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Wiktionary

Up to date as of January 14, 2010

Definition from Wiktionary, a free dictionary

This is an Swadesh list of words in English and French.

For further information, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list

A Swadesh word list, developed by the linguist Morris Swadesh, is used as a tool to study the evolution of languages. It contains a set of basic words which can be found in every language to varying degreees. Various versions have been created, in particular:

  • a complete 207 words version, in which some of the words are not found in every environment (it contains for instance snake and snow)
  • a reduced 100 words version.

Some versions are more reliable than others in terms of the universality of concurrence between the words' meanings.

This word list should not be considered as an elementary lexicon to communicate with speakers of a given language; for such a purpose, the numerous existing Wikitravel lexicons are more useful. Its only objective is to give a rough idea of the language, by showing its lexical and, when possible, phonetic basis.

List

No. English French
Français		 IPA
pronunciation
1 I je [ʒə]
2 you (singular) tu, vous (formal) [ty], [vu]
3 he il [il]
4 we nous [nu]
5 you (plural) vous [vu]
6 they ils [il]
7 this ceci [sə'si]
8 that cela [sə'la]
9 here ici [i'si]
10 there là [la]
11 who qui [ki]
12 what quoi [kwa]
13 where où [u]
14 when quand [kã]
15 how comment [kɔ'mã]
16 not ne pas [nə] ... [pɑ]
17 all tout [tu]
18 many beaucoup [bo'ku]
19 some quelques [kɛlk]
20 few peu [pø]
21 other autre [otʁ]
22 one un [œ̃]
23 two deux [dø]
24 three trois [tʁwɑ]
25 four quatre [katʁ]
26 five cinq [sɛ̃k]
27 big grand [ɡʁã]
28 long long [lõ]
29 wide large [laʁʒ]
30 thick épais [e'pɛ]
31 heavy lourd [luʁ]
32 small petit [pə'ti]
33 short court [kuʁ]
34 narrow étroit [e'tʁwa]
35 thin mince [mɛ̃s]
36 woman femme [fam]
37 man (male) homme [ɔm]
38 man (human) homme [ɔm]
39 child enfant [ɑ̃fɑ̃]
40 wife femme, épouse [fam], [e'puz]
41 husband mari, époux [ma'ʁi], [e'pu]
42 mother mère [mɛʁ]
43 father père [pɛʁ]
44 animal animal [ani'mal]
45 fish poisson [pwa'sõ]
46 bird oiseau [wa'zo]
47 dog chien [ʃjɛ̃]
48 louse pou [pu]
49 snake serpent [sɛʁ'pɑ̃]
50 worm ver [vɛʁ]
51 tree arbre [aʁbʁ]
52 forest forêt [fɔ'ʁɛ]
53 stick bâton [bɑ'tɔ̃]
54 fruit fruit [fʁɥi]
55 seed graine [ɡʁɛn]
56 leaf feuille [fœj]
57 root racine [ʁa'sin]
58 bark (of a tree) écorce [e'kɔʁs]
59 flower fleur [flœʁ]
60 grass herbe [ɛʁb]
61 rope corde [kɔʁd]
62 skin peau [po]
63 meat viande [vjɑ̃d]
64 blood sang [sɑ̃]
65 bone os [ɔs]
66 fat (noun) graisse [ɡʁɛs]
67 egg œuf [œf]
68 horn corne [kɔʁn]
69 tail queue [kø]
70 feather plume [plym]
71 hair cheveux [ʃə'vø]
72 head tête [tɛt]
73 ear oreille [ɔ'ʁɛj]
74 eye œil [œj]
75 nose nez [ne]
76 mouth bouche [buʃ]
77 tooth dent [dɑ̃]
78 tongue langue [lɑ̃ɡ]
79 fingernail ongle [ɔ̃ɡl]
80 foot pied [pje]
81 leg jambe [ʒɑ̃b]
82 knee genou [ʒə'nu]
83 hand main [mɛ̃]
84 wing aile [ɛl]
85 belly ventre [vɑ̃tʁ]
86 guts entrailles, intestins [ɑ̃'tʁɑj], [ɛ̃tɛs'tɛ̃]
87 neck cou [ku]
88 back dos [do]
89 breast poitrine [pwa'tʁin]
90 heart cœur [kœʁ]
91 liver foie [fwɑ]
92 to drink boire [bwɑʁ]
93 to eat manger [mɑ̃'ʒe]
94 to bite mordre [mɔʁdʁ]
95 to suck sucer [sy'se]
96 to spit cracher [kʁa'ʃe]
97 to vomit vomir [vɔ'miʁ]
98 to blow souffler [su'fle]
99 to breathe respirer [ʁɛspi'ʁe]
100 to laugh rire [ʁiʁ]
101 to see voir [vwaʁ]
102 to hear entendre [ɑ̃'tɑ̃dʁ]
103 to know savoir [sa'vwaʁ]
104 to think penser [pɑ̃'se]
105 to smell sentir [sɑ̃'tiʁ]
106 to fear craindre [kʁɛ̃dʁ]
107 to sleep dormir [dɔʁ'miʁ]
108 to live vivre [vivʁ]
109 to die mourir [muʁiʁ]
110 to kill tuer [tɥe]
111 to fight se battre [sə'batʁ]
112 to hunt chasser [ʃa'se]
113 to hit frapper [fʁa'pe]
114 to cut couper [ku'pe]
115 to split fendre [fɑ̃dʁ]
116 to stab poignarder [pwaɲaʁ'de]
117 to scratch gratter [ɡʁa'te]
118 to dig creuser [kʁø'ze]
119 to swim nager [na'ʒe]
120 to fly voler [vɔ'le]
121 to walk marcher [maʁ'ʃe]
122 to come venir [və'niʁ]
123 to lie (as in a bed) s'étendre (action), être étendu(state) [sé'tɑ̃dʁ], [ɛtʁetɑ̃'dy]
124 to sit s'asseoir (action), être assis (state) [sa'swaʁ], [ɛtʁa'si]
125 to stand se lever (action), se tenir debout (state) [sələ've], [sətə'niʁdə'bu]
126 to turn (intransitive) tourner [tuʁ'ne]
127 to fall tomber [tɔ̃'be]
128 to give donner [dɔ'ne]
129 to hold tenir [tə'niʁ]
130 to squeeze serrer [se'ʁe]
131 to rub frotter [fʁɔ'te]
132 to wash laver [la've]
133 to wipe essuyer [esɥi'je]
134 to pull tirer [ti'ʁe]
135 to push pousser [pu'se]
136 to throw jeter, lancer [ʒə'te], [lɑ̃'se]
137 to tie lier [lje]
138 to sew coudre [kudʁ]
139 to count compter [kɔ̃'te]
140 to say dire [diʁ]
141 to sing chanter [ʃɑ̃'te]
142 to play jouer [ʒwe]
143 to float flotter [flɔ'te]
144 to flow couler [ku'le]
145 to freeze geler [ʒə'le]
146 to swell gonfler [ɡɔ̃'fle]
147 sun soleil [sɔ'lɛj]
148 moon lune [lyn]
149 star étoile [e'twal]
150 water eau [o]
151 rain pluie [plɥi]
152 river rivière [ʁi'vjɛʁ]
153 lake lac [lak]
154 sea mer [mɛʁ]
155 salt sel [sɛl]
156 stone pierre [pjɛʁ]
157 sand sable [sabl]
158 dust poussière [pu'sjɛʁ]
159 earth terre [tɛʁ]
160 cloud nuage [nɥaj]
161 fog brouillard [bʁu'jaʁ]
162 sky ciel [siɛl]
163 wind vent [vɑ̃]
164 snow neige [nɛj]
165 ice glace [ɡlas]
166 smoke fumée [fy'me]
167 fire feu [fø]
168 ash cendre [sɑ̃dʁ]
169 to burn brûler [bʁy'le]
170 road route [ʁut]
171 mountain montagne [mɔ̃'taɲ]
172 red rouge [ʁuj]
173 green vert [vɛʁ]
174 yellow jaune [ʒon]
175 white blanc [blɑ̃]
176 black noir [nwaʁ]
177 night nuit [nɥi]
178 day jour [ʒuʁ]
179 year an, année [ɑ̃], [a'ne]
180 warm chaud [ʃo]
181 cold froid [fʁwa]
182 full plein [plɛ̃]
183 new nouveau [nu'vo]
184 old vieux [vjø]
185 good bon [bɔ̃]
186 bad mauvais [mo've]
187 rotten pourri [pu'ri]
188 dirty sale [sal]
189 straight droit [dʁwa]
190 round rond [ʁɔ̃]
191 sharp (as a knife) tranchant [tʁɑ̃'ʃɑ̃]
192 dull (as a knife) émoussé [emu'se]
193 smooth lisse [lis]
194 wet mouillé [mu'je]
195 dry sec [sɛk]
196 correct juste [ʒyst]
197 near près [pʁɛ]
198 far loin [lwɛ̃]
199 right droite [dʁwat]
200 left gauche [ɡoʃ]
201 at à [a]
202 in dans [dɑ̃]
203 with avec [a'vɛk]
204 and et [e]
205 if si [si]
206 because parce que [paʁsə'kə]
207 name nom [nɔ̃]
  • Orthography :

When the words have various forms (verbs conjugation, gender and number agreement, declensions), the orthography is the following :

  • verbs : infinitive
  • other words : masculine, singular, nominative (subject)

For specific cases (no infinitive, feminine name, plural name for instance), the simplest form is used.

  • Pronunciation :

The pronunciation shown is the standard pronunciation in France. Depending on the speakers and the area, the actual pronunciation may differ, more or less significantly, from the shown pronunciation.

References

  • Français-Anglais/English-French Dictionary, Robert & Collins, Glasgow, Paris - ISBN 0-00-433478-7

External links

Swadesh lists
Afrikaans – Antillean Creole – Arabic (p) – Armenian (t,p) – Aromanian – Bangala – Bashkir – Basque – Belarusian – Breton – Bulgarian (t) – Catalan – Croatian – Czech – Danish – Dutch – Egyptian Arabic (p) – Estonian – Finnish – French (p) – Friulian – Gan (p) – Georgian (t,p) – German (p) – Greek (p) – Guaraní – Haïtian Creole – Hausa – Hittite – Hungarian – Icelandic – Indonesian – Irish Gaelic – Istro-Romanian  – Italian (p) – Japanese (t) – Kashubian – Latvian – Lingala – Lithuanian – Luwian – Macedonian  (t) – Malagasy – Malay – Maltese – Mandarin Chinese  (t) – Megleno-Romanian  – Old Chinese (p) – Ossetian (p) – Polish (p) – Portuguese  (p) – Proto-Indo-European –Quechua –Romani – Romanian – Russian – Sanskrit (t) – Scottish Gaelic – Serbian – Slovenian – Spanish (p) – Sranan – Swahili – Swedish – Tagalog – Tajik (t) – Tahitian – Tocharian B – Turkish – Vietnamese – Waloon – West Frisian – Zulu
The list may also include : (t) the transcription in latin characters, (p) the phonetic transcription







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