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| Arkhangelsk (English) Архангельск (Russian) |
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| — Inhabited locality — | |
 View of Arkhangelsk at night |
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 Location of Arkhangelsk Oblast on the map of Russia |
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  Location of Arkhangelsk on the map of Arkhangelsk Oblast
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| Coordinates: 64°32′N 40°32′E / 64.533°N 40.533°ECoordinates: 64°32′N 40°32′E / 64.533°N 40.533°E | |
 Coat of arms |
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| Holiday | Last Sunday of June[citation needed] |
| Administrative status | |
| Country | Russia |
| Federal subject | Arkhangelsk Oblast |
| In administrative jurisdiction of | Arkhangelsk Oblast[citation needed] |
| Administrative center of | Arkhangelsk Oblast, Primorsky District[citation needed] |
| Municipal status | |
| Municipal Status | Urban okrug |
| Mayor[citation needed] | Viktor Pavlenko[citation needed] |
| Representative body | City Council of Deputies[citation needed] |
| Statistics | |
| Area | 294.42 km2 (113.7 sq mi)[citation needed] |
| Population (2002 Census) | 356,051 inhabitants[1] |
| - Rank | 48th |
| - Density | 1,209 /km2 (3,100/sq mi)[2] |
| Time zone | MSK/MSD (UTC+3/+4) |
| Founded | 1584[citation needed] |
| Postal code(s) | 163000 - 163071[citation needed] |
| Dialing code(s) | +7 8182[citation needed] |
| Official website | http://www.arhcity.ru/ |
Arkhangelsk (Russian: Арха́нгельск), or Archangel in English, is a city and the administrative center of Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russia. It lies on both banks of the Northern Dvina river near its exit into the White Sea in the far north of European Russia. City districts spread for over 40 kilometers (25 mi) along the banks of the river and numerous islands of its delta. Arkhangelsk was the chief seaport of medieval Russia. It is served by Talagi Airport and the smaller Vaskovo Airport. The city is located at the end of a 1,133 km (704 mi) long railroad, connecting it to Moscow via Vologda and Yaroslavl. Population: 356,051 (2002 Census);[3] 415,921 (1989 Census).[4]
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The area where Arkhangelsk is situated was known to the Vikings as Bjarmaland. Ohthere from Hålogaland told from his travels circa 800 of an area by a river and the White Sea with many buildings. This was probably the place later known as Arkhangelsk. According to Snorri Sturluson there was a Viking raid on this area in 1027, led by Tore Hund.
In 1989, an unusually rich silver treasure was found by the mouth of Dvina, right next to present day Arkhangelsk. It was probably buried in the beginning of the 12th century, and contained articles that may have been up to 200 years old at that time.
Most of the findings are made up by a total of 1.6 kg (3.53 lb) of silver, mostly coins. Jewelry and pieces of jewelry hail from Russia or neighboring areas. Most coins were German, but there was also a smaller number of Kufan, English, Bohemian, Hungarian, Danish, Swedish, and Norwegian coins.
It is hard to place this find historically until further research is completed. There are at least two possible interpretations. It may be a treasure belonging to the society outlined by the Norse source material. Generally such finds, whether from Scandinavia, the Baltic area or Russia, are closely tied to well-established agricultural societies with considerable trade activity.
Alternatively, like the Russian scientists who published the find in 1992, one may see it as an evidence of a stronger force of Russian colonization than previously thought.
In the 12th century, the Novgorodians established the Archangel Michael Monastery in the estuary of the Northern Dvina.
The main trade center of the area at that time was Kholmogory, located slightly downstream where the rivers Dvina and Pinega meet. Written sources indicate that Kholmogory existed early in the 12th century, but there is no archeological material to illuminate the early history of the town. It is not known whether this settlement was originally Russian, or if it goes back to pre-Russian times. Centrally in the small town it is today, the so called Gorodok can be found, a large mound of building remains and river sand. However this has not been archeologically excavated.
Arkhangelsk came to be important in the rivalry between Norwegian and Russian interests in the northern areas. From Novgorod, the Russian interest sphere was extended far north to the Kola peninsula in the 12th century. However, here Norway enforced taxes and rights to the fur trade. A compromise agreement entered in 1251 was soon broken.
In 1411, Yakov Stepanovitch from Novogorod went to attack Northern Norway. This was the beginning of a series of clashes, and in 1419 Norwegian ships with 500 soldiers entered the White Sea. The "Murmaners", as the Norwegians were called (cf. Murmansk), plundered many Russian settlements along the coast, among them the Archangel Michael monastery.
Novgorod managed to drive the Norwegians back. However, in 1478 the area was taken over by Ivan III and passed to Muscovy with the rest of Novgorod Republic.
In 1553, three English ships set out to find the Northeast passage to China in 1553; two disappeared, and one ended up in the White Sea, eventually coming across Arkhangelsk. Ivan the Terrible found out about this, and brokered a trade agreement with the ship's captain. Trade privileges were officially granted to English merchants in 1555, leading to the founding of the Company of Merchant Adventurers, which began sending ships annually into the estuary of the Northern Dvina. Dutch merchants also started bringing their ships into the White Sea from the 1560s. Scottish and English merchants dominated in the 16th century; however, by the 17th century it was mainly the Dutch that sailed to the White Sea area.
In 1584, Ivan ordered the founding of New Kholmogory (which would later be renamed after the nearby Archangel Michael Monastery).
At the time access to the Baltic Sea was still mostly controlled by Sweden, so while Arkhangelsk was icebound in winter, it remained Moscow's almost sole link to the sea-trade. Local inhabitants, called Pomors, were the first to explore trade routes to Northern Siberia as far as the trans-Ural city of Mangazeya and beyond.
In 1693, Peter I ordered the creation of a state shipyard in Arkhangelsk. A year later the ships Svyatoye Prorochestvo (Holy Prophecy), Apostol Pavel (Apostle Paul) and the yacht Svyatoy Pyotr (Saint Peter) were sailing in the White Sea. However he also realized that Arkhangelsk would always be limited as a port due to the five months of ice cover, and after a successful campaign against Swedish armies in the Baltic area, he founded Saint Petersburg in 1704.
In 1722 Peter I decreed that Arkhangelsk should no longer accept goods more than it was sufficient for the town itself (for the so-called domestic consumption). It was due to the tsar's will to shift all international marine trade to St. Petersburg. This factor contributed a lot to the deterioration of Arkhangelsk that continued up to 1762 when this decree was canceled.
Arkhangelsk declined in the 18th century as the Baltic trade became ever more important. In the early years of the 19th Century, the arrest and prolonged detention by the Russian authorities of John Bellingham, an English export representative based at Arkhangelsk, was the indirect cause of Bellingham later assassinating British Prime Minister Spencer Perceval.
Arkhangelsk's economy revived at the end of the 19th century when a railroad to Moscow was completed and timber became a major export. The city resisted Bolshevik rule from 1918 to 1920 and was a stronghold of the anti-Bolshevik White Army supported by the military intervention of Entente forces along an Allied expedition including Canadian and American soldiers, known as the Polar Bear Expedition.[5]
During both World Wars, Arkhangelsk was a major port of entry for Allied aid. During World War II, the city became known in the West as one of the two main destinations (along with Murmansk) of the Arctic Convoys bringing supplies to assist the Russians who were cut off from their normal supply lines.
Today, Arkhangelsk remains a major seaport, now open year-round due to improvements in icebreakers. The city is primarily a timber and fishing center.
On March 16, 2004, 58 people were killed in an explosion at an apartment block in the city.
Mikhail Lomonosov came from a Pomor village near Kholmogory. A monument to him was installed to a design by Ivan Martos in 1829. A monument to Peter I was designed by Mark Antokolsky in 1872 and installed in 1914.
A maritime school, technical university, and a regional museum are located in the city. After its historical churches were destroyed during Stalin's rule, the city's main extant landmarks are the fort-like Merchant Yards (1668–84) and the[6] (1701–05). The Assumption Church on the Dvina embankment (1742–44) was rebuilt in 2004.
A remarkable structure is also Arkhangelsk TV Mast, a 151 meters (495 ft) tall guyed mast for FM-/TV-broadcasting built in 1964. This tubular steel mast has six crossbars equipped with gangways, which run in two levels from the mast structure to the crossbars. On these crossbars there are also several antennas installed (image).
An unusual example of local "vernacular architecture" was the so-called Sutyagin house (Небоскрёб Сутягина, 'Sutyaguin's skyscraper'). This 13-story, 144-ft tall[7][8] residence of the local entrepreneur Nikolai Petrovich Sutyagin was reported to be the world's, or at least Russia's, tallest wooden house. Constructed by Mr. Sutyagin and his family over 15 years (starting in 1992), without formal plans or a building permit, the structure deteriorated while Mr. Sutyagin spent a few years in prison on racketeering charges. In 2008 it was condemned by the city as a fire hazard, and the courts ordered it to be demolished by February 1, 2009.[7][9]
On December 26, 2008, the tower was pulled down,[10][11] and the remainder of the building was dismantled manually by the early February.[12][13]
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Record high °C (°F) | 5.0 (41) |
6.2 (43) |
12.1 (54) |
25.3 (78) |
30.2 (86) |
32.1 (90) |
34.4 (94) |
33.4 (92) |
27.7 (82) |
18.3 (65) |
9.7 (49) |
9.1 (48) |
34.4 (94) |
| Average high °C (°F) | -9.6 (15) |
-8.3 (17) |
-2.9 (27) |
4.1 (39) |
10.8 (51) |
17.6 (64) |
20.9 (70) |
18.3 (65) |
11.5 (53) |
3.9 (39) |
-2.2 (28) |
-6.6 (20) |
4.8 (41) |
| Average low °C (°F) | -16.6 (2) |
-15.6 (4) |
-11.7 (11) |
-4.6 (24) |
1.9 (35) |
7.9 (46) |
11.2 (52) |
9.8 (50) |
5.2 (41) |
-0.6 (31) |
-7.2 (19) |
-13.2 (8) |
-2.7 (27) |
| Record low °C (°F) | -45.2 (-49) |
-41.2 (-42) |
-37.1 (-35) |
-27.3 (-17) |
-13.7 (7) |
-3.9 (25) |
-0.5 (31) |
-4.1 (25) |
-7.5 (19) |
-21.1 (-6) |
-36.5 (-34) |
-43.2 (-46) |
-45.2 (-49) |
| Precipitation mm (inches) | 33 (1.3) |
27 (1.06) |
26 (1.02) |
31 (1.22) |
42 (1.65) |
54 (2.13) |
61 (2.4) |
68 (2.68) |
60 (2.36) |
61 (2.4) |
53 (2.09) |
44 (1.73) |
560 (22.05) |
| Source: Pogoda.ru.net[14] 8.09.2007 | |||||||||||||
Archangelsk is home the following education institutes:
The cultural life of Archangelsk includes
Bandy is the biggest sport in the city. Vodnik was the best team in the Russian Bandy League for almost a decade. Arkhangelsk hosted the Bandy World Championships in 1999 and 2003.[15]
Arkhangelsk is twinned with:[16]
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 24-story building in Arkhangelsk |
 Bridge across the Dvina River |
 Assumption Church (1742–44) |
 Naval Cathedral (1760–76) |
 The Archangel Monastery (1685–99) |
 The Trinity Cathedral (1709–65) |
 View of Arkhangelsk Quay in 1826 |
 19th-century view of Arkhangelsk |
 Northern Dvina Quay |
 Arkhangelsk's monument to Peter the Great is represented on the 500-rouble banknote |
 Mark V tank in Arkhangelsk, captured by the RKKA during the British intervention in Russia. |
 A traditional city manor in a preserved district of Arkhangelsk |
 A view on a Russian Navy boat from the embankment of the Northern Dvina river |
ARCHANGEL (ARCHANGELSK), chief town of the government of Archangel, Russia, at the head of the delta of the Dvina, on the right bank of the river, in lat. 64° 32' N. and long. 40°33' E. Pop. (1867) 19,936; (1897) 20,933. As early as the 10th century, if not earlier, the Norsemen frequented this part of the world (Bjarmeland) on trading expeditions; the best-known is that made by Ottar or Othere between 880 and 900 and described (or translated) by Alfred the Great, king of England. The modern town dates, however, from the visit of the English voyager, Richard Chancellor, in 1553. An English factory was erected on the lower Dvina soon after that date, and in 1584 a fort was built, around which the town grew up. Archangel was for long the only seaport of Russia (or Muscovy). The tsar Boris Godunov (1598-1605) threw the trade open to all nations; and the chief participants in it were England, Holland and Germany. In 1668-1684 the great bazaar and trading hall was built, principally by Tatar prisoners. In 1691-1700 the exports to England averaged £112,210 annually. After Peter the Great made St Petersburg the capital of his dominions (1702), he placed Archangel under vexatious commercial disabilities, and consequently its trade declined. In 1762 it was granted the same privileges as St Petersburg, and since then it has gradually recovered its former prosperity. It is the seat of a bishop, and has a cathedral (1709-1743), a museum, the monastery of the Archangel Michael (whence the city gets its name), an ecclesiastical seminary, a school of navigation and a naval hospital. Linen, leather, canvas, cordage, mats, tallow, potash and beer are manufactured. There is a lively trade with St Petersburg, and the sea-borne exports, which consist chiefly of timber, flax, linseed, oats, flour, pitch, tar, skins and mats, amount in value to about 12 millions sterling annually (822% for timber), but the imports (mostly fish) are worth only about £ 200,000. A fish fair is held every year on the 1st (15th) of September. Archangel communicates with the interior of Russia by river and canal, and has a railway line (522 m.) to Yaroslavl. The harbour, deepened to 184 ft., is about a mile below the city, and is accessible from May to October. About 12 m. lower down there are a government dockyard and merchants' warehouses. A new military harbour, Alexandrovsk or Port Catherine, has been made on Catherine (Ekaterininsk) Bay, on the Murman coast of the Kola peninsula. The shortest day at Archangel has only 3 hrs. 12 min., the longest 21 hrs. 48 min. of daylight.
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