Joseph Hooker. .Hooker, too, proved unable to defeat Lee's army; despite outnumbering the Confederates by more than two to one, he was humiliated in the Battle of Chancellorsville^[72] in May 1863. He was replaced by Maj.^ Hooker was replaced by Maj.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

^ There was more than one.

Iraq: A New Civil War? 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thenation.com [Source type: General]

^ Although outnumbered two to one, Robert E. Lee opted to split his Confederate Army into two groups.

American Civil War 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk [Source type: Original source]

Gen. .George Meade during Lee's second invasion of the North, in June.^ June 3, 1863 - Lee's Second Invasion of the North.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ George G. Meade during Lee's second invasion of the North, in June.

American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ George Meade during Lee's second invasion of the North, in June.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

.Meade defeated Lee at the Battle of Gettysburg^[73] (July 1 to July 3 1863), the bloodiest battle of the war, which is sometimes considered the war's turning point.^ Three Confederate prisoners from the Battle of Gettysburg, July 1863 .

Civil War Photos 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC www.archives.gov [Source type: Academic]

^ Meade defeated Lee at the Battle of Gettysburg ( July 1 to July 3 , 1863 ), the bloodiest battle in American history, which is sometimes considered the war's turning point .

American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ No one claimed then that Gettysburg was the great turning point of the war.

Questions and Answers About the American Civil War - Sidebar - MSN Encarta 19 September 2009 14:34 UTC encarta.msn.com [Source type: Original source]

.Pickett's Charge on July 3 is often recalled as the high-water mark of the Confederacy, not just because it signaled the end of Lee's plan to pressure Washington from the north, but also because Vicksburg, Mississippi, the key stronghold to control of the Mississippi, fell the following day.^ Lee's surrender on April 9 signals the early end of the Confederacy.

The Civil War at a Glance 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.pueblo.gsa.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Pickett's Charge on July 3 is often recalled as the high-water mark of the Confederacy , not just because it signaled the end of Lee's plan to pressure Washington from the north, but also because Vicksburg, Mississippi, the key stronghold to control of the Mississippi, fell the following day.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The end of the Confederacy was just a matter of time.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Lee's army suffered 28,000 casualties (versus Meade's 23,000).^ Lee's army suffered over 5,000 casualties in this wasted effort.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Lee's army suffered 28,000 casualties (versus Meade's 23,000).

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Lee's army suffered some 28,000 casualties (versus Meade's 23,000).

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

^[74] .However, Lincoln was angry that Meade failed to intercept Lee's retreat, and after Meade's inconclusive Fall campaign, Lincoln decided to turn to the Western Theater for new leadership.^ However, Lincoln was angry that Meade failed to intercept Lee's retreat, and after Meade's inconclusive Fall campaign, Lincoln decided to turn to the Western Theater for new leadership.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Lincoln was angry that Meade failed to intercept Lee's retreat, and after an inclusive fall campaign, decided in early 1864 to turn to the Western Theater for new leadership.

American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ However, Lincoln was angry that Meade failed to intercept Lee's retreat, and after Meade's inconclusive fall campaign, Lincoln decided to turn to the Western Theater for new leadership.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

Western Theater 1861–1863

For more details on this topic, see Western Theater of the American Civil War.

.While the Confederate forces had numerous successes in the Eastern theater, they were defeated many times in the West.^ While the Confederate forces had numerous successes in the Eastern theater, they crucially failed in the West.

American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ While the Confederate forces had numerous successes in the Eastern theater, they were defeated many times in the West.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

^ While the Confederate forces had many successes in the Eastern theater, they were often defeated in the West.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

.They were driven from Missouri early in the war as a result of the Battle of Pea Ridge.^ They were driven from Missouri early in the war as a result of the Battle of Pea Ridge .

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Meanwhile, in the Missouri' theatre, the Federal general Curtis, outnumbered and outmaneuvered by the forces of Price and Van Dorn, fought, and by his magnificent tenacity won, the, battle of Pea Ridge (March 78), which put an end to the war in this quarter.

Civil War Overview 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.sonofthesouth.net [Source type: Original source]

^ The battle led to greater federal military activity in Missouri, and set the stage for the Battle of Pea Ridge in March 1862.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^[75] .Leonidas Polk's invasion of Columbus, Kentucky ended Kentucky's policy of neutrality and turned that state against the Confederacy.^ Leonidas Polk 's invasion of Columbus , Kentucky ended Kentucky's policy of neutrality and turned that state against the Confederacy.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Leonidas Polk 's invasion of Kentucky enraged the citizens there who previously had declared neutrality in the war, turning that state against the Confederacy.

American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Leonidas Polk 's invasion of Columbus, Kentucky ended Kentucky's policy of neutrality and turned that state against the Confederacy.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

.Nashville, Tennessee, fell to the Union early in 1862. Most of the Mississippi was opened with the taking of Island No.^ Nashville, Tennessee , fell to the Union early in 1862.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Nashville , Tennessee , fell to the Union early in 1862.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Most of the Mississippi was opened with the taking of Island No.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

.10 and New Madrid, Missouri, and then Memphis, Tennessee.^ During the conference delegates arrived from Maine, Massachusetts, New York, Tennessee, Missouri, Illinois and Kansas.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ This very considerable success thrust back Johnston's whole line to New Madrid, Corinth and the Memphis & Charleston railway.

Civil War Overview 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.sonofthesouth.net [Source type: Original source]

^ The left flank, even after the evacuation of Columbus, was exposed, and the Missouri divisions under Pope quickly seized New Madrid.

Civil War Overview 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.sonofthesouth.net [Source type: Original source]

.The Union Navy captured New Orléans^[76] without a major fight in May 1862, allowing the Union forces to begin moving up the Mississippi as well.^ In a coordinated strategy, Union forces also moved up the Mississippi from the south.

CIVIL WAR, AMERICAN, 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.history.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ After the capture of Nashville by Union forces, Pres.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ May 1, 1862 - Capture of New Orleans.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Only the fortress city of Vicksburg, Mississippi, prevented unchallenged Union control of the entire river.^ Only the fortress city of Vicksburg, Mississippi , prevented unchallenged Union control of the entire river.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Only the fortress city of Vicksburg , Mississippi , prevented unchallenged Union control of the entire river.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Were Vicksburg to fall, the entire Mississippi River would be in Union hands.

The American Civil War 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC homepage.eircom.net [Source type: Original source]

.General Braxton Bragg's second Confederate invasion of Kentucky ended with a meaningless victory over Maj.^ General Braxton Bragg 's second Confederate invasion of Kentucky ended with a meaningless victory over Maj.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The following month General Braxton Bragg installed a Confederate government in Frankfort, Kentucky.

American Civil War 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk [Source type: Original source]

^ Braxton Bragg on Confederate left.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

Gen. .Don Carlos Buell at the Battle of Perryville,^[77] although Bragg was forced to end his attempt at liberating Kentucky and retreat due to lack of support for the Confederacy in that state.^ Don Carlos Buell, was equally passive and refused to attack Bragg.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Braxton Bragg to head the state army and supports the formation of the Confederacy.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ After the battle Bragg was forced to retreat back to Tennessee.

American Civil War 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk [Source type: Original source]

.Bragg was narrowly defeated by Maj.^ Bragg was narrowly defeated by Maj.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Bragg was narrowly defeated by Major General William Rosecrans at the Battle of Stones River in Tennessee.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

^ After Confederate General Braxton Bragg 's Army of Mississippi was defeated at the Battle of Perryville on October 8, 1862, he retreated to Harrisburg, Kentucky, where he was joined by Maj.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

Gen. .William Rosecrans at the Battle of Stones River^[78] in Tennessee.^ The Battle of Memphis was a naval battle fought on the Mississippi River on June 6, 1862, resulting in the Union fleet capturing the city of Memphis, Tennessee.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ William S. Rosecrans, who had replaced Buell, confronted Bragg’s troops in a three-day battle on the Stones River near Murfreesboro, Tenn., forcing them to retreat.

CIVIL WAR, AMERICAN, 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.history.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Dec 31 Battle of Stones River, Tenn., begins.

The Civil War at a Glance 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.pueblo.gsa.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.The one clear Confederate victory in the West was the Battle of Chickamauga.^ Phase one of the battle of Mansfield was a Confederate victory.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The one clear Confederate victory in the West was the Battle of Chickamauga .

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The Battle of Resaca was one of the largest engagements and is estimated to have cost the Federals some 4,000 causalities and the Confederates nearly 3,000 men.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

Bragg, reinforced by Lt. Gen. .James Longstreet's corps (from Lee's army in the east), defeated Rosecrans, despite the heroic defensive stand of Maj.^ Bragg, reinforced by the corps of James Longstreet (from Lee's army in the east), defeated Rosecrans, despite the heroic defensive stand of George Henry Thomas .

American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The army consisted of the corps of Maj.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ James Longstreet 's corps (from Lee's army in the east), defeated Rosecrans, despite the heroic defensive stand of Maj.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

Gen. .George Henry Thomas.^ James Longstreet 's corps (from Lee's army in the east), defeated Rosecrans, despite the heroic defensive stand of Major General George Henry Thomas.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

^ Bragg, reinforced by the corps of James Longstreet (from Lee's army in the east), defeated Rosecrans, despite the heroic defensive stand of George Henry Thomas .

American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ George Henry Thomas , and the Confederate Army of Tennessee, commanded by Gen.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Rosecrans retreated to Chattanooga, which Bragg then besieged.^ William Rosecrans retreated to Chattanooga, Tennessee.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Rosecrans retreated to Chattanooga , which Bragg then besieged.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ In September Rosecrans occupies Chattanooga and pursues Bragg into Georgia,where, at Chickamauga Creek, the Confederates turn on the Northerners and drive them back.

The Civil War at a Glance 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.pueblo.gsa.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.The Union's key strategist and tactician in the West was Maj.^ The Union's key strategist and tactician in the west was Maj.

American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The Union's key strategist and tactician in the West was Maj.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

^ The Union's key strategist and tactician in the West was Ulysses S. Grant , who won victories at Forts Henry and Donelson (by which the Union seized control of the Tennessee and Cumberland Rivers); the Battle of Shiloh ; and the Battle of Vicksburg , which cemented Union control of the Mississippi River and is considered one of the turning points of the war.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

Gen. .Ulysses S. Grant, who won victories at Forts Henry and Donelson, by which the Union seized control of the Tennessee and Cumberland Rivers; the Battle of Shiloh;^[79] the Battle of Vicksburg,^[80] cementing Union control of the Mississippi River and considered one of the turning points of the war.^ Union assault at Vicksburg, Mississippi.

Chronology Of The American Civil War 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.civilwarhome.com [Source type: General]

^ The battle of Shiloh was said to be one of the bloodiest battles of the entire civil war.

Civil War 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.harlingen.isd.tenet.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ Tennessee and Louisiana were returned to Union control early in the war.

American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

.Grant marched to the relief of Rosecrans and defeated Bragg at the Third Battle of Chattanooga,^[81] driving Confederate forces out of Tennessee and opening a route to Atlanta and the heart of the Confederacy.^ After the battle Bragg was forced to retreat back to Tennessee.

American Civil War 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk [Source type: Original source]

^ Grant marched to the relief of Rosecrans and defeated Bragg at the Battle of Chattanooga, Tennessee , driving Confederate forces out of Tennessee and opening a route to Atlanta and the heart of the Confederacy.

American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Grant marched to the relief of Rosecrans and defeated Bragg at the Third Battle of Chattanooga , driving Confederate forces out of Tennessee and opening a route to Atlanta and the heart of the Confederacy.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

Trans-Mississippi Theater 1861–1865

For more details on this topic, see Trans-Mississippi Theater of the American Civil War.

.Guerrilla activity turned much of Missouri into a battleground.^ Guerrilla activity turned much of Missouri into a battleground.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Guerilla activity turned much of Missouri and Indian Territory (Oklahoma) into a battleground.

American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Guerrilla activity turned much of Missouri and Indian Territory (Oklahoma) into a battleground.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

.Missouri had, in total, the third most battles of any state during the war.^ Missouri had, in total, the third-most battles of any state during the war.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

^ View from State Capitol during the War.

American Civil War 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC americancivilwar.50megs.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

Lists & Guides tagged with american civil war 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.amazon.com [Source type: General]

^[82] .The other states of the west, though geographically isolated from the battles to the east, had a few small-scale military actions take place.^ Although geographically isolated from the battles to the east, a few small-scale military actions took place west of the Mississippi River.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

^ Though geographically isolated from the battles to the east, a few small-scale military actions took place west of the Mississippi River.

American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The other states of the west, though geographically isolated from the battles to the east, saw numerous small-scale military actions.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

.Confederate incursions into Arizona and New Mexico were repulsed in 1862. Late in the war, the Union Red River Campaign was a failure.^ Confederate incursions into Arizona and New Mexico were repulsed in 1862.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The Red River Campaign would be the last major Confederate victory in the war.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Late in the war the Federal Red River Campaign was a failure.

American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]

American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Vicksburg, the last Confederate stronghold on the Mississippi River, surrenders to Gen.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Union control of the Mississippi meant the Confederacy would be split in two.

Civil War 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.harlingen.isd.tenet.edu [Source type: Original source]

End of the war 1864–1865

Jefferson Davis, first and only President of the Confederate States of America

.At the beginning of 1864, Lincoln made Grant commander of all Union armies.^ At the beginning of 1864, Lincoln made Grant commander of all Union armies.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Grant made commander of all the Union forces in the West.

American Civil War Timeline | Carter House 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.carter-house.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Jefferson Davis , first and only President of the Confederate States of America At the beginning of 1864, Lincoln made Grant commander of all Union armies.

American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]

.Grant made his headquarters with the Army of the Potomac, and put Maj.^ Grant made his headquarters with the Army of the Potomac, and put Maj.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Jefferson Davis , first and only President of the Confederate States of America At the beginning of 1864, Lincoln made Grant commander of all Union armies.

American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]

Gen. .William Tecumseh Sherman in command of most of the western armies.^ Grant made his headquarters with the Army of the Potomac, and put Major General William Tecumseh Sherman in command of most of the western armies.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

^ William T. Sherman had command of the Union armies in the West.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ William Tecumseh Sherman in command of most of the western armies.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

.Grant understood the concept of total war and believed, along with Lincoln and Sherman, that only the utter defeat of Confederate forces and their economic base would bring an end to the war.^ Grant defeats Confederates at Raymond, Mississippi.

American Civil War Timeline | Carter House 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.carter-house.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Grant understood the concept of "total war" and believed, along with Lincoln and Sherman, that only the utter defeat of Confederate forces and their economic base would end the war.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

^ Grant understood the concept of total war and believed, along with Lincoln and Sherman, that only the utter defeat of Confederate forces and their economic base would bring an end to the war.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^[83] .This was total war not in terms of killing civilians but rather in terms of destroying homes, farms and railroad tracks.^ This was total war not in terms of killing civilians but rather in terms of destroying homes, farms and railroad tracks.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

^ His goal was to destroy railroad tracks connecting the eastern part of the Confederacy with the western part.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Forrest had destroyed railroad track, blockhouses, and some homes and generally disrupted Union operations in the area, but he did not accomplish much else.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Grant devised a coordinated strategy that would strike at the entire Confederacy from multiple directions: Generals George Meade and Benjamin Butler were ordered to move against Lee near Richmond; General Franz Sigel (and later Philip Sheridan) were to attack the Shenandoah Valley; General Sherman was to capture Atlanta and march to the sea (the Atlantic Ocean); Generals George Crook and William W. Averell were to operate against railroad supply lines in West Virginia; and Maj.^ He thought that the capture of Atlanta would be perfect.

Civil War 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.harlingen.isd.tenet.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ Grant devised a coordinated strategy that would strike at the entire Confederacy from multiple directions: Generals George Meade and Benjamin Butler were ordered to move against Lee near Richmond; General Franz Sigel (and later Philip Sheridan ) were to attack the Shenandoah Valley ; General Sherman was to capture Atlanta and march to the sea (the Atlantic Ocean); Generals George Crook and William W. Averell were to operate against railroad supply lines in West Virginia ; and Maj.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

^ Philip Sheridan would operate in the Shenandoah Valley and deprive Lee’s forces of supplies and food from that region.

CIVIL WAR, AMERICAN, 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.history.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

Gen. .Nathaniel P. Banks was to capture Mobile, Alabama.^ Nathaniel P. Banks was to capture Mobile , Alabama .

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Nathaniel P. Banks was to capture Mobile, Alabama .

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

.Union forces in the East attempted to maneuver past Lee and fought several battles during that phase ("Grant's Overland Campaign") of the Eastern campaign.^ In the battle, Union forces led by Brig.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Union forces in the East attempted to maneuver past Lee and fought several battles during that phase ("Grant's Overland Campaign ") of the Eastern campaign.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ In this series the reports will be arranged according to the campaigns and several theaters of operations (in the chronological order of the events), and the Union reports of any event will, as a rule, be immediately followed by the Confederate accounts.

Browse | Cornell University Library Making of America Collection 20 September 2009 3:36 UTC cdl.library.cornell.edu [Source type: Academic]

.Grant's battles of attrition at the Wilderness, Spotsylvania, and Cold Harbor^[84] resulted in heavy Union losses, but forced Lee's Confederates to fall back again and again.^ Finally the Union was able to get enfilade fire into the Confederate line, forcing it to fall back.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ In the battle, Union forces led by Brig.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Cold Harbor: Grant and Lee May 26-June 3, 1864.

Civil War Books 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.latinamericanstudies.org [Source type: Academic]

.An attempt to outflank Lee from the south failed under Butler, who was trapped inside the Bermuda Hundred river bend.^ An attempt to outflank Lee from the south failed under Butler, who was trapped inside the Bermuda Hundred river bend.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Due to a tired and lackluster performance by Thomas J. (Stonewall) Jackson , Lee's army failed in its last attempt to cut off the Union army before it reached the James.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ On May 31, Johnston attempted to overwhelm two Federal corps that appeared isolated south of the Chickahominy River.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Grant was tenacious and, despite astonishing losses (over 65,000 casualties in seven weeks),^[85] kept pressing Lee's Army of Northern Virginia back to Richmond.^ Grant was tenacious and, despite astonishing losses (over 66,000 casualties in six weeks), kept pressing Lee's Army of Northern Virginia back to Richmond.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Grant was tenacious and, despite astonishing losses (over 65,000 casualties in seven weeks), kept pressing Lee's Army of Northern Virginia back to Richmond.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Lee never did, because the Army of Northern Virginia was unable to do so.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.He pinned down the Confederate army in the Siege of Petersburg, where the two armies engaged in trench warfare for over nine months.^ He pinned down the Confederate army in the Siege of Petersburg , where the two armies engaged in trench warfare for over nine months.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]

^ This was a devastating blow for Lee's army, setting up the Confederate defeat at Five Forks on April 1 and the fall of Petersburg on April 2-3.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Grant finally found a commander, General Philip Sheridan, aggressive enough to prevail in the Valley Campaigns of 1864.^ Grant finally found a commander, General Philip Sheridan , aggressive enough to prevail in the Valley Campaigns of 1864 .

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Sheridan's Valley Campaign [August-October 1864] .

The American Civil War 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.rockingham.k12.va.us [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Philip Sheridan and his generals in front of Sheridan's tent , 1864.

Civil War Photos 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC www.archives.gov [Source type: Academic]

.Sheridan defeated Maj.^ Sheridan defeated Maj.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

Gen. .Jubal A. Early in a series of battles, including a final decisive defeat at the Battle of Cedar Creek.^ Sheridan proved to be more than a match for Jubal Early , and defeated him in a series of battles, including a final decisive defeat at Cedar Creek .

American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Jubal A. Early in a series of battles, including a final decisive defeat at the Battle of Cedar Creek .

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

^ July 11-12, 1864 - Battle of Fort Stevens was fought outside Washington D.C. as part of the Valley Campaigns of 1864, Jubal A. Early 's attempt to seize the city of Washington.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Sheridan then proceeded to destroy the agricultural base of the Shenandoah Valley,^[86] a strategy similar to the tactics Sherman later employed in Georgia.^ Sheridan then proceeded to destroy the agricultural base of the Valley, a strategy similar to the tactics Sherman later employed in Georgia.

American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Sheridan then proceeded to destroy the agricultural base of the Shenandoah Valley , a strategy similar to the tactics Sherman later employed in Georgia.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

^ Leaving Atlanta, and his base of supplies, Sherman's army marched with an unknown destination, laying waste to about 20% of the farms in Georgia in his celebrated " March to the Sea ".

American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

.Meanwhile, Sherman marched from Chattanooga to Atlanta, defeating Confederate Generals Joseph E. Johnston and John Bell Hood along the way.^ Meanwhile Sherman had fought his Atlanta campaign .

Civil War Overview 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.sonofthesouth.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Joseph Wheeler 's Confederate cavalry along the way, delaying their movements.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Meanwhile, Sherman marched from Chattanooga to Atlanta, defeating Confederate Generals Joseph E. Johnston and John Bell Hood along the way.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

.The fall of Atlanta,^[87] on September 2 1864, was a significant factor in the reelection of Lincoln as president.^ September 2, 1864 - Capture of Atlanta.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The fall of Atlanta , [31] on September 2 1864, was a significant factor in the reelection of Lincoln as president.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

^ November 8, 1864 - Reelection of Abraham Lincoln.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^[88] .Hood left the Atlanta area to menace Sherman's supply lines and invade Tennessee in the Franklin-Nashville Campaign.^ Meanwhile Sherman had fought his Atlanta campaign .

Civil War Overview 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.sonofthesouth.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Hood left the Atlanta area to menace Sherman's supply lines and invade Tennessee in the Franklin-Nashville Campaign .

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ William T. Sherman 's supply line.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^[89] Union Maj. Gen. .John M. Schofield defeated Hood at the Battle of Franklin, and George H. Thomas dealt Hood a massive defeat at the Battle of Nashville, effectively destroying Hood's army.^ The Army of Tennessee was all but destroyed at Franklin.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The Battle of Nashville marked the effective end of the Confederate Army of Tennessee.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ John M. Schofield defeated Hood at the Battle of Franklin , and George H. Thomas dealt Hood a massive defeat at the Battle of Nashville , effectively destroying Hood's army.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

A dead soldier in Petersburg, Virginia 1865, photographed by Thomas C. Roche.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

^ Sherman's army was followed by thousands of freed slaves; there were no major battles along the March.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ There was no force to oppose the " March to the Sea ."

Civil War Overview 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.sonofthesouth.net [Source type: Original source]

.Sherman turned north through South Carolina and North Carolina to approach the Confederate Virginia lines from the south,^[90] increasing the pressure on Lee's army.^ When Sherman turned north through South Carolina and North Carolina to approach the Virginia lines from the south, it was the end for Lee and his men.

American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ General William Sherman and his army moved north through South Carolina.

American Civil War 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk [Source type: Original source]

^ Sherman turned north through South Carolina and North Carolina to approach the Confederate Virginia lines from the south, increasing the pressure on Lee's army.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

.Lee's army, thinned by desertion and casualties, was now much smaller than Grant's.^ Lee's army, thinned by desertion and casualties, was now much smaller than Grant's.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

^ Lee's army, thinned by desertion, was now much smaller than Grant's.

American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Lee inflicted heavy casualties on Grant, but they were a smaller percentage than the casualties his army suffered.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Union forces won a decisive victory at the Battle of Five Forks on April 1, forcing Lee to evacuate Petersburg and Richmond.^ Lee decides to evacuate Petersburg.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ In the battle, Union forces led by Brig.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ April 1, 1865 - Battle of Five Forks.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.The Confederate capital fell^[91] to the Union XXV Corps, composed of black troops.^ The Confederate capital fell to the Union XXV Corps, comprised of black troops.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

^ On the morning of the 16th, troops of the Union XX Corps under Alpheus S. Williams were driven back by a Confederate assault.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Nevertheless, many Union prisoners fell into Confederate hands.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.The remaining Confederate units fled west and after a defeat at Sayler's Creek, it became clear to Robert E. Lee that continued fighting against the United States was both tactically and logistically impossible.^ The remaining Confederate units fled west and after a defeat at Sayler's Creek, it became clear to Lee that continued fighting was hopeless.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

^ The remaining Confederate units fled west and after a defeat at Sayler's Creek , Lee surrendered his Army of Northern Virginia on April 9 , 1865 , at Appomattox Court House .

American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Against overwhelming odds the United States troops held out until honor was satisfied; they then surrendered the ruins of the fort and were conveyed by warships to the north.

Civil War Overview 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.sonofthesouth.net [Source type: Original source]

.Lee surrendered his Army of Northern Virginia on April 9 1865, at Appomattox Court House.^ Surrender at Appomattox, 1865 .

weblinks-American Civil War 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.historyteacher.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ April 9, 1865 - Surrender at Appomattox.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Appomattox Court House (9 Apr 1865) Union victory .

American Civil War 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC ehistory.osu.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^[92] .In an untraditional gesture and as a sign of Grant's respect and anticipation of folding the Confederacy back into the Union with dignity and peace, Lee was permitted to keep his officer's saber and his horse, Traveller.^ In an untraditional gesture and as a sign of Grant's respect and anticipation of folding the Confederacy back into the Union with dignity and peace, Lee was permitted to keep his officer's saber and his horse, Traveller .

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

^ In an untraditional gesture and as a sign of Grant's respect and anticipation of folding the Confederacy back into the Union with dignity and peace, Lee was permitted to keep his officer's sabre and his near-legendary horse, Traveller .

American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Grant allows Rebel officers to keep their sidearms and permits soldiers to keep horses and mules.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Johnston surrendered his troops to Sherman on April 26 1865, in Durham, North Carolina.^ April 9, 1865 - Surrender at Appomattox.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Johnston surrendered his troops to Sherman on April 2, 1865, in Durham, North Carolina.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

^ April 18, 1865 - Surrender of Johnston.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.On June 23 1865, at Fort Towson in the Choctaw Nations' area of the Oklahoma Territory, Stand Watie signed a cease-fire agreement with Union representatives, becoming the last Confederate general in the field to stand down.^ On June 23, 1865, at Fort Towson in the Choctaw Nations' area of Oklahoma Territory, Stand Watie signed a cease-fire agreement with Union representatives, becoming the last Confederate general in the field to stand down.

American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ June 23, 1865 - Surrender of Stand Watie.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Stand Watie surrendered the last significant rebel army, becoming the last Confederate general in the field to surrender.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.The last Confederate naval force to surrender was the CSS Shenandoah on November 4 1865, in Liverpool, England.^ The last Confederate naval force to surrender was the CSS Shenandoah on November 4, 1865, in Liverpool, England.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

^ August 2, 1865 - Surrender of the Shenandoah .

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The last Confederate naval force to surrender was the CSS Shenandoah on November 4 , 1865 , in Liverpool , United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland .

American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

Slavery during the war

Main article: History of slavery in the United States

.At the beginning of the war some Union commanders thought they were supposed to return escaped slaves to their masters.^ At the beginning of the war some Union commanders thought they were supposed to return escaped slaves to their masters.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

^ Benjamin F. Butler declared as contraband three slaves who escaped to his lines at Fort Monroe, Virginia, and refused to return them to their master.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Despite some sympathy for the Confederacy, France's own seizure of Mexico ultimately deterred them from war with the Union.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

^ By 1862, when it became clear that this would be a long war, the question became more general.

American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Generally, the losers became prisoners of war.

The American Civil War 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC homepage.eircom.net [Source type: Original source]

American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The Southern economy and military effort depended on slave labor.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

^ Both the Genoveses and Ashworth analyzed the Old South from a Marxist perspective, emphasizing the noncapitalist features of an economy based on slave rather than wage labor.

Gary J. Kornblith | Rethinking the Coming of the Civil War: A Counterfactual Exercise | The Journal of American History, 90.1 | The History Cooperative 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.historycooperative.org [Source type: Original source]

American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ It began to seem unreasonable to protect slavery while blockading Southern commerce and destroying Southern production.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

^ Their honor challenged, white Southerners believed they were defending their homes from the abolitionists, who threatened to destroy the heart of Southern society—the institution of slavery.

Questions and Answers About the American Civil War - Sidebar - MSN Encarta 19 September 2009 14:34 UTC encarta.msn.com [Source type: Original source]

.As one Congressman put it, the slaves "…cannot be neutral.^ As one Congressman put it, the slaves "…cannot be neutral.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

^ As one Congressman put it, the slaves "cannot be neutral.

American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The same Congressman—and his fellow Radical Republicans—put pressure on Lincoln to rapidly emancipate the slaves, whereas moderate Republicans came to accept gradual, compensated emancipation and colonization.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

.As laborers, if not as soldiers, they will be allies of the rebels, or of the Union."^ As laborers, if not as soldiers, they will be allies of the rebels, or of the Union."

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ As laborers, if not as soldiers, they will be allies of the rebels, or of the Union.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Black Union soldiers were mostly used in garrison duty, but they fought in several battles, such as the Battle of the Crater (1864), and the Battle of Nashville (1865).

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

^[93] .The same Congressman—and his fellow Radical Republicans—put pressure on Lincoln to rapidly emancipate the slaves, whereas moderate Republicans came to accept gradual, compensated emancipation and colonization.^ The same Congressman—and his fellow Radical Republicans—put pressure on Lincoln to rapidly emancipate the slaves, whereas moderate Republicans came to accept gradual, compensated emancipation and colonization.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

^ On the sixth, Lincoln appoints Radical Republican and sometime Presidential candidate Salmon P. Chase as the fifth Chief Justice.

TOCWOC - A Civil War Blog 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.brettschulte.net [Source type: General]

^[94] .Copperheads, the border states and War Democrats opposed emancipation, although the border states and War Democrats eventually accepted it as part of total war needed to save the Union.^ Abhorring war, Abraham accepted it as the only means to save the Union.

Civil War 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.harlingen.isd.tenet.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ War Democrats reluctantly accepted emancipation as part of total war needed to save the Union.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

^ Copperheads , the border states and War Democrats opposed emancipation, although the border states and War Democrats eventually accepted it as part of total war needed to save the Union.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

^ In 1861, Lincoln expressed the fear that premature attempts at emancipation would mean the loss of the border states, and that "to lose Kentucky is nearly the same as to lose the whole game.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

^[95] .At first, Lincoln reversed attempts at emancipation by Secretary of War Simon Cameron and Generals John C. Fremont (in Missouri) and David Hunter (in South Carolina, Georgia and Florida) in order to keep the loyalty of the border states and the War Democrats.^ At first, Lincoln reversed attempts at emancipation by Secretary of War Simon Cameron and Generals John C. Fremont (in Missouri) and David Hunter (in South Carolina, Georgia and Florida) in order to keep the loyalty of the border states and the War Democrats.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

^ At first Lincoln reversed attempts at emancipation by Secretary of War Cameron and Generals Fremont and Hunter in order to keep the loyalty of the border states and the War Democrats.

American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ At first Lincoln reversed attempts at emancipation by Secretary of War Simon Cameron and Generals John C. Fremont (in Missouri) and David Hunter (in the South Carolina Sea Islands) in order to keep the loyalty of the border states and the War Democrats.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

.Lincoln mentioned his Emancipation Proclamation to members of his cabinet on July 21 1862.^ July 2, 1862 - Lincoln Calls for Troops.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ July 22, 1862 - Lincoln Discloses Emancipation Proclamation to Cabinet.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Only the District of Columbia accepted Lincoln's gradual plan, and Lincoln mentioned his Emancipation Proclamation to members of his cabinet on July 21, 1862.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

.Secretary of State William H. Seward told Lincoln to wait for a victory before issuing the proclamation, as to do otherwise would seem like "our last shriek on the retreat".^[96] In September of 1862 the Battle of Antietam provided this opportunity, and the subsequent War Governors' Conference added support for the proclamation.^ In September 1862 the Battle of Antietam provided this opportunity, and the subsequent War Governors' Conference added support for the proclamation.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Lincoln and the war governors (1955) Stanton Chase Seward Abraham Lincoln .

American Civil War - Bibliography - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Academic]

^ Secretary of State William H. Seward told Lincoln to wait for a victory before issuing the proclamation, as to do otherwise would seem like "our last shriek on the retreat".

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

^[97] .Lincoln had already published a letter^[98] encouraging the border states especially to accept emancipation as necessary to save the Union.^ To his nephew discussing Lincoln, state of the union, and position of border states.

WHMC-Columbia--American Civil War--COLLECTION DESCRIPTIONS 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC whmc.umsystem.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ Lincoln ponders emancipation in this letter .

weblinks-American Civil War 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.historyteacher.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Lincoln had already published a letter encouraging the border states especially to accept emancipation as necessary to save the Union.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

.Lincoln later said that slavery was "somehow the cause of the war".^[99] Lincoln issued his preliminary Emancipation Proclamation on September 22 1862, and said that a final proclamation would be issued if his gradual plan based on compensated emancipation and voluntary colonization was rejected.^ Lincoln warned the border states that a more radical type of emancipation would happen if his gradual plan based on compensated emancipation and voluntary colonization was rejected.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

^ July 22, 1862 - Lincoln Discloses Emancipation Proclamation to Cabinet.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Only Washington, D. C. accepted Lincoln's gradual plan, and Lincoln issued his final Emancipation Proclamation on January 1 of 1863.

American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

.Only the District of Columbia accepted Lincoln's gradual plan, and Lincoln issued his final Emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 1863.^ The formal Emancipation Proclamation is issued on January 1, 1863.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Only Washington, D. C. accepted Lincoln's gradual plan, and Lincoln issued his final Emancipation Proclamation on January 1 of 1863.

American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Involves slavery and Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation.

American Civil War - Associated Content - Topic 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC www.associatedcontent.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.In his letter to Hodges, Lincoln explained his belief that "If slavery is not wrong, nothing is wrong … And yet I have never understood that the Presidency conferred upon me an unrestricted right to act officially upon this judgment and feeling ...^ In his letter to Hodges Lincoln explained his belief that "If slavery is not wrong, nothing is wrong … And yet I have never understood that the Presidency conferred upon me an unrestricted right to act officially upon this judgment and feeling ...

American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ And yet I have never understood that the Presidency conferred upon me an unrestricted right to act officially upon this judgment and feeling ...

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

^ In his letter to Hodges, Lincoln explained his belief that "If slavery is not wrong, nothing is wrong ...

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

.I claim not to have controlled events, but confess plainly that events have controlled me."^ I claim not to have controlled events, but confess plainly that events have controlled me.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

^ I claim not to have controlled events, but confess plainly that events have controlled me."

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^[100]

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

^ President Lincoln issues a Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction, offering pardons to any Confederate willing to take an oath of allegiance.

American Civil War Timeline | Carter House 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.carter-house.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Based on 1860 census figures, 8% of all white males aged 13 to 43 died in the war, including 6% in the North and an extraordinary 18% in the South.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Heidler, 564-72, 1185-90 * The Emancipation Proclamation enabled African Americans, both free blacks and escaped slaves, to join the Union army.

American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The great majority of the 4 million slaves were freed by the Emancipation Proclamation, as Union armies moved South.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

^[101] .Lincoln also played a leading role in getting Congress to vote for the Thirteenth Amendment,^[1] which made emancipation universal and permanent.^ After the Battle of Antietam in September 1862, Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation made the freeing of the slaves a war goal " one bitterly opposed by Copperhead s.

American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The Confederate Congress votes to move the capital to Richmond, Virginia, a role it took from Montgomery, Alabama.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ After the Battle of Antietam in September 1862, Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation made the freeing of the slaves a war goal — one bitterly opposed by Copperhead s.

American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]

.Confederates enslaved captured black Union soldiers, and black soldiers especially were shot when trying to surrender at the Fort Pillow Massacre.^ Forrest's massacre of black soldiers at Fort Pillow, Tennessee.

American Civil War Timeline | Carter House 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.carter-house.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Confederates enslaved captured black Union soldiers, and black soldiers especially were shot when trying to surrender at the Fort Pillow Massacre .

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Interesting books on soldier life can be found in Bell I. Wiley's two books on Union and Confederate soldiers, respectively titled: The Life of Billy Yank, and The Life of Johnny Reb .

Questions and Answers About the American Civil War - Sidebar - MSN Encarta 19 September 2009 14:34 UTC encarta.msn.com [Source type: Original source]

^[102] .This led to a breakdown of the prisoner exchange program and the growth of prison camps such as Andersonville prison in Georgia where almost 13,000 Union prisoners of war died of starvation and disease.^ Most were Union survivors of the Andersonville Prison.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The Andersonville Prison Camp in Georgia in particular became emblematic of the horrors of the camps.

Kalundborg og Omegns Museum - West-Zealanders in the American Civil War 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.kalmus.dk [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ This led to a breakdown of the prisoner exchange program, and the growth of prison camps such as Andersonville prison in Georgia where almost 13,000 Union prisoners of war died of starvation and disease.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

^[103]

.The Emancipation Proclamation^[104] greatly reduced the Confederacy's hope of getting aid from Britain or France.^ The Emancipation Proclamation, announced in September 1862 and put into effect four months later, greatly reduced the Confederacy's hope of getting aid from Britain or France.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

^ The Emancipation Proclamation greatly reduced the Confederacy's hope of getting aid from Britain or France.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Emancipation ended the likelihood of intervention from Britain and France on behalf of the Confederacy.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

WHMC-Columbia--American Civil War--COLLECTION DESCRIPTIONS 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC whmc.umsystem.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ Border state slaves .

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Lincoln's moderate approach succeeded in getting border states, War Democrats and emancipated slaves fighting on the same side for the Union.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

.All abolished slavery on their own, except Kentucky and Delaware.^ All abolished slavery on their own, except Kentucky.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ All abolished slavery on their own, except Kentucky and Delaware.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Before 1860, all presidents (except John Quincy Adams) were either Southern or pro-South on slavery questions.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

^[105] .The great majority of the 4 million slaves were freed by the Emancipation Proclamation, as Union armies moved South.^ The great majority of the 4 million slaves were freed by the Emancipation Proclamation, as Union armies moved South.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

^ After the war, over 4 million slaves were freed.

Civil War 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.harlingen.isd.tenet.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ About 4 million black slaves were freed in 1861-65.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

The 13th amendment,^[106] ratified December 6 1865, finally freed the remaining slaves in Kentucky and Delaware that numbered 225,000 for Kentucky and 1,800 in Delaware as of 1860.^[107]

Threat of international intervention

Main article: Great Britain in the American Civil War

.Entry into the war by Britain and France on behalf of the Confederacy would have greatly increased the South's chances of winning independence from the Union.^ The best chance for Confederate victory was entry into the war by Britain and France.

American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ I don't think the South ever had a chance to win that War.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

^ I don't think the South ever had a chance to win that War."

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^[108] .The Union, under Lincoln and Secretary of State William Henry Seward worked to block this, and threatened war if any country officially recognized the existence of the Confederate States of America (none ever did).^ Seward, William H., Secretary of State; bust profile.

Civil War Photos 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC www.archives.gov [Source type: Academic]

^ The official Union name was the "War of the Rebellion."

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

^ The Union, under Lincoln and Secretary of State William Henry Seward worked to block this, and threatened war if any country officially recognized the existence of the Confederate States of America (none ever did).

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

.In 1861, Southerners voluntarily embargoed cotton shipments, hoping to start an economic depression in Europe that would force Britain to enter the war in order to get cotton.^ In 1861, Southerners voluntarily embargoed cotton shipments, hoping to start an economic depression in Europe that would force Britain to enter the war in order to get cotton.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

^ In 1861 southerners voluntarily embargoed cotton shipments, hoping to start an economic depression in Europe that would force Britain to enter the war in order to get cotton.

American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ When Confederate forces entered the state in September, 1861, neutrality ended and the state reaffirmed its loyal status, while trying to maintain slavery.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

.Cotton diplomacy proved a failure as Europe had a surplus of cotton, while the 1860–62 crop failures in Europe made the North's grain exports of critical importance.^ Cotton diplomacy proved a failure as Europe had a surplus of cotton, while the 1860–62 crop failures in Europe made the North's grain exports of critical importance.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Cotton diplomacy proved a failure as Europe had a surplus of cotton, while the 1860-62 crop failures in Europe made the North's grain exports of critical importance.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The Midwest, the free states west of the Appalachians, had an agricultural economy that exported its surplus production to the other U.S. regions and to Europe.

American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

^ It was said that "King Corn was more powerful than King Cotton", as US grain went from a quarter of the British import trade, to almost half.

American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ British investors built small, fast " blockade runners " that traded arms and luxuries from Bermuda , Cuba and the Bahamas in return for high-priced cotton and tobacco.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

^[109]

.When the UK did face a cotton shortage, it was temporary, being replaced by increased cultivation in Egypt and India.^ McPherson, Battle Cry 386 When England did face a cotton shortage, it was temporary; being replaced by increased cultivation in Egypt and India.

American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ When the UK did face a cotton shortage, it was temporary, being replaced by increased cultivation in Egypt and India.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

^ McPherson, Battle Cry 386 When England did face a cotton shortage, it was temporary.

American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]

.Meanwhile, the war created employment for arms makers, iron workers, and British ships to transport weapons.^ The war created employment for arms makers, iron workers, and shipbuilders.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

^ The war created employment for arms makers, iron workers, and British ships to transport weapons.

American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ And the war created employment for arms makers, iron workers, and British ships to transport weapons.

American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]

^[110]

.After 1846, Northern industry lacked the assistance of a high protective tariff.^ As the northeastern economy industrialized protective tariffs became their favored economic policy - particularly in the iron mills of Pennsylvania and New Jersey and the textile factories of New England.

American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The main purpose of the Morrill Tariff's high rates was the protection of industrial manufacturing, located mostly in the northeast, from foreign competitor products.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.There were enough Democrats, including Southerners, in the U. S. Senate to keep tariffs low.^ There were dozens and dozens of pro-segregation tunes put out by Miller and other southern studios, including "The Segregation Wagon" (sampled above).

Talking History 20 September 2009 5:47 UTC www.albany.edu [Source type: General]

^ Recall the politics of the time: the Democratic Party was split due to Southerners refusing to support Stephen Douglas,desprite his years of his carrying their water in the Senate.

Election Central | Talking Points Memo | Ron Paul: American Civil War Was Unnecessary 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC tpmelectioncentral.talkingpointsmemo.com [Source type: Original source]

.Britain was by far the best customer of the United States, and the British did not impose a duty on cotton or wheat, although they did tax imported tobacco.^ The United States formally notifies the British government they will nullify the Rush-Bagot Agreement of 1817 and in one year fortify the border with Canada.

TOCWOC - A Civil War Blog 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.brettschulte.net [Source type: General]

^ Against overwhelming odds the United States troops held out until honor was satisfied; they then surrendered the ruins of the fort and were conveyed by warships to the north.

Civil War Overview 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.sonofthesouth.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Bruce, Sir Frederick, British Minister to the United States from March 1865 ; half-length, seated.

Civil War Photos 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC www.archives.gov [Source type: Academic]

.About one-seventh of the population of the United Kingdom, or four million people, depended on the cotton industry.^ On the morning of November 29, 1864, the army shot down people as if they were buffalo, killing as many as 150, or about one-quarter of the entire group.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ FAUST: Four million slaves in the South at the time of the Civil War -- about 12 million white Southerners and four million slaves in the Confederacy.

Booknotes 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.booknotes.org [Source type: Original source]

^ The Union population was 22 million and the South 9 million in 1861; the Southern population included more than 3.5 million slaves and about 5.5 million whites, thus leaving the South's white population outnumbered by more than four to one.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

.Hence the tariff was kept low before the war so that especially the British could import more, despite the outcries of Northern industrialists.^ Weaker than the United States both militarily and economically, Brazil was more dependent on Great Britain and hence more susceptible to British intervention.

Gary J. Kornblith | Rethinking the Coming of the Civil War: A Counterfactual Exercise | The Journal of American History, 90.1 | The History Cooperative 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.historycooperative.org [Source type: Original source]

^ Grant was tenacious and, despite astonishing losses (over 66,000 casualties in six weeks), kept pressing Lee's Army of Northern Virginia back to Richmond.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ It was said that "King Corn was more powerful than King Cotton", as US grain went from a quarter of the British import trade to almost half.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

^[13]

.Charles Francis Adams proved particularly adept as minister to Britain for the Union, and Britain was reluctant to boldly challenge the Union's blockade.^ Charles Francis Adams proved particularly adept as minister to Britain for the Union, and Britain was reluctant to boldly challenge the Union's blockade.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

.The Confederacy purchased several warships from commercial ship builders in Britain.^ The Confederacy purchased several warships from commercial ship builders in Britain.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The Confederacy purchased several warships from commercial ship builders in Britain; the most famous, the CSS Alabama , did considerable damage and led to serious postwar disputes.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

^ The Confederacy purchased several warships from commercial ship builders in Britain; the most famous, the Alabama , did considerable damage and led to serious postwar disputes .

American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

.The most famous, the CSS Alabama, did considerable damage and led to serious postwar disputes.^ The Confederacy purchased several warships from commercial ship builders in Britain; the most famous, the CSS Alabama , did considerable damage and led to serious postwar disputes.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

^ The Confederacy purchased several warships from commercial ship builders in Britain; the most famous, the Alabama , did considerable damage and led to serious postwar disputes .

American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The most famous, the CSS Alabama , did considerable damage and led to serious postwar disputes .

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

.However, public opinion against slavery created a political liability for European politicians, especially in Britain.^ However, public opinion against slavery created a political liability for European politicians, especially in Britain.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The Black Codes outraged public opinion in the North because it seemed the South was creating a form of quasi-slavery to evade the results of the war.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The Emancipation Proclamation made direct support of the Confederacy and slavery politically impossible in Britain.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

.War loomed in late 1861 between the U.S. and Britain over the Trent Affair, involving the Union boarding of a British mail steamer to seize two Confederate diplomats.^ War loomed in late 1861 between the U.S. and Britain over the Trent Affair , involving the Union boarding of a British mail steamer to seize two Confederate diplomats.

American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

^ Private Theodore Upson, 100th Indiana The American warship, San Jacinto, patrolling off Cuba, stopped a British steamer, the Trent, and arrested two Confederate envoys on their way to England...

The American Civil War 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC homepage.eircom.net [Source type: Original source]

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

^ However, London and Washington were able to smooth over the problem after Lincoln released the two.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

^ However, London and Washington were able to smooth over the problem after Lincoln released the two diplomats.

American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

.In 1862, the British considered mediation—though even such an offer would have risked war with the U.S. Lord Palmerston reportedly read Uncle Tom’s Cabin three times^[111] when deciding on this.^ In 1862 the British considered mediation — though even such an offer would have risked war with the U.S. The Union victory in the Battle of Antietam caused them to delay this decision.

American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]

^ In 1862 the British considered mediation " though even such an offer would have risked war with the U.S. Lord Palmerston read Uncle Tom's Cabin three times when deciding on this.

American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ In 1862, the British considered mediation—though even such an offer would have risked war with the U.S. Lord Palmerston reportedly read Uncle Tom’s Cabin three times when deciding on this.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

.The Union victory in the Battle of Antietam caused them to delay this decision.^ The Union victory in the Battle of Antietam caused them to delay this decision.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ In 1862 the British considered mediation — though even such an offer would have risked war with the U.S. The Union victory in the Battle of Antietam caused them to delay this decision.

American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]

^ In 1862, the British considered mediation—-though even such an offer would have risked war with the U.S. The Union victory in the Battle of Antietam caused Lord Palmerston to delay this decision.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

.The Emancipation Proclamation further reinforced the political liability of supporting the Confederacy.^ The Emancipation Proclamation made direct support of the Confederacy and slavery politically impossible in Britain.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

^ The Emancipation Proclamation further reinforced the political liability of supporting the Confederacy.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The Emancipation Proclamation greatly reduced the Confederacy's hope of getting aid from Britain or France.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

.Despite sympathy for the Confederacy, France's own seizure of Mexico ultimately deterred them from war with the Union.^ Despite some sympathy for the Confederacy, France's own seizure of Mexico ultimately deterred them from war with the Union.

American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Thousands of southerners fought for the Union, and thousands of northerners fought for the Confederacy father against son, brother against brother, for the war divided families as well as states.

The American Civil War 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC homepage.eircom.net [Source type: Original source]

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

^ Confederate offers late in the war to end slavery in return for recognition were not seriously considered by London or Paris.

American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

Aftermath

.Since the war's end, it has been arguable whether the South could have really won the war or not.^ Wars are won or lost in virtual reality.

Iraq: A New Civil War? 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thenation.com [Source type: General]

^ Historians have debated whether the Confederacy could have won the war.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Could the South have won?

American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

.A significant number of scholars believe that the Union held an insurmountable advantage over the Confederacy in terms of industrial strength and population.^ A significant number of scholars believe that the Union held an insurmountable advantage over the Confederacy in terms of industrial strength, population, and the determination to win.

American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Absent that intervention, experts argue that the Union held an insurmountable advantage in terms of industrial strength, population, and the determination to win.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

^ Most scholars emphasize that the Union held an insurmountable long-term advantage over the Confederacy in terms of industrial strength and population.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

.Confederate actions, they argue, could only delay defeat.^ Confederate victories on the battlefield, they argue, could only delay defeat.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

^ Confederate actions, they argue, only delayed defeat.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Confederate actions, they argue, could only delay defeat.

American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

.Southern historian Shelby Foote expressed this view succinctly in Ken Burns's television series on the Civil War: "I think that the North fought that war with one hand behind its back.… If there had been more Southern victories, and a lot more, the North simply would have brought that other hand out from behind its back.^ If there had been more Southern victories, and a lot more, the North simply would have brought that other hand out from behind its back.

American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Southern historian Shelby Foote expressed this view succinctly in Ken Burns's television series on the Civil War: "I think that the North fought that war with one hand behind its back....

American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Southern historian Shelby Foote expressed this view succinctly: "I think that the North fought that war with one hand behind its back...If there had been more Southern victories, and a lot more, the North simply would have brought that other hand out from behind its back.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

.I don't think the South ever had a chance to win that War."^ I don't think the South ever had a chance to win that War.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

^ I don't think the South ever had a chance to win that War."

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Robert E. Lee, before The American Civil War "You people of the South don't know what you are doing.

The American Civil War 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC homepage.eircom.net [Source type: Original source]

^[112] .The Confederacy sought to win independence by out-lasting Lincoln.^ The Confederacy sought to win independence by out-lasting Lincoln; however, after Atlanta fell and Lincoln defeated McClellan in the election of 1864, all hope for a political victory for the South ended.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Entry into the war by Britain and France on behalf of the Confederacy would have greatly increased the South's chances of winning independence from the Union.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

.However, after Atlanta fell and Lincoln defeated McClellan in the election of 1864, the hope for a political victory for the South ended.^ The Confederacy sought to win independence by out-lasting Lincoln; however, after Atlanta fell and Lincoln defeated McClellan in the election of 1864, all hope for a political victory for the South ended.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

^ However, after Atlanta fell and Lincoln defeated McClellan by a massive landslide in the election of 1864, those slim hopes evaporated.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

^ Buell's failure to appreciate political considerations as a part of strategy justified his recall, but the value of his work, like ' that of McClellan, can hardly be measured by marches and victories.

Civil War Overview 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.sonofthesouth.net [Source type: Original source]

.At that point, Lincoln had succeeded in getting the support of the border states, War Democrats, emancipated slaves and Britain and France.^ Border state slaves .

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Lincoln's moderate approach succeeded in getting border states, War Democrats and emancipated slaves fighting on the same side for the Union.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ At that point, Lincoln had succeeded in getting the support of the border states and War Democrats, and kept Britain and France neutral.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

.By defeating the Democrats and McClellan, he also defeated the Copperheads and their peace platform.^ By defeating the Democrats and McClellan, he also defeated the Copperheads and their peace platform.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

^ General George McClellan was running against President Lincoln on a peace platform.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Abraham Lincoln wins reelection, defeating Democrat George B. McClellan .

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^[113] .Lincoln had also found military leaders like Grant and Sherman who would press the Union's numerical advantage in battle over the Confederate Armies.^ Confederate military leaders .

American Civil War - Bibliography - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Academic]

^ Lincoln now had found military leaders like Grant and Sherman who would press the Union's numerical advantage in battle over the Confederate Armies.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

^ Lincoln had also found military leaders like Grant and Sherman who would press the Union's numerical advantage in battle over the Confederate Armies.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

^ If the South had been allowed to leave peacefully there would have been no war.

Election Central | Talking Points Memo | Ron Paul: American Civil War Was Unnecessary 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC tpmelectioncentral.talkingpointsmemo.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Generals who didn't shy from bloodshed won the war, and from the end of 1864 onward there was no hope for the South.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

.On the other hand, James McPherson has argued that the North’s advantage in population and resources made Northern victory possible, but not inevitable.^ On the other hand, James McPherson has argued that the North’s advantage in population and resources made Northern victory likely, but not inevitable.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

^ If there had been more Southern victories, and a lot more, the North simply would have brought that other hand out from behind its back.

American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ But the respite was ended on the afternoon of July 3 as General Lee made his last attempt at victory in the North.

The American Civil War 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.rockingham.k12.va.us [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.The American War of Independence and the Vietnam War are examples of wars won by the side with fewer numbers.^ With some 620,000 deaths, more Americans died in the conflict than in all other wars combined until Vietnam.

Civil War: American History Through Literature 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.enotes.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Since the war's end, historians have tried to devise scenarios whereby the South could have won independence.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

^ Thus the French departure from Can-ada was not the necessary and sufficient cause of the American War of Independence.

Gary J. Kornblith | Rethinking the Coming of the Civil War: A Counterfactual Exercise | The Journal of American History, 90.1 | The History Cooperative 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.historycooperative.org [Source type: Original source]

.Confederates did not need to invade and hold enemy territory in order to win, but only needed to fight a defensive war to convince the North that the cost of winning was too high.^ Confederates did not need to invade and hold enemy territory in order to win, but only needed to fight a defensive war to convince the North that the cost of winning was too high.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The North needed to conquer and hold vast stretches of enemy territory and defeat Confederate armies in order to win.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

^ To win independence the South had to convince the North it could not win, but it did not have to invade the North.

American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

.The North needed to conquer and hold vast stretches of enemy territory and defeat Confederate armies in order to win.^ To restore the Union, the North had to conquer and occupy vast stretches of territory.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

^ The North needed to conquer and hold vast stretches of enemy territory and defeat Confederate armies in order to win.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

^ To restore the Union the North had to conquer vast stretches of territory.

American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^[114]

WHMC-Columbia--American Civil War--COLLECTION DESCRIPTIONS 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC whmc.umsystem.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ Also important were Lincoln's eloquence in rationalizing the national purpose and his skill in keeping the border states committed to the Union cause.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

.Although Lincoln's approach to emancipation was slow, the Emancipation Proclamation was an effective use of the President's war powers.^ President Lincoln realizes the war will be long.

The American Civil War 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.rockingham.k12.va.us [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Although Lincoln's approach to emancipation was slow, the Emancipation Proclamation was an effective use of the President's war powers.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^[115]

Comparison of Union and CSA^[116]
	Union	CSA
Total population	22,000,000 (71%)	9,000,000 (29%)
Free population	22,000,000	5,500,000
1860 Border state slaves	432,586	NA
1860 Southern slaves	NA	3,500,000
Soldiers	2,200,000 (67%)	1,064,000 (33%)
Railroad miles	21,788 (71%)	8,838 (29%)
Manufactured items	90%	10%
Firearm production	97%	3%
Bales of cotton in 1860	Negligible	4,500,000
Bales of cotton in 1864	Negligible	300,000
Pre-war U.S. exports	30%	70%

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]

^ By 1864, long-term Union advantages in geography, manpower, industry, finance, political organization and transportation were overwhelming the Confederacy.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The graph shows the relative advantage of the USA over the CSA at the start of the war.

American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Eleven Southern slave states declared their secession from the U.S. and formed the Confederate States of America (the Confederacy).

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

^ The advantages widened rapidly during the war, as the Northern economy grew, and Confederate territory shrank and its economy weakened.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

Lists & Guides tagged with american civil war 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.amazon.com [Source type: General]

.The Union population was 22 million and the South 9 million in 1861; the Southern population included more than 3.5 million slaves and about 5.5 million whites, thus leaving the South's white population outnumbered by a ratio of more than four to one compared to that of the North.^ About 4 million black slaves were freed in 1861-65.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

^ FAUST: Four million slaves in the South at the time of the Civil War -- about 12 million white Southerners and four million slaves in the Confederacy.

Booknotes 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.booknotes.org [Source type: Original source]

^ LAMB: And there were four million slaves?

Booknotes 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.booknotes.org [Source type: Original source]

.The disparity grew as the Union controlled more and more southern territory with garrisons, and cut off the trans-Mississippi part of the Confederacy.^ The disparity grew as the Union controlled more and more southern territory with garrisons, and cut off the trans-Mississippi part of the Confederacy.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

^ The Union population was 22 million and the South 9 million in 1861; the disparity grew as the Union controlled more and more southern territory with garrisons, and cut off the trans-Mississippi part of the Confederacy.

American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Texas remained in Confederate hands throughout the war, but was cut off from the rest of the Confederacy after the capture of Vicksburg in 1863 gave the Union control of the Mississippi River.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

.The Union at the start controlled over 80% of the shipyards, steamships, river boats, and the Navy.^ The Union at the start controlled over 80% of the shipyards, steamships, river boats, and the Navy.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The Union won a series of naval battles in the rivers and harbors, taking control of the excellent waterway system to move its forces at will, while Confederates had to march overland.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

^ Texas remained in Confederate hands throughout the war, but was cut off after the capture of Vicksburg in 1863 gave the Union control of the Mississippi River.

American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

.It augmented these by a massive shipbuilding program.^ It augmented these by a massive shipbuilding program.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

.This enabled the Union to control the river systems and to blockade the entire southern coastline.^ This enabled the Union to control the river systems and to blockade the entire southern coastline.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The Union won a series of naval battles in the rivers and harbors, taking control of the excellent waterway system to move its forces at will, while Confederates had to march overland.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

^ They tended to overlook, for example, the stranglehold the Federal navy kept on the Confederate coastline or its increasing control of the river system beyond the Appalachians.

The American Civil War 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC homepage.eircom.net [Source type: Original source]

^[117] .Excellent railroad links between Union cities allowed for the quick and cheap movement of troops and supplies.^ Excellent railroad links between Union cities allowed for the quick and cheap movement of troops and supplies.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

^ McPherson 313-16, 392-3 Excellent railroad links between Union cities allowed for the quick and cheap movement of troops and supplies.

American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]

^ This was the first of three encounters between Opothleyahola's Union bands and Confederate troops.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

American Civil War - on Opentopia, a free Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC encycl.opentopia.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Transportation was much slower and more difficult in the South which was unable to augment its much smaller rail system, repair damage, or even perform routine maintenance.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Many old tools had broken through heavy use and could not be replaced; even repairs were difficult.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

^[118] .The failure of Davis to maintain positive and productive relationships with state governors (especially governor Joseph E. Brown of Georgia and governor Zebulon Vance of North Carolina) damaged his ability to draw on regional resources.^ The failure of Davis to maintain positive and productive relationships with state governors damaged his ability to draw on regional resources.

American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The failure of Davis to maintain positive and productive relationships with state governors (especially governor Joseph E. Brown of Georgia and governor Zebulon Vance of North Carolina) damaged his ability to draw on regional resources.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

^ Joseph Wheeler and his cavalry raided into North Georgia to destroy railroad tracks and supplies.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^[119] .The Confederacy's "King Cotton" misperception of the world economy led to bad diplomacy, such as the refusal to ship cotton before the blockade started.^ The Confederacy's " King Cotton " misperception of the world economy led to bad diplomacy, such as the refusal to ship cotton before the blockade started.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Its King Cotton misperception of the world economy led to bad diplomacy, such as the refusal to ship cotton before the blockade started.

American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The blockade shut down King Cotton , ruining the Southern economy.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

^[120] .The Emancipation Proclamation enabled African-Americans, both free blacks and escaped slaves, to join the Union Army.^ Heidler, 564-72, 1185-90 * The Emancipation Proclamation enabled African Americans, both free blacks and escaped slaves, to join the Union army.

American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The Emancipation Proclamation enabled African-Americans, both free blacks and escaped slaves, to join the Union Army.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

^ 'Contrabands' were Negro slaves who had escaped or been brought across Union (northern) lines.

American Civil War - Lulu.com 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.lulu.com [Source type: General]

.About 190,000 volunteered,^[121] further enhancing the numerical advantage the Union armies enjoyed over the Confederates, who did not dare emulate the equivalent manpower source for fear of fundamentally undermining the legitimacy of slavery.^ About 190,000 volunteered, further enhancing the numerical advantage the Union armies enjoyed over the Confederates, who did not dare emulate the equivalent manpower source for fear of fundamentally undermining the legitimacy of slavery.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

^ About 190,000 volunteered, further enhancing the numerical advantage the Union armies enjoyed over the Confederates.

American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Lyons Wakeman, 153rd Regiment, New York State Volunteers, 1862-1864 (Pasadena MD, 1994), A woman in disguise who did fight.

American Civil War - Bibliography - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Academic]

.Emancipated slaves fought in several key battles in the last two years of the war.^ They fought in several key battles in the last two years of the war.

American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ It is worth noting that private John J. Williams of the 34th Indiana Volunteer Infantry was the last man killed at the Battle at Palmito Ranch, and probably the last of the war.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The Battle of Glorieta Pass, fought on March 26-28, 1862, in northern New Mexico Territory, was the decisive battle of the New Mexico Campaign during the American Civil War.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^[122] .European immigrants joined the Union Army in large numbers too.^ European immigrants joined the Union Army in large numbers, including 177,000 born in Germany and 144,000 born in Ireland.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The small, but highly efficient, regular army stood by the president, though large numbers of the officers, amongst them many of the best in the service, left it when their states seceded.

Civil War Overview 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.sonofthesouth.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Heidler, 564-72, 1185-90 * The Emancipation Proclamation enabled African Americans, both free blacks and escaped slaves, to join the Union army.

American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

.23.4% of all Union soldiers were German-Americans; about 216,000 were born in Germany.^ The war produced about 1,030,000 casualties (3% of the population), including about 620,000 soldier deaths—two-thirds by disease.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The war produced about 970,000 military casualties (3% of the population), including approximately 620,000 soldier deaths—two-thirds by disease.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

^ The Union had lost 13,000 soldiers in a battle in which the dreadful carnage was matched only by its futility.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^[123]

Reconstruction

Main article: Reconstruction

.Northern leaders agreed that victory would require more than the end of fighting.^ Northern leaders agreed that victory would require more than the end of fighting.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ If only half of them actually hit an attacker, that would still be more than enough to stop an attack by at least 100% more attackers than defenders.

The American Civil War 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC homepage.eircom.net [Source type: Original source]

^ If there had been more Southern victories, and a lot more, the North simply would have brought that other hand out from behind its back.

American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

.It had to encompass the two war goals: Secession had to be totally repudiated, and all forms of slavery had to be eliminated.^ It had to encompass the two war goals: Confederate nationalism had to be totally repudiated, and all forms of slavery had to be eliminated.

American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ It had to encompass the two war goals: secession had to be totally repudiated, and all forms of slavery had to be eliminated.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

^ The slaves harbored no illusion that a war to defeat secession could be anything but a war to end slavery.

The American Civil War 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC homepage.eircom.net [Source type: Original source]

.They disagreed sharply on the criteria for these goals.^ They disagreed sharply on the criteria for these goals.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ If you disagree with these religious groups on a particular moral issue, they complain, they threaten you with a loss of money or votes or both.

A rant about stupidity... and the coming civil war... - David Brin - Open Salon 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC open.salon.com [Source type: Original source]

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ They also disagreed on how much federal control should be imposed on the South, and the process by which Southern states should be reintegrated into the Union.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

Civil War Overview 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.sonofthesouth.net [Source type: Original source]

^ After a successful start on the Peninsula that foretold an early end to the war, Northern morale was crushed by McClellan's retreat.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.The long-term result came in the three "Civil War" amendments to the Constitution (the XIII, which abolished slavery, the XIV, which extended federal legal protections to citizens regardless of race, and the XV, which abolished racial restrictions on voting).^ The long-term result came in the three "Civil War" amendments to the Constitution : the Thirteenth Amendment, which abolished slavery; the Fourteenth Amendment, which extended federal legal protections equally to citizens regardless of race; and the Fifteenth Amendment, which abolished racial restrictions on voting.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The long-term result came in the three "Civil War" amendments to the Constitution (the XIII, which abolished slavery, the XIV, which extended federal legal protections to citizens regardless of race, and the XV, which abolished racial restrictions on voting).

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ For details on how whites in the South subverted the protections of the Fourteenth Amendment and Fifteenth Amendment until the American Civil Rights movement , see Disfranchisement after the Civil War Jim Crow laws United States v.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]

.Reconstruction ended in the different states at different times, the last three by the Compromise of 1877.^ Reconstruction ended in the different states at different times, the last three by the Compromise of 1877 .

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The Congress of the Confederate States of America adjourns for the last time.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Reconstruction, which began early in the war and ended in 1877, involved a complex and rapidly changing series of federal and state policies.

American civil war encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

For details on why the Fourteenth Amendment and Fifteenth Amendment were largely ineffective until the American Civil Rights movement, see Jim Crow laws, Ku Klux Klan, Plessy v. Ferguson, United States v. .Cruikshank, Civil Rights Cases and Reconstruction.^ In 1860 neither civil rights nor voting rights for blacks were stated as goals by the North; they became important only later, during Reconstruction .

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

^[124]

Results

.All slaves in the Confederacy were freed by the Emancipation Proclamation, which stipulated that slaves in Confederate-held areas, but not in border states or in Washington, D.C., were free.^ In 1865 the Confederacy collapsed as Lee surrendered and all the slaves were freed.

American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^ With their inclusion, the Confederacy had eleven states in all.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

^ Hunter also issued a statement that all slaves owned by Confederates in the area were free.

The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]

.Slaves in the border states and Union-controlled parts of the South were freed by state action or by the Thirteenth Amendment, although slavery effectively ended in the U.S. in the spring of 1865. The full restoration of the Union was the work of a highly contentious postwar era known as Reconstruction.^ Slaves in the border states and Union controlled parts of the South were freed by state action or by the Thirteenth Amendment .

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

^ The full restoration of the Union was the work of a highly contentious postwar era known as Reconstruction (1863-1877).

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

^ The main results of the war were the restoration and strengthening of the Union, and the end of slavery in the United States.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

.The war produced about 970,000 casualties (3% of the population), including approximately 620,000 soldier deaths—two-thirds by disease.^ The war produced about 970,000 military casualties (3% of the population), including approximately 620,000 soldier deaths—two-thirds by disease.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

^ The war produced about 970,000 military casualties (3% of the population), including approximately 620,000 soldier deaths—two-thirds by disease, making it the deadliest war in American history in terms of American losses.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]

^ The war produced more than 970,000 casualties (3% of the population), including approximately 620,000 soldier deaths " two-thirds by disease.

American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

^[125]

Notes

^ ^a ^b James McPherson, Drawn With the Sword, from the article Who Freed the Slaves?
^ Abraham Lincoln, House Divided Speech, Springfield, Illinois, June 16 1858
^ Shelby Foote, The Civil War: Fort Sumter to Perryville, page 34
^ Prevent, as far as possible, any of our friends from demoralizing themselves, and our cause, by entertaining propositions for compromise of any sort, on slavery extension. There is no possible compromise upon it, but which puts us under again, and leaves all our work to do over again. Whether it be a Mo. Line, or Eli Thayer's Pop. Sov. It is all the same. Let either be done, & immediately filibustering and extending slavery recommences. On that point hold firm, as with a chain of steel. - Abraham Lincoln to Elihu B. Washburne, December 13 1860
^ Let there be no compromise on the question of extending slavery. If there be, all our labor is lost, and, ere long, must be done again. The dangerous ground—that into which some of our friends have a hankering to run—is Pop. Sov. Have none of it. Stand firm. The tug has to come, & better now, than any time hereafter. - Abraham Lincoln to Lyman Trumbull, December 10 1860
^ James McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, page 241 and 253
^ Declarations of Causes for: Georgia, Adopted in January 29 1861; Mississippi, Adopted in 1861 (no exact date found); South Carolina, Adopted in December 24 1860; Texas, Adopted in February 2 1861
^ The New Heresy, Southern Punch, editor John Wilford Overall, September 19 1864 is one of many references that indicate that the Republican hope of gradually ending slavery was the Southern fear.
^ Lincoln's Speech in Chicago, December 10 1856 in which he said, "We shall again be able not to declare, that 'all States as States, are equal,' nor yet that 'all citizens as citizens are equal,' but to renew the broader, better declaration, including both these and much more, that 'all men are created equal.'"; Also, Lincoln's Letter to Henry L. Pierce, April 6 1859
^ Stampp, The Causes of the Civil War, pages 63–65
^ Kenneth M. Stampp, The Imperiled Union: Essays on the Background of the Civil War (1981) p 198; Woodworth, ed. The American Civil War: A Handbook of Literature and Research (1996), 145 151 505 512 554 557 684; Richard Hofstadter, The Progressive Historians: Turner, Beard, Parrington (1969)
^ James McPherson, "Antebellum Southern Exceptionalism: A New Look at an Old Question," Civil War History 29 (September 1983)
^ ^a ^b Allan Nevins, Ordeal of the Union: A House Dividing - 1852-1857, pages 267–269
^ William E. Gienapp, "The Crisis of American Democracy: The Political System and the Coming of the Civil War." in Boritt ed. Why the Civil War Came 79–123
^ McPherson, Battle Cry pages 88–91
^ Most of her slave owners are "decent, honorable people, themselves victims" of that institution. Much of her description was based on personal observation, and the descriptions of Southerners; she herself calls them and Legree representatives of different types of masters.;Gerson, Harriet Beecher Stowe, p.68; Stowe, Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin (1953) p. 39
^ James McPherson, Drawn With the Sword, page 11
^ Fox Butterfield; All God's Children page 17
^ David Potter, The Impending Crisis, page 485
^ James M. McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom 1988 p 242, 255, 282-83. Maps on page 101 (The Southern Economy) and page 236 (The Progress of Secession) are also relevant
^ David Potter, The Impending Crisis, pages 503–505
^ Selected Statistics on Slavery in the United States. Retrieved on 2007-10-14.
^ James McPherson, Drawn with the Sword, page 15
^ David Potter, The Impending Crisis, page 275
^ First Lincoln Douglas Debate at Ottawa, Illinois August 21 1858
^ Abraham Lincoln, Speech at New Haven, Conn., March 6 1860
^ McPherson, Battle Cry, page 195
^ John Townsend, The Doom of Slavery in the Union, its Safety out of it, October 29 1860
^ McPherson, Battle Cry, page 243
^ David Potter, The Impending Crisis, page 461
^ William C. Davis, Look Away, pages 130–140
^ William W. Freehling, The Road to Disunion, page 42
^ Winkler, E. A Declaration of the Causes which Impel the State of Texas to Secede from the Federal Union.. Journal of the Secession Convention of Texas. Retrieved on 2007-10-16.
^ Winkler, E. A Declaration of the Causes which Impel the State of Texas to Secede from the Federal Union.. Journal of the Secession Convention of Texas. Retrieved on 2007-10-16.
^ Speech of E.S. Dargan, in the Convention of Alabama, January 11, 1861
^ Schlesinger Age of Jackson, p.190
^ David Brion Davis, Inhuman Bondage (2006) p 197, 409; Stanley Harrold, The Abolitionists and the South, 1831–1861 (1995) p. 62; Jane H. and William H. Pease, "Confrontation and Abolition in the 1850s" Journal of American History (1972) 58(4): 923–937.
^ David Potter, The Impending Crisis, pages 356–384
^ Eric Foner. Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party Before the Civil War (1970), p. 9
^ James McPherson, The Negro's Civil War, page 3
^ President James Buchanan, Message of December 8 1860
^ McPherson, Battle Cry, pages 284–287
^ McPherson, Battle Cry, pages 290–293
^ McPherson, Battle Cry, pages 293–297
^ Richard O. Curry "A House Divided: A Study of Statehood Politics and the Copperhead Movement in West Virginia" Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1964, pg. 49, county map of Ordinance of Secession vote of May 23, 1861, and Statehood vote pgs. 149-50
^ http://www.wvculture.org/hiStory/statehoo.html
^ Curry's "A House Divided", Randall's "Civil War and Reconstruction" pgs. 236–242
^ State of Virginia v. State of West Virginia, 78 U.S. 39 (1870)
^ Bastress, R.M. Virginia v. West Virginia. The West Virginia Encyclopedia.
^ Mark Neely, Confederate Bastille: Jefferson Davis and Civil Liberties 1993 p. 10–11
^ Gabor Boritt, ed. War Comes Again (1995) p 247
^ McPherson, Battle Cry, pages 234–266
^ Abraham Lincoln, First Inaugural Address, Monday, March 4 1861
^ Lincoln, First Inaugural Address, March 4, 1861
^ ^a ^b David Potter, The Impending Crisis, pages 572–573
^ James McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, page 274
^ See the account at [1]
^ McPherson, Battle Cry, pages 276–307
^ McPherson, Battle Cry, pages 333–335
^ McPherson, Battle Cry, pages 378–380
^ Heidler, 1651–53
^ McPherson, Battle Cry, pages 373–377
^ McPherson, Battle Cry, pages 339–345
^ James McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, page 342
^ McPherson, Battle Cry, pages 424–427
^ McPherson, Battle Cry, pages 538–544
^ McPherson, Battle Cry, pages 528–533
^ McPherson, Battle Cry, pages 538–544
^ McPherson, Battle Cry, pages 543–545
^ McPherson, Battle Cry, pages 557–558
^ McPherson, Battle Cry, pages 571–574
^ McPherson, Battle Cry, pages 639–645
^ McPherson, Battle Cry, pages 653–663
^ James McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, page 664
^ McPherson, Battle Cry, pages 404–405
^ McPherson, Battle Cry, pages 418–420
^ McPherson, Battle Cry, pages 419–420
^ McPherson, Battle Cry, pages 480–483
^ McPherson, Battle Cry, pages 405–413
^ McPherson, Battle Cry, pages 637–638
^ McPherson, Battle Cry, pages 677–680
^ Civil War in Missouri Facts (1998). Retrieved on 2007-10-16.
^ Mark E. Neely Jr.; "Was the Civil War a Total War?" Civil War History, Vol. 50, 2004 pp 434+
^ McPherson, Battle Cry, pages 724–735
^ James McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, pages 741-742
^ McPherson, Battle Cry, pages 778–779
^ McPherson, Battle Cry, pages 773–775
^ James McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, pages 774–776
^ McPherson, Battle Cry, pages 812–815
^ McPherson, Battle Cry, pages 825–830
^ McPherson, Battle Cry, pages 846–847
^ McPherson, Battle Cry, pages 848–850
^ McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom page 495
^ McPherson, Battle Cry page 355, 494–6, quote from [[George Julian|]] on 495.
^ Lincoln's letter to O. H. Browning, September 22 1861
^ Stephen B. Oates, Abraham Lincoln: The Man Behind the Myths, page 106
^ Images of America: Altoona, by Sr. Anne Francis Pulling, 2001, 10.
^ Letter to Greeley, August 22 1862
^ Abraham Lincoln, Second Inaugural Address, March 4 1865
^ Lincoln's Letter to A. G. Hodges, April 4 1864
^ James McPherson, The War that Never Goes Away
^ Bruce Catton, Never Call Retreat, page 335
^ James McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, pages 791–798
^ McPherson, Battle Cry, pages 557–558 and 563
^ Harper, Douglas (2003). SLAVERY in DELAWARE. Retrieved on 2007-10-16.
^ McPherson, Battle Cry, pages 840–842
^ U. S. Census of 1860
^ James McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, pages 546–557
^ McPherson, Battle Cry 386
^ Allen Nevins, War for the Union 1862–1863, pages 263–264
^ Stephen B. Oates, The Approaching Fury: Voices of the Storm 1820–1861, page 125
^ Ward 1990 p 272
^ McPherson, Battle Cry, pages 771–772
^ James McPherson, Why did the Confederacy Lose?
^ Fehrenbacher, Don (2004). Lincoln's Wartime Leadership: The First Hundred Days. University of Illinois. Retrieved on 2007-10-16.
^ Railroad mileage is from: [[Chauncey Depew|]] (ed.), One Hundred Years of American Commerce 1795–1895, p. 111; For other data see: 1860 US census and Carter, Susan B., ed. The Historical Statistics of the United States: Millennial Edition (5 vols), 2006.
^ McPherson 313–16, 392–3
^ Heidler, David Stephen, ed. Encyclopedia of the American Civil War: A Political, Social, and Military History (2002), 1591–98
^ McPherson 432–44
^ Heidler, David Stephen, ed. Encyclopedia of the American Civil War: A Political, Social, and Military History (2002), 598–603
^ Black Regiments. Retrieved on 2007-10-16.
^ John Hope Franklin, The Emancipation Proclamation (1965)
^ Faust, page 523. Quoting from an 1869 ethnicity study by B. A. Gould of the [[United States Sanitary Commission|]].
^ Eric Foner, Reconstruction - America's Unfinished Revolution - 1863-1877, Harper & Row, 1988
^ {{cite web|last=Nofi|first=Al|title=Statistics on the War's Costs|publisher=Louisiana State University|date=[[2001-06-13|]]

References

Main article: American Civil War bibliography

Overviews

* Beringer, Richard E., Archer Jones, and Herman Hattaway, Why the South Lost the Civil War (1986) influential analysis of factors; The Elements of Confederate Defeat: Nationalism, War Aims, and Religion (1988), abridged version

Catton, Bruce, The Civil War, American Heritage, 1960, ISBN 0-8281-0305-4, illustrated narrative
Davis, William C. The Imperiled Union, 1861–1865 3v (1983)
Donald, David et al.^ Letters deal with the Civil War in the South.
WHMC-Columbia--American Civil War--COLLECTION DESCRIPTIONS 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC whmc.umsystem.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ The standard American Civil War encyclopedia.
Subject Guide: History 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.lib.jmu.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ The Roster of Confederate Soldiers, 1861-1865 .
Subject Guide: History 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.lib.jmu.edu [Source type: Academic]

.The Civil War and Reconstruction (latest edition 2001); 700 page survey
Eicher, David J., The Longest Night: A Military History of the Civil War, (2001), ISBN 0-684-84944-5.
Fellman, Michael et al.^ Centennial History of the Civil War , 3 vols.
American Civil War - Bibliography - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Academic]

^ The Civil War and Reconstruction (2001); textbook Fellman, Michael et al.
American Civil War - Bibliography - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Academic]

^ Civil War History 15 (June 1969): 116-32 Eicher, David J., The Longest Night: A Military History of the Civil War , (2001), ISBN 0-684-84944-5 .
American Civil War - Bibliography - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Academic]

.This Terrible War: The Civil War and its Aftermath (2003), 400 page survey
Foote, Shelby.
^ This Terrible War: The Civil War and its Aftermath (2003), 400 page survey * Foote, Shelby .
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]
^ This Terrible War: The Civil War and its Aftermath (2003), 400 page survey Ford, Lacy K., ed.
American Civil War - Bibliography - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Academic]
^ The Civil War and Reconstruction (latest edition 2001); 700 page survey * Eicher, David J., The Longest Night: A Military History of the Civil War , (2001), ISBN 0-684-84944-5.
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]
.The Civil War: A Narrative (3 volumes), (1974), ISBN 0-394-74913-8. Highly detailed narrative covering all fronts
McPherson, James M. Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era (1988), 900 page survey; Pulitzer prize
James M. McPherson.
^ The first in a trilogy covering the War era.
Subject Guide: History 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.lib.jmu.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ Encyclopedia of the American Civil War: A Political, Social, and Military History (2002), 1600 entries in 2700 pages in 5 vol or 1-vol editions McPherson, James M. Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era (1988), 900 page survey; Pulitzer prize McPherson, James M. Ordeal by Fire: the Civil War and Reconstruction .
American Civil War - Bibliography - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Highly detailed narrative covering all fronts * McPherson, James M. Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era (1988), 900 page survey; Pulitzer prize * Nevins, Allan .
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]
.Ordeal By Fire: The Civil War and Reconstruction (2nd ed 1992), textbook
Nevins, Allan.
^ Indian Wars during the Civil War and Reconstruction .
weblinks-American Civil War 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.historyteacher.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Highly detailed combat narrative covering all fronts; excerpt and text search McPherson, James M. Ordeal By Fire: The Civil War and Reconstruction (2nd ed 1992), textbook Ward, Geoffrey C. The Civil War (1990), based on PBS series by Ken Burns; visual emphasis excerpt and text search Weigley, Russell Frank.
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]
^ The Civil War and Reconstruction (latest edition 2001); 700 page survey * Eicher, David J., The Longest Night: A Military History of the Civil War , (2001), ISBN 0-684-84944-5.
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]
.Ordeal of the Union, an 8-volume set (1947–1971).
^ Ordeal of the Union , an 8-volume set (1947-1971).
American Civil War - Bibliography - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Academic]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]
the most detailed political, economic and military narrative; by .
Pulitzer Prize winner
- 1. Fruits of Manifest Destiny, 1847–1852; 2. A House Dividing, 1852–1857; 3. Douglas, Buchanan, and Party Chaos, 1857–1859; 4. Prologue to Civil War, 1859–1861; 5. The Improvised War, 1861–1862; 6. War Becomes Revolution, 1862–1863; 7. The Organized War, 1863–1864; 8. The Organized War to Victory, 1864–1865
Rhodes, James Ford.
^ Civil War 1864 .
Civil War Overview 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.sonofthesouth.net [Source type: Original source]
^ War Becomes Revolution, 1862-1863; 7.
American Civil War - Bibliography - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Academic]
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]
^ War Becomes Revolution, 1862-1863; vol 7.
American Civil War - Bibliography - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Academic]
.History of the Civil War, 1861–1865 (1918), Pulitzer Prize; a short version of his 5-volume history
Ward, Geoffrey C. The Civil War (1990), based on PBS series by Ken Burns; visual emphasis
Weigley, Russell Frank.
^ Civil War 1865 .
Civil War Overview 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.sonofthesouth.net [Source type: Original source]
^ Prologue to Civil War, 1859-1861; 5.
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]
^ History of the Civil War, 1861-1865 by James Ford Rhodes (1917) .
weblinks-American Civil War 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.historyteacher.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
A Great Civil War: A Military and Political History, 1861–1865 (2004); primarily military

Reference books and bibliographies

* Blair, Jayne E. The Essential Civil War: A Handbook to the Battles, Armies, Navies And Commanders (2006)

Carter, Alice E. and Richard Jensen.
^ Other information includes organization during and after the Civil War, grades and rank, command structure, chronology of the War, etc.
Subject Guide: History 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.lib.jmu.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ Secession The American Civil War: The Battle at Vicksburg An essay concerning the legendary Battle at Vicksburg during the American Civil War.
American Civil War - Associated Content - Topic 12 September 2009 0:30 UTC www.associatedcontent.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Encyclopedia of the Confederacy (1993) (4 Volume set; also 1 vol abridged version) Eicher, John H. and Eicher, David J. Civil War High Commands.
American Civil War - Bibliography - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Academic]
.The Civil War on the Web: A Guide to the Very Best Sites- 2nd ed.
^ The site is a combination of LC, Library of Virginia, and Virginia Historical Society map holdings from the Civil War era.
Subject Guide: History 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.lib.jmu.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ This book is a guide to understanding how to locate Civil War draft records through the National Archives.
Subject Guide: History 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.lib.jmu.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ Tredegar Iron Works in Richmond, Virginia being the planned site of a Civil War museum, including the historical role the American slave played in this development.
African American Freedom Fighters: Soldiers for Liberty 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.liu.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.(2003)
Current, Richard N., et al. eds.
^ Current, Richard N., et al eds.
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Current, Richard N., ed.
Subject Guide: History 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.lib.jmu.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ Hopkins et al., IX, 778; Don E. Fehrenbacher, The Slaveholding Republic: An Account of the United States Government's Relations to Slavery , ed.
Gary J. Kornblith | Rethinking the Coming of the Civil War: A Counterfactual Exercise | The Journal of American History, 90.1 | The History Cooperative 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.historycooperative.org [Source type: Original source]
.Encyclopedia of the Confederacy (1993) (4 Volume set; also 1 vol abridged version) (ISBN 0-13-275991-8)
Faust, Patricia L. (ed.
^ Faust, Patricia L., ed.
Subject Guide: History 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.lib.jmu.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ Encyclopedia of the Confederacy (1993) (4 Volume set; also 1 vol abridged version) (ISBN 0132759918) * Faust, Patricia L. (ed.
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Encyclopedia of the Confederacy (1993) (4 Volume set; also 1 vol abridged version) Eicher, John H. and Eicher, David J. Civil War High Commands.
American Civil War - Bibliography - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Academic]
) .Historical Times Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Civil War (1986) (ISBN 0-06-181261-7) 2000 short entries
Esposito, Vincent J., West Point Atlas of American Wars online edition 1995
Heidler, David Stephen, ed.
^ Best Civil War historical fiction of all time .
Lists & Guides tagged with american civil war 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.amazon.com [Source type: General]
^ The standard American Civil War encyclopedia.
Subject Guide: History 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.lib.jmu.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ The American Civil War (1860-1865) The American Civil War (1860-1865) .
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
.Encyclopedia of the American Civil War: A Political, Social, and Military History (2002), 1600 entries in 2700 pages in 5 vol or 1-vol editions
Resch, John P. et al., Americans at War: Society, Culture and the Homefront vol 2: 1816–1900 (2005)
Tulloch, Hugh.
^ Civil War History 2005 51(3): 269-287.
American Civil War - Bibliography - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Academic]
^ The standard American Civil War encyclopedia.
Subject Guide: History 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.lib.jmu.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ Centennial History of the Civil War , 3 vols.
American Civil War - Bibliography - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Academic]
.The Debate on the American Civil War Era (1999), historiography
Wagner, Margaret E. Gary W. Gallagher, and Paul Finkelman, eds.
^ Ron Paul's opinion on whether or not the Civil War was necessary is pretty meaningless and there is obviously a TON of confusion over the cause and justifications for the war.
Election Central | Talking Points Memo | Ron Paul: American Civil War Was Unnecessary 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC tpmelectioncentral.talkingpointsmemo.com [Source type: Original source]
^ April 17-May 22, 1862 - Grierson's Raid was a Union cavalry raid during the Vicksburg Campaign of the American Civil War.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
^ In their classic work, The Rise of American Civilization , Charles A. Beard and Mary R. Beard famously termed the Civil War "a Second American Revolution and in a strict sense, the First."
Gary J. Kornblith | Rethinking the Coming of the Civil War: A Counterfactual Exercise | The Journal of American History, 90.1 | The History Cooperative 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.historycooperative.org [Source type: Original source]
.The Library of Congress Civil War Desk Reference (2002)
Woodworth, Steven E. ed.
^ Congress passes the Wade-Davis Bill, an unsuccessful attempt by Radical Republicans and others in the U.S. Congress to set Reconstruction policy before the end of the Civil War.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
^ The Official Military Atlas of the Civil War (2003) large format copies of the maps the U.S. generals used at the time Woodworth, Steven E., Kenneth J. Winkle, and James McPherson.
American Civil War - Bibliography - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Academic]
^ The Debate on the American Civil War Era (1999), historiography Woodworth, Steven E. ed.
American Civil War - Bibliography - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Academic]
American Civil War: A Handbook of Literature and Research (1996) (ISBN 0-313-29019-9), 750 pages of historiography and bibliography

Biographies

* American National Biography 24 vol (1999), essays by scholars on all major figures; online and hardcover editions at many libraries

McHenry, Robert ed.
^ American National Biography 24 vol (1999), essays by scholars on all major figures; online and hardcover editions at many libraries Boritt, Gabor S. ed.
American Civil War - Bibliography - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Academic]
^ McHenry, Robert ed.
American Civil War - Bibliography - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Academic]
^ American National Biography 24 vol (1999), essays by scholars on all major figures; online and hardcover editions at many libraries Eicher, John H. and Eicher, David J. Civil War High Commands.
American Civil War - Bibliography - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Academic]
Webster's American Military Biographies (1978)
Warner, Ezra J., Generals in Blue: Lives of the Union Commanders, (1964), ISBN 0-8071-0822-7
Warner, Ezra J., Generals in Gray: Lives of the Confederate Commanders, (1959), ISBN 0-8071-0823-5

Soldiers

* Hess, Earl J. The Union Soldier in Battle: Enduring the Ordeal of Combat (1997)

McPherson, James.
^ Black Union soldiers were mostly used in garrison duty, but they fought in several battles, such as the Battle of the Crater (1864), and the Battle of Nashville (1865).
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]
^ Civil War Letters, 1860-1862, (C2236) 1 folder(s) Civil War letters by Union and Confederate soldiers, battle report, 1861, and directive, 1860.
WHMC-Columbia--American Civil War--COLLECTION DESCRIPTIONS 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC whmc.umsystem.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ Zackman, Daniel, Civil War Diary, 1863, (C0462) 5 folder(s) Diary of a Union soldier stationed at Strafford, VA, and in skirmishes in Maryland and Pennsylvania and the battle of Gettysburg.
WHMC-Columbia--American Civil War--COLLECTION DESCRIPTIONS 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC whmc.umsystem.edu [Source type: Academic]
.For Cause and Comrades: Why Men Fought in the Civil War (1998)
Wiley, Bell Irvin.
^ Ron Paul's opinion on whether or not the Civil War was necessary is pretty meaningless and there is obviously a TON of confusion over the cause and justifications for the war.
Election Central | Talking Points Memo | Ron Paul: American Civil War Was Unnecessary 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC tpmelectioncentral.talkingpointsmemo.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Lincoln's call for 300,000 more young men to fight a seemingly endless war frightened even those who supported the Union cause.
The American Civil War (1860-1865) 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.thelatinlibrary.com [Source type: Original source]
^ December 24, 2007 4:06 PM: the civil war was fought for economic reasons.
Election Central | Talking Points Memo | Ron Paul: American Civil War Was Unnecessary 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC tpmelectioncentral.talkingpointsmemo.com [Source type: Original source]
.The Life of Johnny Reb: The Common Soldier of the Confederacy (1962) (ISBN 0-8071-0475-2)
Wiley, Bell Irvin.
^ Dyer, Frederick H. A Compendium of the War of the Rebellion: with a New Introduction by Bell Irvin Wiley .
Subject Guide: History 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.lib.jmu.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ The Life of Billy Yank: The Common Soldier of the Union by Bell Irvin Wiley ( 8 ) 8 used & new from $14.27 .
Lists & Guides tagged with american civil war 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC www.amazon.com [Source type: General]
^ For Cause and Comrades: Why Men Fought in the Civil War (1998) * Wiley, Bell Irvin.
American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]
Life of Billy Yank: The Common Soldier of the Union (1952) (ISBN 0-8071-0476-0)

Primary sources

* Commager, Henry Steele (ed.^ Commager, Henry Steele (ed.

American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 10 February 2010 11:14 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org:8080 [Source type: Original source]
American Civil War - Bibliography - Citizendium 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Academic]

^ Online at [ 6 ] * American Annual Cyclopaedia for 1861 (N.Y.: Appleton's, 1864) , a remarkable collection of reports on each state, Congress, and military activities, and many other topics; annual issues from 1861 to 1901 in major libraries * Commager, Henry Steele (ed.

American Civil War at AllExperts 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]

). The Blue and the Gray. The Story of the Civil War as Told by Participants. (1950), excerpts from primary sources

Hesseltine, William B. ed.; The Tragic Conflict: The Civil War and Reconstruction (1962), excerpts from primary sources

External links

Declarations of Causes of Secession
Alexander Stephens' Cornerstone Speech
Lincoln's Call for Troops
The Civil War Home Page
Civil War photos at the National Archives
Civil War in Virginia
Online texts of Civil War books at the National Park Service
University of Tennessee: U.S. Civil War Generals
The Civil War, a PBS documentary by Ken Burns
Individual state's contributions to the Civil War: California, Florida, Illinois #1, Illinois #2, Ohio, Pennsylvania
State declarations of the causes of secession: Mississippi, Georgia, Texas, South Carolina
Civil War Memorials in & around D.C. (with photos)
WWW-VL: History: USA Civil War 1855-1865

</div>

Armed Conflicts involving the United States
International	World War I · World War II · Korean War · Vietnam War · Gulf War · Somalia · Bosnian War · Kosovo War · War in Afghanistan · Iraq War
External	Indian Wars · Quasi-War · First Barbary War · War of 1812 · Second Barbary War · Mexican-American War · Spanish-American War · Philippine-American War · Invasion of Grenada · Invasion of Panama
Internal	Revolutionary War · Shays' Rebellion · Whiskey Rebellion · Seminole Wars · Toledo War · Mormon War · Honey War · Bleeding Kansas · Utah War · Civil War · Brooks-Baxter War
Related articles	List of conflicts in USA · List of wars involving USA · List of US military history events · Overseas expansion of the United States

American Civil War

Issues

Origins	Antebellum · Bleeding Kansas · Border states · Secession
Slavery	African-Americans · Emancipation Proclamation · Fugitive slave laws · Slave power · Uncle Tom's Cabin
Abolition	John Brown · Frederick Douglass · Harriet Tubman · Underground Railroad

Combatants

Union (USA) · Union Army · Union Navy
Confederacy (CSA) · Confederate States Army · Confederate States Navy

Theaters

Eastern · Western · Lower Seaboard · Trans-Mississippi · Pacific Coast · Union naval blockade

Campaigns

Major
Battles

Fort Sumter · 1st Bull Run · Wilson's Creek · Fort Donelson · Pea Ridge · Hampton Roads · Shiloh · New Orleans · Seven Pines · Seven Days · 2nd Bull Run · Antietam · Perryville · Fredericksburg · Stones River · Chancellorsville · Gettysburg · Vicksburg · Chickamauga · Chattanooga · Wilderness · Spotsylvania · Cold Harbor · Atlanta · Mobile Bay · Franklin · Nashville · Five Forks

Key
Confederate
Leaders

Military	R.H. Anderson · Beauregard · Bragg · Cooper · Early · Ewell · Forrest · Gorgas · Hill · Hood · Jackson · A.S. Johnston · J.E. Johnston · Lee · Longstreet · Morgan · Mosby · Price · Quantrill · Semmes · E.K. Smith · Stuart · Taylor · Wheeler
Civilian	Benjamin · Davis · Mallory · Seddon · Stephens

Key
Union
Leaders

Military	Anderson · Buell · Butler · Burnside · Du Pont · Farragut · Foote · Grant · Halleck · Hooker · Hunt · McClellan · McDowell · Meade · Meigs · Pope · D.D. Porter · Rosecrans · Scott · Sheridan · Sherman · Thomas
Civilian	Adams · Chase · Ericsson · Lincoln · Pinkerton · Seward · Stanton · Stevens · Wade · Welles

Aftermath

13th Amendment · 14th Amendment · 15th Amendment · Alabama Claims · Carpetbaggers · Freedmen's Bureau · Jim Crow laws · Ku Klux Klan · Reconstruction · Redeemers

State
Involvement

AL · AZ · AR · CA · CO · CT · DC · DE · FL · GA · ID · IL · IN · IA · KS · KY · LA · ME · MD · MA · MI · MN · MS · MO · NH · NJ · NM · NY · NC · OH · OK · OR · PA · RI · SC · TN · TX · VA · VT · WV · WI

Topics

Military	Balloons · Bushwhacker · Cavalry · Field Artillery · Military Leadership · Naval battles · Official Records · Signal Corps
Political	Committee on the Conduct · Copperheads · Political General · Radical Republicans · Trent Affair · War Democrats
Other	Civil War Timeline · List of Civil War Topics · Naming the War · Draft Riots · Photography · Rail Transport · Supreme Court Cases · Turning points

Simple English

American Civil War

File:American Civil War Montage
Top left: William Rosecrans at Stones River, Tennessee; top right: Confederate prisoners at Gettysburg; bottom: Battle of Fort Hindman, Arkansas

Date	April 12, 1861 – April 9, 1865 (last shot ended June, 1865)
Location	United States, Atlantic Ocean, Pacific Ocean
Result	Union victory Territorial integrity of the United States of America preserved Reconstruction Slavery abolished

Commanders

Ulysses S. Grant

George B. McClellan
William T. Sherman
Winfield Scott
Henry Halleck
George Meade
Ambrose Burnside
Joseph Hooker
Benjamin F. Butler
Phillip Sheridan
William Rosecrans
George H. Thomas

File:Conf Navy Jack (light blue).svg Robert E. Lee

Strength

2,100,000

1,064,000

Casualties and losses

110,000 killed in action
360,000 total dead
275,200 wounded

93,000 killed in action
260,000 total dead
137,000+ wounded

The American Civil War (1861 – 1865), also known as the War Between the States, was a civil war in the United States of America. Eleven Southern slave states declared their secession from the United States (said that they wanted to separate from the United States of America) and formed the Confederate States of America, also known as "the Confederacy". Jefferson Davis led the Confederate states as they fought against the United States (the Union). The Union states (sometimes called "the North") were all those in which slavery was not legal (most of which were in "the North") and five states in which slavery was legal (the "border states").

In the presidential election of 1860, the Republican Party, led by Abraham Lincoln, was actively against expanding slavery beyond the states in which it already existed. The Republican party won in that election. This made seven Southern states declare their independence from the Union even before Lincoln became president on March 4, 1861. Both outgoing President James Buchanan and Lincoln disagreed with the legality of the secession, considering it rebellion. No nation ever recognized the Confederacy as a separate nation.

Fighting started when the Confederates bombarded a Union fort within the territory claimed by the Confederacy. The war was fought mostly in the South, and because both sides were American, was one of the deadliest in U.S. history. The Union won the war, resulting in the end of slavery in the United States.

1 Background
2 The war
3 Inflation
4 After the war
5 Other websites

Background

There were many causes of the Civil War, and some started long ago in the first American colonies. One big issue was states' rights, while another was slavery.

Slavery in the United States first began in Virginia in 1619. By the end of the American Revolution, most northern states had abandoned the institution while it continued to grow and flourish in the plantation economy of the South. In the years prior to the Civil War almost all sectional conflicts revolved around the slave issue. This began with the debates over the three-fifths clause at the Constitutional Convention of 1787 and continued with the Compromise of 1820, the Nullification Crisis, the anti-slavery Gag Rule, and the Compromise of 1850.

Slavery and Control of the Government

Throughout the first half of the 19th century, Southern politicians sought to defend slavery by retaining control of the federal government. While they benefited from most presidents being from the South, they were particularly concerned about retaining a balance of power within in the Senate. As new states were added to the Union, a series of compromises were arrived at to maintain an equal number of "free" and "slave" states.

In the year 1820, Maine entered as a free state while Missouri joined as a slave state. The balance was finally disrupted in 1850, when Southerners permitted California to enter as a free state in exchange for laws strengthening slavery. This balance was further upset with the additions of free Minnesota (1858) and Oregon (1859).

Two Regions on Separate Paths

The widening of the gap between slave and free states was symbolic of the changes occurring in each region. While the South was devoted to an agrarian plantation economy with a slow growth in population, the North had embraced industrialization, large urban areas, infrastructure growth, as well as was experiencing high birth rates and a large influx of European immigrants. This boost in population doomed Southern efforts to maintain balance in the government as it meant the future addition of more free states and the election of a Northern, potentially anti-slavery, president.

Slavery in the Territories

The political issue that finally moved the nation towards conflict was that of slavery in the western territories won during the Mexican-American War. A similar issue had been dealt with earlier, in 1820, when, as part of the Missouri Compromise, slavery was permitted in the Louisiana Purchase south of 36°30'N latitude (the southern border of Missouri). Rep. David Wilmot attempted to prevent slavery in the new territories in 1846, when he introduced the Wilmot Proviso in Congress. After extensive debate it was defeated, but it gave rise to a political movement called the "Free Soil Party".

In 1850, an attempt was made to resolve the issue. A part of Compromise of 1850 called for slavery in the unorganized lands (largely Arizona & New Mexico) received from Mexico to be decided by popular sovereignty. This meant that the local people and their territorial legislatures would decide for themselves whether slavery would be permitted. Many thought that this decision had solved the issue until it was raised again in 1854 with the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act.

"Bleeding Kansas"

Proposed by Sen. Stephen Douglas of Illinois, the Kansas-Nebraska Act essentially repealed the line imposed by the Missouri Compromise. Douglas, an ardent believer in grassroots democracy, felt that all the territories should be subject to popular sovereignty. Seen as a concession to the South, the act led to an influx of pro- and anti-slavery forces into Kansas. Operating from rival territorial capitals, the "Free Staters" and "Border Ruffians" engaged in open violence for three years.

Though pro-slavery forces from Missouri had openly and improperly influenced elections in the territory, President James Buchanan accepted their Lecompton Constitution, and offered it to Congress for statehood. This was turned down by Congress which ordered a new election. In 1859, the anti-slavery Wyandotte Constitution was accepted by Congress. The fighting in Kansas further heightened tensions between North and South.

States' Rights

For some decades, when new states were admitted to the Union, Congress ensured that the number of free states was kept in balance with the number of slave states, thus keeping the votes in the Senate balanced. The South was able to control Congress, and exerted a powerful influence on both the White House and the Supreme Court. The Mexican-American War was begun in 1846 to secure land claimed by Texas when it was annexed to the United States in 1845 as a slave state, and a dispute started over whether the additional lands won in the war with Mexico would also allow slavery. The Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 repealed the 1820 Missouri Compromise and the Compromise of 1850, allowing all territories to decide for themselves whether to allow slavery or not. Bloody battles broke out in Kansas as slave-owners tried to ensure that when Kansas became a state, it would be a slave state. The admission of Kansas was delayed because of disputes over whether it would have a slave or free Constitution.

After the admission of Texas as a free state in 1845, the next five states were all admitted as free states, giving the free states greater representation in the Senate. Furthermore, the population in the North was increasing much more quickly than in the South, and the North thus gained greater representation in the House of Representatives and in the Electoral College. Lincoln was able to be elected president without even being on the ballot in 10 Southern states, and the South was facing a future in which it would be in a permanent minority position.

Some abolitionists did want the federal government to act to end slavery in the states, but Lincoln and moderate Republicans agreed that the federal government was Constitutionally prevented from abolishing slavery in states in which it already was legal. The chief controversy at the time was over whether or not the federal government could outlaw slavery in the territories that were not yet states. Supporters of slavery argued that, under the Tenth Amendment, the federal government could not stop slaveholders from taking their "property" into any new territory. Some extended this argument, saying slave "property" could even be taken into those states where slavery was already outlawed. The Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 obliged Northerners to assist in the return of suspected fugitive (escaped) slaves.

Southerners recognized that control of the government was slipping away from them, and became convinced that the North was intent on ending slavery. Even if the federal government took no action to abolish slavery in the states in which it already existed, both sides believed that slavery would eventually die out if it were not allowed to expand. Southerners believed that the only way they could preserve slavery was to withdraw from the United States. They argued that each state had a right to withdraw from the nation, even if the other states did not consent. Before Lincoln was inaugurated, seven Southern slave states declared their secession from the United States.

Abolitionism

The issue of slavery was further heightened by the rise of the Abolitionist movement in the 1820s and 1830s. Beginning in the North, adherents believed that slavery was morally wrong rather than simply a social evil. Abolitionists ranged in their beliefs from those who thought that all slaves should be freed immediately (William Lloyd Garrison, Frederick Douglas) to those calling for gradual emancipation (Theodore Weld, Arthur Tappan), to those who simply wanted to stop the spread of slavery and its influence (Abraham Lincoln).

Abolitionists campaigned for the end of the "peculiar institution" and supported anti-slavery causes such as the Free State movement in Kansas. Upon the rise of the Abolitionists, an ideological debate arose with the Southerners regarding the morality of slavery with both sides frequently citing Biblical sources. In 1852, the Abolitionist cause received increased attention following the publication of the anti-slavery novel Uncle Tom's Cabin. Written by Harriet Beecher Stowe, the book aided in turning the public against the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850.

John Brown's Raid

John Brown first made a name for himself during the "Bleeding Kansas" crisis. A fervent abolitionist, Brown, along with his sons, fought with anti-slavery forces and were best known for the "Pottawatomie Massacre" where they killed five pro-slavery farmers. While most abolitionists were pacifists, Brown advocated violence and insurrection to end the evils of slavery.

In October 1859, financed by the extreme wing of the Abolitionist movement, Brown and eighteen men attempted to raid the government armory at Harper's Ferry, VA. Believing that the nation's slaves were ready to rise up, Brown attacked with the goal of obtaining weapons for the insurrection. After initial success, the raiders were cornered in the armory's engine house by local militia. Shortly thereafter, US Marines under Lt. Col. Robert E. Lee arrived and captured Brown. Tried for treason, Brown was hanged that December. Before his death, he predicted that "the crimes of this guilty land will never be purged away; but with Blood."

The Collapse of the Two-Party System

The tensions between North and South were mirrored in a growing schism in the nation's political parties. Following the compromise of 1850 and the Kansas-Nebraska Act, the nation's two major parties, the Whigs and Democrats, began to fracture along regional lines. In the North, the Whigs largely blended into a new party: the Republicans. Formed in 1854, as an anti-slavery party, the Republicans offered a progressive vision for the future that included an emphasis on industrialization, education, and homesteading. Though their presidential candidate, John C. Frémont, was defeated in 1856, the party polled strongly in the North and showed that it was the Northern party of the future. In the South, the Republican Party was viewed as a divisive element and one that could lead to conflict. Southern Whigs instead turned to the "Know-Nothing" Party, a reference to its secret meetings, which did not oppose slavery.

Election of 1860

File:Abraham Lincoln head on shoulders photo

Abraham Lincoln was elected President in 1860

With the division of the Democrats into Northern and Southern wings, there was much apprehension as the election 1860 approached. The lack of a candidate with national appeal signaled that change was coming. Representing the Republicans was Abraham Lincoln, while Stephen Douglas stood for the Northern Democrats. Their counterparts in the South nominated John C. Breckinridge. Looking to find a compromise, former Whigs and Know-Nothings in the border states created the Constitutional Union Party and nominated John C. Bell.

Balloting unfolded along precise sectional lines as Lincoln won the North, Breckinridge won the South, and Bell won the border states. Douglas claimed Missouri and part of New Jersey. The North, with its growing population and increased electoral power had accomplished what the South had always feared: complete control of the government by the free states.

Secession Begins

In response to Lincoln's victory, South Carolina opened a convention to discuss seceding from the Union. On December 24, 1860, it adopted a declaration of secession and withdrew its representatives from Congress. Through the "Secession Winter" of 1861, it was followed by Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas. As more states declared their secession, local forces took control of federal forts and installations within their borders without any resistance from the Buchanan Administration. The most egregious act took place in Texas, where Gen. David E. Twiggs surrendered one-quarter of the entire standing US Army without a shot fired. When Lincoln finally entered office on March 4, 1861, he inherited a collapsing nation.

Fighting begins

The Confederate States claimed ownership of all forts and other federal buildings within their territory. Fort Sumter in South Carolina remained in Union hands. On April 12, 1861, Confederate forces bombarded and forced the surrender of Union forces inside the fort. Following this, President Lincoln called for volunteers from each state to take back the captured forts, defend Washington, D.C., and suppress the rebellion. Swiftly four more states joined with the Confederates rather than supply forces to suppress them.

The war

File:Civil war

380px

There were two important areas where the American Civil War was fought - in the west and in the east.

In the eastern area, there was the US capital, Washington D.C., and the Confederate capital, Richmond, Virginia. These two cities are only about 90 miles apart. In this area, the Confederate military leader from 1862 until the end of the war was Robert E. Lee. Lee was a great general, and won many battles. Many times, his actions prevented the smaller number of Confederate troops from being badly beaten or destroyed by the Union troops. Even though the North had more soldiers, they could not capture Richmond until the end of the war in 1865.

In the western area, there was the great river, the Mississippi. Ulysses S. Grant (who later became US President) won many battles here. One of the earliest battles to take place in the western area was the Battle of Shiloh. The North captured almost all the cities on the Mississippi River, but the Confederacy still held Vicksburg, an important city and fort. On the 4th of July, 1863, following a long siege, Vicksburg surrendered to Grant. This divided the Confederacy into two. This victory is considered to be one of the turning points of the war.

There were also battles west of the Mississippi River, in the area called the Trans-Mississippi. Two battles which are considered important are the Battle of Wilson's Creek and the Battle of Pea Ridge. After the Union captured Vicksburg, this area became isolated from the rest of the South.

Another major turning point occurred at about the same time in the east. After several victories, General Lee decided to invade the North. Lee and his Army of Northern Virginia went into Pennsylvania. The Confederate army met the Union army near Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. The Battle of Gettysburg was fought over a three day period, July 1-3 in 1863. The invasion was stopped by Grant, and Lee and the Confederate army were pushed back to the South.

Lincoln decided that Ulysses S. Grant was his best general. He put Grant in control of all the Union armies, and made William T. Sherman general of armies in Georgia. While Grant attacked Lee again and again, Sherman burned Atlanta and Savannah. Lee held out time and time again, but eventually the number of Union soldiers was too much for the smaller Confederate army. Lee decided he had too few soldiers to keep on fighting and he surrendered to Grant on April 9, 1865, near Appomattox Court House.

Following Lee's surrender, many other Confederate armies surrendered as well. The last Confederate general to surrender was Brigadier General Stand Watie on June 23 in Oklahoma. Some Confederates did not want to become part of the United States again; these people moved to Mexico and Brazil.

Inflation

Inflation occurred on both sides. The prices on everything were raised, and caused people in both the North and the South to go hungry if they could not afford the newly priced food. This suffering was an important factor in the South's surrender.

After the war

Many soldiers died for both sides during the war. The South was hurt the most because most of the war was fought there. The South's economy was hurt very badly, too. The Union Army stayed in some Southern states for many years. This time is called "Reconstruction". Reconstruction ended in 1877.

Also, soon after the war, several constitutional amendments were made by the US government and passed with enough support from the people. Slavery was ended by the 13th Amendment. The 14th Amendment makes it clear that all people born in the United States are citizens with equal rights that cannot be taken away unless they do something against the law. The 15th Amendment says that people in the United States cannot be kept from voting because of their race. (Citizens could be stopped from voting because of their gender, however. It was not until the passing of the 19th Amendment in 1920 that women could vote.) Other facts are that Generals Grant, Hayes, Garfield, Harrison, and McKinley became presidents or ran for the office.

Other websites

The Civil War Home Page

Error creating thumbnail: sh: convert: command not found

Wikimedia Commons has images, video, and/or sound related to:

American Civil War

http://www.civilwar.com/

krc:АБШ-да граждан къазауат

Retrieved from "http://yak.rapint.com/wiki/American_Civil_War"

Categories: American Civil War | History of the United States

Citable sentences

Up to date as of December 04, 2010

Here are sentences from other pages on American Civil War, which are similar to those in the above article.

History of the United States
Timeline	Pre-colonial · Colonial · 1776–1789 · 1789–1849 · 1849–1865 · 1865–1918 · 1918–1945 · 1945–1964 · 1964–1980 · 1980–1988 · since 1988
Topics	African American · Diplomatic · Economic · Expansion (continental) · Expansion (overseas) · Women · Immigration · Industrial · Jewish · Maritime · Military · Musical · Postal · Religious · Southern
WikiProject United States

Search:

More info on American Civil War

Related topics

American Civil War: Wikis

Related top topics

Top rankings for American Civil War

Did you know ...

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Contents

Causes of secession

Slavery

Secession begins

Secession of South Carolina

Secession winter

The Confederacy

The Union states

Border states

Overview

The Beginning of the War, 1861

Anaconda Plan and blockade, 1861

Eastern Theater 1861–1863

Western Theater 1861–1863

Trans-Mississippi Theater 1861–1865

Conquest of Virginia and End of War: 1864–1865

Confederacy Surrenders

Slavery during the war

Blocking international intervention

Victory and aftermath

Reconstruction

Results

Notes

References

External links

From Wikiquote

Contents

Secession

The First Shots Are Fired: Fort Sumter (April 12, 1861)

The North Responds to the Attack on Fort Sumter

The South Responds to the Start of the Civil War

War Aims

The First Major Battle: Bull Run (July 21, 1861)

The Peninsula Campaign (April-July 1862)

The Battle of Fredericksburg, Virginia (December 13, 1862)

The Battle of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania (July 1863)

The Siege of Vicksburg (June-July 1863)

The Eastern Front (1863-1865)

Lee's Surrender to Grant at Appomattox Court House (April 9, 1865)

The War on the Home Front

The Antiwar Movement in the North

The War and Slavery

African Americans Recruited for the Army

External links

From LoveToKnow 1911

3. Missouri and West Virginia

5. Close of the First Year

7. Fort Donelson

8. Island No. io and Pea Ridge

13. The Campaign of Perryville

14. The Western Campaign

16. Antietam

17. Vicksburg in 1862

20. Capture of Vicksburg

21. Chancellorsville and Gettysburg

22. Chickamauga

23. Chattanooga

25. The Wilderness Campaign

26. Cold Harbor

27. Petersburg

28. Sheridan's Valley Campaign

29. Sherman and Johnston

32. Nashville

33. The Carolinas

34. The Final Campaign

36. Strategy and Tactics

37. The Union and Confederate Navies

38. Fort Fisher

39. Other Naval Actions

From Familypedia

Contents

Causes of the war