| Rogue | |
|---|---|
| Designer(s) | Michael Toy, Glenn Wichman, Ken Arnold, Jon Lane |
| Platform(s) | Cross-platform |
| Genre(s) | Roguelike |
| Mode(s) | Single-player |
| Input methods | Keyboard |
Rogue is a dungeon crawling video game first developed by Michael Toy and Glenn Wichman. It is generally credited with being the first "graphical" adventure game,[1] and was a favorite on college Unix systems in the early to mid-1980s,[2] in part due to the procedural generation of game content.[3] Rogue popularized dungeon crawling as a video game trope, leading others to develop a class of derivatives known collectively as "roguelikes". For example, it directly inspired Hack,[4][5] which in turn led to NetHack.[6] Roguelikes have since influenced commercial games outside the genre, such as Diablo.[7]
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In Rogue, the player assumes the typical role of an adventurer of early fantasy role-playing games. The game starts at the uppermost level of an unmapped dungeon with myriad monsters and treasures. The goal is to fight one's way to the bottom, retrieve the Amulet of Yendor (Rodney spelled backwards), then ascend to the surface.[8] Until the Amulet is retrieved, the player cannot return to earlier levels. Monsters in the levels become progressively more difficult to defeat.
The game's setting was influenced by the text game Colossal Cave Adventure as well as Dungeons & Dragons, from which most of the monsters were, initially, closely modeled. Wichman has stated the monsters were soon altered "to avoid getting in trouble" with the creators of Dungeons & Dragons.[8]
In the original, all aspects of the game, including the dungeon, the player character, and monsters, are represented by letters and symbols. Monsters are represented by capital letters (such as Z for zombie), and as such there are twenty-six varieties. This type of display makes it appropriate for a non-graphical terminal. Rogue was one of the first widely used applications of the curses screen control library. Like all programs using this library, the game uses the termcap database to adapt to the capabilities of terminals made by different vendors. Later ports of Rogue apply extended character sets to the text user interface or replace it with graphical tiles.
The basic movement keys (h, left; j, down; k, up; and l, right) are the same as the cursor control keys in the vi editor. Other game actions also use single keystrokes — q to quaff a potion, w to wield a weapon, e to eat some food, etc. In the DOS version, the cursor keys specify movement, and the fast-move keys (H, J, K, and L) are supplanted by use of the scroll lock key.
Each dungeon level comprises a grid of 3 rooms by 3 rooms, or dead end hallways where rooms would be expected. Later levels include mazes in the place of rooms as well. Unlike most adventure games of the time, the dungeon layout and the placement of objects within are randomly generated.
The original authors of Rogue are Michael Toy, Glenn Wichman, and then Ken Arnold.[9] The earliest versions were written on the Unix system at UC Santa Cruz and later coding moved, along with Michael Toy, to UC Berkeley.[1] The game became popular enough to be distributed with Version 4.2 of BSD (Berkeley Standard Distribution) UNIX.[1] Rogue was ported by Michael Toy and Jon Lane to the IBM PC in 1984,[8] and then by Michael Toy to the Macintosh.[1] Toy and Lane formed the company A.I. Design, which marketed these versions.[1] According to Lane, Dennis Ritchie was quoted as saying that Rogue "wasted more CPU time than anything in history."[8]
Later, marketing was handed over to established video game publisher Epyx, who contracted A.I. Design to port the game to Amiga, Atari ST and CoCo personal computers.[1]
In 1988, the budget software publisher Mastertronic released a commercial port of Rogue for the Amstrad CPC, Commodore 64, and ZX Spectrum computers.[10]
Numerous clones exist for modern operating systems such as Microsoft Windows,[11] Mac OS X,[12] Palm OS,[13] Linux,[14] and BSD OSs.[14]
Because the input and output of the original game is over a terminal interface, it is relatively easy in Unix to redirect output to another program. One such program, Rog-O-Matic, was developed to play and win the game. Ken Arnold said that he liked to make "sure that every subsequent version of rogue had a new feature in it that broke rogue-o-matic." Nevertheless, it remains an interesting study in expert system design and led to the development of other game-playing programs, typically called "borgs" or "bots". Some target roguelikes, in particular Angband.[15]
The game was reviewed in 1986 in Dragon #112 by Hartley and Pattie Lesser in "The Role of Computers" column.[16] In a subsequent column, the reviewers gave the IBM and Mac versions of the game 3 1/2 out of 5 stars.[17] Rogue was named #6 "Ten Greatest PC Game Ever" by PC World in 2009.[18]
The famed Amulet of Yendor is the object you must claim in order to win in NetHack. After performing the invocation ceremony, you find the Amulet among the possessions of the high priest of Moloch in Moloch's Sanctum. After retrieving the Amulet, you must race back to the top of the dungeon while being opposed by the ever-resurrecting Wizard of Yendor. After finally exiting the dungeon, you must conquer the elemental planes. When you finally arrive in the Astral Plane, you must offer the Amulet on the altar of your god to win the game.
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