| 4th | Top anti-ethnic and anti-national terms |
Anglophobia (from Latin Anglus "English" + Greek
φόβος -phobos, "fear") means hatred or fear of England or
the English people.[1] The
term is sometimes used more loosely for general Anti-British sentiment.[1]
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In his essay "Notes on Nationalism", written in May 1945 and published in the first issue of the intellectual magazine Polemic (October 1945), George Orwell wrote, 'Welsh, Irish and Scottish nationalism have points of difference but are alike in their anti-English orientation.'.[2]
A 2005 study by Hussain and Millar of the Department of Politics at the University of Glasgow examined the prevalence of Anglophobia in relation to Islamophobia in Scotland. One finding of the report suggested that national ‘phobias’ have common roots independent of the nations they are directed toward. The study states that:
Scottish identity comes close to rivalling low levels of education as an influence towards Anglophobia. Beyond that, having an English friend reduces Anglophobia by about as much as having a Muslim friend reduces Islamophobia. And lack of knowledge about Islam probably indicates a broader rejection of the ‘other’, for it has as much impact on Anglophobia as on Islamophobia.[3]
Hussain and Millar's study found that Anglophobia was slightly less prevalent than Islamophobia, but that while Anglophobia was correlated with Scottish identity, this was not a significant factor in Islamophobia. However, the study goes on to say: "Few of the English (only 16 percent) see conflict between Scots and English as even 'fairly serious'".
In 1999 an Inspector and race relations officer with Lothian and Borders Police said that a correlation had been noticed between the establishment of the Scottish Parliament and anti-English incidents.[4] However, Hussain and Millar's research suggested that Anglophobia had fallen slightly since the introduction of devolution.
One person was assaulted, allegedly for having an English accent while in Scotland.[5] Similar cases have been connected with major football matches and tournaments, particularly international tournaments where the English and Scottish football teams often compete with each other.[6][7][8][9]
Anglophobia has existed in Wales to some extent since the establishment of England, and vice versa. The Laws in Wales Acts 1535–1542 also known as the "Acts of Union", passed by the Parliament of England, annexed Wales to the Kingdom of England, and replaced the Welsh language and Welsh law with the English language and English law. In particular, Section 20 of the 1535 Act made English the only language of the law courts and stated that those who used Welsh would not be appointed to any public office in Wales. Throughout the centuries with the suppression of the Welsh language in almost every public sphere, including in schools with the use of the Welsh Not, the Welsh speaking population was gradually Anglicised and reduced to a linguistic minority of roughly 20 percent of the total population of Wales today.
Concerns over the decline of the Welsh language and its historical proscription, and in recent years the cultural impact of English immigration, have contributed to anti-English sentiment in Wales. From 1979-1994, the Welsh militant group Meibion Glyndŵr (English: the Sons of (Owain) Glyndŵr), motivated by cultural and economic concerns, firebombed 300 English-owned second homes in Wales and attempted arson against several estate agents in Wales and England, and against the offices of the Conservative Party in London.[10][10][11]
In 2000, the Chairman of Swansea Bay Race Equality Council said that "Devolution has brought a definite increase in anti-English behaviour" citing three women who believed that they were being discriminated against in their careers because they could not speak Welsh.[12] Author Simon Brooks recommended that English-owned homes in Wales be "peacefully occupied".[10] In 2001 Dafydd Elis-Thomas, a former leader of Plaid Cymru, said that there was an anti-English strand to Welsh nationalism.[13]
In August 2008 a English pipefitter based in Dublin was awarded €20,000 for the racial abuse and discrimination he received at his workplace.[14]
After the Norman conquest in 1066, French replaced English as the official language of England. However, in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, the Plantagenet kings of England lost most of their possessions in France, began to consider England to be their primary domain, and turned to the English language. King Edward I, when issuing writs for summoning parliament in 1295, claimed that the King of France planned to invade England and extinguish the English language, "a truly detestable plan which may God avert".[15][16] In 1338, Philip VI of France authored the Ordinance of Normandy, which again called for the destruction and elimination of the English nation and language. The so-called Hundred Years War (1337-1453) between England and France changed societies on both sides of the Channel.
The English and French were engaged in numerous wars in the following centuries. England's ongoing conflict with Scotland provided France with an opportunity to destabilise England, and there was a firm friendship (known as the Auld Alliance) between France and Scotland from the late-thirteenth century to the mid-sixteenth century. The alliance eventually foundered because of growing Protestantism in Scotland. Opposition to Protestantism became a major feature of later French Anglophobia (and conversely, fear of Catholicism was a hallmark of Francophobia). Antipathy and intermittent hostilities between France and Britain, as distinct from England, continued during later centuries.
Anti-British sentiment, sometimes described as Anglophobia, has been described as "deeply entrenched in Iranian culture",[17] and reported to be increasingly prevalent in Iran. In July 2009, an adviser to Ayatollah Ali Khamenei called Britain "worse than America" for its alleged interference in Iran's post-election affairs. In the first part of the 20th century, the British exerted political influence over Iran (Persia), and British government influence was widely seen to be behind the rise of Reza Shah Pahlavi, and the ousting of prime minister Mohammad Mosaddeq in 1953.[18][19][20]
The Irish-American community in the United States has historically shown antipathy towards the English in particular.[21] The film industry is widely perceived to give an English nationality to a disproportionate number of villains.[22] Lyndon LaRouche, a perennial candidate for U.S. President and a movement leader known for theories of conspiracies, has been called the "most illustrious" Anglophobe in American politics.[23]
"Pommy" or "Pom" (derived from "pomegranate", rhyming slang for "immigrant") is a common Australasian slang word for the English, often combined with 'whing[e]ing' (complaining) to make the expression 'whingeing Pom' - an English immigrant who stereotypically complains about everything. Although the term is sometimes applied to British immigrants generally, it is usually applied specifically to the English, by both Australians and New Zealanders.[24][25] From the 19th century onwards, there were feelings among established Australians that many immigrants from England were poorly skilled, unwanted by their home country, and unappreciative of the benefits of their new country.[26] In recent years, complaints about two newspaper articles blaming English tourists for littering a local beach, and headed "Filthy Poms" and "Poms fill the summer of our discontent", were accepted as complaints and settled through conciliation by the Australian Human Rights Commission when the newspapers published apologies. However, letters and articles which referred to English people as "Poms" or "Pommies" did not meet the threshold for racial hatred.[27] In 2007 a complaint to Australia's Advertising Standards Bureau about a television commercial using the term 'Pom' was upheld and the commercial was withdrawn.[28] Generally, however, Australia and the United Kingdom have a close relationship and the term is only used as a tongue in cheek insult.
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Contents |
From Latin Anglus (“‘Angle’”) + Ancient Greek φόβος (phobos), “‘fear’”).
Anglophobia
   | dictionary.com - anglophobia definition | Dictionary.com |
| | Allwords.com - Definition of anglophobia |
| | Excerpts from the Correspondence of Thomas Jefferson. - School of Cooperative Individualism / Correspondence of Thomas Jefferson - Alphabetical by Subject - F |
| | What is the UK? Is it the same as Britain, Great Britain or England? - AUE: What is the UK? Is it the same as Britain, Great Britain or England? |
| | The alt.usage.english Home Page - AUE: The alt.usage.english Home Page |
| | Is southern Ireland a neo-colony? - Kieran Allen: Is southern Ireland a neo-colony? (1. Why is southern Ireland underdeveloped?) |
| | Notes on Nationalism - Notes on Nationalism (continued) - Essay by George Orwell - Charles' George Orwell Links |
| | Charles' George Orwell Links - Charles' George Orwell Links - Biographies, Essays, Novels, Reviews, Images |
| | The End of the Affair: National Identity in the Age of Devolution - Identity - The End of the Affair |
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