From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| Andrew Jackson |
|
|
In office
March 4, 1829 – March 4, 1837 |
| Vice President |
John C. Calhoun (1829–1832)
None (1832–1833)
Martin Van Buren (1833–1837) |
| Preceded by |
John Quincy Adams |
| Succeeded by |
Martin Van Buren |
|
In office
March 10, 1821 – November 12, 1821 |
| President |
James Monroe |
| Preceded by |
None (Spanish territory) |
| Succeeded by |
William P. Duval |
|
In office
September 26, 1797 – April, 1798 |
| Preceded by |
William Cocke |
| Succeeded by |
Daniel Smith |
In office
March 4, 1823 – October 14, 1825 |
| Preceded by |
John Williams |
| Succeeded by |
Hugh Lawson White |
|
In office
December 4, 1796 – September 26, 1797 |
| Preceded by |
None – first TN Congressman (statehood) |
| Succeeded by |
William C. C. Claiborne |
|
In office
1823–1825 |
| Preceded by |
John Williams |
| Succeeded by |
William Henry Harrison |
|
| Born |
March 15, 1767(1767-03-15)
Waxhaws area |
| Died |
June 8, 1845 (aged 78)
Nashville, Tennessee |
| Nationality |
American |
| Political party |
Democratic-Republican and Democratic |
| Spouse(s) |
Rachel Donelson Robards Jackson (1791–1828) |
| Children |
(all adopted:)
Andrew Jackson, Jr.
Lyncoya Jackson
John Samuel Donelson
Daniel Smith Donelson
Andrew Jackson Donelson
Andrew Jackson Hutchings
Carolina Butler
Eliza Butler
Edward Butler
Anthony Butler |
| Occupation |
Prosecutor, Judge, Farmer (Planter), Soldier (General) |
| Religion |
Presbyterian |
| Signature |
 |
| Military service |
| Nickname(s) |
Old Hickory |
| Service/branch |
Tennessee Militia
United States Army |
| Rank |
Colonel
Major General |
| Battles/wars |
American Revolutionary War
*Battle of Hobkirk's Hill
Creek War
*Battle of Talladega
*Battles of Emuckfaw and Enotachopo Creek
*Battle of Horseshoe Bend
War of 1812
*Battle of Pensacola (1814)
*Battle of New Orleans (1815)
First Seminole War
Conquest of Florida
*Battle of Fort Negro
*Siege of Fort Barrancas |
| Awards |
Thanks of Congress |
.^ Andrew Jackson, 1767-1845, chronology, documents, bibliographical aids.
^ A young soldier Andrew Jackson was born on March 15, 1767, in Waxhaw...- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Picture Andrew Jackson Jackson, Andrew (1767-1845), was the first president born in a log cabin.- Jackson, Andrew | Article | World Book Student 31 January 2010 12:11 UTC photo.pds.org:5005 [Source type: Original source]
.^ Jacksonian democracy on the Florida frontier.
^ Struggle for the gulf borderlands : the Creek War and the Battle of New Orleans, 1812-1815 / Frank Lawrence Owsley, Jr. .
^ Print "Glory at New Orleans" subsection Florida expedition.- Jackson, Andrew | Article | World Book Student 31 January 2010 12:11 UTC photo.pds.org:5005 [Source type: Original source]
.^ There arose new political parties, or rather a great movement, extending to every town and hamlet, to give a new impetus to the Democratic sway.
^ First to carry out a political scheme--the Rum seller is a political man, a party man, and a Whig or a Democrat, for Liberty men are men that are guided by a pure principle.- Andrew Jackson, b. 1814. Narrative and Writings of Andrew Jackson, of Kentucky; Containing an Account of His Birth, and Twenty-Six Years of His Life While a Slave; His Escape; Five Years of Freedom, Together with Anecdotes Relating to Slavery; Journal of One Year's Travels; Sketches, etc. Narrated by Himself; Written by a Friend. 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC docsouth.unc.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ Jackson's enthusiasm for expansion strained his political relationship with Van Buren, Thomas Hart Benton, and other Democrats who balked at immediate annexation.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
[1]
.^ Legacy of Andrew Jackson : essays on democracy, Indian removal, and slavery / Robert V. Remini.
^ Thus, if Indians assumed white ways, as had many Cherokee, Jackson disregarded it; if Indians desired to retain their traditional values, Jackson treated them as potential men on the make.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ When LIBERTY men tell how they deprecate slavery, they are prepared to prove it by corresponding action.- Andrew Jackson, b. 1814. Narrative and Writings of Andrew Jackson, of Kentucky; Containing an Account of His Birth, and Twenty-Six Years of His Life While a Slave; His Escape; Five Years of Freedom, Together with Anecdotes Relating to Slavery; Journal of One Year's Travels; Sketches, etc. Narrated by Himself; Written by a Friend. 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC docsouth.unc.edu [Source type: Original source]
[2][3] .^ He was nicknamed "Old Hickory" because of his toughness.- Jackson, Andrew | Article | World Book Student 31 January 2010 12:11 UTC photo.pds.org:5005 [Source type: Original source]
^ As a result, Jackson returned to Tennessee with his famous nickname, "Old Hickory."- Jackson, Andrew | Article | World Book Student 31 January 2010 12:11 UTC photo.pds.org:5005 [Source type: Original source]
^ Years before, Jackson's soldiers had given him the nickname Old Hickory to signify both his toughness and their affection for him.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ By the time Jackson retired from the White House, he had significantly altered the office of the president and the course of American history.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Among Jackson's first responsibilities as president was the administration of government, including his selection of cabinet and other personnel.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Partly owing to these diplomatic initiatives, American exports increased more than 75 percent and imports grew 250 percent during Jackson's presidency.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
Early life and career
.^ Jackson's parents, Andrew and Elizabeth Hutchinson Jackson, were a poor farm couple from Northern Ireland.- Jackson, Andrew | Article | World Book Student 31 January 2010 12:11 UTC photo.pds.org:5005 [Source type: Original source]
^ A young soldier Andrew Jackson was born on March 15, 1767, in Waxhaw...- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ He died in 1767, shortly before Andrew, their third child, was born.- Jackson, Andrew | Article | World Book Student 31 January 2010 12:11 UTC photo.pds.org:5005 [Source type: Original source]
[4][5] .^ Jackson's parents, Andrew and Elizabeth Hutchinson Jackson, were a poor farm couple from Northern Ireland.- Jackson, Andrew | Article | World Book Student 31 January 2010 12:11 UTC photo.pds.org:5005 [Source type: Original source]
^ Jackson was born on 15 March 1767, in the Waxhaw settlement, a frontier border area between North and South Carolina, where his early life was marked by misfortune and misadventure.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ His father, of Scotch-Irish descent, lived in a miserable hamlet in North Carolina, near the South Carolina line, without owning a single acre of land,--one of the poorest of the poor whites.
.^ They had sailed to America in 1765 with their first two sons, Hugh and Robert.- Jackson, Andrew | Article | World Book Student 31 January 2010 12:11 UTC photo.pds.org:5005 [Source type: Original source]
.^ Andrew Jackson, symbol for an age.
^ MARTHA S. 5 ANDERSON (ANDREW JACKSON 4 , BENJAMIN 3 , JOSHUA 2 , ABRAHAM 1 ) was born May 05, 1874 in Texas, and died March 31, 1936.- Descendants of Andrew Jackson Anderson 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC members.cox.net [Source type: General]
^ Andrew Jackson and the course of American empire, 1767-1821 / Robert V. Remini.
.^ They will not deal out death at the bar, though it may be the ruin of his own father, or a brother, or a neighbor, or any person that can bring three cents to degrade himself.- Andrew Jackson, b. 1814. Narrative and Writings of Andrew Jackson, of Kentucky; Containing an Account of His Birth, and Twenty-Six Years of His Life While a Slave; His Escape; Five Years of Freedom, Together with Anecdotes Relating to Slavery; Journal of One Year's Travels; Sketches, etc. Narrated by Himself; Written by a Friend. 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC docsouth.unc.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ She died at the end of three weeks, leaving two children, a boy and girl, who, with my father, I now hope to buy.- John Andrew Jackson. The Experience of a Slave inSouth Carolina. 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC docsouth.unc.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ A young soldier Andrew Jackson was born on March 15, 1767, in Waxhaw...- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
He was the youngest of the Jacksons' three sons. His exact birth site was the subject of conflicting lore in the area.
.^ The nullification crisis was precipitated by South Carolina's bitterness at Jackson's failure to urge a major downward revision of tariff rates.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Jackson therefore developed a strategy designed to avoid provoking war while isolating and intimidating South Carolina.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Jackson was born on 15 March 1767, in the Waxhaw settlement, a frontier border area between North and South Carolina, where his early life was marked by misfortune and misadventure.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
[8]
.^ Despite these inauspicious beginnings, Jackson received some formal education at local academies and schools, and following the Revolution, he left the Waxhaw community to study law with two prominent members of the North Carolina bar.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ After the Revolutionary War, the United Kingdom had prohibited American ships from trading in the West Indies.- Jackson, Andrew | Article | World Book Student 31 January 2010 12:11 UTC photo.pds.org:5005 [Source type: Original source]
^ French ships had attacked American shipping during the Napoleonic Wars of the early 1800's.- Jackson, Andrew | Article | World Book Student 31 January 2010 12:11 UTC photo.pds.org:5005 [Source type: Original source]
^ Partly owing to these diplomatic initiatives, American exports increased more than 75 percent and imports grew 250 percent during Jackson's presidency.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
[9] .^ In April 1781, a British raiding party captured Andrew and Robert.- Jackson, Andrew | Article | World Book Student 31 January 2010 12:11 UTC photo.pds.org:5005 [Source type: Original source]
^ Andrew's brother Hugh had died after an earlier battle.- Jackson, Andrew | Article | World Book Student 31 January 2010 12:11 UTC photo.pds.org:5005 [Source type: Original source]
^ Andrew Jackson's campaign against the British, or The Mississippi Territory in the War of 1812, concerning the military operations of the Americans, Creek Indians, British, and Spanish, 1813-1815, by Mrs. Dunbar Rowland (Eron Rowland) .
.^ The British commander wanted his boots cleaned, and ordered Andrew to scrub them.- Jackson, Andrew | Article | World Book Student 31 January 2010 12:11 UTC photo.pds.org:5005 [Source type: Original source]
^ The blade slashed Andrew's hand to the bone and cut him badly on the head.- Jackson, Andrew | Article | World Book Student 31 January 2010 12:11 UTC photo.pds.org:5005 [Source type: Original source]
^ A schoolmate later recalled that Andrew would "never give up," even when another boy had him on the ground.- Jackson, Andrew | Article | World Book Student 31 January 2010 12:11 UTC photo.pds.org:5005 [Source type: Original source]
[10] While imprisoned, the brothers contracted
smallpox.
.^ In April 1781, a British raiding party captured Andrew and Robert.- Jackson, Andrew | Article | World Book Student 31 January 2010 12:11 UTC photo.pds.org:5005 [Source type: Original source]
^ A schoolmate later recalled that Andrew would "never give up," even when another boy had him on the ground.- Jackson, Andrew | Article | World Book Student 31 January 2010 12:11 UTC photo.pds.org:5005 [Source type: Original source]
^ He was born April 22, 1919 in Saginaw, Michigan, and died January 02, 2001 in Lake Jackson, TX. .- Descendants of Andrew Jackson Anderson 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC members.cox.net [Source type: General]
.^ Jackson died a short time later, and Andrew became an orphan at the age of 14.- Jackson, Andrew | Article | World Book Student 31 January 2010 12:11 UTC photo.pds.org:5005 [Source type: Original source]
^ It is probable that had Jackson been sent to the North by the Secretary of War, he would have driven the British troops out of Canada.
^ As a young man during the Revolutionary War, Jackson also lost both his brothers and his mother.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ By the time Jackson retired from the White House, he had significantly altered the office of the president and the course of American history.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Efforts to make removal treaties with the Indians began as soon as Jackson took office and continued throughout his presidency.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ The president, Jackson claimed, was "the direct representative of the American people."- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
In 1781, Jackson worked for a time in a
saddle-maker's shop.
[11] .^ Poor and obscure as he was, and imperfectly educated, he aspired to be a lawyer; and at eighteen years of age he became a law-student in the office of Mr. Spruce McCay in Salisbury, North Carolina.
^ Despite these inauspicious beginnings, Jackson received some formal education at local academies and schools, and following the Revolution, he left the Waxhaw community to study law with two prominent members of the North Carolina bar.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Jackson met Spruce Macay, a wealthy lawyer, in Salisbury, North Carolina, in 1784.- Jackson, Andrew | Article | World Book Student 31 January 2010 12:11 UTC photo.pds.org:5005 [Source type: Original source]
.^ Two years later, in 1787, he was admitted to the bar.
^ Then he moved to Tennessee, where he became a successful lawyer and landowner.- Jackson, Andrew | Article | World Book Student 31 January 2010 12:11 UTC photo.pds.org:5005 [Source type: Original source]
^ Professional standards for lawyers were not high in those days, and Jackson was admitted to the bar in 1787.- Jackson, Andrew | Article | World Book Student 31 January 2010 12:11 UTC photo.pds.org:5005 [Source type: Original source]
.^ It seems that Jackson, who was appointed district-attorney, had a considerable practice in his profession of a rough sort, in that frontier region where the slightest legal knowledge was sufficient for success.
.^ Efforts to make removal treaties with the Indians began as soon as Jackson took office and continued throughout his presidency.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
Most of the actions grew out of disputed land-claims, or from
assaults and battery. In 1788, he was appointed Solicitor of the Western District and held the same position in the territorial government of Tennessee after 1791.
.^ He became a public prosecutor, attorney general for the Mero District, delegate to the Tennessee constitutional convention, a member of Congress, a United States senator, and a judge of the Superior Court of Tennessee.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ When in 1796 a convention was called for framing a State constitution, Jackson was one of their influential delegates; and in December of that year he was sent to Congress as their most popular representative.
.^ Six months later, the Tennessee legislature elected Jackson as a justice of the state supreme court.- Jackson, Andrew | Article | World Book Student 31 January 2010 12:11 UTC photo.pds.org:5005 [Source type: Original source]
^ When in 1796 a convention was called for framing a State constitution, Jackson was one of their influential delegates; and in December of that year he was sent to Congress as their most popular representative.
.^ On his return in 1797, a vacancy occurring in the United States Senate, he was elected senator, on the strength of his popularity as representative.
He resigned within a year. In 1798, he was appointed a judge of the
Tennessee Supreme Court, serving until 1804.
[12]
.^ Jackson himself was a substantial planter, owning many slaves, and while he insisted that they be treated "humanely," he showed no disposition to disturb the legal and constitutional arrangements that maintained the slave system.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Jackson, to be sure, had no formal political philosophy, but he adhered to certain underlying values and ideas with a degree of consistency throughout his long political career.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
In 1803 he owned a lot, and built a home and the first general store in
Gallatin.
.^ At the same time, he accumulated significant amounts of property, establishing himself as a member of the Tennessee elite by purchasing a plantation, first at Hunter's Hill and then, in 1804, at the Hermitage, near Nashville.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
Jackson later added 360 acres (1.5 km
2) to the farm. The plantation would eventually grow to 1,050 acres (425 ha).
.^ A slave named Jack, was taken sick while working on the plantation, and he laid himself down in the fence corner.- John Andrew Jackson. The Experience of a Slave inSouth Carolina. 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC docsouth.unc.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ James Law then returned, convinced in his own mind that the Squire was an honest man, and did not trade with slaves.- John Andrew Jackson. The Experience of a Slave inSouth Carolina. 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC docsouth.unc.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ His father bought him a plantation five miles from his own, and gave him another slave girl as a nurse for his boy.- John Andrew Jackson. The Experience of a Slave inSouth Carolina. 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC docsouth.unc.edu [Source type: Original source]
The primary crop was
cotton, grown by enslaved workers. Jackson started with nine slaves, by 1820 he held as many as 44, and later held up to 150 slaves.
.^ During the campaign of 1828, there was an expectation among many Jackson supporters that his victory would be followed by the wholesale removal of Adams officeholders.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Jackson himself was a substantial planter, owning many slaves, and while he insisted that they be treated "humanely," he showed no disposition to disturb the legal and constitutional arrangements that maintained the slave system.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
[13][14]
.^ Civil and military history of Andrew Jackson, late major-general in the Army of the United States, and commander-in-chief of the Southern division.
^ On one occasion there was a sale of slaves near, and a man came to the auction to purchase a slave girl.- John Andrew Jackson. The Experience of a Slave inSouth Carolina. 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC docsouth.unc.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ Into this fort Jackson at once threw a garrison of one hundred and sixty regular infantry under Major Lawrence, a most gallant officer.
[15]
Military career
War of 1812
Jackson was appointed commander of the Tennessee militia in 1801, with the rank of
colonel.
.^ In 1811, before the war with England was declared, a general confederation of Indians had been made under the influence of the celebrated Tecumseh, a chief of the Shawanoc tribe.
^ The Indians, chiefly Creeks, were led by Red Eagle, who utterly annihilated the defenders of the fort under Major Beasley, and scalped the women and children.
^ The bank had been chartered in 1816 to restore the country to a sound fiscal condition after near financial catastrophe during the War of 1812.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
Four hundred settlers were killed in the
Fort Mims Massacre.
.^ Andrew Jackson's campaign against the British, or The Mississippi Territory in the War of 1812, concerning the military operations of the Americans, Creek Indians, British, and Spanish, 1813-1815, by Mrs. Dunbar Rowland (Eron Rowland) .
^ Fathers and children : Andrew Jackson and the subjugation of the American Indian / Michael Paul Rogin.
^ Proposals for publishing by subscription The life of Major General Andrew Jackson, [electronic resource] : comprising a full history of the late war in the South, from the commencement of hostilities with the Creek Indians, to the defeat of the British be .
Jackson defeated the Red Stick Creeks at the
Battle of Horseshoe Bend in 1814. Eight hundred "Red Sticks" were killed, but Jackson spared chief
William Weatherford.
Sam Houston and
David Crockett served under Jackson in this campaign.
.^ Perhaps no issue more clearly distinguished the two presidential candidates in 1828, for Jackson's imposing record of conquest over the Indians, both by arms and treaty, contrasted dramatically with Adams' protective posture.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Chronicles of Andrew [electronic resource] : containing an accurate and brief account of General Jackson's victories in the South over the Creeks : also, his victories over the British at Orleans : with a biographical sketch of his life, &c.
^ Jackson happily announced the settlement the following December and submitted the treaty for ratification; it was approved unanimously.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ Memoirs of Andrew Jackson, major-general in the army of the United States, and commander in chief of the Division of the South [electronic resource] / by S. Putnam Waldo.
^ With Jackson vacationing in Virginia, the administration's initial response to the mails controversy fell to the recently appointed postmaster general, Amos Kendall.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Biography of Andrew Jackson, president of the United States, formerly major general in the Army of the United States.
.^ Struggle for the gulf borderlands : the Creek War and the Battle of New Orleans, 1812-1815 / Frank Lawrence Owsley, Jr. .
^ Patriotic fire : Andrew Jackson and Jean Laffite at the Battle of New Orleans / Winston Groom.
^ Generals : Andrew Jackson, Sir Edward Pakenham, and the road to the Battle of New Orleans / Benton Rain Patterson.
General Andrew Jackson stands on the parapet of his makeshift defenses as his troops repulse attacking
Highlanders, as imagined by painter
Edward Percy Moran in 1910.
Jackson's service in the War of 1812 against the United Kingdom was conspicuous for bravery and success.
.^ But to Jackson the situation remained critical, and on 16 January he sent Congress a message, informing it of South Carolina's actions and requesting explicit confirmation of his right to employ state militias and federal forces against the dissidents.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ When Jackson took office, negotiations with France had reached a "hopeless" condition, according to Secretary of State Van Buren.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ When Jackson took office, relations between the southern tribes, the state governments, and the United States had reached a critical juncture.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
He was a strict officer but was popular with his troops.
.^ Then, Burl Quiney tied his hands and tied him to a tree, and gave him one hundred lashes; he then ordered him to do his duty, but the poor old nigger-driver was unable.- John Andrew Jackson. The Experience of a Slave inSouth Carolina. 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC docsouth.unc.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ Years before, Jackson's soldiers had given him the nickname Old Hickory to signify both his toughness and their affection for him.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ Jackson won a smashing reelection victory.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
At the end of the day, the British had 2,037 casualties: 291 dead (including three senior generals), 1,262 wounded, and 484 captured or missing. The Americans had 71 casualties: 13 dead, 39 wounded, and 19 missing.
[16].^ Jackson's enormous military success during the War of 1812, culminating in the Battle of New Orleans, made him a national hero, and during the winter of 1821 – 1822, political friends placed his name before the country as a presidential candidate in the election of 1824.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ But in the end, the rejection made Van Buren a political martyr and the inevitable choice for Jackson's vice president at the upcoming Democratic National Convention.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
He received the
Thanks of Congress and a gold medal by resolution of February 27, 1815.
Alexis de Tocqueville would later comment in
Democracy in America that Jackson "was raised to the Presidency, and has been maintained there, solely by the recollection of a victory which he gained, twenty years ago, under the walls of New Orleans."
First Seminole War
Main article:
Seminole Wars.^ As a young man during the Revolutionary War, Jackson also lost both his brothers and his mother.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ In the fall of 1829, Jackson learned that, as a member of Monroe's cabinet, Calhoun had recommended that Jackson be punished for defying the president's orders and pursuing the Seminole Indians into Spanish Florida.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Georgia had clashed with the federal government when President John Quincy Adams refused to implement a controversial treaty removing the Creek Indians.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
Jackson was also charged with preventing
Spanish Florida from becoming a refuge for runaway slaves. Critics later alleged that Jackson exceeded orders in his Florida actions. His directions were to "terminate the conflict."
[17] .^ Daniel Webster put it best when he predicted that Jackson would bring a "breeze with him.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ I began my remarks by simple comparison, thinking this would be the best way to convince my hearers that the text was appropriate to the occasion.- Andrew Jackson, b. 1814. Narrative and Writings of Andrew Jackson, of Kentucky; Containing an Account of His Birth, and Twenty-Six Years of His Life While a Slave; His Escape; Five Years of Freedom, Together with Anecdotes Relating to Slavery; Journal of One Year's Travels; Sketches, etc. Narrated by Himself; Written by a Friend. 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC docsouth.unc.edu [Source type: Original source]
.^ Years before, Jackson's soldiers had given him the nickname Old Hickory to signify both his toughness and their affection for him.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
that the possession of the
.^ Before we then heartily condemn the United States, let us remember that when they would not have slavery, it was forced upon them by the English Government.- John Andrew Jackson. The Experience of a Slave inSouth Carolina. 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC docsouth.unc.edu [Source type: Original source]
[18] Monroe gave Jackson orders that were purposely ambiguous, sufficient for international denials.
The Seminoles attacked Jackson's Tennessee volunteers. The Seminoles' attack, however, left their villages vulnerable, and Jackson burned them and the crops. He found letters that indicated that the Spanish and British were secretly assisting the Indians.
.^ Over the period of Jackson's presidency, the United States ratified some seventy treaties, affecting approximately forty-six thousand Indians.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Even as the tour proceeded, Jackson was deeply immersed in politics, for the issue of the Bank of the United States again pressed upon his attention.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ I, John Andrew Jackson, once a slave in the United States, have seen and heard all this, therefore I publish it.- John Andrew Jackson. The Experience of a Slave inSouth Carolina. 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC docsouth.unc.edu [Source type: Original source]
.^ Whatever his reasons, Jackson's third annual message, delivered in December 1831, was more modest than his earlier ones.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Partly owing to these diplomatic initiatives, American exports increased more than 75 percent and imports grew 250 percent during Jackson's presidency.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ More than the Indian removal bill, Jackson's internal-improvements policy began the process of identifying Jackson's followers with a party platform.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
He captured and then tried and executed two British subjects,
Robert Ambrister and Alexander Arbuthnot, who had been supplying and advising the Indians.
.^ No matter that some Indians had adopted many of the trappings of white society, Jackson considered the tribes as obstacles to the progressive spread of a superior civilization over the continent.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ The words struck home with great force, and one nullifier rushed to ask Jackson to insert the word federal be-fore Union .- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
The executions, and Jackson's invasion of territory belonging to Spain, a country with which the U.S. was not at war, created an international incident. Many in the Monroe administration called for Jackson to be
censured.
.^ One evening, he was brought the page proofs as revised by Secretary of State John Forsyth.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ I, John Andrew Jackson, once a slave in the United States, have seen and heard all this, therefore I publish it.- John Andrew Jackson. The Experience of a Slave inSouth Carolina. 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC docsouth.unc.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ We further state that we believe said John Andrew Jackson was formerly a slave, and that his word may be relied upon, as we think him a man of integrity and truth.- John Andrew Jackson. The Experience of a Slave inSouth Carolina. 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC docsouth.unc.edu [Source type: Original source]
.^ In the fall of 1829, Jackson learned that, as a member of Monroe's cabinet, Calhoun had recommended that Jackson be punished for defying the president's orders and pursuing the Seminole Indians into Spanish Florida.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Jackson men, in addition to harping on the corrupt-bargain charge, accused Adams of pimping for the czar while he was minister to Russia.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Calhoun began a correspondence in which he attempted to blame Van Buren's friends for reviving the issue, but he was still forced to concede his opposition to Jackson's Florida invasion.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
or cede to the
.^ All was silent; I appealed to facts as evidence to expose the wickedness of our United States from the time of our old revolutionary war to the present time.- Andrew Jackson, b. 1814. Narrative and Writings of Andrew Jackson, of Kentucky; Containing an Account of His Birth, and Twenty-Six Years of His Life While a Slave; His Escape; Five Years of Freedom, Together with Anecdotes Relating to Slavery; Journal of One Year's Travels; Sketches, etc. Narrated by Himself; Written by a Friend. 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC docsouth.unc.edu [Source type: Original source]
a post of annoyance to them."
[19] .^ Jackson's style of reaching out for political issues was never better illustrated than his attack on the Second Bank of the United States.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Andrew Jackson Encyclopedia entry from: Encyclopedia of World Biography Andrew Jackson Andrew Jackson (1767-1845), seventh president of the United States, symbolized the democratic advances of his time.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Perhaps no issue more clearly distinguished the two presidential candidates in 1828, for Jackson's imposing record of conquest over the Indians, both by arms and treaty, contrasted dramatically with Adams' protective posture.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
Jackson was subsequently named military governor and served from March 10, 1821, to December 31, 1821.
Election of 1824
.^ Jackson also appointed Van Buren minister to Great Britain, but on 25 January 1832, the Senate rejected his nomination.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ Annexation would further strain national loyalties, divide the Democratic party, and jeopardize Van Buren's election chances.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ The National Republican party had nominated Clay as its presidential candidate in December 1831, and he was eager to test Jackson's strength on this very question.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ The Democratic party was a national organization, and northern attitudes about slavery and civil liberties had to be given weight.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ Finding that the likely presidential contenders in 1832, Jackson and Clay, were both high-ranking Masons, Anti-Masonic leaders decided to nominate their own candidate.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ The National Republican party had nominated Clay as its presidential candidate in December 1831, and he was eager to test Jackson's strength on this very question.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
In 1824, most of the Democratic-Republicans in Congress boycotted the caucus.
.^ Johnson's earlier open relationship with a mulatto woman and his two daughters by her stirred resistance among many southern Jacksonians who preferred Virginia's William C. Rives for the vice presidency.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ In September 1831, delegates from thirteen states nominated William Wirt of Maryland for president and Amos Ellmaker of Pennsylvania for vice president.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ He asked William B. Lewis, who held a job in the Treasury Department, to live in the White House, and he retained his nephew Andrew Jackson Donelson as his private secretary, while Donelson's wife, Emily, served as White House hostess.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
A
Pennsylvanian convention nominated Jackson for President a month later, stating that the irregular caucus ignored the "voice of the people" and was a "vain hope that the American people might be thus deceived into a belief that he [Crawford] was the regular democratic candidate."
[20] Gallatin criticized Jackson as "an honest man and the idol of the worshippers of military glory, but from incapacity, military habits, and habitual disregard of laws and constitutional provisions, altogether unfit for the office."
[21]
.^ One evening, he was brought the page proofs as revised by Secretary of State John Forsyth.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ I, John Andrew Jackson, once a slave in the United States, have seen and heard all this, therefore I publish it.- John Andrew Jackson. The Experience of a Slave inSouth Carolina. 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC docsouth.unc.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ We further state that we believe said John Andrew Jackson was formerly a slave, and that his word may be relied upon, as we think him a man of integrity and truth.- John Andrew Jackson. The Experience of a Slave inSouth Carolina. 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC docsouth.unc.edu [Source type: Original source]
.^ Indeed, it was the portions of Jackson's veto messages dealing with nonconstitutional matters that generally contained the most authentic examples of Jacksonian rhetoric and had the greatest popular appeal.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Jackson intended no states' rights crusade, and he dissatisfied some idealists, particularly in the South, by endorsing some tariff protection and the distribution of any surplus revenue back to the states.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ In the election of 1828, he received about 56 percent of the popular vote and carried virtually every electoral vote south of the Potomac River and west of New Jersey.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ His first presidential bid fell short, for in a four-way contest, Jackson won a plurality of the popular vote but failed to receive an electoral majority.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Having failed to alter Jackson's policy, the bank's directors voted in July to end the contraction.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ The decision rested with the House of Representatives, and John Quincy Adams emerged victorious after receiving the support of Henry Clay.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ When Adams appointed Clay as his secretary of state and heir apparent, Jacksonians alleged a "corrupt bargain."- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ When Jackson took office, negotiations with France had reached a "hopeless" condition, according to Secretary of State Van Buren.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ The New Yorker, by showing the Eatons the same social consideration he gave to others and by lending his support to Jackson's political goals, earned Jackson's trust and affection.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ While Adams viewed an active and positive government as promoting liberty, Jackson preferred to limit governmental power and return to the path of Jeffersonian purity.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ His first presidential bid fell short, for in a four-way contest, Jackson won a plurality of the popular vote but failed to receive an electoral majority.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Almost unnoticed in the din of protest by dissatisfied office seekers was that Jackson had drawn the line against the followers of Adams and Clay.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ We further state that we believe said John Andrew Jackson was formerly a slave, and that his word may be relied upon, as we think him a man of integrity and truth.- John Andrew Jackson. The Experience of a Slave inSouth Carolina. 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC docsouth.unc.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ The bank's transparent political design further convinced Jackson that it was indeed a "monster" that threatened to corrupt the nation.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Jackson himself always believed that the will of the people had been corruptly overturned, and he denounced Clay as "the Judas of the West."- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
Election of 1828
.^ Efforts to make removal treaties with the Indians began as soon as Jackson took office and continued throughout his presidency.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
The Tennessee legislature again nominated Jackson for President.
.^ While Calhoun had been losing Jackson's confidence, Van Buren had been gaining it.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ In addition to the original Jackson men from the campaign of 1824, there were the followers of New York's Martin Van Buren and Jackson's vice president, South Carolina's John C. Calhoun; former Federalists; and groups of "relief men," who during the Panic of 1819 had bucked the established political interests by advocating reforms to help indebted farmers and artisans.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Along with Van Buren, the two Kentuckians constituted Jackson's inner circle of advisers, though others would from time to time join them.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ In order to unite the party behind Van Buren, Jackson urged that a national convention meet early.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ To some extent, this reflected the wider participation by citizens in government and the practice of party politics in some states like Pennsylvania and New York, which had well-developed party organizations.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ This party originated in upstate New York in 1826 when an itinerant stonemason named William Morgan disappeared after threatening to publish the secrets of Freemasonry.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
[22] The Jackson coalition handily defeated Adams in 1828.
During the election, Jackson's opponents referred to him as a "
jackass." Jackson liked the name and used the jackass as a symbol for a while, but it died out. However, it later became the symbol for the
Democratic Party when cartoonist
Thomas Nast popularized it.
[23]The campaign was very much a personal one.
.^ During the campaign of 1828, there was an expectation among many Jackson supporters that his victory would be followed by the wholesale removal of Adams officeholders.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ Finding that the likely presidential contenders in 1832, Jackson and Clay, were both high-ranking Masons, Anti-Masonic leaders decided to nominate their own candidate.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Jackson's style of reaching out for political issues was never better illustrated than his attack on the Second Bank of the United States.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Rachel, for example, was accused of bigamy in marrying Jackson while she was legally attached to another man.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ Doubtless recalling the slanderous attacks against his own wife during the recent campaign, Jackson decried the baseness of those who, in the name of morality, dragged the intimate and private relations of marriage into the public arena.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Yet ye say we hate it; it ought to be done away; we have looked at it for years, and our minister has prayed against it; and he is a very good man; we all like him.- Andrew Jackson, b. 1814. Narrative and Writings of Andrew Jackson, of Kentucky; Containing an Account of His Birth, and Twenty-Six Years of His Life While a Slave; His Escape; Five Years of Freedom, Together with Anecdotes Relating to Slavery; Journal of One Year's Travels; Sketches, etc. Narrated by Himself; Written by a Friend. 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC docsouth.unc.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ During the campaign of 1828, there was an expectation among many Jackson supporters that his victory would be followed by the wholesale removal of Adams officeholders.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ Place then rose and remarked that he would not detain the meeting but two minutes; that the subject to him had been deeply interesting, and no doubt had been to every one.- Andrew Jackson, b. 1814. Narrative and Writings of Andrew Jackson, of Kentucky; Containing an Account of His Birth, and Twenty-Six Years of His Life While a Slave; His Escape; Five Years of Freedom, Together with Anecdotes Relating to Slavery; Journal of One Year's Travels; Sketches, etc. Narrated by Himself; Written by a Friend. 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC docsouth.unc.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ More than that, he told me I would be in great danger of apprehension, by remaining with him, as he had much company and all would be curious to know who was in his employ.- Andrew Jackson, b. 1814. Narrative and Writings of Andrew Jackson, of Kentucky; Containing an Account of His Birth, and Twenty-Six Years of His Life While a Slave; His Escape; Five Years of Freedom, Together with Anecdotes Relating to Slavery; Journal of One Year's Travels; Sketches, etc. Narrated by Himself; Written by a Friend. 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC docsouth.unc.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ We further state that we believe said John Andrew Jackson was formerly a slave, and that his word may be relied upon, as we think him a man of integrity and truth.- John Andrew Jackson. The Experience of a Slave inSouth Carolina. 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC docsouth.unc.edu [Source type: Original source]
Rachel died suddenly on December 22, 1828, before his inauguration, and was buried on Christmas Eve.
Inauguration
.^ By the time Jackson retired from the White House, he had significantly altered the office of the president and the course of American history.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Among Jackson's first responsibilities as president was the administration of government, including his selection of cabinet and other personnel.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ According to one observer, the White House was inundated "by the rabble mob," which, in its enthusiasm for the new president and the refreshments, almost crushed Jackson to death while making a shambles of the house.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
Many poor people came to the inaugural ball in their homemade clothes.
.^ An all-out assault would doubtless have precipitated another cabinet crisis, something Jackson could ill afford.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ By the time Jackson retired from the White House, he had significantly altered the office of the president and the course of American history.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ According to one observer, the White House was inundated "by the rabble mob," which, in its enthusiasm for the new president and the refreshments, almost crushed Jackson to death while making a shambles of the house.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ With great difficulty, he made his way through the crowd, mounted his horse, and headed for the White House and what had been intended as a reception for "ladies and gentlemen."- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
Some people stood on good chairs in muddied boots just to get a look at the President.
.^ Wormer's, to a full house; the people where I put up fixed off a fugitive's table.- Andrew Jackson, b. 1814. Narrative and Writings of Andrew Jackson, of Kentucky; Containing an Account of His Birth, and Twenty-Six Years of His Life While a Slave; His Escape; Five Years of Freedom, Together with Anecdotes Relating to Slavery; Journal of One Year's Travels; Sketches, etc. Narrated by Himself; Written by a Friend. 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC docsouth.unc.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ With great difficulty, he made his way through the crowd, mounted his horse, and headed for the White House and what had been intended as a reception for "ladies and gentlemen."- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ Years before, Jackson's soldiers had given him the nickname Old Hickory to signify both his toughness and their affection for him.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
Election of 1832
.^ Jackson won a smashing reelection victory.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ The National Republican party had nominated Clay as its presidential candidate in December 1831, and he was eager to test Jackson's strength on this very question.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Finding that the likely presidential contenders in 1832, Jackson and Clay, were both high-ranking Masons, Anti-Masonic leaders decided to nominate their own candidate.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ While Calhoun had been losing Jackson's confidence, Van Buren had been gaining it.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ In addition to the original Jackson men from the campaign of 1824, there were the followers of New York's Martin Van Buren and Jackson's vice president, South Carolina's John C. Calhoun; former Federalists; and groups of "relief men," who during the Panic of 1819 had bucked the established political interests by advocating reforms to help indebted farmers and artisans.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Anthony F. C. Wallace, The Long, Bitter Trail: Andrew Jackson and the Indians (New York, 1993), provides a brief and useful introduction to the process of Indian removal.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
Presidency 1829–1837
Federal debt
- See also: Panic of 1837
.^ Over the period of Jackson's presidency, the United States ratified some seventy treaties, affecting approximately forty-six thousand Indians.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Over the eight years of his presidency, Jackson elaborated and refined his objections to internal-improvements projects.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Even as the tour proceeded, Jackson was deeply immersed in politics, for the issue of the Bank of the United States again pressed upon his attention.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
However, this accomplishment was short lived. A severe
depression from 1837 to 1844 caused a tenfold increase in national debt within its first year.
[25]
Electoral College
.^ Jackson informed Congress in his first annual message that he intended to break the logjam.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ During the so-called Panic Session of Congress, Senate Whigs managed to pass two resolutions in February and March 1834, rejecting Taney's reasons for removing the deposits and censuring Jackson's actions as "not conferred by the Constitution and laws."- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Whatever his reasons, Jackson's third annual message, delivered in December 1831, was more modest than his earlier ones.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
[26][27] .^ Jackson informed Congress in his first annual message that he intended to break the logjam.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Whatever his reasons, Jackson's third annual message, delivered in December 1831, was more modest than his earlier ones.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ In his first annual message in December 1829, Jackson brought the issue to Congress' attention by announcing that many people considered previous policy unconstitutional or inexpedient.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ Armstrong, deliberately pressing upon the congregation the awful responsibility that must follow them, if God holds us accountable, as it has been so beautifully shown by our friend.- Andrew Jackson, b. 1814. Narrative and Writings of Andrew Jackson, of Kentucky; Containing an Account of His Birth, and Twenty-Six Years of His Life While a Slave; His Escape; Five Years of Freedom, Together with Anecdotes Relating to Slavery; Journal of One Year's Travels; Sketches, etc. Narrated by Himself; Written by a Friend. 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC docsouth.unc.edu [Source type: Original source]
[28] The institution remains to the present day.
Spoils system
Main article:
Spoils systemWhen Jackson became President, he implemented the theory of
rotation in office, declaring it "a leading principle in the republican creed."
[26] He believed that rotation in office would prevent the development of a corrupt bureaucracy.
.^ The final vote showed a considerable degree of party loyalty, making it the first important measure of Jackson's presidency that distinguished the emerging Democratic party from the opposition.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Jackson was furious and miserable, but he continued to support the Eatons and insisted that loyalty to them was essential to his own success.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Annual debates over the gag rule strained the Democratic party, whose members were torn between sectional allegiance and party loyalty.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
In practice, this meant replacing federal employees with friends or party loyalists.
[29] However, the effect was not as drastic as expected or portrayed.
.^ Partly owing to these diplomatic initiatives, American exports increased more than 75 percent and imports grew 250 percent during Jackson's presidency.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
[30] .^ There were many persons in the place where I was laboring, who were friendly to the cause of slaves and did much to encourage the fugatives in their attempt to escape.- Andrew Jackson, b. 1814. Narrative and Writings of Andrew Jackson, of Kentucky; Containing an Account of His Birth, and Twenty-Six Years of His Life While a Slave; His Escape; Five Years of Freedom, Together with Anecdotes Relating to Slavery; Journal of One Year's Travels; Sketches, etc. Narrated by Himself; Written by a Friend. 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC docsouth.unc.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ While Jackson did not intend to introduce a spoils system, his policy opened the way for his successors to institute a more systematic policy of party patronage.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
Opposition to the National Bank
.^ The final vote showed a considerable degree of party loyalty, making it the first important measure of Jackson's presidency that distinguished the emerging Democratic party from the opposition.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Whigs and conservative Democrats blamed Jackson's banking and hard-money policy, and urged Van Buren to repudiate the Specie Circular.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ The bank's transparent political design further convinced Jackson that it was indeed a "monster" that threatened to corrupt the nation.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
"The Bank," Jackson told
Martin Van Buren, "is trying to kill me, but I will kill it!"
.^ Jackson deplored the increased sectional bitterness that marked national politics during his presidency.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Even as the tour proceeded, Jackson was deeply immersed in politics, for the issue of the Bank of the United States again pressed upon his attention.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ As Roger Taney, Jackson's new attorney general, explained, the bank's application meant that "the Bank says to the President, your next election is at hand — if you charter us, well — if not, beware of your power."- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
In Jackson's veto message (written by
George Bancroft), the bank needed to be abolished because:
- It concentrated the nation's financial strength in a single institution.
- It exposed the government to control by foreign interests.
- It served mainly to make the rich richer.
- It exercised too much control over members of Congress.
- It favored northeastern states over southern and western states.
.^ The incident strengthened Jackson's conviction that a republic should be based on the democratic principle of majority, not elite, rule.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Following removal, therefore, Jackson began his campaign to reform banking abuses.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ During the campaign of 1828, there was an expectation among many Jackson supporters that his victory would be followed by the wholesale removal of Adams officeholders.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
After a titanic struggle, Jackson succeeded in destroying the Bank by vetoing its 1832 re-charter by Congress and by withdrawing U.S. funds in 1833.
1833 Democratic cartoon shows Jackson destroying the
devil's Bank.
The bank's money-lending functions were taken over by the legions of local and state banks that sprang up. This fed an expansion of credit and speculation.
.^ Among Jackson's first responsibilities as president was the administration of government, including his selection of cabinet and other personnel.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Jackson assumed these obligations, selling land and borrowing money, using the valuable Hermitage as collateral.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Having once been brought to the brink of insolvency by speculative adventures, Jackson became suspicious of all banks and their paper-money issues.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
[31] .^ Its capital was $35 million, partly subscribed by the United States government, and it was permitted to establish branches and issue bank notes.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Jackson's style of reaching out for political issues was never better illustrated than his attack on the Second Bank of the United States.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Attacks against excessive paper issues reflected concern for actual banking abuses as well as anxiety and, for some, resistance to the onrushing Market Revolution.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
[32] .^ In July 1836, he issued the Specie Circular, which directed government agents to receive only gold and silver in payment for public lands after December 1836, a measure designed to diminish land speculation and to "preserve the deposit banks" by increasing the specie backing of bank notes.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ In 1835 fighting broke out between the American settlers and the Mexican government, and by the spring of 1836, the Texans had routed the Mexican army and were appealing to Jackson for recognition and annexation.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ His administration's fondness for hard money — gold and silver — is probably the most difficult of all Jackson measures for twentieth-century Americans to understand.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
The result was a great demand for specie, which many banks did not have enough of to exchange for their notes. These banks collapsed.
[31] .^ By the end of his second term, the country had two national political parties, each extending its structure deep into the electorate.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
It took years for the economy to recover from the damage.
.^ During the so-called Panic Session of Congress, Senate Whigs managed to pass two resolutions in February and March 1834, rejecting Taney's reasons for removing the deposits and censuring Jackson's actions as "not conferred by the Constitution and laws."- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Its capital was $35 million, partly subscribed by the United States government, and it was permitted to establish branches and issue bank notes.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Jackson's style of reaching out for political issues was never better illustrated than his attack on the Second Bank of the United States.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
When the Jacksonians had a majority in the Senate, the censure was expunged.
Nullification crisis
.^ An all-out assault would doubtless have precipitated another cabinet crisis, something Jackson could ill afford.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Jackson had barely taken office when he confronted his first political crisis.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ The nullification crisis was precipitated by South Carolina's bitterness at Jackson's failure to urge a major downward revision of tariff rates.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ High tariffs also provoked sectional strife and undermined "liberty and the general good."- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Whatever his reasons, Jackson's third annual message, delivered in December 1831, was more modest than his earlier ones.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Partly owing to these diplomatic initiatives, American exports increased more than 75 percent and imports grew 250 percent during Jackson's presidency.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
Southern politicians argued that tariffs benefited northern industrialists at the expense of southern farmers.
.^ In addition to the original Jackson men from the campaign of 1824, there were the followers of New York's Martin Van Buren and Jackson's vice president, South Carolina's John C. Calhoun; former Federalists; and groups of "relief men," who during the Panic of 1819 had bucked the established political interests by advocating reforms to help indebted farmers and artisans.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ As devised by Calhoun, nullification's chief theoretician, in his Exposition (1828) and Fort Hill Address (1831), each state retained the final authority to declare federal laws unconstitutional.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ The nullification crisis was precipitated by South Carolina's bitterness at Jackson's failure to urge a major downward revision of tariff rates.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ While Adams viewed an active and positive government as promoting liberty, Jackson preferred to limit governmental power and return to the path of Jeffersonian purity.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ The nullification crisis was precipitated by South Carolina's bitterness at Jackson's failure to urge a major downward revision of tariff rates.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ He urged South Carolinians to retrace their steps and called upon all Americans to give their undivided support to the Union and "to inspire new confidence in republican institutions."- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ One close Jackson associate put the issue squarely when he judged Calhoun a "madman" if he promoted the maneuvers against Eaton, and not a wise man if he does not put an end to it."- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Calhoun began a correspondence in which he attempted to blame Van Buren's friends for reviving the issue, but he was still forced to concede his opposition to Jackson's Florida invasion.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Jackson denounced Calhoun as a "hypocrite" who had "attempted to stab me in the dark."- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ Their deteriorating relationship came to a head at the Jefferson Day Dinner in April 1830, which some Calhounites intended to use as an occasion to identify nullification with Jeffersonian principles.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
Robert Hayne began by toasting to "The Union of the States, and the Sovereignty of the States." Jackson then rose, and in a booming voice added "Our federal Union: It must be preserved!" – a clear challenge to Calhoun.
.^ Tradition has it that he stared sternly at Calhoun and announced, "Our Union — it must be preserved ."- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Even so, Jackson's declaration contrasted starkly with the sentiment offered by Calhoun: "The Union: Next to our liberty, the most dear; may we all remember that it can only be preserved by respecting the rights of the States and distributing equally, the benefit and burden of the Union."- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
[33]
.^ Jackson also grew increasingly irritated by Calhoun's political independence, particularly his prominent position among the radical antitariff nullifiers.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ One close Jackson associate put the issue squarely when he judged Calhoun a "madman" if he promoted the maneuvers against Eaton, and not a wise man if he does not put an end to it."- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
Around this time, the
Petticoat affair caused further resignations from Jackson's cabinet, leading to its reorganization as the "
Kitchen Cabinet."
Martin Van Buren, despite resigning as Secretary of State, played a leading role in the new unofficial cabinet.
[34] .^ While Calhoun had been losing Jackson's confidence, Van Buren had been gaining it.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Illustrating the rapid development of party organization during this period, the Democratic party's first national convention met in Baltimore in May 1832 and nominated Jackson and Van Buren.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Much opposition to the Eatons also emanated more from political hostility to Eaton and Van Buren than from devotion to Calhoun.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ After considerable discussion and revision, the bill barely survived a test vote in the Senate on 2 June when a tie was broken by Vice President Van Buren.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ The nullification crisis was precipitated by South Carolina's bitterness at Jackson's failure to urge a major downward revision of tariff rates.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ William W. Freehling, Prelude to Civil War: The Nullification Controversy in South Carolina, 1816 – 1836 (New York, 1966), is a model historical study of this crisis.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Jackson therefore developed a strategy designed to avoid provoking war while isolating and intimidating South Carolina.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
In December 1832, he issued a resounding proclamation against the "nullifiers," stating that he considered "the power to annul a law of the United States, assumed by one State, incompatible with the existence of the Union, contradicted expressly by the letter of the
Constitution, unauthorized by its spirit, inconsistent with every principle on which it was founded, and destructive of the great object for which it was formed." South Carolina, the President declared, stood on "the brink of insurrection and treason," and he appealed to the people of the state to reassert their allegiance to that Union for which their ancestors had fought.
.^ Johnson was right, for Jackson handed down his veto, rejecting the bill on grounds that were both constitutional and pragmatic.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
forms a
government not a league...
.^ The treaty with Great Britain reopened American trade with the British West Indies, while the agreement with Siam was the first between the United States and an Asiatic nation.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ The United States shall guaranty to every State in this Union, a republican form of government and shall protect each of them against invasion.- Andrew Jackson, b. 1814. Narrative and Writings of Andrew Jackson, of Kentucky; Containing an Account of His Birth, and Twenty-Six Years of His Life While a Slave; His Escape; Five Years of Freedom, Together with Anecdotes Relating to Slavery; Journal of One Year's Travels; Sketches, etc. Narrated by Himself; Written by a Friend. 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC docsouth.unc.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ Jackson had vindicated the Union, demonstrated that states' rights principles were compatible with nationalism, and displayed remarkable skill in wielding presidential power.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
[36]
.^ Significantly, Jackson signed the Force Bill first, declaring that it gave "the death blow" to nullification.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ A few weeks later, Clay and Calhoun made public their agreement to underwrite a compromise tariff that would provide a face-saving retreat for the nullifiers.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Jackson exercised the veto on more occasions, a total of twelve times; frequently employed the pocket veto, by which a president withholds a bill, unsigned, until Congress adjourns; and expanded the grounds for vetoing a measure.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ But most legislators considered the Compromise Tariff of 1833 as essential as the Force Bill, and by the beginning of March, both proposals had passed Congress.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Significantly, Jackson signed the Force Bill first, declaring that it gave "the death blow" to nullification.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Only by skillfully mobilizing their forces did Jackson's followers narrowly succeed in passing the measure on 26 May 1830.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ The nullification crisis was precipitated by South Carolina's bitterness at Jackson's failure to urge a major downward revision of tariff rates.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ William W. Freehling, Prelude to Civil War: The Nullification Controversy in South Carolina, 1816 – 1836 (New York, 1966), is a model historical study of this crisis.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ But there was no time to savor the triumph, for even as the results were recorded, Jackson's attention was primarily focused on South Carolina and the issue of nullification.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
The Force Bill became moot because it was no longer needed.
Indian removal
Main article:
Indian removalPerhaps the most controversial aspect of Jackson's presidency was his policy regarding
American Indians, which involved the
ethnic cleansing of several Indian tribes.
[37][38] .^ Anthony F. C. Wallace, The Long, Bitter Trail: Andrew Jackson and the Indians (New York, 1993), provides a brief and useful introduction to the process of Indian removal.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Efforts to make removal treaties with the Indians began as soon as Jackson took office and continued throughout his presidency.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ More than the Indian removal bill, Jackson's internal-improvements policy began the process of identifying Jackson's followers with a party platform.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ Over the period of Jackson's presidency, the United States ratified some seventy treaties, affecting approximately forty-six thousand Indians.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Over the eight years of his presidency, Jackson elaborated and refined his objections to internal-improvements projects.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Anthony F. C. Wallace, The Long, Bitter Trail: Andrew Jackson and the Indians (New York, 1993), provides a brief and useful introduction to the process of Indian removal.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ In his first annual message of December 1829, Jackson proposed that an area west of the Mississippi River be set apart and guaranteed to the Indian tribes.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
Further, many white Americans advocated total extermination of the "savages," particularly those who had experienced frontier wars.
.^ While I am exposing vice, I will relate a circumstance which took place thirty years ago in Kentucky.- Andrew Jackson, b. 1814. Narrative and Writings of Andrew Jackson, of Kentucky; Containing an Account of His Birth, and Twenty-Six Years of His Life While a Slave; His Escape; Five Years of Freedom, Together with Anecdotes Relating to Slavery; Journal of One Year's Travels; Sketches, etc. Narrated by Himself; Written by a Friend. 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC docsouth.unc.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ "We, the undersigned, bear testimony to the truth of Mr. Jackson's statements, being satisfied regarding these either by personal investigation of his case, or by the evidence of those who have done so, and on whose veracity we can depend.- John Andrew Jackson. The Experience of a Slave inSouth Carolina. 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC docsouth.unc.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ In his first year in office, Jackson removed more officials than all his predecessors combined, and the purges and partisan appointments doubtless contributed to a decline in ethical standards.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
Nevertheless, Jackson is often held responsible for all which took place in the 1830s.
In his December 8, 1829, First Annual Message to Congress, Jackson stated:
This emigration should be voluntary, for it would be as cruel as unjust to compel the aborigines to abandon the graves of their fathers and seek a home in a distant land.
.^ Emigration to this new territory would be "voluntary," but those who remained in the East would be subject to the laws of the states in which they lived and would "ere long become merged in the mass of our population."- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Acting through a convention, a state could pronounce a federal law null and void within its limits while remaining in the Union.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ But southern state laws remained on the books, and federal law became, in the words of one historian, "largely a dead letter in the South."- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ When in 1645 the ship of one Thomas Keyser and James Smith brought a cargo of negroes to Boston, they were heavily fined and compelled to return those negroes again to Africa.- John Andrew Jackson. The Experience of a Slave inSouth Carolina. 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC docsouth.unc.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ Although persuaded to disperse, a few Carolinians returned that night and took possession of the literature, which they burned the following evening on the Charleston parade grounds.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Without a doubt it will be seen Some individuals acted mean; The eye of One is somewhat keen-- He's ever watching for the fiend.- Andrew Jackson, b. 1814. Narrative and Writings of Andrew Jackson, of Kentucky; Containing an Account of His Birth, and Twenty-Six Years of His Life While a Slave; His Escape; Five Years of Freedom, Together with Anecdotes Relating to Slavery; Journal of One Year's Travels; Sketches, etc. Narrated by Himself; Written by a Friend. 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC docsouth.unc.edu [Source type: Original source]
[39]
.^ Efforts to make removal treaties with the Indians began as soon as Jackson took office and continued throughout his presidency.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Indian removal showed that Jackson's goal of assuring a virtuous yet progressive society was circumscribed by race.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ In the outcry over removals, it is often forgotten that Jackson's presidency marked an era of creative administration.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ In his first annual message of December 1829, Jackson proposed that an area west of the Mississippi River be set apart and guaranteed to the Indian tribes.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ What next took place has become a part of American political folklore.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ His warnings about concentrations of political and economic power and about the debilitating effects of corruption have become part of the American reform tradition.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
[40] .^ Over the period of Jackson's presidency, the United States ratified some seventy treaties, affecting approximately forty-six thousand Indians.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ The treaty with Great Britain reopened American trade with the British West Indies, while the agreement with Siam was the first between the United States and an Asiatic nation.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Determined to pursue removal with unprecedented vigor and directness, Jackson threatened that those Indians who remained behind would lose their tribal status and be considered individuals subject to state authority.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ Meanwhile, economic growth, an increased and more widely dispersed population, and new government initiatives such as Indian removal strained old administrative arrangements.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
The state of
Georgia became involved in a contentious jurisdictional dispute with the Cherokees, culminating in the 1832
U.S. Supreme Court decision (
Worcester v. Georgia) which ruled that Georgia could not impose its laws upon Cherokee tribal lands. Jackson is often quoted (regarding the decision) as having said, "
John Marshall has made his decision, now let him enforce it!" Whether he said it is disputed.
[41]
.^ Anthony F. C. Wallace, The Long, Bitter Trail: Andrew Jackson and the Indians (New York, 1993), provides a brief and useful introduction to the process of Indian removal.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Efforts to make removal treaties with the Indians began as soon as Jackson took office and continued throughout his presidency.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Jackson's minister to France, William C. Rives, prodded and flattered the reluctant French government into signing a treaty in July 1831.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ But Jackson's statement represented a shift in emphasis of sufficient magnitude to mark a new era in Indian-white relations.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
Ridge was not a recognized leader of the Cherokee Nation, and this document was rejected by most Cherokees as illegitimate.
[42] Over 15,000 Cherokees signed a petition in protest of the proposed removal; the list was ignored by the Supreme Court and the U.S. legislature, in part due to unfortunate and tragic delays and timing.
[43] .^ By January 1830, Jackson had concluded that Van Buren should be his successor.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Because Eaton, who was a Van Buren partisan, had refused to back Calhoun's presidential aspirations, Jackson alleged, Calhoun thought it necessary to destroy him, whatever the consequences to the administration.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Along with Van Buren, the two Kentuckians constituted Jackson's inner circle of advisers, though others would from time to time join them.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ Until recently, Jackson was rarely considered a man with any coherent political views.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
[44] This abrupt and forced removal resulted in the deaths of over 4,000 Cherokees on the "
Trail of Tears."
.^ Although Adams backed down and negotiated another treaty ceding the disputed land to the state, the incident highlighted the plight of the remaining southern tribes, particularly the Cherokee.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ I regret such heathenism in a christian land, or under our form of government, which professes so much republicanism, and yet attempts to gag down a slave.- Andrew Jackson, b. 1814. Narrative and Writings of Andrew Jackson, of Kentucky; Containing an Account of His Birth, and Twenty-Six Years of His Life While a Slave; His Escape; Five Years of Freedom, Together with Anecdotes Relating to Slavery; Journal of One Year's Travels; Sketches, etc. Narrated by Himself; Written by a Friend. 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC docsouth.unc.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ When Jackson took office, relations between the southern tribes, the state governments, and the United States had reached a critical juncture.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ All who wish to secure a copy should avail themselves of this opportunity.- Andrew Jackson, b. 1814. Narrative and Writings of Andrew Jackson, of Kentucky; Containing an Account of His Birth, and Twenty-Six Years of His Life While a Slave; His Escape; Five Years of Freedom, Together with Anecdotes Relating to Slavery; Journal of One Year's Travels; Sketches, etc. Narrated by Himself; Written by a Friend. 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC docsouth.unc.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ These things should be rebuked, yes they must be openly exposed to the world for the wicked are not fools, neither are they blind.- Andrew Jackson, b. 1814. Narrative and Writings of Andrew Jackson, of Kentucky; Containing an Account of His Birth, and Twenty-Six Years of His Life While a Slave; His Escape; Five Years of Freedom, Together with Anecdotes Relating to Slavery; Journal of One Year's Travels; Sketches, etc. Narrated by Himself; Written by a Friend. 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC docsouth.unc.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ Only about one-tenth of federal officeholders were removed during his presidency, and not all of these were for political reasons.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
Their nonviolent methods earned them the title the
Five Civilized Tribes.
[45]
A
daguerreotype of Jackson, in the latter years of his presidency.
.^ I can now read tolerably well, and write so well as to astonish all who know me, but none more than myself.- Andrew Jackson, b. 1814. Narrative and Writings of Andrew Jackson, of Kentucky; Containing an Account of His Birth, and Twenty-Six Years of His Life While a Slave; His Escape; Five Years of Freedom, Together with Anecdotes Relating to Slavery; Journal of One Year's Travels; Sketches, etc. Narrated by Himself; Written by a Friend. 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC docsouth.unc.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ More than that, he told me I would be in great danger of apprehension, by remaining with him, as he had much company and all would be curious to know who was in his employ.- Andrew Jackson, b. 1814. Narrative and Writings of Andrew Jackson, of Kentucky; Containing an Account of His Birth, and Twenty-Six Years of His Life While a Slave; His Escape; Five Years of Freedom, Together with Anecdotes Relating to Slavery; Journal of One Year's Travels; Sketches, etc. Narrated by Himself; Written by a Friend. 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC docsouth.unc.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ It was a new era indeed in my existence, when I could carry home with me at night, and feel it all my own, more money than I had ever handled while a slave, during any single year of my life.- Andrew Jackson, b. 1814. Narrative and Writings of Andrew Jackson, of Kentucky; Containing an Account of His Birth, and Twenty-Six Years of His Life While a Slave; His Escape; Five Years of Freedom, Together with Anecdotes Relating to Slavery; Journal of One Year's Travels; Sketches, etc. Narrated by Himself; Written by a Friend. 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC docsouth.unc.edu [Source type: Original source]
A few Cherokees escaped forced relocation, or walked back afterwards, escaping to the high
Smoky Mountains along the
North Carolina and
Tennessee border.
[46]
.^ Indeed, he spent more money — about $10 million — than all previous administrations combined.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ It has been viewed as a euphemism for the spoils system and as a major culprit in the decline of administrative standards during the Jacksonian period.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Ronald N. Satz, American Indian Policy in the Jacksonian Era (Lincoln, Nebr., 1974), is an excellent analysis of the many aspects of Indian removal.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
Jackson was criticized at the time for his role in these events, and the criticism has grown over the years. Remini characterizes the Indian Removal era as "one of the unhappiest chapters in American history."
[47]
Attack and assassination attempt
.^ Among Jackson's first responsibilities as president was the administration of government, including his selection of cabinet and other personnel.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Prior to Jackson's presidency, the veto had been resorted to only nine times, generally on grounds of unconstitutionality or to protect the executive against legislative encroachment.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ The final vote showed a considerable degree of party loyalty, making it the first important measure of Jackson's presidency that distinguished the emerging Democratic party from the opposition.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
Jackson ordered the dismissal of Robert B. Randolph from the
Navy for
embezzlement. On May 6, 1833, Jackson sailed on USS
Cygnet to
Fredericksburg, Virginia, where he was to lay the cornerstone on a monument near the grave of
Mary Ball Washington,
George Washington's mother. During a stopover near
Alexandria, Virginia, Randolph appeared and struck the President.
.^ "I am very happy to say that Mr. Jackson is a member of my Church, and is well worthy of all confidence and regard.- John Andrew Jackson. The Experience of a Slave inSouth Carolina. 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC docsouth.unc.edu [Source type: Original source]
Jackson decided not to press charges.
[11]
.^ Over the period of Jackson's presidency, the United States ratified some seventy treaties, affecting approximately forty-six thousand Indians.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ The treaty with Great Britain reopened American trade with the British West Indies, while the agreement with Siam was the first between the United States and an Asiatic nation.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ In his message of December 1835 and in a special message the following January, he decried the right of any foreign power to dictate the language used by a president.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ Rumors circulated that Jackson might veto the Maysville bill, and a group of western Democrats appealed to Representative Richard M. Johnson of Kentucky to present their case for the road.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ The nullification crisis was precipitated by South Carolina's bitterness at Jackson's failure to urge a major downward revision of tariff rates.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ From the east portico of the Capitol, he delivered his inaugural address — inaudible except to those close by — in which he promised to be "animated by a proper respect" for the rights of the separate states.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
Lawrence then pulled out a second pistol which also misfired. It has since been postulated that the moisture from the humid weather of the day contributed to the double misfiring.
[48] .^ Jackson vigorously denied that others made policy for him, and his own closest aides agreed.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Calhoun does not attack the President, he says; yet he makes him out a dupe!"- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
Others present, including
David Crockett, restrained and disarmed Lawrence.
Richard Lawrence gave the doctors several reasons for the shooting. He had recently lost his job painting houses and somehow blamed Jackson.
.^ Jackson scored the bank for its "exclusive privileges," claiming that most of its stock was held by foreigners and Americans "chiefly of the richest class."- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Its capital was $35 million, partly subscribed by the United States government, and it was permitted to establish branches and issue bank notes.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Jackson's style of reaching out for political issues was never better illustrated than his attack on the Second Bank of the United States.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
Finally, he informed his interrogators that he was a deposed English King—specifically,
Richard III, dead since 1485—and that Jackson was merely his clerk. He was deemed insane, institutionalized, and never punished for his assassination attempt.
Afterward, due to curiosity concerning the double misfires, the pistols were tested and retested. Each time they performed perfectly. When these results were known, many believed that Jackson had been protected by the same Providence which had protected the young nation. This national pride was a large part of the Jacksonian cultural myth fueling American expansion in the 1830s.
Supreme Court appointments
Major Supreme Court cases
States admitted to the Union
Family and personal life
Shortly after Jackson first arrived in Nashville in 1788, he lived as a boarder with Rachel Stockley Donelson, the widow of
John Donelson.
.^ I here became acquainted with Henry Clay.- Andrew Jackson, b. 1814. Narrative and Writings of Andrew Jackson, of Kentucky; Containing an Account of His Birth, and Twenty-Six Years of His Life While a Slave; His Escape; Five Years of Freedom, Together with Anecdotes Relating to Slavery; Journal of One Year's Travels; Sketches, etc. Narrated by Himself; Written by a Friend. 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC docsouth.unc.edu [Source type: Original source]
At the time, Rachel Robards was in an unhappy marriage with Captain Lewis Robards, a man subject to irrational fits of jealous rage.
.^ Rachel, for example, was accused of bigamy in marrying Jackson while she was legally attached to another man.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
However, the divorce had never been completed, making Rachel's marriage to Jackson technically
bigamous and therefore invalid. After the divorce was officially completed, Rachel and Jackson remarried in 1794.
[49] However, there is evidence that Donelson had been living with Jackson and referred to herself as Mrs. Jackson before the petition for divorce was ever made.
[50] It was not uncommon on the frontier for relationships to be formed and dissolved unofficially, as long as they were recognized by the community.
The controversy surrounding their marriage remained a sore point for Jackson, who deeply resented attacks on his wife's honor. Jackson fought 13 duels, many nominally over his wife's honor.
. Charles Dickinson, the only man Jackson ever killed in a duel, had been goaded into angering Jackson by Jackson's political opponents.
^ Magazine article from: Biography Brinkley, Douglas January 1, 2009 700+ words Jackson , Andrew American Lion: Andrew Jackson in the White House.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Jackson's style of reaching out for political issues was never better illustrated than his attack on the Second Bank of the United States.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ To be sure, key elements of Jackson's program, such as Indian removal and the gag rule, revealed that his egalitarian rhetoric applied only to whites.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ We further state that we believe said John Andrew Jackson was formerly a slave, and that his word may be relied upon, as we think him a man of integrity and truth.- John Andrew Jackson. The Experience of a Slave inSouth Carolina. 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC docsouth.unc.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ In May, Jackson announced to Congress the termination of the controversy, along with the information that the first four installments of the debt had been paid.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ "No; I am sure it was Jackson, for I waited some time for him to return on this side of the branch.- John Andrew Jackson. The Experience of a Slave inSouth Carolina. 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC docsouth.unc.edu [Source type: Original source]
The bullet that struck Jackson was so close to his heart that it could never be safely removed. Jackson had been wounded so frequently in duels that it was said he "rattled like a bag of marbles."
[51] At times he would cough up blood, and he experienced considerable pain from his wounds for the rest of his life.
.^ By the time Jackson retired from the White House, he had significantly altered the office of the president and the course of American history.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ As his presidency progressed, Jackson found further justification in having loyal friends in office.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Efforts to make removal treaties with the Indians began as soon as Jackson took office and continued throughout his presidency.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ The election of 1828 also hinted at Jackson's future program.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ The decision rested with the House of Representatives, and John Quincy Adams emerged victorious after receiving the support of Henry Clay.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Georgia had clashed with the federal government when President John Quincy Adams refused to implement a controversial treaty removing the Creek Indians.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ Anthony F. C. Wallace, The Long, Bitter Trail: Andrew Jackson and the Indians (New York, 1993), provides a brief and useful introduction to the process of Indian removal.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ No matter that some Indians had adopted many of the trappings of white society, Jackson considered the tribes as obstacles to the progressive spread of a superior civilization over the continent.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ He found comfort in the presence of his family and relations, particularly the children of his adopted son, Andrew Jackson, Jr. The Hermitage again became a seat of hospitality for friends, as well as a shrine to the Democratic faithful who made pilgrimages to visit the General.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
Jackson had planned to have Lyncoya educated at
West Point,
[10] but he died of
tuberculosis in 1828, at the age of sixteen.
[52][53]
The Jacksons also acted as guardians for eight other children.
.^ We further state that we believe said John Andrew Jackson was formerly a slave, and that his word may be relied upon, as we think him a man of integrity and truth.- John Andrew Jackson. The Experience of a Slave inSouth Carolina. 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC docsouth.unc.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ MARTHA S. 5 ANDERSON (ANDREW JACKSON 4 , BENJAMIN 3 , JOSHUA 2 , ABRAHAM 1 ) was born May 05, 1874 in Texas, and died March 31, 1936.- Descendants of Andrew Jackson Anderson 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC members.cox.net [Source type: General]
^ JOHN A. 6 MAY (SARAH JANE 5 ANDERSON, ANDREW JACKSON 4 , BENJAMIN 3 , JOSHUA 2 , ABRAHAM 1 ) was born March 31, 1883 in Texas, and died Unknown.- Descendants of Andrew Jackson Anderson 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC members.cox.net [Source type: General]
Caroline Butler, Eliza Butler, Edward Butler, and Anthony Butler were the orphaned children of Edward Butler, a family friend.
.^ They will not deal out death at the bar, though it may be the ruin of his own father, or a brother, or a neighbor, or any person that can bring three cents to degrade himself.- Andrew Jackson, b. 1814. Narrative and Writings of Andrew Jackson, of Kentucky; Containing an Account of His Birth, and Twenty-Six Years of His Life While a Slave; His Escape; Five Years of Freedom, Together with Anecdotes Relating to Slavery; Journal of One Year's Travels; Sketches, etc. Narrated by Himself; Written by a Friend. 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC docsouth.unc.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ Jackson's greatest influence on public affairs during his post-White House years came after Tyler assumed the presidency following Harrison's sudden death.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ But they, where I came from, live like a pack of quarrelsome dogs,--who will and who shall,----!- Andrew Jackson, b. 1814. Narrative and Writings of Andrew Jackson, of Kentucky; Containing an Account of His Birth, and Twenty-Six Years of His Life While a Slave; His Escape; Five Years of Freedom, Together with Anecdotes Relating to Slavery; Journal of One Year's Travels; Sketches, etc. Narrated by Himself; Written by a Friend. 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC docsouth.unc.edu [Source type: Original source]
.^ By the time Jackson retired from the White House, he had significantly altered the office of the president and the course of American history.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ According to one observer, the White House was inundated "by the rabble mob," which, in its enthusiasm for the new president and the refreshments, almost crushed Jackson to death while making a shambles of the house.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Magazine article from: Biography Brinkley, Douglas January 1, 2009 700+ words Jackson , Andrew American Lion: Andrew Jackson in the White House.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ He asked William B. Lewis, who held a job in the Treasury Department, to live in the White House, and he retained his nephew Andrew Jackson Donelson as his private secretary, while Donelson's wife, Emily, served as White House hostess.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ The final vote showed a considerable degree of party loyalty, making it the first important measure of Jackson's presidency that distinguished the emerging Democratic party from the opposition.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ But like other Jackson policies, removal clarified party lines and firmed the commitment of those who remained loyal.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ Jackson's greatest influence on public affairs during his post-White House years came after Tyler assumed the presidency following Harrison's sudden death.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ The bank's charter continued in effect until 1836 and then permitted the institution two years more to wind up its affairs, during which time it could try to reverse its fate.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
They eventually reconciled and she resumed her duties as White House host.
.^ Anthony F. C. Wallace, The Long, Bitter Trail: Andrew Jackson and the Indians (New York, 1993), provides a brief and useful introduction to the process of Indian removal.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Along with Van Buren, the two Kentuckians constituted Jackson's inner circle of advisers, though others would from time to time join them.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ By the time Jackson retired from the White House, he had significantly altered the office of the president and the course of American history.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
Sarah took over all hosting duties after Emily died from tuberculosis in 1836. Jackson used
Rip Raps as a retreat, visiting between August 19, 1829 through August 16, 1835.
[54]
.^ Even as the tour proceeded, Jackson was deeply immersed in politics, for the issue of the Bank of the United States again pressed upon his attention.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ I, John Andrew Jackson, once a slave in the United States, have seen and heard all this, therefore I publish it.- John Andrew Jackson. The Experience of a Slave inSouth Carolina. 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC docsouth.unc.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ Even more objectionable to Jackson was a provision that distributed the surplus federal revenue to the states.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
Jackson was a lean figure standing at 6 feet, 1 inch (1.85 m) tall, and weighing between 130 and 140 pounds (64 kg) on average. Jackson also had an unruly shock of red hair, which had completely grayed by the time he became president at age 61. He had penetrating deep blue eyes.
.^ Whatever his reasons, Jackson's third annual message, delivered in December 1831, was more modest than his earlier ones.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ According to one observer, the White House was inundated "by the rabble mob," which, in its enthusiasm for the new president and the refreshments, almost crushed Jackson to death while making a shambles of the house.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Only about one-tenth of federal officeholders were removed during his presidency, and not all of these were for political reasons.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ Jackson was almost seventy years old when he retired to the Hermitage.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ He found comfort in the presence of his family and relations, particularly the children of his adopted son, Andrew Jackson, Jr. The Hermitage again became a seat of hospitality for friends, as well as a shrine to the Democratic faithful who made pilgrimages to visit the General.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ The arrangement also left Jackson entirely free to make the final judgment and assume full responsibility for a decision.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ They were almost entirely the result of his adopted son's bad business judgment and immaturity.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ Over the eight years of his presidency, Jackson elaborated and refined his objections to internal-improvements projects.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ For a different view of Jackson's presidency, see Donald B. Cole, The Presidency of Andrew Jackson (Lawrence, Kans., 1993).- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ By the time Jackson retired from the White House, he had significantly altered the office of the president and the course of American history.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
Memorials
- Jackson's portrait appears on the United States twenty-dollar bill.^ Over the period of Jackson's presidency, the United States ratified some seventy treaties, affecting approximately forty-six thousand Indians.
- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Even as the tour proceeded, Jackson was deeply immersed in politics, for the issue of the Bank of the United States again pressed upon his attention.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ I, John Andrew Jackson, once a slave in the United States, have seen and heard all this, therefore I publish it.- John Andrew Jackson. The Experience of a Slave inSouth Carolina. 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC docsouth.unc.edu [Source type: Original source]
He has appeared on $5, $10, $50, and $10,000 bills in the past, as well as a Confederate $1,000 bill.
- Jackson's image is on the Black Jack and many other postage stamp.
- Memorials to Jackson include a set of four identical equestrian statues located in different parts of the country. .^ According to one observer, the White House was inundated "by the rabble mob," which, in its enthusiasm for the new president and the refreshments, almost crushed Jackson to death while making a shambles of the house.
- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ One close Jackson associate put the issue squarely when he judged Calhoun a "madman" if he promoted the maneuvers against Eaton, and not a wise man if he does not put an end to it."- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
Another is in Nashville on the grounds of the Tennessee State Capitol. .^ School-house near Mr. Manville's, to a dense congregation, twice, and a third time in the evening in the Martin district.- Andrew Jackson, b. 1814. Narrative and Writings of Andrew Jackson, of Kentucky; Containing an Account of His Birth, and Twenty-Six Years of His Life While a Slave; His Escape; Five Years of Freedom, Together with Anecdotes Relating to Slavery; Journal of One Year's Travels; Sketches, etc. Narrated by Himself; Written by a Friend. 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC docsouth.unc.edu [Source type: Original source]
The fourth is in Downtown Jacksonville, Florida. .
- Numerous counties and cities are named after him, including Jacksonville, Florida; Jackson, Louisiana; Jackson, Michigan; Jackson, Mississippi; Jackson County, Mississippi; Jackson, Missouri; Jackson County, Oregon; Jacksonville, North Carolina; Jackson, Tennessee; Jackson County, Florida; Jackson Parish, Louisiana; Jackson County, Missouri; and Jackson County, Ohio.
- Andrew Jackson State Park is located on the site of his birthplace in Lancaster County, South Carolina.^ He had then a son named West, and after ten years he returned to South Carolina.
- John Andrew Jackson. The Experience of a Slave inSouth Carolina. 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC docsouth.unc.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ DORTHENE 7 ANDERSON (WILLIAM JACKSON 6 , MARION FRANKLIN 5 , ANDREW JACKSON 4 , BENJAMIN 3 , JOSHUA 2 , ABRAHAM 1 ) was born January 03, 1926 in Lynn County, Texas, and died September 01, 2001 in Key Largo, Monroe County, Florida.- Descendants of Andrew Jackson Anderson 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC members.cox.net [Source type: General]
^ I, John Andrew Jackson, once a slave in the United States, have seen and heard all this, therefore I publish it.- John Andrew Jackson. The Experience of a Slave inSouth Carolina. 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC docsouth.unc.edu [Source type: Original source]
.
- Two cities located in the suburbs in the eastern part of Nashville, TN, near the Hermitage, are named for Jackson and his home: Old Hickory, Tennessee, and Hermitage, Tennessee.
- In Nashville, Old Hickory Boulevard, named for Jackson, is a historic road that encircles the city.^ Hickory poles, symbolically connecting Jackson to the liberty poles of the revolutionary era, were erected "in every village, as well as upon the corners of many city streets."
- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ At the same time, he accumulated significant amounts of property, establishing himself as a member of the Tennessee elite by purchasing a plantation, first at Hunter's Hill and then, in 1804, at the Hermitage, near Nashville.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ COMMITTED to the Leon County Jail, on the 18th inst., a negro man named COOK, about 75 years old.- Andrew Jackson, b. 1814. Narrative and Writings of Andrew Jackson, of Kentucky; Containing an Account of His Birth, and Twenty-Six Years of His Life While a Slave; His Escape; Five Years of Freedom, Together with Anecdotes Relating to Slavery; Journal of One Year's Travels; Sketches, etc. Narrated by Himself; Written by a Friend. 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC docsouth.unc.edu [Source type: Original source]
Originally the road, aided by ferries, formed an unbroken loop around the city. Today, it is interrupted by lakes and rerouted sections. .
- One of the most popular lakes in middle Tennessee is Old Hickory Lake.
- Andrew Jackson High School, in Lancaster County, SC, is named after him and uses the title of "Hickory Log" for its Annual photo book.
- The section of U.S. Route 74 between Charlotte, North Carolina and Wilmington, North Carolina is named the Andrew Jackson Highway.
- The U.S. Army installation Fort Jackson in Columbia, South Carolina, is named in his honor.
- Fort Jackson, built before the Civil War on the Mississippi River for the defense of New Orleans, was named in his honor.
- USS Andrew Jackson (SSBN-619), a Lafayette-class nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarine, which served from 1963 to 1989.
- Jackson Park, the third-largest park in Chicago, is named for him.
- Jackson Park, a public golf course in Seattle, Washington is named for him.
- Andrew Jackson Centre, the Andrew Jackson Cottage and US Rangers Centre is a "traditional thatched Ulster–Scots farmhouse built in 1750s" and "includes the home of Jackson's parents.^ I used often to work at sawing wood during the night, and it did not seem such a hardship as when I did the same in South Carolina.
- John Andrew Jackson. The Experience of a Slave inSouth Carolina. 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC docsouth.unc.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ Anthony F. C. Wallace, The Long, Bitter Trail: Andrew Jackson and the Indians (New York, 1993), provides a brief and useful introduction to the process of Indian removal.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Indeed, it was the portions of Jackson's veto messages dealing with nonconstitutional matters that generally contained the most authentic examples of Jacksonian rhetoric and had the greatest popular appeal.- Jackson, Andrew – FREE Jackson, Andrew information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Jackson, Andrew research 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Original source]
It has been restored to its original state."[5]
Andrew Jackson on U.S. Postage Issues
See also
References
- ^ Wilentz, Sean. Andrew Jackson (2005), p. 8, 35.
- ^ Finkelman, Paul (2006). "Jackson, Andrew (1767–1845)," in Encyclopedia of American Civil Liberties, 3 vols., Routledge (CRC Press), ISBN 978-0-415-94342-0, vol. 2 (G-Q), p. 832–833.
- ^ See also: Remini 1988, The Legacy of Andrew Jackson: Essays on Democracy, Indian Removal, and Slavery.
- ^ "Andrew Jackson". Information Services Branch, State Library of North Carolina. http://statelibrary.dcr.state.nc.us/nc/bio/public/jackson.htm.
- ^ a b "Andrew Jackson Cottage and US Rangers Centre". Northern Ireland Tourist Board. http://www.discovernorthernireland.com/product.aspx?ProductID=2801.
- ^ Gullan, Harold I. (c2004). First fathers: the men who inspired our Presidents. Hoboken, N.J. : J: John Wiley & Sons. pp. xii, 308 p. : ill. ; 25 cm. LCCN 2003-020625. ISBN 0471465976. OCLC 53090968. http://books.google.com/books?id=YSt1AAAAMAAJ&q=%22Andrew+Jackson,+Sr.%22+-inpublisher:icon&dq=%22Andrew+Jackson,+Sr.%22+-inpublisher:icon&as_brr=0&ei=UX5PS8StKp22NM2Q_JsN&cd=9. Retrieved January 14, 2010.
- ^ Remini, Robert (2008-11-02). "Andrew Jackson". Palgrave Macmillan. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/longterm/books/chap1/andrewjackson.htm. Retrieved 2009-05-04.
- ^ "Museum of the Waxhaws and Andrew Jackson Memorial". http://www.perigee.net/~mwaxhaw/faq.html. Retrieved 2008-01-13. Controversies about Jackson's birthplace went far beyond the dispute between North and South Carolina. Because his origins were humble and obscure compared to those of his predecessors, wild rumors abounded about Jackson's past. Joseph Nathan Kane, in his almanac-style book Facts About the Presidents, lists no fewer than eight localities, including two foreign countries, that were mentioned in the popular press as Jackson's "real" birthplace – including Ireland, where both of Jackson's parents were born.
- ^ "Andrew Jackson". Library of Congress. http://www.americaslibrary.gov/cgi-bin/page.cgi/aa/jackson. Retrieved 2007-06-03.
- ^ a b Crocker III, H. W. (2006). Don't Tread on Me. New York: Crown Forum. pp. 105. ISBN 9781400053636.
- ^ a b Paletta, Lu Ann; Worth, Fred L (1988). The World Almanac of Presidential Facts. World Almanac Books. ISBN 0345348885.
- ^ Jackson, Andrew, (1767 – 1845),. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
- ^ Remini (2000), p.51 cites 1820 census; mentions later figures up to 150 without noting a source.
- ^ http://www.thehermitage.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=36&Itemid=49|The Hermitage
- ^ Jackson Purchase in the Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture
- ^ Remini, Robert V. (1999) The battle of New Orleans, New York: Penguin Books. p. 285
- ^ Remini, 118.
- ^ Ogg, 66.
- ^ Johnson, Allen (1920). "Jefferson and His Colleagues". http://etext.virginia.edu/jefferson/grizzard/johnson/johnson13.html. Retrieved 2006-10-11.
- ^ Rutland, Robert Allen (1995). The Democrats: From Jefferson to Clinton. University of Missouri Press. pp. 48–49. ISBN 0826210341.
- ^ Adams, Henry. The Life of Albert Gallatin (1879), 599.
- ^ Rutland, Robert Allen (1995). The Democrats: From Jefferson to Clinton. University of Missouri Press. pp. 55–56. ISBN 0826210341.
- ^ Nickels, Ilona; "How did Republicans pick the elephant, and Democrats the donkey, to represent their parties?"; "Capitol Questions" feature at c-span.com; September 5, 2000
- ^ "Historical Debt Outstanding - Annual 1791 - 1849". Public Debt Reports. Treasury Direct. http://www.treasurydirect.gov/govt/reports/pd/histdebt/histdebt_histo1.htm. Retrieved 2007-11-25.
- ^ Watkins, Thayer. "The Depression of 1837-1844". San José State University Department of Economics. http://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/dep1837.htm. Retrieved 2007-11-25.
- ^ a b "Andrew Jackson's First Annual Message to Congress". The American Presidency Project. http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=29471. Retrieved 2008-03-14.
- ^ "Andrew Jackson's Second Annual Message to Congress". The American Presidency Project. http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=29472. Retrieved 2008-03-14.
- ^ "Andrew Jackson's Third Annual Message to Congress". The American Presidency Project. http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=29473. Retrieved 2008-03-14.
- ^ The Spoils System, as the rotation in office system was called, did not originate with Jackson. It originated with New York governors in the late 18th and early 19th centuries (most notably George Clinton and DeWitt Clinton). Thomas Jefferson brought it to the Executive Branch when he replaced Federalist office-holders after becoming President. The Spoils System versus the Merit System. Retrieved on 2006-11-21.
- ^ Jacksonian Democracy: The Presidency of Andrew Jackson. Retrieved on 2006-11-21.
- ^ a b Digital History
- ^ Sparknotes
- ^ Ogg, 164.
- ^ Martin Van Buren biography at Encyclopedia Americana
- ^ Parton, James (2006). Life of Andrew Jackson. 3. Kessinger Publishing. pp. 381–385. ISBN 1428639292. . First published in 1860.
- ^ Syrett, 36. See also: "President Jackson's Proclamation Regarding Nullification, December 10, 1832". http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/presiden/proclamations/jack01.htm. Retrieved 2006-08-10.
- ^ In particular, see Schama (2008) p. 325-326
- ^ For an attack on Jackson see Cave (2003). 65(6): 1330–1353. For a defense see Remini (2001).
- ^ "Andrew Jackson: First Annual Message". Presidency.ucsb.edu. http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=29471. Retrieved 2008-11-01.
- ^ Remini,"Andrew Jackson and the Course of American Freedom, 1822–1832" pp. 117, 200
- ^ Cave (2003); Remini (1988).
- ^ "Historical Documents - The Indian Removal Act of 1830". Historicaldocuments.com. http://www.historicaldocuments.com/IndianRemovalAct.htm. Retrieved 2008-11-01.
- ^ http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4p2959.html PBS
- ^ http://www.synaptic.bc.ca/ejournal/jackson.htm Indian Removal
- ^ PBS: Judgement Day. “Indian removal.” http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4p2959.html (accessed January 12, 2008).
- ^ Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians - History
- ^ Remini (2001).
- ^ Jon Grinspan. "Trying to Assassinate Andrew Jackson". http://www.americanheritage.com/people/articles/web/20070130-richard-lawrence-andrew-jackson-assassination-warren-r-davis.shtml. Retrieved November 11, 2008.
- ^ Remini, 17–25
- ^ Meacham, Jon (2008). American Lion: Andrew Jackson in the White House. New York: Random House. pp. 22–23. ISBN 978-1-4000-6325-3. http://books.google.com/books?id=FYFsufPTrnEC&printsec=frontcover&dq=American+Lion:+Andrew+Jackson+in+the+White+House&ei=C2EUS_uLJJrAywTgndiJDQ&client=firefox-a#v=onepage&q=&f=false.
- ^ Wallace, Chris (2005). Character : Profiles in Presidential Courage. New York, NY: Rugged Land. ISBN 1-59071-054-1.
- ^ Rachel Donelson Robards Jackson. From: National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved November 7, 2007.
- ^ Rachel Jackson. From: nndb.com. Retrieved November 7, 2007.
- ^ Meacham, page 109; 315
- ^ Wilentz, Sean (2005). Andrew Jackson. Macmillan. pp. 160.
Secondary sources
Biography
- Brands, H. W. Andrew Jackson: His Life and Times (2005), scholarly biography emphasizing military career excerpt and text search
- Brustein, Andrew. The Passions of Andrew Jackson. (2003). online review by Donald B. Cole
- Hofstadter, Richard. The American Political Tradition (1948), chapter on Jackson. online in ACLS e-books
- James, Marquis. The Life of Andrew Jackson Combines two books: The Border Captain and Andrew Jackson: Portrait of a President, 1933, 1937; winner of the Pulitzer Prize for Biography in 1938.
- Meacham, Jon. .
- Parton, James.^ JAMES NORMAN 7 COATS (SARAH LINNIE 6 ANDERSON, MARION FRANKLIN 5 , ANDREW JACKSON 4 , BENJAMIN 3 , JOSHUA 2 , ABRAHAM 1 ) was born Private.
- Descendants of Andrew Jackson Anderson 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC members.cox.net [Source type: General]
.^ SARAH JANE 5 ANDERSON (ANDREW JACKSON 4 , BENJAMIN 3 , JOSHUA 2 , ABRAHAM 1 ) was born January 1860 in Texas, and died Unknown in Chillicothe, Hardeman County, Texas.- Descendants of Andrew Jackson Anderson 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC members.cox.net [Source type: General]
.
- Remini, Robert V. The Life of Andrew Jackson.^ ROBERT ALVIN 7 CRUMP (JOSEPH LEE 6 , FRANCES MARIAH 5 ANDERSON, ANDREW JACKSON 4 , BENJAMIN 3 , JOSHUA 2 , ABRAHAM 1 ) was born Private.
- Descendants of Andrew Jackson Anderson 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC members.cox.net [Source type: General]
Abridgment of Remini's 3-volume monumental biography, (1988).
.
- Remini, Robert V. The Legacy of Andrew Jackson: Essays on Democracy, Indian Removal, and Slavery (1988).
- Remini, Robert V. Andrew Jackson and his Indian Wars (2001).
- Remini, Robert V. "Andrew Jackson," American National Biography (2000).
- Wilentz, Sean.^ Narrative and Writings of Andrew Jackson, of Kentucky; Containing an Account of His Birth, and Twenty-Six Years of His Life While a Slave; His Escape; Five Years of Freedom, Together with Anecdotes Relating to Slavery; Journal of One Year's Travels; Sketches, etc.
- Andrew Jackson, b. 1814. Narrative and Writings of Andrew Jackson, of Kentucky; Containing an Account of His Birth, and Twenty-Six Years of His Life While a Slave; His Escape; Five Years of Freedom, Together with Anecdotes Relating to Slavery; Journal of One Year's Travels; Sketches, etc. Narrated by Himself; Written by a Friend. 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC docsouth.unc.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ ROBERT ALVIN 7 CRUMP (JOSEPH LEE 6 , FRANCES MARIAH 5 ANDERSON, ANDREW JACKSON 4 , BENJAMIN 3 , JOSHUA 2 , ABRAHAM 1 ) was born Private.- Descendants of Andrew Jackson Anderson 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC members.cox.net [Source type: General]
Andrew Jackson (2005) short biography, stressing Indian removal and slavery issues excerpt and text search
Specialized studies
- Cave, Alfred A.. Abuse of Power: Andrew Jackson and the Indian Removal Act of 1830 (2003).
- Gammon, Samuel Rhea. The Presidential Campaign of 1832 (1922).
- Hammond, Bray. Andrew Jackson's Battle with the "Money Power" (1958) ch 8, of his Banks and Politics in America: From the Revolution to the Civil War (1954); Pulitzer prize.
- Meacham, Jon (2008). American Lion. Random House, Inc.. ISBN 9781400063253. ..
- Latner Richard B. The Presidency of Andrew Jackson: White House Politics, 1820–1837 (1979), standard survey.
- Ogg, Frederic Austin ; The Reign of Andrew Jackson: A Chronicle of the Frontier in Politics 1919. short popular survey online at Gutenberg.
- Parsons, Lynn H. The Birth of Modern Politics: Andrew Jackson, John Quincy Adams, and the Election of 1828 (2009) excerpt and text search
- Ratner, Lorman A. Andrew Jackson and His Tennessee Lieutenants: A Study in Political Culture (1997).
- Rowland, Dunbar.^ JOHN A. 6 MAY (SARAH JANE 5 ANDERSON, ANDREW JACKSON 4 , BENJAMIN 3 , JOSHUA 2 , ABRAHAM 1 ) was born March 31, 1883 in Texas, and died Unknown.
- Descendants of Andrew Jackson Anderson 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC members.cox.net [Source type: General]
Andrew Jackson's Campaign against the British, or, the Mississippi Territory in the War of 1812, concerning the Military Operations of the Americans, Creek Indians, British, and Spanish, 1813–1815 (1926).
- Schama, Simon. The American Future: A History (2008).
- Schlesinger, Arthur M. Jr. The Age of Jackson. (1945). Winner of the Pulitzer Prize for History. history of ideas of the era.
- Syrett, Harold C. Andrew Jackson: His Contribution to the American Tradition (1953). on Jacksonian Democracy
Historiography
- Bugg Jr. James L. ed. Jacksonian Democracy: Myth or Reality? (1952), excerpts from scholars.
- Mabry, Donald J., Short Book Bibliography on Andrew Jackson, Historical Text Archive.
- Sellers, Charles Grier, Jr. "Andrew Jackson versus the Historians," The Mississippi Valley Historical Review, Vol. 44, No. 4. (March, 1958), pp. 615–634. in JSTOR.
- Taylor, George Rogers, ed. Jackson Versus Biddle: The Struggle over the Second Bank of the United States (1949), excerpts from primary and secondary sources.
- Ward, John William. Andrew Jackson, Symbol for an Age (1962) how writers saw him.
External links
Top topics
Wikis
Quiz
Facts
Map
Misc
Search
