Asbestos: Wikis

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the Armley asbestos disaster involved the contamination of about 1,000 houses in West Yorkshire, England, with asbestos dust?
over 120,000 cubic yards of asbestos-containing sediment from an active, slow moving landslide is deposited into Swift Creek, Washington each year?
Gloria J. Romero is leading a campaign in the California Legislature to remove serpentine as the official state rock because it is a source of cancer-causing asbestos?

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Encyclopedia

Updated live from Wikipedia, last check: May 15, 2013 16:05 UTC (55 seconds ago)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

For other uses, see Asbestos (disambiguation).

Fibrous asbestos on muscovite

Asbestos

Asbestos

Blue asbestos (crocidolite) from Wittenoom, Western Australia.^ UN 2212, BLUE ASBESTOS (crocidolite) or BROWN ASBESTOS (amosite, mysorite) .

Land Transport Rule: Dangerous Goods Amendment 2009 - Yellow draft 12 September 2009 10:44 UTC www.nzta.govt.nz [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

The ruler is 1 cm.

Blue asbestos showing the fibrous nature of the mineral

Asbestos (from Greek άσβεστη meaning "unquenchable") is a set of six naturally occurring silicate minerals exploited commercially for their desirable physical properties. They all have in common their asbestiform habit, long, (1:20) thin fibrous crystals. .The inhalation of asbestos fibres can cause serious illnesses, including malignant lung cancer, mesothelioma (a formerly rare cancer strongly associated with exposure to asbestos), and asbestosis (a type of pneumoconiosis).^ Mesothelioma , which is almost exclusively caused by asbestos exposure , and other asbestos-related illnesses are attributed to negligence because asbestos companies knew about the associated health risks and decided not to tell employees or leak this information to the general public.

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^ Filing a claim against the entity responsible for your asbestos exposure will not only bring justice to the corrupt asbestos industry, it will also afford the opportunity to be compensated for the costs, as well as pain and suffering, associated with asbestos-induced illness.

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^ This site is dedicated to providing important information on asbestos & mesothelioma cancers .

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Since January 1, 2005, the European Union has banned all use of asbestos^[1] and extraction, manufacture and processing of asbestos products.^[2]

For environmental samples, one must normally resort to electron microscopy for positive identification.^[3] However today gravimetric and PCM/PLM techniques are employed, which cannot readily identify the smallest, most hazardous, fibers. These techniques being limited to PM10 particulate size evaluation which completely ignores ultrafine particles (UFPs).

Asbestos became increasingly popular among manufacturers and builders in the late 19th century because of its sound absorption, tensile strength, and its resistance to heat, electrical and chemical damage. When asbestos is used for its resistance to fire or heat, the fibres are often mixed with cement or woven into fabric or mats. .Asbestos was used in some products for its heat resistance, and in the past was used on electric oven and hotplate wiring for its electrical insulation at elevated temperature, and in buildings for its flame-retardant and insulating properties, tensile strength, flexibility, and resistance to chemicals.^ During the 20th century, some 30 million tons of asbestos were used in industrial sites, homes, schools, shipyards and commercial buildings in the U. S. More than 700,000 people have filed claims against more than 6,000 Asbestos companies.

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1 Types and associated fibres
- 1.1 Serpentine
  - 1.1.1 White
- 1.2 Amphibole
2 Producing nations
3 Uses
4 Health problems
5 History of health concerns and regulation
6 Contamination of other products
- 6.1 Asbestos and vermiculite
- 6.2 Asbestos and talc
7 Asbestos in construction
8 Litigation
9 Critics of safety regulations
- 9.1 EU-Canada dispute
- 9.2 Other criticism
10 Substitutes for asbestos in construction
11 Recycling and disposal
12 See also
- 12.1 Mineralogy
- 12.2 Other asbestos-related topics
13 References
14 Additional reading
15 External links

Types and associated fibres

Chrysotile asbestos

Asbestos fibers

.Six minerals are defined by the United States Environmental Protection Agency as "asbestos" including that belonging to the serpentine class chrysotile and that belonging to the amphibole class amosite, crocidolite, tremolite, anthophyllite and actinolite.^ It is not uncommon for there to be 10-20 parties that are named in a asbestos lawsuit that are located across the United States.

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^ It is not uncommon for there to be 10-20 parties that are named in an asbestos lawsuit that are located across the United States.

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There is a important distinction to be made between serpentine and amphibole asbestos due to differences in their chemical composition and their degree of potency as a health hazard when inhaled ^[4].

Serpentine

White

Chrysotile, CAS No. 12001-29-5, is obtained from serpentinite rocks which are common throughout the world. Its idealized chemical formula is Mg₃(Si₂O₅)(OH)₄. Chrysotile fibers are curly as opposed to fibers from amosite, crocidolite, tremolite, actinolite, and anthophyllite which are needlelike.^[5] .Chrysotile, along with other types of asbestos, has been banned in dozens of countries and is only allowed in the United States and Europe in very limited circumstances.^ It is not uncommon for there to be 10-20 parties that are named in a asbestos lawsuit that are located across the United States.

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^ This is why it is very important to obtain an experienced asbestos mesothelioma law firm that knows all of the companies in each state who have responsibility for your asbestos exposure.

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^ It is not uncommon for there to be 10-20 parties that are named in an asbestos lawsuit that are located across the United States.

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.Chrysotile has been used more than any other type and accounts for about 95% of the asbestos found in buildings in America.^ During the 20th century, some 30 million tons of asbestos were used in industrial sites, homes, schools, shipyards and commercial buildings in the U. S. More than 700,000 people have filed claims against more than 6,000 Asbestos companies.

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^[6] Applications where chrysotile might be used include the use of joint compound. It is more flexible than amphibole types of asbestos; it can be spun and woven into fabric. The most common use is within corrugated asbestos cement roof sheets typically used for outbuildings, warehouses and garages. It is also found as flat sheets used for ceilings and sometimes for walls and floors. Numerous other items have been made containing chrysotile including brake linings, cloth behind fuses (for fire protection), pipe insulation, floor tiles, and rope seals for boilers.^{[citation needed]}

Amphibole

Brown

Amosite, CAS No. 12172-73-5, is a trade name for the amphiboles belonging to the Cummingtonite - Grunerite solid solution series, commonly from Africa, named as an acronym from Asbestos Mines of South Africa. One formula given for amosite is Fe₇Si₈O₂₂(OH)₂. It is found most frequently as a fire retardant in thermal insulation products and ceiling tiles.^[6]

Blue

Crocidolite, CAS No. 12001-28-4 is an amphibole found primarily in southern Africa, but also in Australia. It is the fibrous form of the amphibole riebeckite. One formula given for crocidolite is Na₂Fe²⁺₃Fe³⁺₂Si₈O₂₂(OH)₂.

Notes: chrysotile commonly occurs as soft friable fibers. Asbestiform amphibole may also occur as soft friable fibers but some varieties such as amosite are commonly straighter. All forms of asbestos are fibrillar in that they are composed of fibers with widths less than 1 micrometer that occur in bundles and have very long lengths. Asbestos with particularly fine fibers is also referred to as "amianthus". Amphiboles such as tremolite have a crystal structure containing strongly bonded ribbonlike silicate anion polymers that extend the length of the crystal. Serpentine (chrysotile) has a sheetlike silicate anion which is curved and which rolls up like a carpet to form the fibre.^[7]

Other materials

Other regulated asbestos minerals, such as tremolite asbestos, CAS No. 77536-68-6, Ca₂Mg₅Si₈O₂₂(OH)₂; actinolite asbestos, CAS No. 77536-66-4, Ca₂(Mg, Fe)₅(Si₈O₂₂)(OH)₂; and anthophyllite asbestos, CAS No. 77536-67-5, (Mg, Fe)₇Si₈O₂₂(OH)₂; are less commonly used industrially but can still be found in a variety of construction materials and insulation materials and have been reported in the past to occur in a few consumer products.

.Other natural and not currently regulated asbestiform minerals, such as richterite, Na(CaNa)(Mg, Fe⁺⁺)₅(Si₈O₂₂)(OH)₂, and winchite, (CaNa)Mg₄(Al, Fe³⁺)(Si₈O₂₂)(OH)₂, may be found as a contaminant in products such as the vermiculite containing zonolite insulation manufactured by W.R. Grace and Company.^ If you or a loved one has been diagnosed with an asbestos cancer, or a family member has died as a result, you may be entitled to recover compensation from the companies that made these asbestos products.

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.These minerals are thought to be no less harmful than tremolite, amosite, or crocidolite, but since they are not regulated, they are referred to as "asbestiform" rather than asbestos although may still be related to diseases and hazardous.^ If you or a loved one has been diagnosed with an asbestos cancer, or a family member has died as a result, you may be entitled to recover compensation from the companies that made these asbestos products.

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^ If you are a grieving family member or executor of the will of a person who has died from asbestos-related disease or mesothelioma, you may be eligible to file a claim as well.

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^{[citation needed]}

Producing nations

Asbestos output in 2005

In 2006, 2.3 million tons of asbestos were mined worldwide, in 11 or 12 countries. Russia was the largest producer with about 40.2% world share followed by China (19.9%), Kazakhstan (13.0%), Canada (10.3%), and Brazil (9.9%).^[8]

Uses

Historic usage

Asbestos was named by the ancient Greeks, although the naming of minerals was not very consistent at that time (the modern Greek word ἀσβεστος stands for lime, not for the material known as asbestos in English). The ancients already recognized certain hazards of the material. The Greek geographer Strabo and the Roman naturalist Pliny the Elder noted that the material damaged lungs of slaves who wove it into cloth.^[9] Charlemagne, the first Holy Roman Emperor, is said to have had a tablecloth made of asbestos.^[10]

Wealthy Persians, who bought asbestos imported over the Hindu Kush, amazed guests by cleaning the cloth by simply exposing it to fire. According to Biruni in his book of Gems, any cloths made of asbestos (Persian: آذرشست, āzarshast or Persian: آذرشب, āzarshab) were called (Persian: شستكه) shastakeh^[11]. Some of the Persians believed the fiber was fur from an animal (named samandar, Persian: سمندر) that lived in fire and died when exposed to water.^[12]^[13]

While traveling to China, Marco Polo described observing miraculous garments that were cleaned by being placed in fires^{[citation needed]}. .These garments were likely made from asbestos^{[citation needed]}.^ If you or a loved one has been diagnosed with an asbestos cancer, or a family member has died as a result, you may be entitled to recover compensation from the companies that made these asbestos products.

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Some archeologists believe that ancients made shrouds of asbestos, wherein they burned the bodies of their kings, in order to preserve only their ashes, and prevent their being mixed with those of wood or other combustible materials commonly used in funeral pyres.^[14] Others assert that the ancients used asbestos to make perpetual wicks for sepulchral or other lamps.^[12] .In more recent centuries, asbestos was indeed used for this purpose.^ During the 20th century, some 30 million tons of asbestos were used in industrial sites, homes, schools, shipyards and commercial buildings in the U. S. More than 700,000 people have filed claims against more than 6,000 Asbestos companies.

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Although asbestos causes skin to itch upon contact, ancient literature indicates that it was prescribed for diseases of the skin, and particularly for the itch. It is possible that they used the term asbestos for alumen plumosum, because the two terms have often been confused throughout history.^[14]

Recent usage

.Asbestos became more widespread during the industrial revolution; in the 1860s it was used as insulation in the U.S. and Canada.^ During the 20th century, some 30 million tons of asbestos were used in industrial sites, homes, schools, shipyards and commercial buildings in the U. S. More than 700,000 people have filed claims against more than 6,000 Asbestos companies.

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Development of the first commercial asbestos mine began in 1874 in the Appalachian foothills of Quebec.^[15] By the mid 20th century uses included fire retardant coatings, concrete, bricks, pipes and fireplace cement, heat, fire, and acid resistant gaskets, pipe insulation, ceiling insulation, fireproof drywall, flooring, roofing, lawn furniture, and drywall joint compound.

.Approximately 100,000 people in the United States have died, or will die, from asbestos exposure related to ship building.^ Every year, thousands of people die or become ill due to the negligence of asbestos manufacturers .

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^ It is thought that around eight million people in the United States have been exposed to asbestos over the past half a century, and many more cases - are expected to be reported in the next 25 years.

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^ During the 20th century, some 30 million tons of asbestos were used in industrial sites, homes, schools, shipyards and commercial buildings in the U. S. More than 700,000 people have filed claims against more than 6,000 Asbestos companies.

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In the Hampton Roads area, a shipbuilding center, mesothelioma occurrence is seven times the national rate.^[16] Thousands of tons of asbestos were used in World War II ships to wrap the pipes, line the boilers, and cover engine and turbine parts. .There were approximately 4.3 million shipyard workers in the United States during WWII; for every thousand workers about fourteen died of mesothelioma and an unknown number died from asbestosis.^ There are currently about 3000 new cases of Mesothelioma diagnosed per year, mostly in men over the age of 40.

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^ It is not uncommon for there to be 10-20 parties that are named in a asbestos lawsuit that are located across the United States.

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^ It is estimated that there will be about 250,000 cases of Mesothelioma before 2020.

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^[17]

Asbestos fibers were once used in automobile brake pads, shoes, and clutch discs. Since the mid-1990s, a majority of brake pads, new or replacement, have been manufactured instead with linings made of ceramic, carbon, metallic and Aramid fiber (Twaron or Kevlar—the same material used in bulletproof vests).

Kent, the first filtered cigarette on the market, used crocidolite asbestos in its "Micronite" filter from 1952 to 1956.^[18]

The first documented death related to asbestos was in 1906. In the early 1900s researchers began to notice a large number of early deaths and lung problems in asbestos mining towns. The first diagnosis of asbestosis was made in the UK in 1924. By the 1930s, the UK regulated ventilation and made asbestosis an excusable work related disease, about ten years sooner than the U.S.^[5] The term Mesothelioma was first used in medical literature until 1931; its association with asbestos was first noted sometime in the 1940s.

.The United States government and asbestos industry have been criticized for not acting quickly enough to inform the public of dangers, and to reduce public exposure.^ It is not uncommon for there to be 10-20 parties that are named in a asbestos lawsuit that are located across the United States.

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^ This is why it is very important to obtain an experienced asbestos mesothelioma law firm that knows all of the companies in each state who have responsibility for your asbestos exposure.

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^ It is not uncommon for there to be 10-20 parties that are named in an asbestos lawsuit that are located across the United States.

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.In the late 1970s court documents proved that asbestos industry officials knew of asbestos dangers since the 1930s and had concealed them from the public.^ These same companies knew of the dangers for many years before ever warning the public of those risks.

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^[17]

.In Japan, particularly after World War II, asbestos was used in the manufacture of ammonium sulfate for purposes of rice production, sprayed upon the ceilings, iron skeletons, and walls of railroad cars and buildings (during the 1960s), and used for energy efficiency reasons as well.^ During the 20th century, some 30 million tons of asbestos were used in industrial sites, homes, schools, shipyards and commercial buildings in the U. S. More than 700,000 people have filed claims against more than 6,000 Asbestos companies.

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Production of asbestos in Japan peaked in 1974 and went through ups and downs until about 1990, when production began to drop severely.^[19]

.In Australia, asbestos was widely used in construction and other industries between 1945 and 1980. From the 1970s there was increasing concern about the dangers of asbestos and its use was phased out.^ UN 1139, COATING SOLUTION (includes surface treatments or coatings used for industrial or other purposes such as vehicle undercoating, drum or barrel lining) .

Land Transport Rule: Dangerous Goods Amendment 2009 - Yellow draft 12 September 2009 10:44 UTC www.nzta.govt.nz [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.Mining ceased in 1983, The use of asbestos was phased out in 1989 and banned entirely in 2004. The dangers of asbestos are now well known in Australia and there is help and support for sufferers from asbestosis or mesothelioma ^[20].^ It has been well documented for many years that asbestos exposure can result in the development of deadly cancers, particularly Mesothelioma.

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^ Mesothelioma has a latency period of 20 to 50 years after the first exposure to asbestos.

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^ If you were unknowingly exposed to harmful levels of asbestos, you have legal rights and there is compensation help available for you.

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Specific products

Serpentine group

Serpentine minerals have a sheet or layered structure. Chrysotile is the only asbestos mineral in the serpentine group. .In the United States, chrysotile has been the most commonly used type of asbestos.^ It is not uncommon for there to be 10-20 parties that are named in a asbestos lawsuit that are located across the United States.

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^ It is not uncommon for there to be 10-20 parties that are named in an asbestos lawsuit that are located across the United States.

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.According to the U.S. EPA Asbestos Building Inspectors Manual, chrysotile accounts for approximately 95% of asbestos found in buildings in the United States.^ It is not uncommon for there to be 10-20 parties that are named in a asbestos lawsuit that are located across the United States.

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^ It is not uncommon for there to be 10-20 parties that are named in an asbestos lawsuit that are located across the United States.

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Chrysotile is often present in a wide variety of materials, including:

drywall and joint compound
plaster
mud and texture coats
vinyl floor tiles, sheeting, adhesives
roofing tars, felts, siding, and shingles
"transite" panels, siding, countertops, and pipes
fireproofing
caulk
gaskets
brake pads and shoes
clutch plates
stage curtains
fire blankets
interior fire doors
fireproof clothing for firefighters
thermal pipe insulation

A household heat spreader for cooking on gas stoves, made of asbestos (probably 1950s; "Amiante pur" is French for "Pure Asbestos")

In the European Union and Australia it has recently been banned as a potential health hazard^[21] and is not used at all. Japan is moving in the same direction, but more slowly. Revelations that hundreds of workers had died in Japan over the previous few decades from diseases related to asbestos sparked a scandal in mid-2005.^[22] Tokyo had, in 1971, ordered companies handling asbestos to install ventilators and check health on a regular basis; however, the Japanese government did not ban crocidolite and amosite until 1995, and a full-fledged ban on asbestos was implemented in October 2004.^[22]

Amphibole group

Five types of asbestos are found in the amphibole group: amosite, crocidolite, anthophyllite, tremolite, and actinolite. .Amosite, the second most likely type to be found in buildings, according to the U.S. EPA Asbestos Building Inspectors Guide, is the "brown" asbestos.^ UN 2212, BLUE ASBESTOS (crocidolite) or BROWN ASBESTOS (amosite, mysorite) .

Land Transport Rule: Dangerous Goods Amendment 2009 - Yellow draft 12 September 2009 10:44 UTC www.nzta.govt.nz [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

Amosite and crocidolite were formerly used in many products until the early 1980s. The use of all types of asbestos in the amphibole group was banned in much of the Western world by the mid-1980s, and by Japan in 1995. These products were mainly:

Low density insulation board and ceiling tiles
Asbestos-cement sheets and pipes for construction, casing for water and electrical/telecommunication services
Thermal and chemical insulation (e.g., fire rated doors, limpet spray, lagging and gaskets)

Health problems

left sided mesothelioma : CT chest

Chrysotile asbestos, like all other forms of asbestos, has produced tumors in animals. Mesotheliomas have been observed in people who were occupationally exposed to chrysotile, family members of the occupationally exposed, and residents who lived close to asbestos factories and mines. .^[23] Amosite and crocidolite are the most hazardous of the asbestos minerals because of their long persistence in the lungs of exposed people.^ The people likely to have been exposed to asbestos include: .

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^ UN 2212, BLUE ASBESTOS (crocidolite) or BROWN ASBESTOS (amosite, mysorite) .

Land Transport Rule: Dangerous Goods Amendment 2009 - Yellow draft 12 September 2009 10:44 UTC www.nzta.govt.nz [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.Tremolite often contaminates chrysotile asbestos, thus creating an additional hazard.^ UN 2590, WHITE ASBESTOS (chrysotile, actinolite, anthophyllite, tremolite) .

Land Transport Rule: Dangerous Goods Amendment 2009 - Yellow draft 12 September 2009 10:44 UTC www.nzta.govt.nz [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.Asbestos exposure becomes a health concern when high concentrations of asbestos fibers are inhaled over a long time period.^ Mesothelioma has a latency period of 20 to 50 years after the first exposure to asbestos.

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^[24] People who become ill from inhaling asbestos are often those who are exposed on a day-to-day basis in a job where they worked directly with the material. As a person's exposure to fibers increases, because of being exposed to higher concentrations of fibers and/or by being exposed for a longer time, then that person's risk of disease also increases. Disease is very unlikely to result from a single, high-level exposure, or from a short period of exposure to lower levels.^[24] .Smoking combined with asbestos exposure may increase the health risk dramatically^{[citation needed]}.^ Mesothelioma , which is almost exclusively caused by asbestos exposure , and other asbestos-related illnesses are attributed to negligence because asbestos companies knew about the associated health risks and decided not to tell employees or leak this information to the general public.

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Other asbestos-related diseases

Asbestos warts: caused when the sharp fibers lodge in the skin and are overgrown causing benign callus-like growths.
Pleural plaques: discrete fibrous or partially calcified thickened area which can be seen on X-rays of individuals exposed to asbestos. Although pleural plaques are themselves asymptomatic, in some patients this develops into pleural thickening.
Diffuse pleural thickening: similar to above and can sometimes be associated with asbestosis. Usually no symptoms shown but if exposure is extensive, it can cause lung impairment.

Asbestos as a contaminant

Asbestos fibres (SEM micrograph)

Most respirable asbestos fibers are invisible to the unaided human eye because their size is about 3.0–20.0 µm long and can be as thin as 0.01 µm. Human hair ranges in size from 17 to 181 µm in width.^[25] Fibers ultimately form because when these minerals originally cooled and crystallized, they formed by the polymeric molecules lining up parallel with each other and forming oriented crystal lattices. These crystals thus have three cleavage planes, just as other minerals and gemstones have. But in their case, there are two cleavage planes that are much weaker than the third direction. When sufficient force is applied, they tend to break along their weakest directions, resulting in a linear fragmentation pattern and hence a fibrous form. This fracture process can keep occurring and one larger asbestos fiber can ultimately become the source of hundreds of much thinner and smaller fibers.

.As asbestos fibers get smaller and lighter, they more easily become airborne and human respiratory exposures can result.^ It has been well documented for many years that asbestos exposure can result in the development of deadly cancers, particularly Mesothelioma.

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Fibers will eventually settle but may be re-suspended by air currents or other movement.

Friability of a product containing asbestos means that it is so soft and weak in structure that it can be broken with simple finger crushing pressure. Friable materials are of the most initial concern because of their ease of damage. The forces or conditions of usage that come into intimate contact with most non-friable materials containing asbestos are substantially higher than finger pressure.

Environmental asbestos

Asbestos can be found naturally in the air outdoors and in some drinkable water, including water from natural sources.^[26] Studies have shown that members of the general (non-occupationally exposed) population have tens of thousands to hundreds of thousands of asbestos fibers in each gram of dry lung tissue, which translates into millions of fibers and tens of thousands of asbestos bodies in every person's lungs.^[27]

Asbestos from natural geologic deposits is known as "Naturally Occurring Asbestos" (NOA). Health risks associated with exposure to NOA are not yet fully understood, and current US federal regulations do not address exposure from NOA. Many populated areas are in proximity to shallow, natural deposits which occur in 50 of 58 California counties and in 19 other U.S. states. In one study, data was collected from 3,000 mesothelioma patients in California and 890 men with prostate cancer, a malignancy not known to be related to asbestos. The study found a correlation between the incidence of mesotheliomas and the distance a patient lived from known deposits of rock likely to include asbestos; the correlation was not present when the incidence of prostate cancer was compared with the same distances. According to the study, risk of mesothelioma declined by 6 percent for every 10 kilometers that an individual had lived away from a likely asbestos source.^[28]

Portions of El Dorado County, California are known to contain natural asbestos formations near the surface.^[29]^[28] The USGS studied amphiboles in rock and soil in the area in response to an EPA sampling study and subsequent criticism of the EPA study. The study found that many amphibole particles in the area meet the counting rule criteria used by the EPA for chemical and morphological limits, but do not meet morphological requirements for commercial-grade-asbestos. .The executive summary pointed out that even particles that do not meet requirements for commercial-grade-asbestos may be a health threat and suggested a collaborative research effort to assess health risks associated with "Naturally Occurring Asbestos."^ Mesothelioma , which is almost exclusively caused by asbestos exposure , and other asbestos-related illnesses are attributed to negligence because asbestos companies knew about the associated health risks and decided not to tell employees or leak this information to the general public.

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^[30]

Large portions of Fairfax County, Virginia were also found to be underlain with tremolite. The county monitored air quality at construction sites, controlled soil taken from affected areas, and required freshly developed sites to lay 6 inches (150 mm) of clean, stable material over the ground.^[28]

History of health concerns and regulation

Before 1900

By the first century AD, Greeks and Romans had already observed, at least in passing, that slaves involved in the weaving of asbestos cloth were afflicted with a sickness of the lungs.^[31]

Early concern in the modern era on the health effects of asbestos exposure can be found in several sources. Among the earliest were reports in Britain. The annual reports of the Chief Inspector of Factories reported as early as 1898 that asbestos had "easily demonstrated" health risks.^[32]

At about the same time, what was probably the first study of mortality among asbestos workers was reported in France.^[33] While the study describes the cause of death as chalicosis, a generalized pneumoconiosis, the circumstances of the employment of the fifty workers whose death prompted the study suggest that the root cause was asbestos or mixed asbestos-cotton dust exposure.

1900s–1910s

Micrograph demonstrating asbestosis of the lung (ferruginous bodies). H&E stain.

Further awareness of asbestos-related diseases can be found in the early 1900s, when London doctor H. Montague Murray conducted a post mortem exam on a young asbestos factory worker who died in 1899. Dr. Murray gave testimony on this death in connection with an industrial disease compensation hearing. The post-mortem confirmed the presence of asbestos in the lung tissue, prompting Dr. Murray to express as an expert opinion his belief that the inhalation of asbestos dust had at least contributed to, if not actually caused, the death of the worker.^[34]

The record in the United States was similar. Early observations were largely anecdotal in nature and did not definitively link the occupation with the disease, followed by more compelling and larger studies that strengthened the association. One such study, published in 1918, noted:

All of these processes unquestionably involve a considerable dust hazard, but the hygienic aspects of the industry have not been reported upon. It may be said, in conclusion, that in the practice of American and Canadian life insurance companies, asbestos workers are generally declined on account of the assumed health-injurious conditions of the industry.^[35]

1920s and 1930s

Widespread recognition of the occupational risks of asbestos in Britain was reported in 1924 by a Dr. Cooke, a pathologist, who introduced a case description of a 33-year-old female asbestos worker with the following: "Medical men in areas where asbestos is manufactured have long suspected the dust to be the cause of chronic bronchitis and fibrosis..."^[36] Dr. Cooke then went on to report on a case in 1927 involving a 33-year-old male worker who was the only survivor out of ten workers in an asbestos carding room. In the report he named the disease "asbestosis".^[37]

Dr. Cooke's second case report was followed, in the late 1920s, by a large public health investigation (now known as the Merewether report after one of its two authors) that examined some 360 asbestos-textile workers (reported to be about 15% of the total comparable employment in Britain at the time) and found that about a quarter of them suffered from pulmonary fibrosis.^[38] .This investigation resulted in improved regulation of the manufacturing of asbestos-containing products in the early 1930s.^ If you or a loved one has been diagnosed with an asbestos cancer, or a family member has died as a result, you may be entitled to recover compensation from the companies that made these asbestos products.

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Regulations included industrial hygiene standards, medical examinations, and inclusion of the asbestos industry into the British Workers' Compensation Act.^[39]

The first known U.S. workers' compensation claim for asbestos disease was in 1927.^[40] In 1930, the first reported autopsy of an asbestosis sufferer was conducted in the United states and later presented by a doctor at the Mayo Clinic, although in this case the exposure involved mining activities somewhere in South America.^[41]

In 1930, the major asbestos company Johns-Manville produced a report, for internal company use only, about medical reports of asbestos worker fatalities.^[42] In 1932, A letter from U.S. Bureau of Mines to asbestos manufacturer Eagle-Picher stated, in relevant part, "It is now known that asbestos dust is one of the most dangerous dusts to which man is exposed."^[43] In 1933, Metropolitan Life Insurance Co. doctors found that 29% of workers in a Johns-Manville plant had asbestosis.^[42] Likewise, in 1933, Johns-Manville officials settled lawsuits by 11 employees with asbestosis on the condition that the employees' lawyer agree to never again "directly or indirectly participate in the bringing of new actions against the Corporation."^[43] In 1934, officials of two large asbestos companies, Johns-Manville and Raybestos-Manhattan, edited an article about the diseases of asbestos workers written by a Metropolitan Life Insurance Company doctor. The changes downplayed the danger of asbestos dust.^[43] In 1935, officials of Johns-Manville and Raybestos-Manhattan instructed the editor of Asbestos magazine to publish nothing about asbestosis.^[43] .In 1936, a group of asbestos companies agreed to sponsor research on the health effects of asbestos dust, but required that the companies maintain complete control over the disclosure of the results.^ As early as the 1920s asbestos companies were completely aware that their product not only caused harm to human health, but that it held the potential to claim the lives of those exposed to the substance.

Asbestos Attorney - Michigan Asbestos Attorney | Michigan Asbestos | Michigan Asbestos Lawyer, Michigan Asbestos Attorney, Michigan Asbestos Law Firm, Michigan Asbestos Lawsuit, Michigan Asbestos Legal Referal Service 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC michiganasbestosattorney.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ If you or a loved one has been diagnosed with an asbestos cancer, or a family member has died as a result, you may be entitled to recover compensation from the companies that made these asbestos products.

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^ Asbestos Control Group Inc .

Hazardous Material Abatement Page 1 25 September 2009 1:01 UTC www.constructionwork.com [Source type: Reference]

^[42]

1940s

In 1942, an internal Owens-Corning corporate memo referred to "medical literature on asbestosis.... scores of publications in which the lung and skin hazards of asbestos are discussed."^[42] Either in 1942 or 1943, the president of Johns-Manville, Lewis H. Brown, said that the managers of another asbestos company were "a bunch of fools for notifying employees who had asbestosis." When one of the managers asked, "do you mean to tell me you would let them work until they dropped dead?" the response is reported to have been, "Yes. We save a lot of money that way."^[44] In 1944, a Metropolitan Life Insurance Company report found 42 cases of asbestosis among 195 asbestos miners.^[42]

1950s

.In 1951, asbestos companies removed all references to cancer before allowing publication of research they sponsored.^ We help keep the public aware of new discoveries in treatments for Mesothelioma and Asbestos cancers.

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^ This is why it is very important to obtain an experienced asbestos mesothelioma law firm that knows all of the companies in each state who have responsibility for your asbestos exposure.

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^[45] In 1952, Dr. Kenneth Smith, Johns-Manville medical director, recommended (unsuccessfully) that warning labels be attached to products containing asbestos. Later, Smith testified: "It was a business decision as far as I could understand...the corporation is in business to provide jobs for people and make money for stockholders and they had to take into consideration the effects of everything they did and if the application of a caution label identifying a product as hazardous would cut into sales, there would be serious financial implications."^[46] In 1953, National Gypsum's safety director wrote to the Indiana Division of Industrial Hygiene, recommending that acoustic plaster mixers wear respirators "because of the asbestos used in the product." Another company official noted that the letter was "full of dynamite" and urged that it be retrieved before reaching its destination. A memo in the files noted that the company "succeeded in stopping" the letter, which "will be modified."^[47]

1960s–early 1980s

Through the 1970s, asbestos was used to fireproof roofing and flooring, for heat insulation, and for a variety of other purposes. The material was used in firecheck partitioning and doors on North Sea Oil Production Platforms and Rigs.

Modern regulation

See main article at Asbestos and the law

United States

.In 1989 the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) issued the Asbestos Ban and Phase Out Rule which was subsequently overturned in the case of Corrosion Proof Fittings v.^ It is thought that around eight million people in the United States have been exposed to asbestos over the past half a century, and many more cases - are expected to be reported in the next 25 years.

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^ It is not uncommon for there to be 10-20 parties that are named in a asbestos lawsuit that are located across the United States.

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^ It is not uncommon for there to be 10-20 parties that are named in an asbestos lawsuit that are located across the United States.

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U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1991. This ruling leaves many consumer products that can still legally contain trace amounts of asbestos. For a clarification of products which legally contain asbestos read the EPA's clarification statement.^[48]

The EPA has proposed a concentration limit of seven million fibers per liter of drinking water for long fibers (lengths greater than or equal to 5 µm). The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), has set limits of 100,000 fibers with lengths greater than or equal to 5 µm per cubic meter of workplace air for eight-hour shifts and 40-hour work weeks.^[49]

New Zealand

In 1984, the import of raw amphibole (blue and brown) asbestos into New Zealand was banned. In 2002 the import of chrysotile (white) asbestos was banned.^[50]

Australia

.A complete ban on asbestos-containing material in Australia was introduced in 1991 although some building materials in storage were still being used in the years that followed.^ During the 20th century, some 30 million tons of asbestos were used in industrial sites, homes, schools, shipyards and commercial buildings in the U. S. More than 700,000 people have filed claims against more than 6,000 Asbestos companies.

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Queensland began regulation of asbestos removal and disposal in 2005. Handlers of asbestos materials must have a B-Class license for bonded asbestos and an A-Class license for friable asbestos.

The town of Wittenoom, in Western Australia was built around a (blue) asbestos mine. The town has since been closed, and is contaminated. However one couple remains there, refusing to leave the area and refusing to believe in current medical advice. .Conversely, the town of Asbestos, in Quebec, which remains the world's largest open pit asbestos mine, retains a significant population, albeit one that aged as a result of the failure of Magnola, a multi-million dollar plant designed to extract magnesium from asbestos tailings.^ If you or a loved one has been diagnosed with an asbestos cancer, or a family member has died as a result, you may be entitled to recover compensation from the companies that made these asbestos products.

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Contamination of other products

Asbestos and vermiculite

Vermiculite is a hydrated laminar magnesium-aluminum-iron silicate which resembles mica. It can be used for many industrial applications and has been used as a replacement for asbestos. Some ore bodies of vermiculite have been found to contain small amounts of asbestos.^[51] .One vermiculite mine operated by W. R. Grace and Company in Libby, Montana exposed workers and community residents to danger by mining contaminated vermiculite.^ For example, a worker in California may have been exposed to asbestos from asbestos products shipped from Libby, Montana or from an iron ore plant in St. Paul Minnesota.

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In 1999 the EPA began cleanup efforts and now the area is a Superfund cleanup area.^[52] The EPA has determined that harmful asbestos is released from the mine as well as through other activities that disturb soil in the area.^[53]

Asbestos and talc

Talc is sometimes contaminated with asbestos.^[54] .In 2000, tests in a certified asbestos-testing laboratory found the tremolite form of amphibole asbestos in three out of eight major brands of children's crayons (oil pastels) that are made partly from talc — Crayola, Prang, and Rose Art.^ Asbestos Testing Laboratory .

Hazardous Material Abatement Page 1 25 September 2009 1:01 UTC www.constructionwork.com [Source type: Reference]

^[55] In Crayola crayons, the tests found asbestos levels from 0.05% in Carnation Pink to 2.86% in Orchid; in Prang crayons, the range was from 0.3% in Periwinkle to 0.54% in Yellow; in Rose Art crayons, it was from 0.03% in Brown to 1.20% in Orange. Overall, 32 different types of crayons from these brands contained more than trace amounts of asbestos, and eight others contained trace amounts. The Art and Creative Materials Institute, a trade association which tests the safety of crayons on behalf of the makers, initially insisted the test results must be incorrect, although they later said they do not test for asbestos.^[55] In May 2000, Crayola said tests by a materials analyst, Richard Lee, whose testimony has been accepted in lawsuits over 250 times on behalf of the asbestos industry, showed two of its crayons were negative for asbestos.^[56] In June 2000, Binney & Smith, the maker of Crayola, and the other makers agreed to stop using talc in their products, and changed their product formulations in the United States.^[56] The mining company, R T Vanderbilt Co of Gouverneur, New York, which supplied the talc to the crayon makers, insists there is no asbestos in its talc "to the best of our knowledge and belief",^[57] but a news article claimed that the United States Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) did find asbestos in four talc samples that it tested in 2000.^[55] At the time, however, the Assistant Secretary for Mine Safety and Health informed the news reporter that his article was in error and that the reporter had misquoted him stating that “In fact, the abbreviation ND (non detect) in the laboratory report – indicates no asbestos fibers actually were found in the samples.”^[58] Further supporting the claim of Vanderbilt that asbestos is not found in this industrial grade talc (composed of a very complex mineral mixture) is a decades old record of analytical work that does not find asbestos in this talc by mineral scientists in academia, government and contract laboratories. ^[59]^[60]^[61]^[62]^[63]^[64]^[65]^[66]^[67]

Human, animal and cell health studies conducted on Vanderbilt’s controversial talc also lend no support for the presence of asbestos in this talc.^[68]^[69]^[70]^[71]^[72]^[73]^[74]^[75]^[76]^[77] Several non fully peer-reviewed health reports concerning Vanderbilt talc do exist and suggest a "same as" asbestos risk, some of which were referenced in the previously cited news articles. ^[78]^[79]

Asbestos in construction

Asbestos construction in developed countries

Older decorative ceilings, like this one, often contain small amounts of white asbestos.

.The use of asbestos in new construction projects has been banned for health and safety reasons in many developed countries or regions, including the European Union, Australia, Hong Kong, Japan, and New Zealand.^ It has been well documented for many years that asbestos exposure can result in the development of deadly cancers, particularly Mesothelioma.

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.A notable exception is the United States, where asbestos continues to be used in construction such as cement asbestos pipes.^ It is not uncommon for there to be 10-20 parties that are named in a asbestos lawsuit that are located across the United States.

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^ It is not uncommon for there to be 10-20 parties that are named in an asbestos lawsuit that are located across the United States.

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.The 5th Circuit Court prevented the EPA from banning asbestos in 1991 because EPA research showed it would cost between $450-800 million and save less than 200 lives in a 13 year period.^ Mesothelioma has a latency period of 20 to 50 years after the first exposure to asbestos.

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Until the mid-1980s, small amounts of white asbestos were used in the manufacture of Artex, a decorative stipple finish,^[80] however, some of the lesser-known suppliers of Artex were still adding white asbestos until 1999.^[81] Removing or disturbing Artex is not recommended, as it may contain white asbestos.

Prior to the ban, asbestos was widely used in the construction industry. Many older buildings contain asbestos. .In the United States, there is a minimum standard for asbestos surveys as described by ASTM Standard E 2356-04. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency includes some but not all asbestos-contaminated facilities on the Superfund National Priorities list (NPL).^ It is not uncommon for there to be 10-20 parties that are named in a asbestos lawsuit that are located across the United States.

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^ This is why it is very important to obtain an experienced asbestos mesothelioma law firm that knows all of the companies in each state who have responsibility for your asbestos exposure.

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^ It is not uncommon for there to be 10-20 parties that are named in an asbestos lawsuit that are located across the United States.

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Renovation and demolition of asbestos contaminated buildings is subject to EPA NESHAP and OSHA Regulations. Asbestos is not a material covered under CERCLA's innocent purchaser defense. In the UK, the removal and disposal of asbestos and of substances containing it are covered by the Control of Asbestos Regulations 2006^[82]

In older buildings, asbestos may still be present in some areas e.g. old bath panels, concrete water tanks and so on. Being aware of asbestos locations reduces the risk of disturbing asbestos. See the external links section for a guide to asbestos locations e.g. A guide to asbestos in the home (From The Wrekin Housing Trust).

.Removal of asbestos building components can also remove the fire protection they provide, therefore fire protection substitutes are required for proper fire protection that the asbestos originally provided.^ OCEAN STATE BUILDING WRECKING & ASBESTOS REMOVAL .

Hazardous Material Abatement Page 1 25 September 2009 1:01 UTC www.constructionwork.com [Source type: Reference]

^ Build Asbestos Removal .

Hazardous Material Abatement Page 1 25 September 2009 1:01 UTC www.constructionwork.com [Source type: Reference]

^[83]

Asbestos construction in developing countries

Some developing countries, such as India and China, have continued widespread use of asbestos. The most common is corrugated asbestos-cement sheets or "A/C Sheets" for roofing and for side walls. Millions of homes, factories, schools or sheds and shelters continue to use asbestos. Cutting these sheets to size and drilling holes to receive 'J' bolts to help secure the sheets to roof framing is done on site. There has been no significant change in production and use of A/C Sheets in developing countries following the widespread restrictions in developed nations.

Asbestos and 9/11

Over 1000 tons of asbestos is thought to have been released into the air during the destruction of the Twin Towers in New York on 9/11^[84]. Inhalation of a mixture of asbestos and other toxicants is thought to be linked to the unusually high death rate of emergency services workers from cancer since the disaster^[84]. Many thousands more are now thought to be at risk of developing cancer due to this exposure with those who have died so far being only the 'tip of the iceberg'^[84]. Some commentators have criticised authorities for not using more asbestos in the Towers' construction (see 'Other criticism' below).

Litigation

Main article: Asbestos and the law

Asbestos litigation is the longest, most expensive mass tort in U.S. history, involving more than 8,400 defendants and 730,000 claimants as of 2002 according to the RAND Corporation,^[85] and at least one defendant reported claim counts in excess of 800,000 in 2006.^[86]

Current trends indicate that the worldwide rate at which people are diagnosed with asbestos-related diseases will likely increase through the next decade.^[87] Analysts have estimated that the total costs of asbestos litigation in the USA alone is over $250 billion.^[88]

The federal legal system in the United States has been faced with numerous counts of asbestos related suits, which often included multiple plaintiffs with similar symptoms. The concern with these court cases are the staggering numbers, which in 1999 recorded 200,000 cases pending in the federal court system of the United States.^[89] Further, it is estimated that within the next 40 years, the number of cases may increase to 700,000. These numbers help explain how there are thousands of current pending cases.

Litigation of asbestos materials has been a difficult entity to muster because of the multiple factors which play a role in every case. The company that often is being exposed for their negligence of working conditions and the worker or in many cases, workers who were exposed to asbestos and did not know that they were, or knew and now fear future medical problems, have current symptoms or were upset for the negligence of the company. Companies sometimes counter saying that health issues do not currently appear in their worker or workers, or sometimes are settled out of court.^[90] The Research and Development (RAND) think-tank has appropriated certain legal information which is readily available for proclaimed victims of natural resource accidents. This information, although sometimes deemed radical, has helped many workers, regardless of health condition, earn compensation through companies. RAND, along with the Institute for Civil Justice (ICJ) have been proponents of the organization of past cases in order to determine one aspect of fair compensation for workers.

1999 saw the introduction of the Fairness in Asbestos Compensation Act.^[91] This Act was used as a tool in order to determine which of the numerous federal cases were true, and if the plaintiff’s were actually suffering from asbestos related illness. This process was necessary as thousands of false insurance claims were costing companies billions^{[citation needed]} and ultimately many companies were forced to file for bankruptcy. While companies filed for bankruptcy, this limited payouts to those who were actually affected by the material. What the 1999 Act ultimately determined was “a judgment that those resources should be spent on delivering full and prompt compensation to those who are, and will become, impaired by asbestos disease, and not dissipated on payments to those who are not sick and may never become sick, on punitive damages that seek retribution for the decisions of long-dead executives for conduct that took place decades ago and on the extraordinary transaction costs (Professor Christopher Edley, Jr.).” ^[91] With this litigation, it was recommended by many that the framework of the Act was set in a manner that was fair towards most parties.

There is no effective way to allocate funding to every claimant with the fair treatment of companies in question. Although a majority of companies involved with numerous asbestos cases are household names, they are also at the highest risk while faced with workers health concerns. The 1999 Act has effectively helped save time, money and aggravation for both sides of every asbestos case.^{[citation needed]} There are fewer cases of bankruptcy and fewer cases of fraudulent medical concerns. Notable concerns with bankruptcy include the fact that once a company is forced to divide funding amongst its workers, it has a limited budget which lags on the economy and ultimately cannot contribute back the way it once was.^[91] This was a main reason for the hesitation of any strict enforcement policy. However, the Act of 1999 helps to alleviate exuberant payouts to unqualified claimants, all while safely and legally protecting those who were, are and will be affected by asbestos related illnesses.^{[citation needed]}

Litigation exists outside the United States in England, Scotland, Ireland, the Netherlands, France, Australia, and Japan among other nations. See the companion article for further information.

The volume of the asbestos liability has concerned manufacturers and insurers and reinsurers.^[92] The amounts and method of allocating compensation have been the source of many court cases, and government attempts at resolution of existing and future cases.

Critics of safety regulations

EU-Canada dispute

According to Natural Resources Canada, chrysotile asbestos is not as dangerous as once thought. .According to their fact sheet, "...current knowledge and modern technology can successfully control the potential for health and environmental harm posed by chrysotile".^[93] In May 1998, Canada requested consultations before the WTO with the European Commission concerning France's 1996 prohibition of the importation and sale of asbestos.^ Asbestos Control Environmental .

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^[94]

Canada claimed that the French measures contravened provisions of the Agreements on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures and on Technical Barriers to Trade, and the GATT 1994.^[94]

The EC said that substitute materials had been developed in place of asbestos, which are safer to human health. It stressed that the French measures were not discriminatory, and were fully justified for public health reasons. The EC said that in the July consultations, it had tried to convince Canada that the measures were justified, and that just as Canada broke off consultations, it was in the process of submitting substantial scientific data in favour of the asbestos ban.^[94]

Critics of Canada's support of the use of chrysotile asbestos argue that Canada is ignoring the risks associated with the material. The CFMEU pointed out that selling asbestos is illegal in Canada, but it is exported and most exports go to developing countries. Canada has pressured countries, including Chile, and the UN to avoid asbestos bans.^[95]

Other criticism

Asbestos regulation critics include the asbestos industry^[96] and Fox News "junk science" columnist Steven Milloy. Critics sometimes argue that increased government regulation does more harm than good and that replacements to asbestos are inferior. .An example is the suggestion by Dixy Lee Ray and others that the shuttle Challenger exploded because the maker of O-ring putty was pressured by the EPA into ceasing production of asbestos-laden putty.^ For example, a worker in California may have been exposed to asbestos from asbestos products shipped from Libby, Montana or from an iron ore plant in St. Paul Minnesota.

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^[97]^[98] However, the putty used in Challenger's final flight did contain asbestos, and failures in the putty were not responsible for the failure of the O-ring that led to loss of the shuttle.^[98]^[99]

Asbestos was used in the first forty floors of the World Trade Center towers causing an airborne contamination among lower Manhattan after the towers collapsed in the attacks on September 11th, 2001.^[100] Steven Milloy suggests that the World Trade Center towers could still be standing or at least would have stood longer had a 1971 ban not stopped the completion of the asbestos coating above the 64th floor.^[101] This was not considered in the National Institute of Standards and Technology's report on the towers' collapse. All fireproofing materials, regardless of what they are made of, are required to obtain a fire-resistance rating prior to installation. All fibre-based lightweight commercial spray fireproofing materials are vulnerable to kinetic energy impacts that are outside of the fire testing upon which their ratings are based, including asbestos-based materials, and would have been removed in large areas by the impact of the planes.^[102]^[103]^[104]

Substitutes for asbestos in construction

Fiberglass insulation was invented in 1938 and is now the most commonly used type of insulation material. The safety of this material is also being called into question, as research shows that the composition of this material (asbestos and fiberglass are both silicate fibers) causes similar toxicity as asbestos.^[105]

In Europe stone- and glasswool are the main insulators in houses.

.Many companies that produced asbestos-cement products that were reinforced with asbestos fibres have developed products incorporating organic fibres.^ It has been well documented for many years that asbestos exposure can result in the development of deadly cancers, particularly Mesothelioma.

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One such product was known as Eternit and another "Everite" now use "Nutec" fibres which consist of organic fibres, portland cement and silica. Cement-bonded wood fiber is another substitute. Stonefibres are used in gaskets and friction materials.

Another potential fiber is polybenzimidazole or PBI fiber. Polybenzimidazole fiber is a synthetic fiber with high melting point of 760 °C that also does not ignite. Because of its exceptional thermal and chemical stability, it is often used by fire departments and space agencies.

Old Wailuku Post Office sealed off for asbestos removal

Asbestos alternatives for industrial use include sleeves, rope, tape, fabric and insulation batt materials made from fiberglass and silica.

Recycling and disposal

.In most developed countries, asbestos is typically disposed of as hazardous waste in landfill sites.^ HOUSEHOLD HAZARDOUS WASTE COLLECTION SITE .

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Asbestos can also be recycled by transforming it into harmless silicate glass. A process of thermal decomposition at 1000–1250 °C produces a mixture of non-hazardous silicate phases, and at temperatures above 1250 °C it produces silicate glass.^[106] Microwave thermal treatment can be used in an industrial manufacturing process to transform asbestos and asbestos-containing waste into porcelain stoneware tiles, porous single-fired wall tiles, and ceramic bricks.^[107]

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^ "RAND 2002". Rand.org. http://www.rand.org/pubs/monographs/MG162/. Retrieved 2010-01-12.
^ "Enpro Public Filings". Phx.corporate-ir.net. http://phx.corporate-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=131738&p=irol-sec&secCat01Enhanced.1_rs=41&secCat01Enhanced.1_rc=10#4485611. Retrieved 2010-01-12.
^ Bianchi and Bianchi, "Malignant Mesothelioma: Global Incidence and Relationship with Asbestos, Industrial Health 2007, 45. 379-387. This article identifies sources for data in 37 countries including the US. Most of these sources are inadequate to directly measure mesothelioma incidence over time, but it is clear that rates vary, and are influenced by the amount of asbestos used, how it was used, and when it was last used. See also Peto, Decarli, LaVecchia, Levi, and Negri "The European Mesothelioma Epidemic" British Journal of Cancer (1999), 79 (3/4), 666-672 which projects mesothelioma incidence in six countries in Europe (France, Germany, Britain, Italy, Netherlands, and Switzerland) as modified in Pelucci, Malvezzi, LaVecchia, Levi, Decarli and Negri, "The Mesothelioma Epidemic in Western Europe: an Update" Brit. J. of Cancer (2004) 90, 1022–1024
^ "The Economist, January 26, 2005". Economist.com. 2005-01-26. http://www.economist.com/agenda/displayStory.cfm?story_id=3598225. Retrieved 2010-01-12.
^ United States. Cong. Hearing: Asbestos Litigation. 107th Cong., 2nd sess. HRG.107-993. Washington: GPO, 2002.
^ Carroll, Stephen J., Deborah Hensler, Allan Abrahamse, Jennifer Gross, Michelle White, Scott Ashwood, and Elizabeth Sloss. Asbestos Litigation Costs and Compensation. Santa Monica,CA: RAND, 2002.
^ ^a ^b ^c United States. Cong. Senate. Finding Solutions to the Asbestos Litigation Problem: the Fairness in Asbestos Compensation Act of 1999. 106nd Cong., 1st sess. S.758. Washington: GPO, 1999.
^ American Academy of Acturaries' Mass Torts Subcomittee, "Overview of Asbestos Claims Issues and Trends, August 2007 pp 7 - 8
^ "Chrysolite Asbsetos Fact Sheet". Nrcan.gc.ca. 2009-02-03. http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/mms/pdf/chry_e.pdf. Retrieved 2010-01-12.
^ ^a ^b ^c EC measures affecting asbestos products World Trade Organization
^ Stop Canada's Export Of Asbestos CFMEU
^ Multinational Monitor article on Corporate junk science, retrieved December 16th, 2006
^ Lehr, Jay H., editor (1992). Rational Readings on Environmental Concerns. Van Nostrand Reinhold. ISBN 0-442-01146-6. http://books.google.com/books?id=LsXmMHOT8VsC&pg=PA119&ots=umUmYa5e-1&dq=asbestos+dixy+ray+lee&sig=iMqFZzINmGzuQBChh-U0TgY-TiA.
^ ^a ^b "Asbestos and Challenger Disaster". Info-pollution.com. 1986-02-09. http://info-pollution.com/challenger.htm. Retrieved 2010-01-12.
^ MSNBC article on myths of the Challenger disaster, retrieved December 16th, 2006
^ The Junkman's Answer to Terrorism: Use More Asbestos, retrieved July 16th, 2007
^ Fox News - Asbestos Fireproofing Might Have Prevented World Trade Center Collapse, retrieved July 27th, 2007
^ Asbestos and the WTC collapse, retrieved December 16th, 2006
^ Center for Fire Research PDF, retrieved December 16th, 2006
^ Why Did the World Trade Center Collapse? Science, Engineering, and Speculation, retrieved December 16th, 2006
^ "Fiber Glass: A Carcinogen That's Everywhere". Rachel's News (Environmental Research Foundation). 1995-05-31. http://www.rachel.org/en/node/3999. Retrieved 2008-10-30.
^ A F Gualtieri and A Tartaglia (August 2000). "Thermal decomposition of asbestos and recycling in traditional ceramics". Journal of the European Ceramic Society 20 (9): 1409–1418. doi:10.1016/S0955-2219(99)00290-3. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6TX0-40NFSHM-W&_user=10&_coverDate=08%2F31%2F2000&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=df14f4fe64776749b7e579f7e3beaf3f. Retrieved 2007-11-20.
^ C Leonelli, P Veronesi, D N Boccaccini, M R Rivasi, L Barbieri, F Andreola, I Lancellotti, D Rabitti, and G C Pellacani (2006-07-31). "Microwave thermal inertisation of asbestos containing waste and its recycling in traditional ceramics". Journal of Hazardous Materials 135 (1-3): 149–155. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2005.11.035.

Additional reading

George B. Guthrie and Brooke T. Mossman, editors, Health Effects of Mineral Dusts, Mineralogical Society of America Reviews in Mineralogy v. 28, 584 pages (1993) ISBN 0-939950-33-2

External links

Regulatory and government links

Mineral and mining links

Parachrysotile (asbestos) at the webmineral.com Mineral Database
Univ. of Minn.: Asbestos
Asbestos Newspaper Articles Archive
White Gold Pioneers: Asbestos Mining—The origins of asbestos mining, illustrated with many early photographs

Health and the environment

About Your House — General Series — Asbestos
Hazards magazine's comprehensive asbestos resource pages
The Miracle Mineral Fiber - Asbestos
CBC Digital Archives - Asbestos: Magic mineral or deadly dust?
The Wittenoom Tragedy, Asbestos Diseases Society of Australia.
About Asbestos European Agency for Safety and Health at Work (OSHA)
A USGS map of "Naturally Occurring Asbestos" in Eastern America
EPA refused to warn of asbestos dangers
A guide to asbestos in the home (From The Wrekin Housing Trust)

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1911 encyclopedia

Up to date as of January 14, 2010

From LoveToKnow 1911

ASBESTOS, a fibrous mineral from Gr. cicrl3EVros, unquenchable, by transference, incombustible, in allusion to its power of resisting the action of fire. The word was applied by Dioscorides and other Greek authors to quicklime, but Pliny evidently used it in its modern sense. It was occasionally woven by the ancients into handkerchiefs, and, it has been said, into shrouds which were used in cremation to prevent the ashes of the corpse from mingling with the wood-ashes of the pyre.

In different varieties of asbestos the fibres vary greatly in character. When silky and flexible they are sometimes known as mountain flax. The finer kinds are often termed amianthus. When the fibres are naturally interwoven, so as to form a felted mass, the mineral passes under such trivial names as mountain leather, mountain cork, mountain paper, &c. .The asbestos formerly used in the arts was generally a fibrous form of some kind of amphibole, like tremolite, or anthophyllite, though occasionally perhaps a pyroxene.^ UN 2590, WHITE ASBESTOS (chrysotile, actinolite, anthophyllite, tremolite) .

Land Transport Rule: Dangerous Goods Amendment 2009 - Yellow draft 12 September 2009 10:44 UTC www.nzta.govt.nz [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

In recent years, however, most of the asbestos in the market is a fibrous variety of serpentine, known mineralogically as chrysotile, and probably some of the ancient asbestos was of this character (see Amianthus). Both minerals possess similar properties, so far as resistance to heat is concerned. The amphibole-asbestos, or hornblende-asbestos, is usually white or grey in colour, and may present great length of fibre, some of the Italian asbestos reaching exceptionally a length of 5 or 6 ft., but it is often harsh and brittle. The serpentine-asbestos occurs in narrow veins, yielding fibres of only 2 or 3 in. in length, but of great tensile strength: they are usually of a delicate silky lustre, very flexible and elastic, and of yellowish or greenish colour.

.The Canadian asbestos, which of all kinds is at present the most important industrially, occurs in a small belt of serpentine in the province of Quebec, principally near Black Lake and Thetford, where it was first recognized as commercially valuable about 1877. The rock is generally quarried, cobbed by hand, dried if necessary, crushed in rock-breakers, and then passed between rollers; it is reduced to a finer state of division by so-called fiberizers, and graded on a shaking screen, where the loosened fibres are sorted.^ This is why it is very important to obtain an experienced asbestos mesothelioma law firm that knows all of the companies in each state who have responsibility for your asbestos exposure.

Asbestos Attorney - Florida Asbestos Attorney | Florida Asbestos | Florida Asbestos Lawyer, Florida Asbestos Attorney, Florida Asbestos Law Firm, Florida Asbestos Lawsuit, Florida Asbestos Legal Referal Service 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC floridaasbestosattorney.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
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^ This is why it is very important to obtain an experienced mesothelioma lawyer that knows all of the companies in each state who have responsibility for your asbestos exposure.

Asbestos Attorney - Florida Asbestos Attorney | Florida Asbestos | Florida Asbestos Lawyer, Florida Asbestos Attorney, Florida Asbestos Law Firm, Florida Asbestos Lawsuit, Florida Asbestos Legal Referal Service 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC floridaasbestosattorney.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
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Asbestos Attorney - Michigan Asbestos Attorney | Michigan Asbestos | Michigan Asbestos Lawyer, Michigan Asbestos Attorney, Michigan Asbestos Law Firm, Michigan Asbestos Lawsuit, Michigan Asbestos Legal Referal Service 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC michiganasbestosattorney.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

The process varies in different mills.

.In the United States asbestos is worked only to a very limited extent.^ It is not uncommon for there to be 10-20 parties that are named in a asbestos lawsuit that are located across the United States.

Asbestos Attorney - Illinois Asbestos Attorney | Illinois Asbestos | Illinois Asbestos Lawyer, Illinois Asbestos Attorney, Illinois Asbestos Law Firm, Illinois Asbestos Lawsuit, Illinois Asbestos Legal Referal Service 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC illinoisasbestosattorney.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Asbestos Attorney - Massachusetts Asbestos Attorney | Massachusetts Asbestos | Massachusetts Asbestos Lawyer, Massachusetts Asbestos Attorney, Massachusetts Asbestos Law Firm, Massachusetts Asbestos Lawsuit, Massachusetts Asbestos Legal Referal Service 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC massachusettsasbestosattorney.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ This is why it is very important to obtain an experienced asbestos mesothelioma law firm that knows all of the companies in each state who have responsibility for your asbestos exposure.

Asbestos Attorney - Illinois Asbestos Attorney | Illinois Asbestos | Illinois Asbestos Lawyer, Illinois Asbestos Attorney, Illinois Asbestos Law Firm, Illinois Asbestos Lawsuit, Illinois Asbestos Legal Referal Service 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC illinoisasbestosattorney.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
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^ It is not uncommon for there to be 10-20 parties that are named in an asbestos lawsuit that are located across the United States.

Asbestos Attorney - Illinois Asbestos Attorney | Illinois Asbestos | Illinois Asbestos Lawyer, Illinois Asbestos Attorney, Illinois Asbestos Law Firm, Illinois Asbestos Lawsuit, Illinois Asbestos Legal Referal Service 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC illinoisasbestosattorney.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
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An amphibole-asbestos is obtained from Sall Mountain, Georgia; and asbestos has also been worked in the serpentine of Vermont. It occurs also in South Carolina, Virginia, Massachusetts, Arizona and elsewhere. Dr G. P. Merrill has shown that some asbestos results from a process of shearing in the rocks.

Formerly asbestos was obtained almost exclusively from Italy and Corsica, and a large quantity is still yielded by Italian workings. This is mostly an amphibole. .It is in some cases associated with nodules of green garnet known as "seeds "- Sernenze dell' amianto. Asbestos is widely distributed, but only in a few localities does it occur in sufficient abundance and purity to be worked commercially; it is found, for example, to a limited extent, at many localities in Tirol, Hungary and Russia; Queensland, New South Wales and New Zealand.^ Law firms that we work with concentrate only on asbestos mesothelioma cases.

Asbestos Attorney - Florida Asbestos Attorney | Florida Asbestos | Florida Asbestos Lawyer, Florida Asbestos Attorney, Florida Asbestos Law Firm, Florida Asbestos Lawsuit, Florida Asbestos Legal Referal Service 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC floridaasbestosattorney.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
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In the British Isles it is not unknown, being found among the old rocks of North Wales and in parts of Ireland. Byssolite or asbestoid is a blue or green fibrous amphibole from Dauphiny.

The Asbestos Mountains in Griqualand West, Cape Colony, yield a blue fibrous mineral which is worked under the name of Cape asbestos. This is referable to the variety of amphibole called crocidolite. It occurs in veins in slaty rocks, associated with jaspers and quartzites rich in magnetite and brown iron-ore. Their geological position is in the Griqua Town series, belonging to what are known in South Africa as the Pre-Cape rocks.

Asbestos was formerly spun and woven into fabrics as a rare curiosity. Charlemagne is said to have possessed a tablecloth of this material, which when soiled was purified by being thrown into the fire. At a meeting of the Royal Society in 1676 a merchant from China exhibited a handkerchief of "salamander's wool," or linum asbesti. By the Eskimos of Labrador asbestos has been used as a lamp-wick, and it received a similar application in some of the sacred lamps of antiquity. In recent times asbestos has been applied to a great variety of uses in the industrial arts, and its applications are constantly increasing. Its economic value depends not only on its power of withstanding a high temperature, but also on its low thermal conductivity and its partial resistance to the attack of acids: hence it is used for jacketing boilers and steam-pipes, and as a filtering medium for corrosive liquids. It has also come into use as an electric insulator. It is made into yarn, felt, millboard, &c., and is largely employed as packing for joints, glands and stopcocks in machinery. Fire-proof sheathing and felt are used for flooring and roofing; fire-proof curtains have been made for the stage, and even clothing for firemen. Asbestos enters into the composition of fire-proof cements, plasters and paints: it is used for packing safes; and is made into balls with fire-clay for gasstoves. Various preparations of asbestos with other materials pass in trade under such names as uralite, salamandrite, asbestolith, gypsine, &c. ."Asbestic" is the name given to a Canadian product formed by crushing the serpentine rock containing thin seams of asbestos, and mixing the result with lime so as to form a plaster.^ If you or a loved one has been diagnosed with an asbestos cancer, or a family member has died as a result, you may be entitled to recover compensation from the companies that made these asbestos products.

Asbestos Attorney - Massachusetts Asbestos Attorney | Massachusetts Asbestos | Massachusetts Asbestos Lawyer, Massachusetts Asbestos Attorney, Massachusetts Asbestos Law Firm, Massachusetts Asbestos Lawsuit, Massachusetts Asbestos Legal Referal Service 19 January 2010 9:52 UTC massachusettsasbestosattorney.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
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REFERENCES

Fritz Cirkel, Asbestos, its Occurrence, Exploitation and Uses (Ottawa, 1905); J. Hyde Pratt, articles in Annual Reports on Mineral Resources, U.S. Geol. Survey; G. P. Merrill, The Nonmetallic Minerals (New York, 1904); R. H. Jones, Asbestos and Asbestic (London, 1897). (F. W. R.*)

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Categories: ARO-ASH | Minerals

Simple English

[[File:|thumb|right|A piece of Asbestos]] Asbestos is a natural mineral. It occurs naturally in all parts of the world. It is fiberous, heat resistant and non flammable. These properties made it very attractive as a component in building materials and other products such as insulation and automobile brake pads. People have used asbestos from the early times. Ancient Egyptian people have already used asbestos. Asbestos is extremely dangerous for human health, as it can cause breathing and lung problems if people are around it for a long period of time.

Asbestos was linked to cancer in the early 1970s and was replaced by other materials in most applications by 1980.

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Contents

Types and associated fibres

Serpentine

White

Amphibole

Brown

Blue

Other materials

Producing nations

Uses

Historic usage

Recent usage

Specific products

Serpentine group

Amphibole group

Health problems

Other asbestos-related diseases

Asbestos as a contaminant

Environmental asbestos

History of health concerns and regulation

Before 1900

1900s–1910s

1920s and 1930s

1940s

1950s

1960s–early 1980s

Modern regulation

United States

New Zealand

Australia

Contamination of other products

Asbestos and vermiculite

Asbestos and talc

Asbestos in construction

Asbestos construction in developed countries

Asbestos construction in developing countries

Asbestos and 9/11

Litigation

Critics of safety regulations

EU-Canada dispute

Other criticism

Substitutes for asbestos in construction

Recycling and disposal

See also

Mineralogy

Other asbestos-related topics

References

Additional reading

External links

1911 encyclopedia

From LoveToKnow 1911

REFERENCES

Simple English

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