From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
.^ Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is the most common form of motor neuron disease (MND).- PLoS ONE: Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: An Emerging Era of Collaborative Gene Discovery 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.plosone.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Recent advances in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, Lead, and Genetic Susceptibility: Polymorphisms in the -Aminolevulinic Acid Dehydratase and Vitamin D Receptor Genes 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC ehp03.niehs.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ Both patients were initially diagnosed as having lower motor neuron forms of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) - Abstracts : Online Reference for Health Concerns 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.lef.org [Source type: Academic]
.^ Oliver D. Motor neurone disease.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Lou Gehrig's Disease - March 15, 1999 -American Academy of Family Physicians 20 September 2009 17:15 UTC www.aafp.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Brain's Diseases of the nervous system.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Lou Gehrig's Disease - March 15, 1999 -American Academy of Family Physicians 20 September 2009 17:15 UTC www.aafp.org [Source type: Academic]
^ ALS is a disease of the parts of the nervous system that control voluntary muscle movement.- Facts About ALS | MDA/ALS Publications 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.als-mda.org [Source type: Academic]
.^ Lou Gehrig disease .- Lou Gehrig disease - definition of Lou Gehrig disease in the Medical dictionary - by the Free Online Medical Dictionary, Thesaurus and Encyclopedia. 20 September 2009 17:15 UTC medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com [Source type: Academic]
^ What are the causes of Lou Gehrig's disease?- amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Academic]
^ Why is amyotrophic lateral sclerosis called Lou Gehrig's disease?- amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Academic]
.^ For example, British physicist Stephen Hawking has had ALS since the 1960s and is still able to write and practice his profession.- Facts About ALS | MDA/ALS Publications 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.als-mda.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Treatment of ALS patients is best provided at multidisciplinary clinics that have neurologists or physiatrists, speech language pathologists, occupational therapists, physiotherapists, and dietitians on staff.- Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.cfpc.ca [Source type: Academic]
^ Care of ALS patients is best provided by multidisciplinary ALS clinics ( Table 4 ) in conjunction with family physicians.- Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
- Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.cfpc.ca [Source type: Academic]
.^ The loss of lower motor neurons leads to weakness, twitching of muscle (fasciculation), and loss of muscle mass (muscle atrophy).- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Glossary of Terms with Definitions on MedicineNet.com 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.medicinenet.com [Source type: Academic]
^ None had definite upper motor neuron signs or muscle cramps.
^ Motor neuron disorders.
.^ When these cells gradually die, as in ALS, muscles atrophy (shrink) and become progressively weaker and eventually unable to contract, resulting in paralysis.- Facts About ALS | MDA/ALS Publications 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.als-mda.org [Source type: Academic]
^ The muscles atrophy quickly, causing weakness, paralysis, and eventual death, usually when the muscles that control respiration fail.- amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Academic]
^ The loss of lower motor neurons leads to weakness, twitching of muscle (fasciculation), and loss of muscle mass (muscle atrophy).- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Glossary of Terms with Definitions on MedicineNet.com 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.medicinenet.com [Source type: Academic]
.^ The motor neurons control the voluntary muscles, which are the muscles that allow movement.- Health: Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS); Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) , also known as ... 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.mainegeneral.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), also known as Lou Gehrig's Disease, is a fatal neurological disease that rapidly attacks and destroys the nerve cells that are responsible for voluntary movement.- Biomarkers for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and methods using the same - Patent Application 20070298998 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.freepatentsonline.com [Source type: Academic]
^ The destruction of the neurons in the brain and spinal cord that control movement eventually progresses to the point that all voluntary motor control is lost.- Biomarkers for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and methods using the same - Patent Application 20070298998 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.freepatentsonline.com [Source type: Academic]
.^ ALS/frontotemporal dementia (FTD) syndrome .- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Overview -- GeneReviews -- NCBI Bookshelf 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ Overlap syndromes exist, such as ALS-Parkinson-Dementia Complex of Guam where an association with a food chain concentration of the neurotoxic amino acid beta-methylamino-l-alanine (BMAA) [ 5 ] has been found.- BioMed Central | Full text | Widespread sensorimotor and frontal cortical atrophy in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.biomedcentral.com [Source type: Academic]
^ Patients meeting criteria for dementia not typical of a frontotemporal lobar degeneration shall be diagnosed with ALS-dementia (ie, ALS- Alzheimer disease , ALS-vascular dementia, ALS-mixed dementia).- Dementia associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.medlink.com [Source type: Academic]
[2] .^ Traditionally, cognition was thought to be spared in ALS. Cognitive or behavioural features consistent with frontotemporal degeneration, however, have been observed, 10,11 and neuropsychologic evaluation can often identify personality changes, deficits in verbal fluency, and difficulty with planning and abstraction.- Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.cfpc.ca [Source type: Academic]
^ As it was families and many of the athletes have been in the water this week, and there have been no reports of any illnesses.- SolarBee® Science Office 20 September 2009 17:15 UTC www.solarbee.com [Source type: News]
^ Formal neuropsychological testing can identify subtle alterations which may be masked by socially favorable traits such as empathy and optimism.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Overview -- GeneReviews -- NCBI Bookshelf 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
.^ Neurological: Having to do with the nerves or the nervous system.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Glossary of Terms with Definitions on MedicineNet.com 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.medicinenet.com [Source type: Academic]
^ INTRODUCTION: The effects of Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) within and outside the nervous system have been amply discussed in recent decades.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) - Abstracts : Online Reference for Health Concerns 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.lef.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Thus, they are also more likely to be recognized and degraded via the quality control systems and the proteasome.- Disulphide-reduced superoxide dismutase-1 in CNS of transgenic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis models -- Jonsson et al. 129 (2): 451 -- Brain 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC brain.oxfordjournals.org [Source type: Academic]
Symptoms
Initial symptoms
.^ In the case of ALS, putative causes need to precede not only clinical onset, but also biologic onset that may occur several years before the first clinical symptoms emerge.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: eMedicine Neurology 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC emedicine.medscape.com [Source type: Academic]
^ By designing a careful regimen of nutrients and supplements, individuals with ALS may be able to blunt the effects of individual factors, thereby slowing the progression of the disease and lessening its symptoms.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) - Lou Gehrig's Disease, Free Radical Damage, Glutamate - Life Extension Health Concern 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.lef.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Further, subjects with ALS may generally metabolize xenobiotics differently than healthy individuals or individuals suffering from illnesses that have symptoms similar to ALS symptoms.- Biomarkers for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and methods using the same - Patent Application 20070298998 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.freepatentsonline.com [Source type: Academic]
[3] .^ A spontaneous disease of the horse, known as equine motoneuron disease, is characterized by a generalized weakness, progressive muscle atrophy and loss of motoneurons in the spinal cord and brainstem [ 148 ].- Molecular Neurodegeneration | Full text | Experimental models for the study of neurodegeneration in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.molecularneurodegeneration.com [Source type: Academic]
^ Regardless of initial symptoms, atrophy and weakness eventually affect other muscles.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Overview -- GeneReviews -- NCBI Bookshelf 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ The muscles atrophy quickly, causing weakness, paralysis, and eventual death, usually when the muscles that control respiration fail.- amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Academic]
.^ Six of the 9 patients had asymmetric weakness; in 4 the distal arm muscles were affected.
^ This eventually leads to muscle weakening, twitching, and an inability to move the arms, legs, and body.- Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.drexelmed.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ Medications such as baclofen and benzodiazepines can help relieve spasticity and muscle cramps; however, weakness and lethargy are common side effects.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Overview -- GeneReviews -- NCBI Bookshelf 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
The twitching, cramping, etc. associated with ALS is a result of the dying motor neurons, therefore these symptoms without clinical weakness or atrophy of affected muscle is likely not ALS.
.^ ALS is a rapidly progerssive neuromuscular disease that destroys both upper and lower motor neurons, ultimately causing death, typically from respiratory failure.- CannabisMD Reports : Survey of Cannabis Use in Patients with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.cannabismd.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Because NAA is synthesized by mitochondria in an energy-dependent manner and the NAA/Cho metabolite ratios in the ALS motor cortices were found to be correlated to the degree of mitochondrial pathology in ALS skeletal muscle, our results can be explained by a deficiency of enzymes of mitochondrial respiratory chain in the ALS motor cortex which might affect motor neuron survival.
^ Misfolding and precipitation of the abnormal (and normal) SOD1 proteins are thought to be part of the pathophysiology of SOD1 ALS, but why the disease begins when it does, and how it causes the lower motor neuron ALS phenotype is not clear.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: eMedicine Neurology 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC emedicine.medscape.com [Source type: Academic]
.^ The experience of ALS is unique to each patient and family.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Lou Gehrig's Disease - March 15, 1999 -American Academy of Family Physicians 20 September 2009 17:15 UTC www.aafp.org [Source type: Academic]
^ About 75% of patients present with onset in the limbs; about 21% present with onset in the bulbar area.- Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
- Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.cfpc.ca [Source type: Academic]
^ However, there are well-documented cases of patients with ALS having one or more of these "exceptions".- Introduction to ALS 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.als.ca [Source type: Academic]
.^ They may have difficulty lifting objects or with tasks that require manual dexterity (e.g., buttoning a shirt, tying a shoe, turning a key).- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.asha.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Other limb onset patients first see the effects of the disease on a hand or arm as they experience difficulty with simple tasks requiring manual dexterity such as buttoning a shirt, writing, or turning a key in a lock.
^ Some patients first see the effects of the disease on a hand or arm as they experience difficulty with simple tasks requiring manual dexterity such as buttoning a shirt, writing, or turning a key in a lock.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Fact Sheet: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.ninds.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
.^ Monomelic amyotrophy — Monomelic amyotrophy, also known as focal amyotrophy, is a condition that presents clinically with juvenile onset of focal atrophy and weakness, most commonly of a single hand and arm and rarely of a leg.- Diagnosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis - a knol by Internet Medical Publishing 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: Academic]
^ Monomelic amyotrophy — Monomelic amyotrophy, also known as focal amyotrophy, is a condition that presents clinically with juvenile onset of focal...- Diagnosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis - a knol by Internet Medical Publishing 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: Academic]
^ Benign monomelic amyotrophy of lower limb: a rare entity with a characteristic muscular CT. J Neurol Sci 1994; 126:153.- Diagnosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis - a knol by Internet Medical Publishing 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: Academic]
.^ About 25% of cases are "bulbar onset" ALS. These patients first notice difficulty speaking clearly.
^ Approximately 25% of ALS patients have difficulty speaking as their first symptom.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis ALS: rockin for a cure 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.rockinforacure.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Bulbar ALS is the type of ALS where speaking and swallowing difficulties are the first symptoms.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis ALS: rockin for a cure 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.rockinforacure.org [Source type: Academic]
.^ Speech becomes garbled and slurred.
^ Speech may become slurred, and later there is difficulty chewing or swallowing.- Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis - Genetics Home Reference 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC ghr.nlm.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ He or she may become hoarse or tired after speaking or may have slurred speech.- amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Academic]
.^ Nasality and loss of volume are frequently the first symptoms.
^ First symptoms may be sleep disturbances, nightmares, frequent waking, morning headache and daytime sleepiness as well as shortness of breath on exertion.
^ Symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, and increased frequency of bowel movements may occur with any cholinesterase inhibitor.- UCSF Memory and Aging Center | Treatments and Medications 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC memory.ucsf.edu [Source type: Academic]
.^ Difficulty swallowing, and loss of tongue mobility follow.
^ There may be muscle spasms, weight loss, and difficulty in breathing, eating, and swallowing.- amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Academic]
^ Within a month, the patient had slurred speech, difficulty in swallowing liquids and fasciculations of the tongue.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Lou Gehrig's Disease - March 15, 1999 -American Academy of Family Physicians 20 September 2009 17:15 UTC www.aafp.org [Source type: Academic]
- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Lou Gehrig's Disease - CareCure Forums 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC sci.rutgers.edu [Source type: Academic]
Eventually total loss of speech and the inability to
protect the airway when swallowing are experienced.
.^ As the disease progresses weakness tends to spread and become bilateral.
^ Regardless of the part of the body first affected by the disease, muscle weakness and atrophy spread to other parts of the body as the disease progresses.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Fact Sheet: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.ninds.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis -- TheBrainMatters.org 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.thebrainmatters.org [Source type: Academic]
- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.livingwithcerebralpalsy.com [Source type: Academic]
^ Regardless of the part of the body first affected by the disease, it is usual for muscle weakness and atrophy to spread to other parts of the body as the disease progresses.- Fighting Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), alias Lou Gehrig's Disease 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.squidoo.com [Source type: Academic]
.^ See the entire definition of Dysarthria Dysphagia: Difficulty in swallowing, swallowing problems .- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Glossary of Terms with Definitions on MedicineNet.com 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.medicinenet.com [Source type: Academic]
^ Difficulties in speaking (dysarthria) and swallowing (dysphagia) may occur in the course of the disease.
^ Individuals have increasing problems with moving, swallowing, and speaking or forming words.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis -- TheBrainMatters.org 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.thebrainmatters.org [Source type: Academic]
.^ Symptoms of upper motor neuron damage include stiffness (spasticity), muscle twitching (fasciculations), and muscle shaking (clonus).- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis ALS: rockin for a cure 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.rockinforacure.org [Source type: Academic]
^ The earliest symptoms include muscle twitching, cramping, stiffness, or weakness.- Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis - Genetics Home Reference 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC ghr.nlm.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ Symptoms of lower motor neuron damage include muscle weakness and muscle shrinking (atrophy).- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis ALS: rockin for a cure 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.rockinforacure.org [Source type: Academic]
.^ None had definite upper motor neuron signs or muscle cramps.
^ Damage to upper motor neurons can result in spasticity and exaggerated reflexes.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Glossary of Terms with Definitions on MedicineNet.com 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.medicinenet.com [Source type: Academic]
^ Upper motor neuron signs include the following: .- Diagnosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis - a knol by Internet Medical Publishing 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: Academic]
.^ Fasciculations are tiny movements of muscle beneath the skin while cramps are coarser.
^ Symptoms of upper motor neuron damage include stiffness (spasticity), muscle twitching (fasciculations), and muscle shaking (clonus).- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis ALS: rockin for a cure 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.rockinforacure.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Fasciculation is a sign of muscle irritability, as the normal action of the lower motor neuron on the muscle is impaired.- Les Turner ALS Foundation - What Is ALS? 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.lesturnerals.org [Source type: Academic]
.^ Damage to upper motor neurons can result in spasticity and exaggerated reflexes.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Glossary of Terms with Definitions on MedicineNet.com 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.medicinenet.com [Source type: Academic]
^ ALS affects the motor neurons* of the body.- amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Academic]
^ Evidence of upper motor neuron (UMN) degeneration by clinical examination AND .- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Overview -- GeneReviews -- NCBI Bookshelf 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
.^ Other ALS-causing genes .- Facts About ALS | MDA/ALS Publications 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.als-mda.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Lou Gehrig's disease; ALS; Upper and lower motor neuron disease; Motor neuron disease .- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis - Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis - NY Times Health Information 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC health.nytimes.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis - Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis - NY Times Health Information 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC health.nytimes.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis - Health Information 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.qualityhealth.com [Source type: Academic]
- Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.nlm.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
- Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis - Lifespan 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.lifespan.org [Source type: Academic]
- Walgreens.com | Health Library | Print - Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.walgreens.com [Source type: Academic]
- Saint Thomas Health Services - Health Information - Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.sths.com [Source type: Academic]
- Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis - Baylor Health 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC info.baylorhealth.com [Source type: Academic]
- DHMC | Health Encyclopedia | Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.dhmc.org [Source type: Academic]
- Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis - Hillcrest Health System 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC hillcrest2.adam.com [Source type: Academic]
- Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis - Kootenai Health 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC kootenaihealth.adam.com [Source type: Academic]
- Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.drexelmed.edu [Source type: Academic]
- Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis - Lifespan 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC wwwwww.nwcr.ws [Source type: Academic]
- Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.pennmedicine.org [Source type: Academic]
^ ALS has features of both upper and lower motor neuron damage.- Otolaryngology Aspects of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.bcm.edu [Source type: Academic]
Emerging symptoms
.^ It is a degenerative disease of upper and lower motor neurons that produces progressive weakness of voluntary muscles, with eventual death.- Use of pramipexole to treat amyotrophic lateral sclerosis - Patent 7157480 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.freepatentsonline.com [Source type: Academic]
^ Interpretation of the significance of an SOD1 mutation regarding disease severity and progression depends on the specific mutation identified because of wide variability in genotype / phenotype correlations.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Overview -- GeneReviews -- NCBI Bookshelf 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ The disease progresses most slowly in those who are young and have their first symptoms in the arms and legs.- amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Academic]
.^ How do ALS patients eat when they lose their ability to chew and swallow?- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis ALS: rockin for a cure 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.rockinforacure.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Difficulty swallowing and chewing impair the patient's ability to eat normally and increase the risk of choking.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Fact Sheet: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.ninds.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
- Fighting Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), alias Lou Gehrig's Disease 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.squidoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^ Difficulty chewing and swallowing .- Living with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.med-help.net [Source type: Academic]
Maintaining weight can then become a problem.
.^ The disease does not affect a person's mental abilities.
^ Cognitive abilities usually are not affected.- CIGNA - Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.cigna.com [Source type: Academic]
^ Because the disease usually does not affect cognitive abilities, patients are aware of their progressive loss of function and may become anxious and depressed.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Fact Sheet: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.ninds.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
- Fighting Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), alias Lou Gehrig's Disease 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.squidoo.com [Source type: Academic]
.^ Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is a profound alteration in personality and social conduct characterized by loss of volition and insight, social disinhibition, and distractibility, with preservation of memory function [ Neary et al 1998 ].- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Overview -- GeneReviews -- NCBI Bookshelf 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ A clinical and pathological study of a Japanese case of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/parkinsonism-dementia complex with family history.- Dementia associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.medlink.com [Source type: Academic]
^ About 10 percent of familial ALS patients have been associated with more than 50 mutations of the gene of the Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1).
.^ A larger proportion of patients experience mild problems with word-generation, attention, or decision-making.- Fighting Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), alias Lou Gehrig's Disease 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.squidoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^ Patients experience increasing difficulty moving, swallowing (dysphagia), and speaking or forming words (dysarthria).
^ This years total brings to over $700,000 in research money generated by Ride for Life patients working together to make a difference.- Ride For Life | Helping People Living With ALS - Lou Gehrig's Disease 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC rideforlife.com [Source type: Academic]
.^ Cognitive function may be affected as part of the disease process or could be related to poor breathing at night (nocturnal hypoventilation).- Fighting Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), alias Lou Gehrig's Disease 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.squidoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^ Often referred to as "Lou Gehrig's disease" (a famous baseball player who died from the disease), it is one of the most devastating of the disorders that affects the function of nerves and muscles.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.healthsystem.virginia.edu [Source type: Academic]
- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.montefiore.org [Source type: Academic]
- Main Line Health - Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.mainlinehealth.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Dysarthria, exaggeration of motor expressions, and emotional lability (pseudobulbar affect) may occur when the disease process involves the corticobulbar projections to the brainstem.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: eMedicine Emergency Medicine 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC emedicine.medscape.com [Source type: Academic]
.^ Health care professionals need to explain the course of the disease and describe available treatment options so that patients can make informed decisions in advance.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Fact Sheet: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.ninds.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
- Fighting Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), alias Lou Gehrig's Disease 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.squidoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^ Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health professional before starting any new treatment, making any changes to existing treatment, or altering in any way your current exercise or diet regimen.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) - Topic Overview - Yahoo! Health 20 September 2009 17:15 UTC health.yahoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^ The Lois Insolia ALS Center provides a multidisciplinary approach to patient care, including an individualized treatment plan guided by the patient's personal preferences and wishes.- Les Turner ALS Foundation - What Is ALS? 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.lesturnerals.org [Source type: Academic]
.^ Forced vital capacity was measured and smoking status was noted.- Factors correlated with hypermetabolism in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis -- Desport et al. 74 (3): 328 -- American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.ajcn.org [Source type: Academic]
^ The metabolite changes were also evaluated relative to changes in the Forced Vital Capacity (FVC), a clinical measurement that indicates disease severity.- Biomarkers for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and methods using the same - Patent Application 20070298998 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.freepatentsonline.com [Source type: Academic]
^ Another random coefficient regression was performed for each compound on the FVC (forced vital capacity).- Biomarkers for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and methods using the same - Patent Application 20070298998 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.freepatentsonline.com [Source type: Academic]
.^ This is called limb-onset ALS. .- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis ALS: rockin for a cure 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.rockinforacure.org [Source type: Academic]
^ In 90 to 95% of all ALS cases, the disease occurs apparently at random with no clearly associated risk factors.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) Support Group - DailyStrength 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.dailystrength.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Those with upper limb onset may first notice difficulty in actions such as buttoning clothes, picking up small objects or turning keys.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Lou Gehrig's Disease - March 15, 1999 -American Academy of Family Physicians 20 September 2009 17:15 UTC www.aafp.org [Source type: Academic]
- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Lou Gehrig's Disease - CareCure Forums 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC sci.rutgers.edu [Source type: Academic]
.^ Another form of breathing support, known as invasive ventilation , delivers air through a hole in the trachea, or windpipe.- Facts About ALS | MDA/ALS Publications 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.als-mda.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Bach JR, Alba AS. Intermittent abdominal pressure ventilator in a regimen of noninvasive ventilatory support.- Dr. John R. Bach - The DMD Doc 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.doctorbach.com [Source type: Academic]
^ This type of machine is often called a BiPAP, for bilevel positive airway pressure.- Facts About ALS | MDA/ALS Publications 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.als-mda.org [Source type: Academic]
.^ They also discussed questions concerning the benefits of this type of support, with the aim of letting patients decide on their manner of treatment, with full awareness and authorization regarding whether or not their suffering should be prolonged by using this ventilation support.- Sao Paulo Medical Journal - Physiotherapeutic conduct in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.scielo.br [Source type: Academic]
^ Patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis receiving long-term mechanical ventilation: advance care planning and outcomes.- Dr. John R. Bach - The DMD Doc 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.doctorbach.com [Source type: Academic]
^ Blexrud, MD, Windebank, AJ, Daube, JR. Long-term follow-up of 121 patients with benign fasciculations.- Diagnosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis - a knol by Internet Medical Publishing 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: Academic]
.^ Recently, it was found that some patients with autosomal-dominant familial ALS (FALS) have point mutations in the gene that encodes Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1).- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) - Abstracts : Online Reference for Health Concerns 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.lef.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Some ALS patients choose to use them for only short periods of time or not at all.- amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Academic]
.^ ALS is a rapidly progerssive neuromuscular disease that destroys both upper and lower motor neurons, ultimately causing death, typically from respiratory failure.- CannabisMD Reports : Survey of Cannabis Use in Patients with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.cannabismd.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Since severe bulbar dysfunction is essentially inevitable in ALS, respiratory failure has to eventually develop from saliva obstructing the airways or during intercurrent chest infections.- Dr. John R. Bach - The DMD Doc 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.doctorbach.com [Source type: Academic]
^ In the majority of ALS patients, death is due to respiratory failure caused by the denervation of the respiratory muscles and diaphragm.- Molecular Neurodegeneration | Full text | Experimental models for the study of neurodegeneration in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.molecularneurodegeneration.com [Source type: Academic]
.^ The evolution of the disease is rapid, with death generally occurring between two and five years after diagnosis.- Sao Paulo Medical Journal - Physiotherapeutic conduct in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.scielo.br [Source type: Academic]
^ Death, usually from respiratory insufficiency or aspiration, generally occurs within 3 to 5 years ( 1 ).- Resilience and Distress Among Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Patients and Caregivers -- Rabkin et al. 62 (2): 271 -- Psychosomatic Medicine 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.psychosomaticmedicine.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Once diagnosed, the disease progresses rapidly, and most patients die within three to five years after symptoms appear.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) - Lou Gehrig's Disease, Free Radical Damage, Glutamate - Life Extension Health Concern 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.lef.org [Source type: Academic]
.^ Men are affected more frequently than women.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: eMedicine Neurology 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC emedicine.medscape.com [Source type: Academic]
^ Men are somewhat more likely to develop ALS than are women.- Facts About ALS | MDA/ALS Publications 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.als-mda.org [Source type: Academic]
^ In Brazil, the characteristics are similar to those found in Europe and North America, with a higher prevalence in men (gender ratio of 3:2) and an average onset age of 57 years.- Sao Paulo Medical Journal - Physiotherapeutic conduct in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.scielo.br [Source type: Academic]
.^ Approximately 20,000 people in the United States have ALS, and 5,000 people are diagnosed with ALS each year.- Biomarkers for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and methods using the same - Patent Application 20070298998 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.freepatentsonline.com [Source type: Academic]
^ Therefore, disease prevalence is estimated at 6 per 100,000 population.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: eMedicine Neurology 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC emedicine.medscape.com [Source type: Academic]
^ In the United States, ALS also is called Lou Gehrig’s disease, named for the Yankees baseball player who died of it in 1941.- Facts About ALS | MDA/ALS Publications 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.als-mda.org [Source type: Academic]
.^ Death usually occurs within 2 to 5 years.- SOD1 Gene - GeneCards | SODC Protein | SODC Antibody 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.genecards.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Most people die within 3 years of being diagnosed.- Natural & Alternative Treatments - Hartford Hospital, Connecticut 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.harthosp.org [Source type: Academic]
^ ALS is a rapidly progerssive neuromuscular disease that destroys both upper and lower motor neurons, ultimately causing death, typically from respiratory failure.- CannabisMD Reports : Survey of Cannabis Use in Patients with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.cannabismd.org [Source type: Academic]
.^ Diagnosis and management of motor neurone disease.- NEJM -- Whole-Genome Analysis of Sporadic Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC content.nejm.org [Source type: Academic]
^ In other countries, ALS is sometimes called Motor Neuron Disease.- ALS Information 20 September 2009 17:15 UTC www.cwfo.org [Source type: Academic]
^ ALS is a neurodegenerative disease that affects both upper and lower motor neurons.- ATSDR - Multiple Sclerosis and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.atsdr.cdc.gov [Source type: Academic]
.^ ALS does not affect a person's ability to see, smell, taste, hear, or recognize touch.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Fact Sheet: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.ninds.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ ALS does not affect the senses (sight, smell, taste, hearing, touch), bladder or bowel function, or a person's ability to think or reason.- Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Medical Information 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.drugs.com [Source type: Academic]
- GAMC Glendale, CA - Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, or ALS, is ... 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.glendaleadventist.com [Source type: Academic]
- Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis - Baylor Health 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC info.baylorhealth.com [Source type: Academic]
- Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.drexelmed.edu [Source type: Academic]
- Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.pennmedicine.org [Source type: Academic]
- Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Information at myOptumHealth 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.myoptumhealth.com [Source type: Academic]
^ The disease does not affect a person's mental abilities.
.^ Cannabis may be an option for some patients.- Symptom Management of the Patient With Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: A Guide for Hospice Nurses 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.nursingcenter.com [Source type: Academic]
- Symptom Management of the Patient With Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: A Guide for Hospice Nurses 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.nursingcenter.com [Source type: Academic]
^ Some people with the disease may lose some control over their emotional responses.- Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.alzheimer-adna.com [Source type: Academic]
- Cure Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), Lou Gehrig's disease, pseudobulbar palsy 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.damo-qigong.net [Source type: Academic]
^ Baclofen may reduce muscle spasms in some patients.- CIGNA - Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.cigna.com [Source type: Academic]
.^ Does ALS affect the bladder and bowel?- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis ALS: rockin for a cure 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.rockinforacure.org [Source type: Academic]
^ No single cause for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) explains its entire pathology; indeed, there may be multiple causes resulting in phenotypic similarity.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: eMedicine Emergency Medicine 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC emedicine.medscape.com [Source type: Academic]
^ Constipation results from involvement of abdominal and pelvic muscles, compounded by limited physical exercise, certain medical treatments, and a diet lacking in fiber ( 5 , 10 ).- Factors correlated with hypermetabolism in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis -- Desport et al. 74 (3): 328 -- American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.ajcn.org [Source type: Academic]
Cause and risk factors
.^ The destruction of the neurons in the brain and spinal cord that control movement eventually progresses to the point that all voluntary motor control is lost.- Biomarkers for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and methods using the same - Patent Application 20070298998 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.freepatentsonline.com [Source type: Academic]
^ It is a degenerative disease of upper and lower motor neurons that produces progressive weakness of voluntary muscles, with eventual death.- Use of pramipexole to treat amyotrophic lateral sclerosis - Patent 7157480 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.freepatentsonline.com [Source type: Academic]
^ All cases will end fatally, usually due to the natural course of the motor neuron disorder.- Dementia associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.medlink.com [Source type: Academic]
.^ Mutations in superoxide dismutase 1 as cause of one form of familial ALS .- Molecular Neurodegeneration | Full text | Experimental models for the study of neurodegeneration in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.molecularneurodegeneration.com [Source type: Academic]
^ Oxidative stress in ALS .- Molecular Neurodegeneration | Full text | Experimental models for the study of neurodegeneration in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.molecularneurodegeneration.com [Source type: Academic]
^ A later discovery pinpointed a mutation in the gene that codes for an enzyme, superoxide dismutase (SOD), as responsible for a percentage of familial cases.- amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Academic]
.^ These mtDNA mutations lead to abnormalities in functioning of energy production pathways in mitochondria, resulting in an excessive generation of damaging oxygen derivatives known as “reactive oxygen species” (ROS), including entities called “oxygen free radicals.” When ROS production exceeds the capacity of cellular mechanisms to remove/inactivate ROS, the condition known as “oxidative stress” exists.- Use of pramipexole to treat amyotrophic lateral sclerosis - Patent 7157480 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.freepatentsonline.com [Source type: Academic]
^ S (−) PPX has been shown by several groups to be neuroprotective in cellular and animal models of increased oxidative stress, including MPTP toxicity to dopamine neurons (see U.S. Pat.- Use of pramipexole to treat amyotrophic lateral sclerosis - Patent 7157480 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.freepatentsonline.com [Source type: Academic]
^ Accumulating evidence provides compelling support that a primary etiologic component of sporadic adult NDD relates to mitochondrial dysfunction and the resulting increased cellular oxidative stress.- Use of pramipexole to treat amyotrophic lateral sclerosis - Patent 7157480 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.freepatentsonline.com [Source type: Academic]
.^ These mtDNA mutations lead to abnormalities in functioning of energy production pathways in mitochondria, resulting in an excessive generation of damaging oxygen derivatives known as “reactive oxygen species” (ROS), including entities called “oxygen free radicals.” When ROS production exceeds the capacity of cellular mechanisms to remove/inactivate ROS, the condition known as “oxidative stress” exists.- Use of pramipexole to treat amyotrophic lateral sclerosis - Patent 7157480 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.freepatentsonline.com [Source type: Academic]
^ Cu 2+ /Zn 2+ superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) is an ubiquitously expressed cytoplasmic enzyme that catalyzes the dismutation of the superoxide radical (O 2 - ) into hydrogen peroxide and molecular oxygen and is an important free radical scavenging enzyme that protects cells against oxidative stress.- Molecular Neurodegeneration | Full text | Experimental models for the study of neurodegeneration in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.molecularneurodegeneration.com [Source type: Academic]
^ S (−) PPX has been shown by several groups to be neuroprotective in cellular and animal models of increased oxidative stress, including MPTP toxicity to dopamine neurons (see U.S. Pat.- Use of pramipexole to treat amyotrophic lateral sclerosis - Patent 7157480 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.freepatentsonline.com [Source type: Academic]
.^ Work by the inventor has shown that a critical cell component damaged by oxidative stress in cell models of AD and PD is a particular mitochondrial protein complex known as the “mitochondrial transition pore complex” (MTPC).- Use of pramipexole to treat amyotrophic lateral sclerosis - Patent 7157480 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.freepatentsonline.com [Source type: Academic]
^ How mitochondrial DNA becomes defective in SALS is not known; both maternally inherited and sporadically acquired mechanisms are possible.- Use of pramipexole to treat amyotrophic lateral sclerosis - Patent 7157480 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.freepatentsonline.com [Source type: Academic]
^ Creatine administration protected G93A transgenic mice from increases in biochemical indices of oxidative damage.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) - Abstracts : Online Reference for Health Concerns 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.lef.org [Source type: Academic]
.^ Oxidative damage in neurodegenerative disease.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) - Abstracts : Online Reference for Health Concerns 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.lef.org [Source type: Academic]
^ The role of mitochondria in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) - Abstracts : Online Reference for Health Concerns 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.lef.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Common variation in three genes, including a noncoding variant in CFH, strongly influences risk of age-related macular degeneration.- PLoS ONE: Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: An Emerging Era of Collaborative Gene Discovery 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.plosone.org [Source type: Academic]
.^ The phenotypic data collected on individual controls in this collection is designed for use in gene discovery efforts in ALS as well as other neurodegenerative disorders.- PLoS ONE: Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: An Emerging Era of Collaborative Gene Discovery 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.plosone.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Additional research is now being conducted to find out more about the cause or causes of ALS. .- amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Academic]
^ In another neurodegenerative disorder, Alzheimer's disease, the enzyme glutamine synthetase, which normally catalyzes glutamine formation, is elevated (Tzika et al., 1993 ).- Rats Expressing Human Cytosolic Copper-Zinc Superoxide Dismutase Transgenes with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Associated Mutations Develop Motor Neuron Disease -- Nagai et al. 21 (23): 9246 -- Journal of Neuroscience 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.jneurosci.org [Source type: Academic]
.^ Apoptosis is also called programmed cell death or cell suicide.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Glossary of Terms with Definitions on MedicineNet.com 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.medicinenet.com [Source type: Academic]
^ Oxidative stress in ALS .- Molecular Neurodegeneration | Full text | Experimental models for the study of neurodegeneration in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.molecularneurodegeneration.com [Source type: Academic]
^ But in ALS and other degenerative diseases, it’s possible that the cell death program is activated inappropriately.- Facts About ALS | MDA/ALS Publications 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.als-mda.org [Source type: Academic]
.^ Under some circumstances, programmed cell death is normal.- Facts About ALS | MDA/ALS Publications 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.als-mda.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Most cells have a built-in “suicide” program known as programmed cell death , or apoptosis .- Facts About ALS | MDA/ALS Publications 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.als-mda.org [Source type: Academic]
^ ALS is a rapidly progerssive neuromuscular disease that destroys both upper and lower motor neurons, ultimately causing death, typically from respiratory failure.- CannabisMD Reports : Survey of Cannabis Use in Patients with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.cannabismd.org [Source type: Academic]
Evidence suggests that programmed cell death may be upregulated (as a primary cause of atrophy) in both upper and lower motor neuron populations in ALS.
.^ But in ALS, free radicals may build to toxic levels and damage cells, through an attack process called oxidative stress .- Facts About ALS | MDA/ALS Publications 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.als-mda.org [Source type: Academic]
^ The association of viruses and ALS remains to be established.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) - Abstracts : Online Reference for Health Concerns 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.lef.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Oxidative stressors are well established in sporadic ALS, however the etiology of increased oxidative stress remains obscure.- Use of pramipexole to treat amyotrophic lateral sclerosis - Patent 7157480 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.freepatentsonline.com [Source type: Academic]
.^ Testing for heavy metals if exposure is suspected .- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Overview -- GeneReviews -- NCBI Bookshelf 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ Immune system abnormalities .- Facts About ALS | MDA/ALS Publications 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.als-mda.org [Source type: Academic]
^ ALS patients were diagnosed on the basis of characteristic clinical course, physical and electrodiagnostic findings, and absence of evidence of spondylotic myelopathy, paraproteinemias, hyperparathyroidism, Lyme disease, glycoprotein antibodies, and vitamin E toxicity.- Dr. John R. Bach - The DMD Doc 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.doctorbach.com [Source type: Academic]
.^ Oxidative stress in ALS .- Molecular Neurodegeneration | Full text | Experimental models for the study of neurodegeneration in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.molecularneurodegeneration.com [Source type: Academic]
^ A combination of oxidative stress, glutamate excitotoxicity, mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammation, and apoptosis has repeatedly been proposed [ Cleveland & Rothstein 2001 ] but not validated: .- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Overview -- GeneReviews -- NCBI Bookshelf 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ SOD1 is ubiquitously expressed, in many tissues at higher levels than in the brain and spinal cord (Marklund, 1984 ; Jonsson et al ., 2004 ).- Disulphide-reduced superoxide dismutase-1 in CNS of transgenic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis models -- Jonsson et al. 129 (2): 451 -- Brain 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC brain.oxfordjournals.org [Source type: Academic]
.^ Familial ALS Of ALS cases, 5-10% are familial with a Mendelian pattern of inheritance.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: eMedicine Neurology 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC emedicine.medscape.com [Source type: Academic]
^ About 10% of ALS cases are hereditary.- amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Academic]
^ Familial cases constitute 5 – 10% of cases which are caused by mutations of the human superoxide dismutase in 20% of familial ALS [ 6 , 7 ].- BioMed Central | Full text | Widespread sensorimotor and frontal cortical atrophy in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.biomedcentral.com [Source type: Academic]
.^ Other ALS-causing genes .- Facts About ALS | MDA/ALS Publications 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.als-mda.org [Source type: Academic]
^ However, most cases of ALS are sporadic, and genetic factors may contribute to the risk for disease.- PLoS ONE: Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: An Emerging Era of Collaborative Gene Discovery 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.plosone.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Other mutations as cause of familial ALS .- Molecular Neurodegeneration | Full text | Experimental models for the study of neurodegeneration in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.molecularneurodegeneration.com [Source type: Academic]
[7]
.^ Hyperthyroidism, infection, and inflammation can cause an increase in REE; however, these conditions were not a factor in our study because none of the hypermetabolic patients was hyperthyroid and patients with clinical infection were excluded.- Factors correlated with hypermetabolism in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis -- Desport et al. 74 (3): 328 -- American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.ajcn.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Environmental exposures have been proposed as the explanation for an increased incidence of ALS in Gulf War veterans [ Haley 2003 , Horner et al 2003 ].- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Overview -- GeneReviews -- NCBI Bookshelf 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ Our data indicate that high-incidence ALS in the Western Pacific may result from Ca-Mg dysmetabolism with resultant deposition of Al .- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) - Abstracts : Online Reference for Health Concerns 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.lef.org [Source type: Academic]
.^ Overlap syndromes exist, such as ALS-Parkinson-Dementia Complex of Guam where an association with a food chain concentration of the neurotoxic amino acid beta-methylamino-l-alanine (BMAA) [ 5 ] has been found.- BioMed Central | Full text | Widespread sensorimotor and frontal cortical atrophy in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.biomedcentral.com [Source type: Academic]
^ A high incidence of ALS on the island of Guam has led to the idea that the cycad seed, ingested on the island, could be an ALS trigger.- Facts About ALS | MDA/ALS Publications 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.als-mda.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Unproven risk factors include ingestion of lead or agricultural chemicals, physical prowess (excellence in athletics), and intake of dietary glutamate.
.^ The hypothesis that cytokines play a role in the genesis of neuronal damage in ALS was raised by several authors ( 42 , 43 ).- Factors correlated with hypermetabolism in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis -- Desport et al. 74 (3): 328 -- American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.ajcn.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Chancellor AM, Warlow CP: Adult onset motor neuron disease: worldwide mortality, incidence and distribution since 1950.- Molecular Neurodegeneration | Full text | Experimental models for the study of neurodegeneration in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.molecularneurodegeneration.com [Source type: Academic]
^ For example, it is known that certain doses of selegiline (higher than those used in the study) can lead to serious interactions with some types of foods and certain medications.- UCSF Memory and Aging Center | Treatments and Medications 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC memory.ucsf.edu [Source type: Academic]
[9][10]
.^ In contrast, a prospective study in a contemporary cohort of veterans 53 that alleged an increased risk of ALS associated with deployment to the Persian Gulf in the first Gulf War (see discussion below) showed no overall increased incidence of ALS associated with contemporary military service (Class I Evidence).- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: eMedicine Neurology 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC emedicine.medscape.com [Source type: Academic]
^ While mutations in ANG have not been robustly linked with ALS as a Mendelian disorder, they most likely constitute a risk factor in certain populations.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Overview -- GeneReviews -- NCBI Bookshelf 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ Family history is associated with an increased risk of ALS, and many Mendelian causes have been discovered.- PLoS ONE: Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: An Emerging Era of Collaborative Gene Discovery 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.plosone.org [Source type: Academic]
.^ In general, individuals younger than age 55 years at onset of symptoms survive longer, regardless of gender [ Magnus et al 2002 ].- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Overview -- GeneReviews -- NCBI Bookshelf 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ The finding of an mREE value that was 10.1% greater in the ALS patients than in the control group confirmed the existence of hypermetabolism in ALS patients.- Factors correlated with hypermetabolism in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis -- Desport et al. 74 (3): 328 -- American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.ajcn.org [Source type: Academic]
^ FLAIR images displayed a hyperintense signal with a higher specificity than other modalities along the descending pyramidal tract of ALS patients [ 11 ].- BioMed Central | Full text | Widespread sensorimotor and frontal cortical atrophy in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.biomedcentral.com [Source type: Academic]
.^ Further, subjects with ALS may generally metabolize xenobiotics differently than healthy individuals or individuals suffering from illnesses that have symptoms similar to ALS symptoms.- Biomarkers for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and methods using the same - Patent Application 20070298998 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.freepatentsonline.com [Source type: Academic]
.^ In contrast, a prospective study in a contemporary cohort of veterans 53 that alleged an increased risk of ALS associated with deployment to the Persian Gulf in the first Gulf War (see discussion below) showed no overall increased incidence of ALS associated with contemporary military service (Class I Evidence).- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: eMedicine Neurology 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC emedicine.medscape.com [Source type: Academic]
^ Armon C. Occurrence of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis among Gulf War veterans.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: eMedicine Neurology 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC emedicine.medscape.com [Source type: Academic]
^ Haley RW. Excess incidence of ALS in young Gulf War veterans.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: eMedicine Neurology 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC emedicine.medscape.com [Source type: Academic]
[12][13]
Dietary intake of
polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) has been shown in several studies to decrease the risk of developing ALS and other neurodegenerative disorders, probably through several mechanisms, including promotion of neurotrophins such as BDNF
[14][15]Pathophysiology
SOD1
.^ The finding of a single-site mutation in the Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD1) gene in familial ALS (FALS) patients (2 , 3) linked this disease to free radicals (4) .- The roles of free radicals in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: reactive oxygen species and elevated oxidation of protein, DNA, and membrane phospholipids -- LIU et al. 13 (15): 2318 -- The FASEB Journal 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.fasebj.org [Source type: Academic]
^ In ~25% of familial cases, the disease is caused by mutations in the gene encoding cytosolic copper-zinc superoxide dismutase ( SOD1 ) (Rosen et al., 1993 ).- Rats Expressing Human Cytosolic Copper-Zinc Superoxide Dismutase Transgenes with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Associated Mutations Develop Motor Neuron Disease -- Nagai et al. 21 (23): 9246 -- Journal of Neuroscience 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.jneurosci.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Recently, it was found that some patients with autosomal-dominant familial ALS (FALS) have point mutations in the gene that encodes Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1).- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) - Abstracts : Online Reference for Health Concerns 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.lef.org [Source type: Academic]
.^ Mitochondria, free radicals, and neurodegeneration.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) - Abstracts : Online Reference for Health Concerns 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.lef.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Spontaneous swallows with the same characteristics have been observed and produced in normal subjects under some special conditions or during sleep (Fig.- Pathophysiological mechanisms of oropharyngeal dysphagia in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis -- Ertekin et al. 123 (1): 125 -- Brain 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC brain.oxfordjournals.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Brain cell damage caused by free radicals may play a role in Alzheimer’s disease.- UCSF Memory and Aging Center | Treatments and Medications 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC memory.ucsf.edu [Source type: Academic]
.^ Free radicals are very active chemicals that can damage living cells.- amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Academic]
^ Free radical damage is implicated in the course of many diseases, including age-related dementias.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) - Abstracts : Online Reference for Health Concerns 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.lef.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Brain cell damage caused by free radicals may play a role in Alzheimer’s disease.- UCSF Memory and Aging Center | Treatments and Medications 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC memory.ucsf.edu [Source type: Academic]
.^ Apoptosis is also called programmed cell death or cell suicide.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Glossary of Terms with Definitions on MedicineNet.com 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.medicinenet.com [Source type: Academic]
^ But in ALS and other degenerative diseases, it’s possible that the cell death program is activated inappropriately.- Facts About ALS | MDA/ALS Publications 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.als-mda.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Most cells have a built-in “suicide” program known as programmed cell death , or apoptosis .- Facts About ALS | MDA/ALS Publications 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.als-mda.org [Source type: Academic]
.^ Although it is not yet clear how the SOD1 gene mutation leads to motor neuron degeneration, researchers have theorized that an accumulation of free radicals may result from the faulty functioning of this gene.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Fact Sheet: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.ninds.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ Motor neuron disease and exposure to lead.- Association of Lead Exposure with Survival in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC ehp03.niehs.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ The progressive degeneration of the motor neurons in ALS eventually lead to their death.- Fighting Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), alias Lou Gehrig's Disease 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.squidoo.com [Source type: Academic]
.^ Researchers have been unsuccessful in finding the cause of motor neuron death.- amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Academic]
^ Mutant dynactin in motor neuron disease.- PLoS ONE: Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: An Emerging Era of Collaborative Gene Discovery 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.plosone.org [Source type: Academic]
^ It is a degenerative disease of upper and lower motor neurons that produces progressive weakness of voluntary muscles, with eventual death.- Use of pramipexole to treat amyotrophic lateral sclerosis - Patent 7157480 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.freepatentsonline.com [Source type: Academic]
[16][17]
.^ Chronic treatment with L-threonine in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a pilot study.- Natural & Alternative Treatments - Hartford Hospital, Connecticut 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.harthosp.org [Source type: Academic]
^ PubMed ] Siddique T. Molecular genetics of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Overview -- GeneReviews -- NCBI Bookshelf 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ Familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.- Dementia associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.medlink.com [Source type: Academic]
.^ Find this article online Ignacio S, Moore DH, Smith AP, Lee NM (2005) Effect of neuroprotective drugs on gene expression in G93A/SOD1 mice.- PLoS ONE: Beyond Parkinson Disease: Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and the Axon Guidance Pathway 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.plosone.org [Source type: Academic]
^ The finding of a single-site mutation in the Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD1) gene in familial ALS (FALS) patients (2 , 3) linked this disease to free radicals (4) .- The roles of free radicals in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: reactive oxygen species and elevated oxidation of protein, DNA, and membrane phospholipids -- LIU et al. 13 (15): 2318 -- The FASEB Journal 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.fasebj.org [Source type: Academic]
^ In ~25% of familial cases, the disease is caused by mutations in the gene encoding cytosolic copper-zinc superoxide dismutase ( SOD1 ) (Rosen et al., 1993 ).- Rats Expressing Human Cytosolic Copper-Zinc Superoxide Dismutase Transgenes with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Associated Mutations Develop Motor Neuron Disease -- Nagai et al. 21 (23): 9246 -- Journal of Neuroscience 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.jneurosci.org [Source type: Academic]
.^ Second, the nature of the pathology is dependent on the properties of the mutant SOD1 protein.- Rats Expressing Human Cytosolic Copper-Zinc Superoxide Dismutase Transgenes with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Associated Mutations Develop Motor Neuron Disease -- Nagai et al. 21 (23): 9246 -- Journal of Neuroscience 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.jneurosci.org [Source type: Academic]
^ The duration of the CP-EMG pause was also shorter than in normal subjects, probably as a result of these abnormal changes.- Pathophysiological mechanisms of oropharyngeal dysphagia in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis -- Ertekin et al. 123 (1): 125 -- Brain 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC brain.oxfordjournals.org [Source type: Academic]
^ That the primary abnormality is not loss of SOD1 dismutation activity is supported by the observation that many mutant forms of SOD1 retain nearly normal SOD1 activity.- Rats Expressing Human Cytosolic Copper-Zinc Superoxide Dismutase Transgenes with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Associated Mutations Develop Motor Neuron Disease -- Nagai et al. 21 (23): 9246 -- Journal of Neuroscience 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.jneurosci.org [Source type: Academic]
.^ ALS occurs in both sporadic and familial forms.- Use of pramipexole to treat amyotrophic lateral sclerosis - Patent 7157480 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.freepatentsonline.com [Source type: Academic]
^ Protein aggregation in ALS .- Molecular Neurodegeneration | Full text | Experimental models for the study of neurodegeneration in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.molecularneurodegeneration.com [Source type: Academic]
^ Recently, it was found that some patients with autosomal-dominant familial ALS (FALS) have point mutations in the gene that encodes Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1).- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) - Abstracts : Online Reference for Health Concerns 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.lef.org [Source type: Academic]
.^ Motor neuron disease: G12.2 .- Dementia associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.medlink.com [Source type: Academic]
^ SOD1-ALS is a lower motor neuron form of the disease.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: eMedicine Neurology 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC emedicine.medscape.com [Source type: Academic]
^ Mutant dynactin in motor neuron disease.- PLoS ONE: Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: An Emerging Era of Collaborative Gene Discovery 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.plosone.org [Source type: Academic]
[18] .^ SOD1 proteins are degraded by the proteasome complex.- Oxidative stress causes abnormal accumulation of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-related mutant SOD1 in transgenic Caenorhabditis elegans -- Oeda et al. 10 (19): 2013 -- Human Molecular Genetics 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC hmg.oxfordjournals.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Creatine plays a role in cellular energy metabolism and potentially has a role in protein metabolism.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) - Abstracts : Online Reference for Health Concerns 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.lef.org [Source type: Academic]
^ In conclusion, we found that oxidative damage inhibits the degradation of FALS-related mutant human SOD1 proteins, resulting in the aberrant accumulation of mutant proteins and aggregate formation.- Oxidative stress causes abnormal accumulation of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-related mutant SOD1 in transgenic Caenorhabditis elegans -- Oeda et al. 10 (19): 2013 -- Human Molecular Genetics 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC hmg.oxfordjournals.org [Source type: Academic]
[19] .^ Increased oxidative damage in macromolecules has also been demonstrated in the transgenic mutant SOD1 mouse, [ 100 - 104 ] suggesting that oxidative stress could be involved in FALS pathogenesis.- Molecular Neurodegeneration | Full text | Experimental models for the study of neurodegeneration in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.molecularneurodegeneration.com [Source type: Academic]
^ Our results suggest that the specific interaction and aggregation of CCS-SOD1 (probably CCS-mutant SOD1) in SOD1-mutated FALS patients may amplify the formation of inclusions and emphasize a more marked mutant SOD1-mediated toxicity.
^ Mutations in the superoxide dismutase 1 (sod1) gene cause familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (FALS), likely due to the toxic properties of misfolded mutant SOD1 protein.- First 'Neuroprotective' Gene In Patients With Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Isolated - ALS/MND Support Group Forums 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.alsforums.com [Source type: Academic]
.^ The main limitation of our model is that, although glutamate-mediated overactivation of AMPA receptors may be a relevant mechanism of spinal motoneuron degeneration in ALS, convincing evidence that this occurs in the human disease has not yet been obtained.- Molecular Neurodegeneration | Full text | Experimental models for the study of neurodegeneration in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.molecularneurodegeneration.com [Source type: Academic]
^ By simple inference from the data of this study, one can predict that humans heterozygous for SOD1 mutations (50% of the control synthesis rate), would develop terminal disease at 25/0.5 x 1 year = 50 years of age, as is actually the case (Andersen et al ., 2003 ).- Disulphide-reduced superoxide dismutase-1 in CNS of transgenic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis models -- Jonsson et al. 129 (2): 451 -- Brain 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC brain.oxfordjournals.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Mutations in superoxide dismutase 1 as cause of one form of familial ALS .- Molecular Neurodegeneration | Full text | Experimental models for the study of neurodegeneration in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.molecularneurodegeneration.com [Source type: Academic]
.^ Experimental models for the study of ALS .- Molecular Neurodegeneration | Full text | Experimental models for the study of neurodegeneration in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.molecularneurodegeneration.com [Source type: Academic]
^ To date, 114 different SOD1 mutations have been identified in ALS patients, with all but one, D90A, showing a dominant mode of inheritance (Andersen et al ., 2003 ).- Disulphide-reduced superoxide dismutase-1 in CNS of transgenic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis models -- Jonsson et al. 129 (2): 451 -- Brain 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC brain.oxfordjournals.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Diagnosis is best made by a neurologist, as there is no one specific test for ALS. Rather, a combination of signs and symptoms suggest the disease.
Other factors
.^ Studies also have focused on the role of glutamate in motor neuron degeneration.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Fact Sheet: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.ninds.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ The disease is characterized by muscular atrophy and weakness due to degeneration of spinal motor neurons and by hyperreflexia after loss of cerebral cortical motor neurons.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, Lead, and Genetic Susceptibility: Polymorphisms in the -Aminolevulinic Acid Dehydratase and Vitamin D Receptor Genes 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC ehp03.niehs.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ Researchers are conducting studies to increase their understanding of genes that may cause the disease, mechanisms that can trigger motor neurons to degenerate in ALS, and approaches to stop the progress leading to cell death.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), Robert Wood Johnson University Hospital, New Brunswick, NJ, 08903 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.rwjuh.edu [Source type: Academic]
- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.montefiore.org [Source type: Academic]
.^ Glutamate is the main excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain.
^ Glutamate is one of the chemical messengers or neurotransmitters in the brain.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Fact Sheet: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.ninds.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ Glutamate and ascorbate (vitamin C) are the two main excitatory neurotransmitters in the brain with glutamate being responsible for 75% of it.- ~Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), Part 3 - Diet and Supplements 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.lifeextensionvitamins.com [Source type: Academic]
.^ ALS and were compared to healthy controls.- ~Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), Part 3 - Diet and Supplements 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.lifeextensionvitamins.com [Source type: Academic]
^ Scientists have found that, compared to healthy people, ALS patients have higher levels of glutamate in the serum and spinal fluid.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Fact Sheet: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.ninds.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ Researchers found a set of 11 proteins that were significantly higher in the spinal fluid of ALS patients.- Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis W::PROTEomicsSURF 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC proteomicssurf.wcyte.com [Source type: Academic]
[6] .^ As muscle cells are not used, they begin to die off.- amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Academic]
^ Laboratory studies have demonstrated that neurons begin to die off when they are exposed over long periods to excessive amounts of glutamate.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Fact Sheet: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.ninds.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ Early studies show that stem cells may have the ability to repair or replace the motor neurons damaged by ALS, but clinical use or clinical trials with stem cell therapy is still a long way off.- MayoClinic.com Health Library - Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.riversideonline.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ The leading cause of death for ALS patients is respiratory failure.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Part 1 of 2 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.massagetoday.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Now, scientists are trying to understand what mechanisms lead to a buildup of unneeded glutamate in the spinal fluid and how this imbalance could contribute to the development of ALS. .- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Fact Sheet: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.ninds.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ It is proposed that excess glutamate (an excitatory neurotransmitter) reaches toxic concentrations in the synapses, causing the neurons in the central nervous system to die.- USPharmacist.com > The Management of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.uspharmacist.com [Source type: Academic]
.^ Riluzole is the only currently FDA-approved drug for the treatment of ALS. Its mechanism of action is thought to be glutamate inhibition.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Overview -- GeneReviews -- NCBI Bookshelf 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ Ceftriaxone was identified after a search through already approved drugs for a compound that was effective at stimulating expression of astrocytic glutamate transporter, which could reduce excitotoxicity by inactivating synaptic glutamate.
^ Riluzole is the only currently FDA-approved drug for treatment of ALS. Oral secretions in those with bulbar symptoms can be reduced with tricylic antidepressants and other anticholinergic agents.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Overview -- GeneReviews -- NCBI Bookshelf 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
.^ The disease is inherited in 5-10% of cases leading to familial forms Defects in ALS2 are the cause of juvenile primary lateral sclerosis (JPLS) [MIM:606353].- ALS2 Gene - GeneCards | ALS2 Protein | ALS2 Antibody 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.genecards.org [Source type: Academic]
^ In humans, subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord and brain, a primary demyelinating disease, is caused by cobalamin or methyltetrahydrofolate deficiency.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) - Abstracts : Online Reference for Health Concerns 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.lef.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Many patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS; motor neuron disease) use natural or traditional therapies of unproven benefit.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) - Abstracts : Online Reference for Health Concerns 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.lef.org [Source type: Academic]
.^ Riluzole, a glutamate antagonist, is the only pharmacologic treatment for ALS approved by Health Canada and the United States Food and Drug Administration.
^ In this framework, the purpose of the present article is to review the available experimental animal models of ALS. .- Molecular Neurodegeneration | Full text | Experimental models for the study of neurodegeneration in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.molecularneurodegeneration.com [Source type: Academic]
^ Riluzole is the only currently FDA-approved drug for the treatment of ALS. Its mechanism of action is thought to be glutamate inhibition.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Overview -- GeneReviews -- NCBI Bookshelf 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
.^ See the entire definition of Clinical trials Cognitive: Pertaining to cognition , the process of knowing and, more precisely, the process of being aware, knowing, thinking, learning and judging.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Glossary of Terms with Definitions on MedicineNet.com 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.medicinenet.com [Source type: Academic]
^ Currently, doses of 240 mg/day of GB are being studied in a multi-site trial.- UCSF Memory and Aging Center | Treatments and Medications 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC memory.ucsf.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ Compounds currently being evaluated in phase III trials include minocycline, IGF-1 polypeptide, ceftriaxone, and ONO-2506.
.^ The altered axons may impair transmission of impulses from nerves to muscles.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis - Medpedia 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC wiki.medpedia.com [Source type: Academic]
^ The progressive degeneration of the motor neurons in ALS eventually lead to their death.- Fighting Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), alias Lou Gehrig's Disease 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.squidoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^ One cause of brain cell death is glutamate toxicity.- ~Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), Part 3 - Diet and Supplements 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.lifeextensionvitamins.com [Source type: Academic]
.^ Since it is more active in the central nervous system and less in peripheral tissues, donepezil produces fewer side effects than tacrine.- UCSF Memory and Aging Center | Treatments and Medications 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC memory.ucsf.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ Bergmann M, Volpel M, Kuchelmeister K: Onuf's nucleus is frequently involved in motor neuron disease/amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.- BioMed Central | Full text | Widespread sensorimotor and frontal cortical atrophy in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.biomedcentral.com [Source type: Academic]
^ Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease involving both upper motor neurons (UMNs) and lower motor neurons (LMNs).- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Overview -- GeneReviews -- NCBI Bookshelf 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
.^ Researchers are studying several possible causes of ALS, including: .- Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC cgi.cnn.com [Source type: General]
- Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.cnn.com [Source type: General]
^ In searching for the cause of ALS, researchers have also studied environmental factors such as exposure to toxic or infectious agents.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Fact Sheet: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.ninds.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ Is ALS caused by environmental factors?- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis ALS: rockin for a cure 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.rockinforacure.org [Source type: Academic]
.^ Other research has examined the possible role of dietary deficiency or trauma.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Fact Sheet: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.ninds.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ By exploring these and other possible factors, researchers hope to find the cause or causes of motor neuron degeneration in ALS and develop therapies to slow the progression of the disease.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Fact Sheet: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.ninds.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ Prions seem to have a preference for the nervous system, so they’re being examined for a possible role in ALS. .- Facts About ALS | MDA/ALS Publications 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.als-mda.org [Source type: Academic]
However, while the personal histories of many people who develop als do include these types of factors, as of yet, no study has produced evidence sufficient to directly implicate these factors as causes of ALS.
One possible exception is smoking which, in a study the results of which were published in 2009, was determined to be an "established" risk factor for ALS.
[20]Future research may show that many factors, including a genetic predisposition, are involved in the development of ALS.
Diagnosis
.^ Diagnosis and management of motor neurone disease.- NEJM -- Whole-Genome Analysis of Sporadic Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC content.nejm.org [Source type: Academic]
^ The hallmark of ALS is the combination of upper motor neuron (UMN) and lower motor neuron (LMN) involvement.- Pharmacologic treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis - a knol by iMedPub 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: Academic]
^ Diagnosis of ALS is made on the basis of a combination of upper motor neuron (UMN) and lower motor neuron (LMN) findings.- Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
- Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.cfpc.ca [Source type: Academic]
.^ Symptoms Early signs and symptoms of ALS include: .- Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC cgi.cnn.com [Source type: General]
- Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.cnn.com [Source type: General]
^ Only through clinical examination and a series of diagnostic tests to rule out other diseases can a diagnosis be established.- AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.dhs.state.or.us [Source type: Academic]
^ Tests to rule out other conditions may include: .- Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC cgi.cnn.com [Source type: General]
- Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.cnn.com [Source type: General]
- Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS): Tests and diagnosis - MayoClinic.com 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.mayoclinic.com [Source type: Academic]
- georgiahealthinfo.gov 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC georgiahealthinfo.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Muscle weakness in ALS patients .- ALS - Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.1888discuss.com [Source type: Academic]
^ A diagnosis is made by patient history and a neurological examination.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis -- eCureMe.com 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.ecureme.com [Source type: Academic]
^ The patient or physician usually notices fasciculation, or muscle twitching.- Les Turner ALS Foundation - What Is ALS? 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.lesturnerals.org [Source type: Academic]
.^ Because symptoms of ALS can be similar to those of a wide variety of other, more treatable diseases or disorders, appropriate tests must be conducted to exclude the possibility of other conditions.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Fact Sheet: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.ninds.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ Blood tests to rule out other conditions that may cause similar symptoms .
^ Are there diseases similar to ALS? .- Les Turner ALS Foundation - What Is ALS? 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.lesturnerals.org [Source type: Academic]
.^ Electromyography, or EMG, involves testing the electrical activity of muscles.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (Lou Gehrig Disease) Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prognosis Information on eMedicineHealth.com 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.emedicinehealth.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ One of these tests is electromyography (EMG), a special recording technique that detects electrical activity in muscles.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Fact Sheet: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.ninds.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ Diagnostic tests include MRI (magnetic resonance imaging), EMG (electromyogram), muscle biopsy, and blood tests.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis ALS: rockin for a cure 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.rockinforacure.org [Source type: Academic]
.^ This finding is supported by histological evidence of reduced expression of the alpha1-subunit of the GABA A receptor in ALS motor cortex [ 19 ].- BioMed Central | Full text | Widespread sensorimotor and frontal cortical atrophy in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.biomedcentral.com [Source type: Academic]
^ ELECTRODIAGNOSTIC STUDIES Electromyography — The EMG findings in ALS combine features of acute and chronic denervation [12,13] .- Diagnosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis - a knol by Internet Medical Publishing 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: Academic]
^ Electromyography — The EMG findings in ALS combine features of acute and chronic denervation [ 12,13 ] .- Diagnosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis - a knol by Internet Medical Publishing 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: Academic]
.^ MRI: Abbreviation and nickname for magnetic resonance imaging .- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Glossary of Terms with Definitions on MedicineNet.com 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.medicinenet.com [Source type: Academic]
^ Neuroimaging of brain and/or spinal cord .- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Overview -- GeneReviews -- NCBI Bookshelf 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ The spinal cord consists of nerve fibers that transmit impulses to and from the brain.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Glossary of Terms with Definitions on MedicineNet.com 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.medicinenet.com [Source type: Academic]
.^ Other mutations as cause of familial ALS .- Molecular Neurodegeneration | Full text | Experimental models for the study of neurodegeneration in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.molecularneurodegeneration.com [Source type: Academic]
^ Some patients were also investigated by cranial and/or cervical MRI and by CT scanning.- Pathophysiological mechanisms of oropharyngeal dysphagia in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis -- Ertekin et al. 123 (1): 125 -- Brain 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC brain.oxfordjournals.org [Source type: Academic]
^ See the entire definition of NIH NINDS: Stands for the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, one of the National Institutes of Health in the U.S., whose mission is to "support and conduct research and research training on the normal structure and function of the nervous system and on the causes, prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of more than 600 nervous system disorders including stroke , epilepsy , multiple sclerosis , Parkinson's disease, head and spinal cord injury, Alzheimer's disease, and brain tumors."- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Glossary of Terms with Definitions on MedicineNet.com 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.medicinenet.com [Source type: Academic]
.^ The ALS test requires a blood sample.
^ Routine laboratory findings are not helpful.- Pathology of Degenerative CNS Diseases 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC library.med.utah.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ Blood and urine tests.- Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC cgi.cnn.com [Source type: General]
- Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.cnn.com [Source type: General]
- MayoClinic.com Health Library - Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.riversideonline.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- georgiahealthinfo.gov 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC georgiahealthinfo.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Cannabis may be an option for some patients.- Symptom Management of the Patient With Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: A Guide for Hospice Nurses 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.nursingcenter.com [Source type: Academic]
- Symptom Management of the Patient With Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: A Guide for Hospice Nurses 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.nursingcenter.com [Source type: Academic]
^ Some of the effects of ALS may be painful.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis ALS: rockin for a cure 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.rockinforacure.org [Source type: Academic]
^ If your doctor believes you may have a muscle disease rather than ALS, you may undergo a muscle biopsy.- Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC cgi.cnn.com [Source type: General]
- Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.cnn.com [Source type: General]
- MayoClinic.com Health Library - Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.riversideonline.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- georgiahealthinfo.gov 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC georgiahealthinfo.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ The types of neuromuscular diseases associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection are described.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) - Abstracts : Online Reference for Health Concerns 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.lef.org [Source type: Academic]
^ HTLV: Human T-lymphotropic virus .- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Glossary of Terms with Definitions on MedicineNet.com 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.medicinenet.com [Source type: Academic]
^ Neuromuscular diseases associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) - Abstracts : Online Reference for Health Concerns 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.lef.org [Source type: Academic]
.^ ALS1 is a familial form of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, a neurodegenerative disorder affecting upper and lower motor neurons and resulting in fatal paralysis.- SOD1 Gene - GeneCards | SODC Protein | SODC Antibody 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.genecards.org [Source type: Academic]
^ See the entire definition of NIH NINDS: Stands for the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, one of the National Institutes of Health in the U.S., whose mission is to "support and conduct research and research training on the normal structure and function of the nervous system and on the causes, prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of more than 600 nervous system disorders including stroke , epilepsy , multiple sclerosis , Parkinson's disease, head and spinal cord injury, Alzheimer's disease, and brain tumors."- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Glossary of Terms with Definitions on MedicineNet.com 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.medicinenet.com [Source type: Academic]
^ Genetic testing is not a routine part of the diagnostic evaluation in ALS but can be helpful in making the diagnosis in two genetic disorders (Kennedy syndrome and adult-onset Tay-Sachs disease) that mimic ALS. Muscle biopsy is not a routine part of the diagnostic evaluation of ALS but should be performed if there is clinical suspicion of inflammatory myopathy.- Diagnosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis - a knol by Internet Medical Publishing 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: Academic]
.^ Genetic testing is not a routine part of the diagnostic evaluation in ALS but can be helpful in making the diagnosis in two genetic disorders (Kennedy syndrome and adult-onset Tay-Sachs disease) that mimic ALS. Muscle biopsy is not a routine part of the diagnostic evaluation of ALS but should be performed if there is clinical suspicion of inflammatory myopathy.- Diagnosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis - a knol by Internet Medical Publishing 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: Academic]
^ We examined the family history and associated diseases in 58 patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), as well as the T-cell phenotypes and functions in 46 consecutive patients with this disorder.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) - Abstracts : Online Reference for Health Concerns 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.lef.org [Source type: Academic]
^ In another neurodegenerative disorder, Alzheimer's disease, the enzyme glutamine synthetase, which normally catalyzes glutamine formation, is elevated (Tzika et al., 1993 ).- Rats Expressing Human Cytosolic Copper-Zinc Superoxide Dismutase Transgenes with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Associated Mutations Develop Motor Neuron Disease -- Nagai et al. 21 (23): 9246 -- Journal of Neuroscience 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.jneurosci.org [Source type: Academic]
.^ To date, 114 different SOD1 mutations have been identified in ALS patients, with all but one, D90A, showing a dominant mode of inheritance (Andersen et al ., 2003 ).- Disulphide-reduced superoxide dismutase-1 in CNS of transgenic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis models -- Jonsson et al. 129 (2): 451 -- Brain 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC brain.oxfordjournals.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Further studies and analysis of pathology tissue from a p.Arg521Gly-positive individual showed diffuse ubiquitin positivity indicating cytoplasmic retention and aggregation of the mutant protein.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Overview -- GeneReviews -- NCBI Bookshelf 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ SOD1 is ubiquitously expressed, in many tissues at higher levels than in the brain and spinal cord (Marklund, 1984 ; Jonsson et al ., 2004 ).- Disulphide-reduced superoxide dismutase-1 in CNS of transgenic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis models -- Jonsson et al. 129 (2): 451 -- Brain 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC brain.oxfordjournals.org [Source type: Academic]
.^ To test these hypotheses, we analyzed two whole-genome association datasets, one for ALS and one for PD [19] , [20] .- PLoS ONE: Beyond Parkinson Disease: Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and the Axon Guidance Pathway 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.plosone.org [Source type: Academic]
^ The method of claim 1, wherein the ALS-negative reference levels of the one or more biomarkers comprise levels of the one or more biomarkers in one or more samples from one or more subjects not having ALS and the ALS-positive reference levels of the one or more biomarkers comprise levels of the one or more biomarkers in one or more samples from one or more subjects diagnosed with ALS. 3.- Biomarkers for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and methods using the same - Patent Application 20070298998 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.freepatentsonline.com [Source type: Academic]
^ Patients meeting criteria for dementia not typical of a frontotemporal lobar degeneration shall be diagnosed with ALS-dementia (ie, ALS- Alzheimer disease , ALS-vascular dementia, ALS-mixed dementia).- Dementia associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.medlink.com [Source type: Academic]
A third 6.7 kD cationic peptide has not yet been identified.
.^ The level(s) of the one or more biomarkers in the biological sample may also be compared to ALS-positive and/or ALS-negative reference levels using one or more statistical analyses (e.g., t-test, Welch's T-test, Wilcoxon's rank sum test, random forest).- Biomarkers for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and methods using the same - Patent Application 20070298998 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.freepatentsonline.com [Source type: Academic]
^ These increases are far less than the 824-fold increases in hSOD1 protein, suggesting that CCS may be limiting with regard to Cu-charging in the transgenic mice.- Disulphide-reduced superoxide dismutase-1 in CNS of transgenic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis models -- Jonsson et al. 129 (2): 451 -- Brain 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC brain.oxfordjournals.org [Source type: Academic]
^ The method of claim 1, wherein the ALS-negative reference levels of the one or more biomarkers comprise levels of the one or more biomarkers in one or more samples from one or more subjects not having ALS and the ALS-positive reference levels of the one or more biomarkers comprise levels of the one or more biomarkers in one or more samples from one or more subjects diagnosed with ALS. 3.- Biomarkers for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and methods using the same - Patent Application 20070298998 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.freepatentsonline.com [Source type: Academic]
Treatment
Medication
Approved drugs
.^ Riluzole, a glutamate antagonist, is the only pharmacologic treatment for ALS approved by Health Canada and the United States Food and Drug Administration.
^ Riluzole, the only drug launched for treatment ALS is currently undergoing industrial trials for Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Huntington disease, stroke and head injury.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) - Abstracts : Online Reference for Health Concerns 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.lef.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Coenzyme Q10 administration and its potential for treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) - Abstracts : Online Reference for Health Concerns 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.lef.org [Source type: Academic]
.^ Rothstein JD, Martin LJ, Kuncl RW: Decreased glutamate transport by the brain and spinal cord in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.- Molecular Neurodegeneration | Full text | Experimental models for the study of neurodegeneration in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.molecularneurodegeneration.com [Source type: Academic]
^ Persephin, in contrast, does not appear to have neurotrophic or neurite-promoting effects on mature motor neurons and may instead worsen the glutamate injury of motor neurons.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) - Abstracts : Online Reference for Health Concerns 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.lef.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Shaw PJ, Ince PG, Falkous G, Mantle D: Oxidative damage to protein in sporadic motor neuron disease spinal cord.- Molecular Neurodegeneration | Full text | Experimental models for the study of neurodegeneration in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.molecularneurodegeneration.com [Source type: Academic]
.^ The aim of the study was to assess the effect of pimozide voltage-dependent calcium channel blocker on the progression of ALS patients as compared to the potentially neuroprotective drugs, selegiline and vitamin E. There were 44 patients (17 females and 27 males, aged from 30 to 80 years, mean age: 56.2 years) diagnosed as either definite or possible ALS. The study design was open randomised.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) - Abstracts : Online Reference for Health Concerns 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.lef.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Memantine is a clinically well tolerated N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist--a review of preclinical data.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) - Abstracts : Online Reference for Health Concerns 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.lef.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Other novel drug targets include caspaces, protein kinases and other molecules influencing apoptosis.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) - Abstracts : Online Reference for Health Concerns 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.lef.org [Source type: Academic]
[25][27] .^ A clinical trial of creatine in ALS. Neurology .- Natural & Alternative Treatments - Hartford Hospital, Connecticut 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.harthosp.org [Source type: Academic]
^ To date, 114 different SOD1 mutations have been identified in ALS patients, with all but one, D90A, showing a dominant mode of inheritance (Andersen et al ., 2003 ).- Disulphide-reduced superoxide dismutase-1 in CNS of transgenic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis models -- Jonsson et al. 129 (2): 451 -- Brain 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC brain.oxfordjournals.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Armon C, Brandstater ME. Motor unit number estimate-based rates of progression of ALS predict patient survival.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: eMedicine Neurology 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC emedicine.medscape.com [Source type: Academic]
.^ The drug also extends the time before a patient needs ventilation support.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Fact Sheet: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.ninds.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) Support Group - DailyStrength 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.dailystrength.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Treatment by Western Medicine 1.Riluzole At present, Riluzole is the only drug approved by the FDA for the treatment of ALS. It is also the only drug shown to extend the survival of ALS patients.- Cure Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), Lou Gehrig's disease, pseudobulbar palsy 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.damo-qigong.net [Source type: Academic]
^ Patients may have more trouble with swallowing of thin liquids then thick, and they may need to swallow multiple times to complete transport of liquids through the esophagus to the stomach.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: eMedicine Emergency Medicine 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC emedicine.medscape.com [Source type: Academic]
.^ All patients were on riluzole; none were taking psychoactive drugs.- BioMed Central | Full text | Widespread sensorimotor and frontal cortical atrophy in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.biomedcentral.com [Source type: Academic]
^ Riluzole does not reverse the damage already done to motor neurons, and patients taking the drug must be monitored for liver damage and other possible side effects.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Fact Sheet: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.ninds.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
- Fighting Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), alias Lou Gehrig's Disease 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.squidoo.com [Source type: Academic]
- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) Support Group - DailyStrength 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.dailystrength.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ In an early study, a family history of thyroid disease was present in 19% of ALS patients, and an additional 21% of patients described family members with other possible autoimmune disorders.
.^ With inherited ALS, the disease may progress more slowly.
^ However, this first disease-specific therapy offers hope that the progression of ALS may one day be slowed by new medications or combinations of drugs.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Fact Sheet: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.ninds.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
- Fighting Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), alias Lou Gehrig's Disease 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.squidoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^ Studies have shown the drug to slow down the progression on ALS symptoms.- Cure Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), Lou Gehrig's disease, pseudobulbar palsy 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.damo-qigong.net [Source type: Academic]
.^ These findings may be of relevance for future therapeutic strategies aimed at slowing the progression of this chronic neurodegenerative disease, as recently suggested by the beneficial therapeutic effects of an IGF-I treatment in ALS patients .- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) - Abstracts : Online Reference for Health Concerns 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.lef.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Cyanobacteria may contain algae species that can produce toxins harmful to humans and animals.- SolarBee® Science Office 20 September 2009 17:15 UTC www.solarbee.com [Source type: News]
^ Memantine has been investigated extensively in animal studies and following this, its efficacy and safety has been established and confirmed by clinical experience in humans.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) - Abstracts : Online Reference for Health Concerns 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.lef.org [Source type: Academic]
[28] .^ To further confirm the assignment of the bands, recombinant mutant hSOD1s coexpressed with CCS in E.coli (Ahl et al ., 2004 ) were used as reference materials ( Fig.- Disulphide-reduced superoxide dismutase-1 in CNS of transgenic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis models -- Jonsson et al. 129 (2): 451 -- Brain 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC brain.oxfordjournals.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Cholinergic activity, especially in the nucleus basalis, has been normal in several studies (Horoupian et al 1984; Gilbert et al 1988) .- Dementia associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.medlink.com [Source type: Academic]
^ The one important exception is the study of Ganzini et al.- Resilience and Distress Among Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Patients and Caregivers -- Rabkin et al. 62 (2): 271 -- Psychosomatic Medicine 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.psychosomaticmedicine.org [Source type: Academic]
[29][1][2]
Experimental drugs
A number of clinical trials are underway globally for ALS.
.^ Care of ALS patients is provided collaboratively by multidisciplinary ALS clinics and patients’ family physicians.
^ BACKGROUND: Preclinical and clinical studies of gabapentin in patients with ALS led the authors to undertake a phase III randomized clinical trial.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) - Abstracts : Online Reference for Health Concerns 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.lef.org [Source type: Academic]
^ In the clinical literature, some commentators have noted the lack of distress and the presence of unexpected cheerfulness and stoicism among patients with ALS ( 2 , 3 ), although others qualify such observations.- Resilience and Distress Among Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Patients and Caregivers -- Rabkin et al. 62 (2): 271 -- Psychosomatic Medicine 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.psychosomaticmedicine.org [Source type: Academic]
It is hoped that the drug will have a neuroprotective effect.
.^ The syndrome corresponded to Lyme's Disease and improved after treatment with ceftriaxona.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) - Abstracts : Online Reference for Health Concerns 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.lef.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Riluzole, the only drug launched for treatment ALS is currently undergoing industrial trials for Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Huntington disease, stroke and head injury.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) - Abstracts : Online Reference for Health Concerns 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.lef.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, ALS) to symptomatic treatment (e.g.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) - Abstracts : Online Reference for Health Concerns 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.lef.org [Source type: Academic]
[30] However, KNS-760704, which has been manufactured to a high degree of enantiomeric purity and which is essentially inactive at dopamine receptors, is not dose limited by the potent dopaminergic properties of pramipexole.
[31] .^ BACKGROUND: Preclinical and clinical studies of gabapentin in patients with ALS led the authors to undertake a phase III randomized clinical trial.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) - Abstracts : Online Reference for Health Concerns 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.lef.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Clinical studies have suggested that the beneficial effects of neuroprotection in human amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) may be due to a preferential effect on early phases of the disease.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) - Abstracts : Online Reference for Health Concerns 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.lef.org [Source type: Academic]
^ See more articles cited in this paragraph Effect of a multidisciplinary amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) clinic on ALS survival: a population based study, 1996-2000.
of Pittsburgh, PA.
.^ Other agents approved or under investigation for treating amyotrophic lateral sclerosis include glutamate antagonists, neurotrophic factors , protease inhibitors, and antioxidants.- Dementia associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.medlink.com [Source type: Academic]
^ A diagnostic feature of ALS, typically not seen in other disorders, is the presence of hyperreflexia in segmental regions of muscle atrophy, unaccompanied by sensory disturbance.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Overview -- GeneReviews -- NCBI Bookshelf 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ On the other hand, the same abnormalities have been described by means of radiological and manometric studies in various non-neurological disorders which is known as `cricopharyngeal achalasia' (Goyal, 1984 ; Dantas et al ., 1990 ).- Pathophysiological mechanisms of oropharyngeal dysphagia in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis -- Ertekin et al. 123 (1): 125 -- Brain 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC brain.oxfordjournals.org [Source type: Academic]
.^ To date, 114 different SOD1 mutations have been identified in ALS patients, with all but one, D90A, showing a dominant mode of inheritance (Andersen et al ., 2003 ).- Disulphide-reduced superoxide dismutase-1 in CNS of transgenic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis models -- Jonsson et al. 129 (2): 451 -- Brain 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC brain.oxfordjournals.org [Source type: Academic]
^ The onset of FALS in middle-aged patients with a SOD1 mutation could be attributed to the accumulation of oxidative damage with aging.- Oxidative stress causes abnormal accumulation of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-related mutant SOD1 in transgenic Caenorhabditis elegans -- Oeda et al. 10 (19): 2013 -- Human Molecular Genetics 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC hmg.oxfordjournals.org [Source type: Academic]
^ In ~25% of familial cases, the disease is caused by mutations in the gene encoding cytosolic copper-zinc superoxide dismutase ( SOD1 ) (Rosen et al., 1993 ).- Rats Expressing Human Cytosolic Copper-Zinc Superoxide Dismutase Transgenes with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Associated Mutations Develop Motor Neuron Disease -- Nagai et al. 21 (23): 9246 -- Journal of Neuroscience 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.jneurosci.org [Source type: Academic]
[32] .^ Effects of methylcobalamin on mitosis of Schwann cells and incorporation of labeled amino acid into protein fractions of crushed sciatic nerve in rats].- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) - Abstracts : Online Reference for Health Concerns 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.lef.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Riluzole is the only currently FDA-approved drug for the treatment of ALS. Its mechanism of action is thought to be glutamate inhibition.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Overview -- GeneReviews -- NCBI Bookshelf 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ We investigated whether it can exert neuroprotective effects in a variety of animal models.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) - Abstracts : Online Reference for Health Concerns 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.lef.org [Source type: Academic]
.^ Generation of transgenic rats with mutant SOD1 .- Rats Expressing Human Cytosolic Copper-Zinc Superoxide Dismutase Transgenes with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Associated Mutations Develop Motor Neuron Disease -- Nagai et al. 21 (23): 9246 -- Journal of Neuroscience 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.jneurosci.org [Source type: Academic]
^ The ratios of human mutant to rat endogenous SOD1 were determined using an anti-human polyclonal antibody against a peptide sequence identical in human and rat SOD1 (Calbiochem).- Rats Expressing Human Cytosolic Copper-Zinc Superoxide Dismutase Transgenes with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Associated Mutations Develop Motor Neuron Disease -- Nagai et al. 21 (23): 9246 -- Journal of Neuroscience 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.jneurosci.org [Source type: Academic]
^ In ~25% of familial cases, the disease is caused by mutations in the gene encoding cytosolic copper-zinc superoxide dismutase ( SOD1 ) (Rosen et al., 1993 ).- Rats Expressing Human Cytosolic Copper-Zinc Superoxide Dismutase Transgenes with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Associated Mutations Develop Motor Neuron Disease -- Nagai et al. 21 (23): 9246 -- Journal of Neuroscience 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.jneurosci.org [Source type: Academic]
[33] .^ Mutations in superoxide dismutase 1 as cause of one form of familial ALS .- Molecular Neurodegeneration | Full text | Experimental models for the study of neurodegeneration in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.molecularneurodegeneration.com [Source type: Academic]
^ Do all ALS patients become bedridden?- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis ALS: rockin for a cure 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.rockinforacure.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Other ALS-causing genes .- Facts About ALS | MDA/ALS Publications 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.als-mda.org [Source type: Academic]
Cytrx's orally-administered drug
Arimoclomol is currently in clinical evaluation as a therapeutic treatment for ALS.
.^ Effect of recombinant human insulin-like growth factor-I on progression of ALS. A placebo-controlled study.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) - Abstracts : Online Reference for Health Concerns 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.lef.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Recently clinical studies have shown the effectiveness of this growth factor in the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) - Abstracts : Online Reference for Health Concerns 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.lef.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Cost effectiveness of recombinant human insulin-like growth factor I therapy in patients with ALS. .- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) - Abstracts : Online Reference for Health Concerns 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.lef.org [Source type: Academic]
.^ To date, 114 different SOD1 mutations have been identified in ALS patients, with all but one, D90A, showing a dominant mode of inheritance (Andersen et al ., 2003 ).- Disulphide-reduced superoxide dismutase-1 in CNS of transgenic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis models -- Jonsson et al. 129 (2): 451 -- Brain 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC brain.oxfordjournals.org [Source type: Academic]
^ We could locate only two studies that examined quality of life of spousal caregivers of ALS patients.- Resilience and Distress Among Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Patients and Caregivers -- Rabkin et al. 62 (2): 271 -- Psychosomatic Medicine 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.psychosomaticmedicine.org [Source type: Academic]
^ This older age group is the group that is similar in age to the ALS patients and control subjects for the ALS studies.- Biomarkers for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and methods using the same - Patent Application 20070298998 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.freepatentsonline.com [Source type: Academic]
Other
.^ When such a method is used to aid in the diagnosis of ALS, the results of the method may be used along with other methods (or the results thereof) useful in the clinical determination of whether a subject has ALS. .- Biomarkers for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and methods using the same - Patent Application 20070298998 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.freepatentsonline.com [Source type: Academic]
^ The proteins identified as potential drug targets may then be used to identify compositions that may be potential candidates for treating ALS, including compositions for gene therapy.- Biomarkers for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and methods using the same - Patent Application 20070298998 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.freepatentsonline.com [Source type: Academic]
^ There are other differences between this system and the previous one, and for now the author believes forgoing the use of the revised WFN criteria is premature.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: eMedicine Neurology 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC emedicine.medscape.com [Source type: Academic]
.^ Common features include cognitive deficits in attention, abstraction, planning, and problem-solving with preservation of perception and spatial functions.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Overview -- GeneReviews -- NCBI Bookshelf 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
.^ Other treatments for ALS are designed to relieve symptoms and improve the quality of life for patients.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Fact Sheet: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.ninds.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
- Fighting Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), alias Lou Gehrig's Disease 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.squidoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^ What can I do at home to relieve symptoms of ALS? .- Health: Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS); Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) , also known as ... 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.mainegeneral.org [Source type: Academic]
- CIGNA - Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC stage.cigna.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Psychotherapy is an essential part of any treatment for depression and can help improve a patient’s quality of life.- USPharmacist.com > The Management of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.uspharmacist.com [Source type: Academic]
.^ Individuals with ALS may benefit from care by a multidisciplinary team that includes a neurologist, specially trained nurses, pulmonologist, speech therapist, physical therapist, occupational therapist, respiratory therapist, nutritionist, psychologist, social worker, and genetics professional.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Overview -- GeneReviews -- NCBI Bookshelf 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ Treatment is palliative and many individuals benefit from care by a multidisciplinary team including: a neurologist, specially trained nurses, pulmonologist, speech therapist, physical therapist, occupational therapist, respiratory therapist, nutritionist, psychologist, social worker, and genetic counselor.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Overview -- GeneReviews -- NCBI Bookshelf 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ Care of ALS patients is best provided by multidisciplinary ALS clinics ( Table 4 ) in conjunction with family physicians.
.^ Working with patients and caregivers, these teams can design an individualized plan of medical and physical therapy and provide special equipment aimed at keeping patients as mobile and comfortable as possible.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Fact Sheet: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.ninds.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
- Fighting Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), alias Lou Gehrig's Disease 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.squidoo.com [Source type: Academic]
- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) Support Group - DailyStrength 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.dailystrength.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Physical therapy and special equipment can enhance patients' independence and safety throughout the course of ALS. Gentle, low-impact aerobic exercise such as walking, swimming, and stationary bicycling can strengthen unaffected muscles, improve cardiovascular health, and help patients fight fatigue and depression.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Fact Sheet: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.ninds.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) Support Group - DailyStrength 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.dailystrength.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Treatment Treatment of adult polyglucosan body disease generally requires a team approach and may include physicians, physical therapists, medical social workers, and nurses.- CIGNA - Polyglucosan Body Disease, Adult 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.cigna.com [Source type: Academic]
.^ Medications such as baclofen and benzodiazepines can help relieve spasticity and muscle cramps.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Overview -- GeneReviews -- NCBI Bookshelf 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ Physicians can prescribe medications to help reduce fatigue, ease muscle cramps, control spasticity, and reduce excess saliva and phlegm.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Fact Sheet: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.ninds.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) Support Group - DailyStrength 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.dailystrength.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Early in the course of the disease, light aerobic exercise and slow, easy stretching may help you stay strong, reduce fatigue and depression, and prevent muscle cramps and spasms.- Health: Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS); Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) , also known as ... 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.mainegeneral.org [Source type: Academic]
.^ Drugs also are available to help patients with pain, depression, sleep disturbances, and constipation.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Fact Sheet: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.ninds.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ These include drugs to ease cramps and muscle twitches, help in handling saliva, reduce anxiety and depression, treat constipation, help with sleep problems, and alleviate pain associated with prolonged immobility and joint displacements.- Facts About ALS | MDA/ALS Publications 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.als-mda.org [Source type: Academic]
- Charity.com: Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), Lou Gehrig's disease- August 2004 Charity-of-the-Month 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.charity.com [Source type: Academic]
^ Muscle cramps Constipation Fatigue Excessive salivation Excessive phlegm Pain Depression Therapy .- OhioHealth - Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.ohiohealth.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Pharmacists can advise on best use of medications.
.^ The dysphagia and related aspiration pneumonia are usually the major handicaps to the quality of life, in addition to the risk of poor nutrition and dehydration, which occur particularly in older patients (Hillel and Miller, 1989 ; Strand et al ., 1996 ).- Pathophysiological mechanisms of oropharyngeal dysphagia in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis -- Ertekin et al. 123 (1): 125 -- Brain 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC brain.oxfordjournals.org [Source type: Academic]
^ We report the presence of serum antibodies directed against GM1 ganglioside, a defined neural antigen, in many patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) - Abstracts : Online Reference for Health Concerns 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.lef.org [Source type: Academic]
^ While the symptoms of motor dysfunction are best recognized, affecting all patients with ALS, a fair proportion of patients also experience emotional and special cognitive difficulties that are part of the disease.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: eMedicine Neurology 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC emedicine.medscape.com [Source type: Academic]
.^ Although it was difficult for these patients to swallow solid food, they were at much greater risk of aspirating liquid material.- Pathophysiological mechanisms of oropharyngeal dysphagia in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis -- Ertekin et al. 123 (1): 125 -- Brain 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC brain.oxfordjournals.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Several ongoing drug trials are evaluating medications for reducing mortality and treating symptoms in ALS. 17 It is unlikely, however, that a single medication will stop disease progression.
.^ Physical therapy can help the muscles maintain strength and flexibility for a time.- Natural & Alternative Treatments - Hartford Hospital, Connecticut 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.harthosp.org [Source type: Academic]
^ See the entire definition of Peripheral neuropathy Physical therapy: A branch of rehabilitative health that uses specially designed exercises and equipment to help patients regain or improve their physical abilities.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Glossary of Terms with Definitions on MedicineNet.com 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.medicinenet.com [Source type: Academic]
^ Woolley JM, Ringel S. Caregiver quality of life in ALS: relationship between patient health status and caregiver health-related quality of life, role satisfaction and workforce participation [abstract].- Resilience and Distress Among Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Patients and Caregivers -- Rabkin et al. 62 (2): 271 -- Psychosomatic Medicine 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.psychosomaticmedicine.org [Source type: Academic]
.^ Range of motion and stretching exercises can help prevent painful spasticity and shortening (contracture) of muscles.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Fact Sheet: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.ninds.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) Support Group - DailyStrength 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.dailystrength.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Early in the course of the disease, light aerobic exercise and slow, easy stretching may help you stay strong, reduce fatigue and depression, and prevent muscle cramps and spasms.- CIGNA - Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC stage.cigna.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Physical therapy can be helpful in performing range of motion activity and exercises to maintain strength and flexibility.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis - Medpedia 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC wiki.medpedia.com [Source type: Academic]
.^ Physical therapists can recommend exercises that provide these benefits without overworking muscles.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Fact Sheet: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.ninds.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) Support Group - DailyStrength 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.dailystrength.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Constipation results from involvement of abdominal and pelvic muscles, compounded by limited physical exercise, certain medical treatments, and a diet lacking in fiber ( 5 , 10 ).- Factors correlated with hypermetabolism in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis -- Desport et al. 74 (3): 328 -- American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.ajcn.org [Source type: Academic]
^ A physical therapist can recommend low-impact exercises to maintain your muscle strength and range of motion as long as possible, helping you preserve a sense of independence.- OhioHealth - Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.ohiohealth.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Assistive devices, such as walkers or wheelchairs, can aid mobility; and others, such as bathroom installments, hospital bed, and Hoyer lift, can aid in activities of daily living at home.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Overview -- GeneReviews -- NCBI Bookshelf 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ Other assistive devices such as walkers, wheelchairs, bathroom modifications, hospital beds, and hoyer lifts can aid in activities of daily life.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Overview -- GeneReviews -- NCBI Bookshelf 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
.^ Assistive devices, such as walkers or wheelchairs, can aid mobility; and others, such as bathroom installments, hospital bed, and Hoyer lift, can aid in activities of daily living at home.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Overview -- GeneReviews -- NCBI Bookshelf 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
.^ Many patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS; motor neuron disease) use natural or traditional therapies of unproven benefit.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) - Abstracts : Online Reference for Health Concerns 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.lef.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Individuals with ALS may benefit from care by a multidisciplinary team that includes a neurologist, specially trained nurses, pulmonologist, speech therapist, physical therapist, occupational therapist, respiratory therapist, nutritionist, psychologist, social worker, and genetics professional.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Overview -- GeneReviews -- NCBI Bookshelf 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ Patients’ ability to swallow should be evaluated by speech-language pathologists using bedside swallowing assessments and modified barium swallows.
.^ A speech therapist can help teach techniques to make your speech more clearly understood.- OhioHealth - Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.ohiohealth.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC cgi.cnn.com [Source type: General]
- Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.cnn.com [Source type: General]
^ These health professionals can teach patients adaptive strategies such as techniques to help them speak louder and more clearly.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Fact Sheet: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.ninds.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) Support Group - DailyStrength 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.dailystrength.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Occupational therapists can suggest devices such as ramps, braces, walkers, and wheelchairs that help patients conserve energy and remain mobile.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Fact Sheet: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.ninds.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) Support Group - DailyStrength 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.dailystrength.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Alphabet boards and computer-assisted devices can aid communication.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Overview -- GeneReviews -- NCBI Bookshelf 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ Analytical techniques such as GC-MS (gas chromatography-mass spectrometry) and LC-MS (liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry) were used to analyze the metabolites.- Biomarkers for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and methods using the same - Patent Application 20070298998 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.freepatentsonline.com [Source type: Academic]
^ As with the other methods described herein, the comparisons made in the methods of monitoring progression/regression of ALS in a subject may be carried out using various techniques, including simple comparisons, one or more statistical analyses, and combinations thereof.- Biomarkers for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and methods using the same - Patent Application 20070298998 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.freepatentsonline.com [Source type: Academic]
.^ These methods and devices help patients communicate when they can no longer speak or produce vocal sounds.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Fact Sheet: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.ninds.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) Support Group - DailyStrength 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.dailystrength.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Occupational therapists can suggest devices such as ramps, braces, walkers, and wheelchairs that help patients conserve energy and remain mobile.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Fact Sheet: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.ninds.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) Support Group - DailyStrength 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.dailystrength.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Communication devices can be useful for individuals with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis who have difficulty speaking (dysarthria).- CIGNA - Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.cigna.com [Source type: Academic]
.^ Individuals with ALS may benefit from care by a multidisciplinary team that includes a neurologist, specially trained nurses, pulmonologist, speech therapist, physical therapist, occupational therapist, respiratory therapist, nutritionist, psychologist, social worker, and genetics professional.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Overview -- GeneReviews -- NCBI Bookshelf 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ Treatment is palliative and many individuals benefit from care by a multidisciplinary team including: a neurologist, specially trained nurses, pulmonologist, speech therapist, physical therapist, occupational therapist, respiratory therapist, nutritionist, psychologist, social worker, and genetic counselor.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Overview -- GeneReviews -- NCBI Bookshelf 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ The recent development of the eye movement-controlled on-screen keyboard may enable communication for individuals without any remaining limb function.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Overview -- GeneReviews -- NCBI Bookshelf 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
.^ Patients and caregivers can learn from speech therapists and nutritionists how to plan and prepare numerous small meals throughout the day that provide enough calories, fiber, and fluid and how to avoid foods that are difficult to swallow.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Fact Sheet: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.ninds.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ Speech pathologists can also assist patients who have problems in swallowing.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Lou Gehrig's Disease - March 15, 1999 -American Academy of Family Physicians 20 September 2009 17:15 UTC www.aafp.org [Source type: Academic]
- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Lou Gehrig's Disease - CareCure Forums 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC sci.rutgers.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ Social workers provide support such as assistance in obtaining financial aid, arranging durable power of attorney, preparing a living will, and finding support groups for patients and caregivers.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Fact Sheet: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.ninds.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
.^ Later, additional devices may be useful.- Facts About ALS | MDA/ALS Publications 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.als-mda.org [Source type: Academic]
- Charity.com: Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), Lou Gehrig's disease- August 2004 Charity-of-the-Month 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.charity.com [Source type: Academic]
^ Mechanical suction devices are useful in preventing aspiration.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Lou Gehrig's Disease - March 15, 1999 -American Academy of Family Physicians 20 September 2009 17:15 UTC www.aafp.org [Source type: Academic]
- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Lou Gehrig's Disease - CareCure Forums 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC sci.rutgers.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ Patients may begin using suction devices to remove excess fluids or saliva and prevent choking.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Fact Sheet: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.ninds.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
.^ The tube, referred to as a PEG, is surgically inserted into the person's stomach.
^ Patients may decide to have a tube placed into their stomach for feeding.- Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.drexelmed.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ Research has indicated, however, that this is no longer true and that more than 50% of all people with ALS may have some cognitive impairment.- Symptom Management of the Patient With Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: A Guide for Hospice Nurses 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.nursingcenter.com [Source type: Academic]
- Symptom Management of the Patient With Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: A Guide for Hospice Nurses 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.nursingcenter.com [Source type: Academic]
.^ A feeding tube can reduce these risks.- OhioHealth - Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.ohiohealth.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC cgi.cnn.com [Source type: General]
- Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.cnn.com [Source type: General]
^ The use of a feeding tube also reduces the risk of choking and pneumonia that can result from inhaling liquids into the lungs.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Fact Sheet: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.ninds.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ Patients may decide to have a tube placed into their stomach for feeding.- Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.drexelmed.edu [Source type: Academic]
.^ Although it was difficult for these patients to swallow solid food, they were at much greater risk of aspirating liquid material.- Pathophysiological mechanisms of oropharyngeal dysphagia in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis -- Ertekin et al. 123 (1): 125 -- Brain 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC brain.oxfordjournals.org [Source type: Academic]
^ How do ALS patients eat when they lose their ability to chew and swallow?- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis ALS: rockin for a cure 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.rockinforacure.org [Source type: Academic]
^ If it's still possible to swallow some foods or liquids safely, the ALS patient can continue to eat and drink after placement of a feeding tube, but the swallowing mechanism no longer has to be relied on as the sole method of obtaining adequate nutrition.- Charity.com: Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), Lou Gehrig's disease- August 2004 Charity-of-the-Month 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.charity.com [Source type: Academic]
.^ When such a method is used to aid in the diagnosis of ALS, the results of the method may be used along with other methods (or the results thereof) useful in the clinical determination of whether a subject has ALS. .- Biomarkers for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and methods using the same - Patent Application 20070298998 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.freepatentsonline.com [Source type: Academic]
^ This method may provide a clinically useful measure to improve or retard muscle wasting, if a larger extended trial fulfills its promise .- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) - Abstracts : Online Reference for Health Concerns 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.lef.org [Source type: Academic]
^ As described herein, ratios of biomarkers (e.g., a ratio of paraxanthine to caffeine) may be used as ALS-positive and/or ALS-negative reference levels.- Biomarkers for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and methods using the same - Patent Application 20070298998 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.freepatentsonline.com [Source type: Academic]
.^ Such devices artificially inflate the patient's lungs from various external sources that are applied directly to the face or body.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Fact Sheet: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.ninds.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ Occupational therapists can suggest devices such as ramps, braces, walkers, and wheelchairs that help patients conserve energy and remain mobile.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Fact Sheet: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.ninds.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) Support Group - DailyStrength 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.dailystrength.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ There is no cure for ALS. Devices such as wheelchairs and speech synthesizers can help patients maintain independence.- amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Academic]
.^ When muscles are no longer able to maintain oxygen and carbon dioxide levels, these devices may be used full-time.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Fact Sheet: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.ninds.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ Later, additional devices may be useful.- Facts About ALS | MDA/ALS Publications 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.als-mda.org [Source type: Academic]
- Charity.com: Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), Lou Gehrig's disease- August 2004 Charity-of-the-Month 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.charity.com [Source type: Academic]
^ These methods and devices help patients communicate when they can no longer speak or produce vocal sounds.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Fact Sheet: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.ninds.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) Support Group - DailyStrength 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.dailystrength.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
BCV has the added advantage of being able to assist in clearing secretions by using high-frequency oscillations followed by several positive expiratory breaths.
.^ Invasive ventilation involves tracheostomy and mechanical ventilation and is declined by most ALS patients at our clinic.
^ CONCLUSIONS: It is concluded that in some ALS cases and also in some patients with other motor neuron diseases an autoimmune mechanism may contribute to motor neuron injury .- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) - Abstracts : Online Reference for Health Concerns 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.lef.org [Source type: Academic]
.^ Delpoplo said he used to see about 150 boaters near Long Point State Park, now, he said, there may be six or seven.- SolarBee® Science Office 20 September 2009 17:15 UTC www.solarbee.com [Source type: News]
^ We examined the cortical concentrations of glutamate using in vivo microdialysis and in vivo nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and the effect of long-term creatine supplementation.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) - Abstracts : Online Reference for Health Concerns 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.lef.org [Source type: Academic]
^ The impact of potential long-term exposure to low levels of MMT combustion products that may be present in emissions from automobiles has yet to be fully evaluated.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) - Abstracts : Online Reference for Health Concerns 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.lef.org [Source type: Academic]
.^ Patients and their families should consider several factors when deciding whether and when to use one of these options.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Fact Sheet: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.ninds.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ This information should not be considered complete, up to date, and is not intended to be used in place of a visit, consultation, or advice of a legal, medical, or any other professional.- Lou Gehrig disease - definition of Lou Gehrig disease in the Medical dictionary - by the Free Online Medical Dictionary, Thesaurus and Encyclopedia. 20 September 2009 17:15 UTC medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com [Source type: Academic]
^ They also discussed questions concerning the benefits of this type of support, with the aim of letting patients decide on their manner of treatment, with full awareness and authorization regarding whether or not their suffering should be prolonged by using this ventilation support.- Sao Paulo Medical Journal - Physiotherapeutic conduct in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.scielo.br [Source type: Academic]
.^ Ventilation devices differ in their effect on the patient's quality of life and in cost.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Fact Sheet: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.ninds.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ We could locate only two studies that examined quality of life of spousal caregivers of ALS patients.- Resilience and Distress Among Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Patients and Caregivers -- Rabkin et al. 62 (2): 271 -- Psychosomatic Medicine 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.psychosomaticmedicine.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Other treatments for ALS are designed to relieve symptoms and improve the quality of life for patients.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Fact Sheet: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.ninds.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
- Fighting Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), alias Lou Gehrig's Disease 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.squidoo.com [Source type: Academic]
- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) Support Group - DailyStrength 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.dailystrength.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ The ventilator then does the person's breathing for him or her.
^ ALS progression can vary considerably with different patients.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis ALS: rockin for a cure 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.rockinforacure.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Does ALS affect speech?- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis ALS: rockin for a cure 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.rockinforacure.org [Source type: Academic]
.^ In most patients with bulbar/suprabulbar involvement (26 out of 35), the perioral muscles, tongue and submental-suprahyoid muscles were often weak.- Pathophysiological mechanisms of oropharyngeal dysphagia in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis -- Ertekin et al. 123 (1): 125 -- Brain 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC brain.oxfordjournals.org [Source type: Academic]
.^ When muscles in the diaphragm and chest wall fail, patients lose the ability to breathe without help from mechanical ventilation.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) Support Group - DailyStrength 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.dailystrength.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Gourie-Devi, M, Nalini, A. Long-term follow-up of 44 patients with brachial monomelic amyotrophy.- Diagnosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.uptodate.com [Source type: Academic]
- Diagnosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis - a knol by Internet Medical Publishing 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: Academic]
^ Invasive ventilation involves tracheostomy and mechanical ventilation and is declined by most ALS patients at our clinic.- Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
- Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.cfpc.ca [Source type: Academic]
.^ Hospice care in terminal stages is beneficial.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Overview -- GeneReviews -- NCBI Bookshelf 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ Care of ALS patients is provided collaboratively by multidisciplinary ALS clinics and patients’ family physicians.
^ Recently, it was found that some patients with autosomal-dominant familial ALS (FALS) have point mutations in the gene that encodes Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1).- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) - Abstracts : Online Reference for Health Concerns 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.lef.org [Source type: Academic]
.^ Charlotte Area ALS Caregiver Support Group (ALS Association ) http://www.catfishchapter.org/events/charlotte-area-als-caregiver-support-group (704) 315-5627 .- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis -- Web Sites Located in Charlotte -- NC Health Info 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.nchealthinfo.org [Source type: Academic]
^ End-of-life care can be provided in various settings depending on patient preferences and caregiver capacities.
.^ Respiratory therapists can help caregivers with tasks such as operating and maintaining respirators, and home care nurses are available not only to provide medical care but also to teach caregivers about giving tube feedings and moving patients to avoid painful skin problems and contractures.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Fact Sheet: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.ninds.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ Social workers and home care and hospice nurses help patients, families, and caregivers with the medical, emotional, and financial challenges of coping with ALS, particularly during the final stages of the disease.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Fact Sheet: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.ninds.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ Pharmacists can give advice on the proper use of medications and monitor a patient's prescriptions to avoid risks of drug interactions.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Fact Sheet: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.ninds.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) Support Group - DailyStrength 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.dailystrength.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Home hospice nurses work in consultation with physicians to ensure proper medication, pain control, and other care affecting the quality of life of patients who wish to remain at home.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Fact Sheet: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.ninds.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ This supportive care is best provided by multidisciplinary teams of health care professionals such as physicians; pharmacists; physical, occupational, and speech therapists; nutritionists; social workers; and home care and hospice nurses.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Fact Sheet: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.ninds.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) Support Group - DailyStrength 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.dailystrength.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Most of this, in the later stages, requires nursing management of a patient who is alert but functionally quadriplegic with intact sensory function, bedridden and aware he or she is going to die."- AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.dhs.state.or.us [Source type: Academic]
.^ The home hospice team can also counsel patients and caregivers about end-of-life issues.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Fact Sheet: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.ninds.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ Social workers and home care and hospice nurses help patients, families, and caregivers with the medical, emotional, and financial challenges of coping with ALS, particularly during the final stages of the disease.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Fact Sheet: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.ninds.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ We could locate only two studies that examined quality of life of spousal caregivers of ALS patients.- Resilience and Distress Among Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Patients and Caregivers -- Rabkin et al. 62 (2): 271 -- Psychosomatic Medicine 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.psychosomaticmedicine.org [Source type: Academic]
Both animal and human research suggest
calorie restriction (CR) may be contraindicated for those with ALS. Research on a
transgenic mouse model of ALS demonstrates that CR may hasten the onset of death in ALS.
[36] In that study, Hamadeh
et al. also note two human studies
[37][38] that they indicate show "low energy intake correlates with death in people with ALS." However, in the first study, Slowie, Paige, and Antel state: "The reduction in energy intake by ALS patients did not correlate with the proximity of death but rather was a consistent aspect of the illness." They go on to conclude: "We conclude that ALS patients have a chronically deficient intake of energy and recommended augmentation of energy intake."
[37].^ ALS patients were diagnosed on the basis of characteristic clinical course, physical and electrodiagnostic findings, and absence of evidence of spondylotic myelopathy, paraproteinemias, hyperparathyroidism, Lyme disease, glycoprotein antibodies, and vitamin E toxicity.- Dr. John R. Bach - The DMD Doc 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.doctorbach.com [Source type: Academic]
^ In 90 to 95% of all ALS cases, the disease occurs apparently at random with no clearly associated risk factors.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) Support Group - DailyStrength 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.dailystrength.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ No cure has yet been found for ALS. However, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved the first drug treatment for the disease: riluzole (Rilutek).- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) Support Group - DailyStrength 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.dailystrength.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[39] .^ The ALS-positive and/or ALS-negative reference levels may be levels that are specific for comparison with another particular neurodegenerative disease (e.g., reference levels of biomarkers for ALS that distinguish between peripheral neuropathy or myopathy).- Biomarkers for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and methods using the same - Patent Application 20070298998 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.freepatentsonline.com [Source type: Academic]
^ Several ongoing drug trials are evaluating medications for reducing mortality and treating symptoms in ALS. 17 It is unlikely, however, that a single medication will stop disease progression.
^ Clinical trials have shown marginal slowing of disease progression in some but not all individuals, [ Riviere et al 1998 ].- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Overview -- GeneReviews -- NCBI Bookshelf 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
[40]
Prognosis
.^ It usually begins with weakness in the hands or feet, which then spreads to the rest of the body.- Natural & Alternative Treatments - Hartford Hospital, Connecticut 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.harthosp.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Regardless of initial symptoms, atrophy and weakness eventually affect other muscles.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Overview -- GeneReviews -- NCBI Bookshelf 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ Various subtypes of ALS may be identified: "progressive bulbar palsy," which presents with speech disturbance and swallowing difficulties; limb-onset ALS; progressive muscular atrophy in which only lower motor neurons are involved; and UMN-predominant ALS. Regardless of initial symptoms, atrophy and weakness eventually spread to affect other muscles.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Overview -- GeneReviews -- NCBI Bookshelf 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
.^ Armon C, Brandstater ME. Motor unit number estimate-based rates of progression of ALS predict patient survival.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: eMedicine Neurology 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC emedicine.medscape.com [Source type: Academic]
^ Recently, it was found that some patients with autosomal-dominant familial ALS (FALS) have point mutations in the gene that encodes Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1).- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) - Abstracts : Online Reference for Health Concerns 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.lef.org [Source type: Academic]
^ There was no difference in the rate of progression as measured by the Appel ALS total score, showing an average increase of 22 points in 6 months.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) - Abstracts : Online Reference for Health Concerns 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.lef.org [Source type: Academic]
.^ Moreover, mice with targeted inactivation of the SOD1 gene do not develop motor neuron disease (Reaume et al., 1996 ).- Rats Expressing Human Cytosolic Copper-Zinc Superoxide Dismutase Transgenes with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Associated Mutations Develop Motor Neuron Disease -- Nagai et al. 21 (23): 9246 -- Journal of Neuroscience 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.jneurosci.org [Source type: Academic]
^ However, in patients with pure lower motor neuron disorders, both voluntary and reflexive movements are expected to be similarly weak.- Pathophysiological mechanisms of oropharyngeal dysphagia in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis -- Ertekin et al. 123 (1): 125 -- Brain 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC brain.oxfordjournals.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Wild-type nonneuronal cells extend survival of SOD1 mutant motor neurons in ALS mice.- Disulphide-reduced superoxide dismutase-1 in CNS of transgenic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis models -- Jonsson et al. 129 (2): 451 -- Brain 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC brain.oxfordjournals.org [Source type: Academic]
.^ Many patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS; motor neuron disease) use natural or traditional therapies of unproven benefit.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) - Abstracts : Online Reference for Health Concerns 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.lef.org [Source type: Academic]
^ The best procedure is to let them die out on their own as they use up the nutrients,” Lanfear said.- SolarBee® Science Office 20 September 2009 17:15 UTC www.solarbee.com [Source type: News]
^ Evidence from animal and open human trials had suggested that creatine improved strength and slowed the progression of the disease, and for these reasons many people with ALS have tried it.- Natural & Alternative Treatments - Hartford Hospital, Connecticut 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.harthosp.org [Source type: Academic]
.^ The toxin found in the water causes almost immediate clinical signs, such as muscle tremors, respiratory disease and convulsions.- SolarBee® Science Office 20 September 2009 17:15 UTC www.solarbee.com [Source type: News]
^ Ben Hamida M, Hentati F, Ben Hamida C: Hereditary motor system diseases (chronic juvenile amyotrophic lateral sclerosis).- Molecular Neurodegeneration | Full text | Experimental models for the study of neurodegeneration in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.molecularneurodegeneration.com [Source type: Academic]
^ To establish the extent of disease in an individual diagnosed with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), the following evaluations are recommended: .- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Overview -- GeneReviews -- NCBI Bookshelf 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
.^ Most people die within 3 years of being diagnosed.- Natural & Alternative Treatments - Hartford Hospital, Connecticut 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.harthosp.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, described in 1869 by the French neurologist Jean-Martin Charcot, is a fatal adult-onset neurodegenerative disease characterized by the selective and progressive death of both upper and lower motoneurons, leading to a progressive paralysis, respiratory depression and death usually within 2–5 years after onset.- Molecular Neurodegeneration | Full text | Experimental models for the study of neurodegeneration in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.molecularneurodegeneration.com [Source type: Academic]
^ Note: Although most individuals diagnosed with autosomal dominant ALS have an affected parent, the family history may appear to be negative because of failure to recognize the disorder in family members, early death of the parent before the onset of symptoms, or late onset or reduced penetrance of the disease in the affected parent.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Overview -- GeneReviews -- NCBI Bookshelf 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
.^ In middle of Kii peninsula, one of the biggest mercury mine in Japan had been present until about 10 years ago.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) - Abstracts : Online Reference for Health Concerns 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.lef.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Of the 4,133 SNPs within brain-expressed genes of the axon-guidance pathway, 442 SNPs (10.7%) were individually associated with susceptibility to ALS, as detailed in Text S1 .- PLoS ONE: Beyond Parkinson Disease: Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and the Axon Guidance Pathway 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.plosone.org [Source type: Academic]
^ In CSF of patients with ALS, however, thiamin monophosphate values decreased much more than thiamin levels, so that the T/TMP ratio was significantly increased.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) - Abstracts : Online Reference for Health Concerns 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.lef.org [Source type: Academic]
Epidemiology
.^ Lou Gehrig's Disease is one of the most common neuromuscular diseases worldwide, and people of all races and ethnic backgrounds are affected.- Leu Gehrig's Disease: symptoms, cause, treatments, risks, complications, long-term outlook 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC mamashealth.com [Source type: Academic]
^ Unfortunately, in all parts of the world, ALS happens to be one of the most common diseases of the neuromuscular system.- ALS - Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.mahalo.com [Source type: Academic]
^ ALS occurs worldwide and is equally common in all races and ethnic background.- Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (Lou Gehrig's Disease, Charcot's Disease) 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.virtualmedicalcentre.com [Source type: General]
.^ The number of individuals newly diagnosed with ALS each year is 1-3:100,000.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Overview -- GeneReviews -- NCBI Bookshelf 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ Orrell et al [1997] reported a range of duration of 2.5 to 20 years in individuals with the p.Ile113Thr mutation and of two to 12 years in individuals with the p.Gly93Arg mutation .- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Overview -- GeneReviews -- NCBI Bookshelf 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ In one large pedigree , presentation typical of ALS began in the legs for the majority of individuals; onset was age 45 years and duration was five years.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Overview -- GeneReviews -- NCBI Bookshelf 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
[42] .^ As many as 30,000 Americans have ALS at any given time and the disease most often strikes between the ages of 40 and 70.
^ ALS most commonly strikes people between 40 and 60 years of age, but younger and older people also can develop the disease.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Fact Sheet: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.ninds.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ Most people who develop ALS are between the ages of 40 and 70, although the disease can occur at a younger age.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) - New York Presbyterian Hospital 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC nyp.org [Source type: Academic]
- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) - New York Presbyterian Hospital 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC nyp.org [Source type: Academic]
- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), Robert Wood Johnson University Hospital, New Brunswick, NJ, 08903 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.rwjuh.edu [Source type: Academic]
- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.lancastergeneral.org [Source type: Academic]
- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.montefiore.org [Source type: Academic]
- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC healthlibrary.brighamandwomens.org [Source type: Academic]
- GWDOCS - Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.gwdocs.com [Source type: Academic]
- http://medicalcenter.osu.edu/patientcare/healthcare_services/nervous_system/als/Pages/index.aspx 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC medicalcenter.osu.edu [Source type: Academic]
- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) - Nervous System Disorders - The Nebraska Medical Center 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.nebraskamed.com [Source type: Academic]
- Howard County General Hospital - Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.hcgh.org [Source type: Academic]
- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) | Cooper University Hospital - South Jersey, New Jersey & Philadelphia 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.cooperhealth.org [Source type: Academic]
- Norwood Hospital - Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.caritasnorwood.org [Source type: Academic]
- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.memorialhealth.com [Source type: Academic]
- ALS, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, Lou Gehrig's disease 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.hopkinsmedicine.org [Source type: Academic]
- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) - Carilion Clinic 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.carilionclinic.org [Source type: Academic]
- Main Line Health - Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.mainlinehealth.org [Source type: Academic]
- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) - Online Medical Encyclopedia - University of Rochester Medical Center 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.urmc.rochester.edu [Source type: Academic]
- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) | Health Library | Weill Cornell Physicians | Advancing Science. Enhancing Life. 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.weillcornell.org [Source type: Academic]
- Akron General Medical Center -- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC healthinfo.akrongeneral.org [Source type: Academic]
- Neurological Disorders:Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS): Resurrection Health Care 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.reshealth.jobs [Source type: Academic]
.^ Men have it slightly more often than women.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Part 1 of 2 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.massagetoday.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Men are affected more often than women.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (Lou Gehrig Disease) Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prognosis Information on eMedicineHealth.com 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.emedicinehealth.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Fact Sheet: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.ninds.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.depression-guide.com [Source type: Academic]
- Leu Gehrig's Disease: symptoms, cause, treatments, risks, complications, long-term outlook 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC mamashealth.com [Source type: Academic]
- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) Support Group - DailyStrength 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.dailystrength.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ ALS occurs more frequently in men than in women.
.^ Approximately 10% of ALS patients are familial cases exhibiting an autosomal dominant inheritance ( 1 ).- Oxidative stress causes abnormal accumulation of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-related mutant SOD1 in transgenic Caenorhabditis elegans -- Oeda et al. 10 (19): 2013 -- Human Molecular Genetics 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC hmg.oxfordjournals.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Other mutations as cause of familial ALS .- Molecular Neurodegeneration | Full text | Experimental models for the study of neurodegeneration in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.molecularneurodegeneration.com [Source type: Academic]
^ In ~25% of familial cases, the disease is caused by mutations in the gene encoding cytosolic copper-zinc superoxide dismutase ( SOD1 ) (Rosen et al., 1993 ).- Rats Expressing Human Cytosolic Copper-Zinc Superoxide Dismutase Transgenes with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Associated Mutations Develop Motor Neuron Disease -- Nagai et al. 21 (23): 9246 -- Journal of Neuroscience 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.jneurosci.org [Source type: Academic]
.^ The copper/zinc SOD1 gene is mutated in 10-20% of familial cases.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: eMedicine Neurology 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC emedicine.medscape.com [Source type: Academic]
^ Cu 2+ /Zn 2+ superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) is an ubiquitously expressed cytoplasmic enzyme that catalyzes the dismutation of the superoxide radical (O 2 - ) into hydrogen peroxide and molecular oxygen and is an important free radical scavenging enzyme that protects cells against oxidative stress.- Molecular Neurodegeneration | Full text | Experimental models for the study of neurodegeneration in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.molecularneurodegeneration.com [Source type: Academic]
^ About 10% of ALS cases are familial (Haverkamp et al ., 1995 ) and in some of these the disease has been linked to mutations in the CuZn-superoxide dismutase (SOD1) gene (Rosen et al ., 1993 ).- Disulphide-reduced superoxide dismutase-1 in CNS of transgenic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis models -- Jonsson et al. 129 (2): 451 -- Brain 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC brain.oxfordjournals.org [Source type: Academic]
A recent study has identified a gene called
FUS ("Fused in Sarcoma", ALS6) as being responsible for 1 in 20 cases of fALS.
[43][44]
.^ Although respiratory function declines faster in ALS with bulbar onset, overall muscle weakness declines more slowly [ Magnus et al 2002 ].- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Overview -- GeneReviews -- NCBI Bookshelf 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ Clinically definite ALS. The presence of UMN and LMN signs in three regions .- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Overview -- GeneReviews -- NCBI Bookshelf 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ Anticipation is not thought to be a feature, although intrafamilial and interfamilial variability in age of onset and disease progression is not uncommon [ Appelbaum et al 1992 ].- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Overview -- GeneReviews -- NCBI Bookshelf 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
.^ The number of individuals newly diagnosed with ALS each year is 1-3:100,000.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Overview -- GeneReviews -- NCBI Bookshelf 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ In ~25% of familial cases, the disease is caused by mutations in the gene encoding cytosolic copper-zinc superoxide dismutase ( SOD1 ) (Rosen et al., 1993 ).- Rats Expressing Human Cytosolic Copper-Zinc Superoxide Dismutase Transgenes with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Associated Mutations Develop Motor Neuron Disease -- Nagai et al. 21 (23): 9246 -- Journal of Neuroscience 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.jneurosci.org [Source type: Academic]
^ I must have lost about $5,000 from the more than 12 people who cancelled."- SolarBee® Science Office 20 September 2009 17:15 UTC www.solarbee.com [Source type: News]
[45] .^ In middle of Kii peninsula, one of the biggest mercury mine in Japan had been present until about 10 years ago.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) - Abstracts : Online Reference for Health Concerns 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.lef.org [Source type: Academic]
^ High aluminum deposition in the central nervous system of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis from the Kii Peninsula, Japan: two case reports.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) - Abstracts : Online Reference for Health Concerns 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.lef.org [Source type: Academic]
^ We report two cases of ALS from the Kii Peninsula of Japan with markedly elevated concentrations of Al in central nervous system (CNS) tissues.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) - Abstracts : Online Reference for Health Concerns 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.lef.org [Source type: Academic]
[46][47]
.^ Wilhelmsen et al [2004] reported a family with ALS/FTD from San Francisco with α-synuclein and 4R/0N tau pathology linked to chromosome 17q.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Overview -- GeneReviews -- NCBI Bookshelf 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ San Marcos — It’s as yucky to look at as anything in the San Marcos River; and it’s much more than just a slimy face.- SolarBee® Science Office 20 September 2009 17:15 UTC www.solarbee.com [Source type: News]
^ Small children and pets are affected quicker and more severely from exposure to the blue-green algae because their systems are smaller than adults.- SolarBee® Science Office 20 September 2009 17:15 UTC www.solarbee.com [Source type: News]
.^ Other ALS-causing genes .- Facts About ALS | MDA/ALS Publications 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.als-mda.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Lou Gehrig's disease; ALS Causes, incidence, and risk factors .- HowStuffWorks "Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis - Medical Dictionary" 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC healthguide.howstuffworks.com [Source type: Academic]
^ Family history is associated with an increased risk of ALS, and many Mendelian causes have been discovered.- PLoS ONE: Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: An Emerging Era of Collaborative Gene Discovery 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.plosone.org [Source type: Academic]
Etymology
.^ Both transgenes were controlled by the myo-3 gene promoter, which constitutively induces high-level protein expression in all of the muscle tissues except for the pharynx ( 24 ).- Oxidative stress causes abnormal accumulation of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-related mutant SOD1 in transgenic Caenorhabditis elegans -- Oeda et al. 10 (19): 2013 -- Human Molecular Genetics 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC hmg.oxfordjournals.org [Source type: Academic]
.^ Schnaar RI, Schaffner AE: Separation of cell types from embryonic chicken and rat spinal cord: characterization of motoneuron-enriched fractions.- Molecular Neurodegeneration | Full text | Experimental models for the study of neurodegeneration in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.molecularneurodegeneration.com [Source type: Academic]
^ Concentrations of 15 elements were determined by instrumental neutron activation analysis in brain, spinal cord, blood cells, serum and nails of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) patients and appropriately matched control subjects.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) - Abstracts : Online Reference for Health Concerns 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.lef.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Rothstein JD, Martin LJ, Kuncl RW: Decreased glutamate transport by the brain and spinal cord in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.- Molecular Neurodegeneration | Full text | Experimental models for the study of neurodegeneration in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.molecularneurodegeneration.com [Source type: Academic]
As this area degenerates it leads to scarring or hardening ("
sclerosis") in the region.
History
Timeline
| Year |
Event |
| 1850 |
English scientist Augustus Waller describes the appearance of shriveled nerve fibers |
| 1869 |
French doctor Jean-Martin Charcot first describes ALS in scientific literature |
| 1881 |
"On Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis" is translated into English and published in a three-volume edition of Lectures on the Diseases of the Nervous System |
| 1939 |
ALS becomes a . in the United States when baseball legend Lou Gehrig's career—and, two years later, his life—are ended by the disease.^ Later in the disease, when the motor neurons that supply the large motor units die, group atrophy ensues.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: eMedicine Neurology 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC emedicine.medscape.com [Source type: Academic]
^ These results point to two pathophysiological mechanisms that operate to cause dysphagia in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients.- Pathophysiological mechanisms of oropharyngeal dysphagia in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis -- Ertekin et al. 123 (1): 125 -- Brain 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC brain.oxfordjournals.org [Source type: Academic]
^ ALS is also known as motor neurone disease (MND), Charcot’s disease, and Lou Gehrig disease.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: eMedicine Neurology 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC emedicine.medscape.com [Source type: Academic]
He gives his farewell speech on July 4. |
| 1950s |
ALS epidemic occurs among the Chamorro people on Guam |
| 1991 |
Researchers link chromosome 21 to FALS (Familial ALS) |
| 1993 |
SOD1 gene on chromosome 21 found to play a role in some cases of FALS |
| 1996 |
Rilutek becomes the first FDA-approved drug for ALS |
| 1998 |
The El Escorial criteria is developed as the standard for classifying ALS patient in clinical research |
Notable people affected by ALS
Notable people living with ALS include:
.^ Belli S, Vanacore N. Proportionate mortality of Italian soccer players: is amyotrophic lateral sclerosis an occupational disease?.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: eMedicine Neurology 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC emedicine.medscape.com [Source type: Academic]
^ Three putative risk factors that have gained recent attention include service in the US military, deployment to the Persian Gulf in the First Persian Gulf War, and being an Italian soccer player.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: eMedicine Neurology 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC emedicine.medscape.com [Source type: Academic]
^ Chiò A, Benzi G, Dossena M, Mutani R, Mora G. Severely increased risk of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis among Italian professional football players.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: eMedicine Neurology 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC emedicine.medscape.com [Source type: Academic]
[56]
Jeff Kaufman - American trial lawyer, writer, University of Wisconsin track athlete, major fundraiser of ALS research, founder of the Evening of Hope event in Milwaukee, WI
Scott LeDoux - American politician and former boxer[57]
Eric Lowen - American musician, in Lowen & Navarro[58]
Richard Olney - ALS researcher
Mike Porcaro - Bass player
Tony Proudfoot - Former Canadian Football League player
Tony "Tempt" Quan - American Graffiti Artist and first Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis sufferer to use the EyeWriter
Washington César Santos - Brazilian former football player[59]
Tucker Stilley, aka New Jack Rasputin - American artist[60]
Orlando Thomas - American football star[61]
Charlie Wedemeyer - Younger brother of American football star-turned actor Herman Wedemeyer
Chris Woodhead - Former head of the Office for Standards in Education
Notable people who have died of ALS include:
- Eddie Adams - American Photographer
- José Afonso - Portuguese singer and activist
- Derek Bailey - English avant-garde guitarist and leading figure in the free improvisation movement
- George Banks - American baseball star
- Harry Browne - American political activist and writer
- Ben Byer - American stage actor and playwright
- Ezzard Charles - Former Heavyweight Champion of the world, also recognised as the greatest Light heavyweight in the history of Boxing
- Fokko du Cloux - Mathematician and computer scientist
- Dennis Day - American vocalist and Jack Benny co-star
- Dieter Dengler - Vietnam War survivor and prison camp escapee on whom the movie Rescue Dawn is based.
- John Drury - Longtime Chicago television newscaster
- Bruce Edwards - Lifelong caddy for Tom Watson
- Jenifer Estess - Theatre producer, research advocate. .
- Roberto Fontanarrosa - Argentinian writer and cartoonist.
- Lou Gehrig - American baseball star (the namesake of the colloquial reference to the disease in the United States)
- Michael Goldsmith - RICO expert and law professor
- Stephen Heywood - Carpenter, co-founder of the ALS Therapy Development Institute and inspiration for PatientsLikeMe
- Ed Hrbek - Father of American baseball star Kent Hrbek.^ ALS, Lou Gehrig disease, Lou Gehrig's disease, Charcot disease, Charcot's disease, motor neuron disease .
- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: eMedicine Neurology 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC emedicine.medscape.com [Source type: Academic]
^ According to an article by Wendee Holtcamp in the July 2009 issue of the TPWD magazine, a neurotoxic molecule found in blue green algae, and also in the roots of cycads, could cause diseases including ALS (Lou Gehrig disease), Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s.- SolarBee® Science Office 20 September 2009 17:15 UTC www.solarbee.com [Source type: News]
^ PubMed ] Cleveland DW, Rothstein JD. From Charcot to Lou Gehrig: deciphering selective motor neuron death in ALS. Nat Rev Neurosci.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Overview -- GeneReviews -- NCBI Bookshelf 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
.^ In these patients also, the A0 interval was found to be as prolonged as in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients (Ertekin, 1996 ; Ertekin et al ., 1998 a ).- Pathophysiological mechanisms of oropharyngeal dysphagia in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis -- Ertekin et al. 123 (1): 125 -- Brain 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC brain.oxfordjournals.org [Source type: Academic]
^ We examined the family history and associated diseases in 58 patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), as well as the T-cell phenotypes and functions in 46 consecutive patients with this disorder.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) - Abstracts : Online Reference for Health Concerns 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.lef.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Many patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS; motor neuron disease) use natural or traditional therapies of unproven benefit.- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) - Abstracts : Online Reference for Health Concerns 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.lef.org [Source type: Academic]
[62]
- Catfish Hunter - American baseball star
- Jeff Julian - PGA Tour professional [63]
- Jacob Javits - American politician
- Gordon Jenkins - American composer
- Hans Keller - British musicologist
- Huddie William Ledbetter (Lead Belly) - American folk guitarist
- Antoine "T.C.D." Lundy - American vocalist of The Force M.D.s
- Charles Mingus - American composer and jazz bassist
- Glenn Montgomery - American football star
- Phyllis Barbour Nesmith - Musician and former wife of musician Michael Nesmith
- David Niven - British actor
- Sue Rodriguez, an advocate of assisted suicide
- Don Revie - Leeds United soccer player and former England football manager
- Franz Rosenzweig - German-Jewish philosopher
- Stanley Sadie - British musicologist
- Morrie Schwartz - A college professor about whom the book Tuesdays With Morrie was written
- James F. Sloan - Director of US Coast Guard Intelligence[64]
- Lane Smith - American actor
- Jon Stone The Creator of Sesame Street
- Roy Walford - American gerontologist
- Henry A. Wallace - former American Vice President
- Robert Webber - American actor
- EF Wallengren - Television Producer and Writer
- Michael Zaslow - Soap opera actor
- Lucia Padrielli - Former radio astronomy researcher and president of Radio Astronomy Division of International Astronomical Union
- Keith LeClair - Former Head Baseball Coach of ECU Pirates
See also
References
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- ^ http://www.ninds.nih.gov/news_and_events/news_articles/news_article_als_minocycline.htm
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Media report on Zhao et al..
- ^ "The median survival time from onset to death ranges from 20 to 48 months, but 10 to 20% of ALS patients have a survival longer than 10 years." Prognostic factors in ALS: A critical review published in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Journal, 05 December 2008, Adriano Chio et al.
- ^ "ALS Topic Overview". http://www.webmd.com/brain/tc/Amyotrophic-Lateral-Sclerosis-ALS-Topic-Overview. Retrieved 2008-05-01.
- ^ Vance C, Rogelj B, Hortobágyi T, De Vos KJ, Nishimura AL, Sreedharan J, Hu X, Smith B, Ruddy D, Wright P, Ganesalingam J, Williams KL, Tripathi V, Al-Saraj S, Al-Chalabi A, Leigh PN, Blair IP, Nicholson G, de Belleroche J, Gallo JM, Miller CC, Shaw CE (February 2009). "Mutations in FUS, an RNA processing protein, cause familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis type 6". Science (journal) 323 (5918): 1208–11. doi:10.1126/science.1165942. PMID 19251628. http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=19251628. Retrieved 2009-03-13.
- ^ Kwiatkowski TJ, Bosco DA, LeClerc AL, Tamrazian E, Vanderburg CR, Russ C, Davis A, Gilchrist J, Kasarskis EJ, Munsat T, Valdmanis P, Rouleau GA, Hosler BA, Cortelli P, de Jong PJ, Yoshinaga Y, Haines JL, Pericak-Vance MA, Yan J, Ticozzi N, Siddique T, McKenna-Yasek D, Sapp PC, Horvitz HR, Landers JE, Brown, RH (Feb 2009). "Mutations in the FUS/TLS Gene on Chromosome 16 Cause Familial Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis". Science 323 (5918): 1205–1208. doi:10.1126/science.1166066. PMID 19251627.
- ^ Reed D, Labarthe D, Chen KM, Stallones R (Jan 1987). "A cohort study of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and parkinsonism-dementia on Guam and Rota". Am J Epidemiol. 125 (1): 92–100. PMID 3788958. http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=3788958.
- ^ S. Kuzuhara, Y. Kokubo P3-146Marked increase of parkinsonism-dementia (P-D) phenotypes in the high incidence amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) focus in the Kii peninsula of Japan. Alzheimer's and Dementia, Volume 2, Issue 3, Pages S417-S417
- ^ Spencer PS, Palmer VS, Ludolph AC (Aug 2005). "On the decline and etiology of high-incidence motor system disease in West Papua (southwest New Guinea)". Mov. Disord. 20 (Suppl 12): S119–26. doi:10.1002/mds.20552. PMID 16092101.
- ^ Wicks P, Abrahams S, Masi D, Hejda-Forde S, Leigh PN & Goldstein LH (2005) The Prevalence of Depression and Anxiety in MND, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and other Motor Neuron Disorders, Volume 6, Supplement 1, p. 147
- ^ Rachele MG, Mascia V, Tacconi P, Dessi N, Marrosu F (April 1998). "Conjugal amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a report on a couple from Sardinia, Italy". Ital J Neurol Sci. 19 (2): 97–100. doi:10.1007/BF02427565. PMID 10935845.
- ^ Poloni M, Micheli A, Facchetti D, Mai R, Ceriani F (April 1997). "Conjugal amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: toxic clustering or change?". Ital J Neurol Sci. 18 (2): 109–12. doi:10.1007/BF01999572. PMID 9239532.
- ^ Camu W, Cadilhac J, Billiard M. (March 1994). "Conjugal amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a report on two couples from southern France". Neurology 44 (3 Pt 1): 547–8. PMID 8145930.
- ^ Cornblath DR, Kurland LT, Boylan KB, Morrison L, Radhakrishnan K, Montgomery M. (November 1993). "Conjugal amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: report of a young married couple". Neurology 43 (11): 2378–80. PMID 8232960.
- ^ Corcia P, Jafari-Schluep HF, Lardillier D, Mazyad H, Giraud P, Clavelou P, Pouget J, Camu W (November 2003). "A clustering of conjugal amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in southeastern France". Neurol. 60 (4): 553–7. doi:10.1001/archneur.60.4.553. PMID 12707069.
- ^ http://sports.espn.go.com/espn/print?id=3634949&type=story
- ^ http://www.lib.lsu.edu/special/apa/print245.htm
- ^ http://mondoweiss.net/2009/10/paralyzed-but-undaunted-judt-urges-the-left-to-attack-inequality.html
- ^ http://wcco.com/specialreports/scott.ledoux.boxer.2.979681.html
- ^ http://www.lownav.com/history/index.html
- ^ http://globoesporte.globo.com/Esportes/Noticias/Times/Fluminense/0,,MUL1334485-9866,00.html (Portuguese)
- ^ http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/culturemonster/2009/04/tucker-stilley-at-monte-vista-projects.html
- ^ http://nfl.fanhouse.com/2007/06/10/orlando-thomas-battling-lou-gehrigs-disease/
- ^ http://webmn.alsa.org/site/PageServer?pagename=MN_homepage
- ^ http://www.rideforlife.com/archives/001063.html
- ^ http://www.hometownannapolis.com/obituaries/2009/06/2396/James-F-Sloan.html
Further reading
- "ALS Hope Foundation". http://www.alshopefoundation.org/. Retrieved 2008-06-21. .^ Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) - Lou Gehrig's Disease, Free Radical Damage, Glutamate Health Concern Search For This Topic Search For This Topic Search For This Topic .
- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) - Abstracts : Online Reference for Health Concerns 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.lef.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Overview [ Lou Gehrig's Disease ] .- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Overview -- GeneReviews -- NCBI Bookshelf 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
(from site page us.php)"
- "Lou Gehrig: The Official Web Site". CMG Worldwide. ..^ The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://www.molecularneurodegeneration.com/content/4/1/31 .
- Molecular Neurodegeneration | Full text | Experimental models for the study of neurodegeneration in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.molecularneurodegeneration.com [Source type: Academic]
Retrieved 2008-06-21. "The Official Web site of Lou Gehrig is an informational Web site intended to honor the life, the legend and the career of Lou Gehrig. (from site page siteinfo/index.htm)"
- Patrick Aebischer; Ann C. Kato (November 2007). .^ Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Overview [ Lou Gehrig's Disease ] .
- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Overview -- GeneReviews -- NCBI Bookshelf 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) - Lou Gehrig's Disease, Free Radical Damage, Glutamate Health Concern Search For This Topic Search For This Topic Search For This Topic .- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) - Abstracts : Online Reference for Health Concerns 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.lef.org [Source type: Academic]
Scientific American (Verlagsgruppe Georg von Holtzbrinck): pp. 86–93. ..^ The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://www.molecularneurodegeneration.com/content/4/1/31 .- Molecular Neurodegeneration | Full text | Experimental models for the study of neurodegeneration in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC www.molecularneurodegeneration.com [Source type: Academic]
Retrieved 2008-06-21. "Researchers have proposed potential therapies for a paralyzing disorder once thought to be untreatable (sub-title)"
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