From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The
Atari Jaguar was a
video game console released by Atari Corporation in 1993. It was designed to surpass the
Mega Drive/Genesis and the
Super Nintendo Entertainment System in processing power. It was in competition with
3DO and later consoles that made up the
Fifth generation of video game consoles. The console was first released in selected U.S. cities in November 1993, and the rest of the country in early 1994. Although it was promoted as the first 64-bit gaming system, the Jaguar proved to be a
commercial failure and prompted
Atari to leave the home video game console market. Despite its commercial failure, the Jaguar has a dedicated fan base that produces
homebrew games, making the console a
cult classic.
[3]History
The Jaguar was the last game system to be marketed by Atari Corp.
Flare Technology, a company formed by
Martin Brennan and
John Mathieson, said that they could not only make a console superior to the
Sega Mega Drive (also called the Sega Genesis) or the
SNES, but they could also be cost-effective.
[citation needed] Impressed by their work on the
Konix Multisystem, Atari persuaded them to close Flare and, with Atari Corp. providing the funding, to form a new company called
Flare II.
Flare II initially set to work designing two consoles for Atari Corp. One was a 32-bit architecture (codenamed "
Panther"), and the other was a 64-bit system (codenamed "Jaguar"); however, work on the Jaguar design progressed faster than expected, so Atari Corp. canceled the Panther project to focus on the more promising Jaguar.
The Jaguar was introduced in November 1993 for a sale price of $249.99,
[2] under a $500 million manufacturing deal with
IBM. The system was initially marketed only in the
New York City and the
San Francisco Bay areas. A nationwide release followed in early 1994.
The system was marketed under the slogan "Do the Math",
[2] claiming superiority over competing 16-bit and 32-bit systems. Initially, the system sold well, outselling the US$700, highly hyped and publicized
3DO, which was also released during the holiday season of 1993; but the Jaguar was unable to sustain sales momentum past the holiday season and the 3DO would eventually outsell the Jaguar. Among the factors contributing to forestalling sales: lackluster gaming library, due to poorly received launch titles; and Atari's history from its decade earlier
2600 console, which irreparably tarnished the firm's reputation in the eyes of retailers and would-be customers.
[citation needed]Jaguar did earn praise with titles such as
Tempest 2000,
Doom, and
Wolfenstein 3D.
[4] The most successful title was
Alien vs. Predator. Both it and
Tempest 2000 are often considered the system's defining titles.
[2] With such a small library of games
[5] to challenge the incumbent 16-bit game consoles, Jaguar's appeal never grew beyond a small gaming audience. Customers also complained the Jaguar controller was needlessly complex, with over 15 buttons.
[6][7] The controller was ranked the worst video game controller ever made by
IGN editor
Craig Harris.
[8]Lack of titles was attributable to two main factors: the Jaguar's questionable long-term prospects among third-party game-publishers, and the problematic nature of developing games for the Jaguar. Atari had one opportunity to convince third-party developers, vital for the diversity of Jaguar's game library, with a solid retail-performance, but as things played out, post-holiday sales figures questioned the viability of Atari's business; merely outselling the niche 3DO-system (which cost almost three times as much as the Jaguar) failed to attract third-party developers already committed to other game platforms. In addition, the Jaguar's underlying hardware was crippled by a flaw in the CPU's
memory controller, which prevented code-execution out of system
RAM. Less severe, but still annoying defects included a buggy
UART. The controller flaw could have been mitigated by a mature code-development environment, to unburden the programmer from having to micromanage small chunks of code. Jaguar's development tools left much to the programmer's imagination, as documentation was incomplete. Writing game-code was often an endurance exercise in the tedious
assembler.
In a July 1995 interview with Next Generation Magazine, then-CEO Sam Tramiel declared that the Jaguar was as powerful, if not more powerful, than the
Sega Saturn, and slightly weaker than the
Sony PlayStation.
[9]By the end of
1995, the Jaguar's fate was all but sealed. Atari's revenues declined by more than half, from US$38.7 million in 1994 to $14.6 million in 1995.
[1] In late 1995, Atari Corp. ran early-morning
infomercial advertisements with enthusiastic salesmen touting the powerful game system. The infomercials ran most of the year, but did not significantly sell the remaining stock of Jaguar systems. In its 10-K405 SEC Filing, filed April 12, 1996, Atari informed their stockholders of the truly dire nature of the Jaguar business:
From the introduction of Jaguar in late 1993 through the end of 1995, Atari sold approximately 125,000 units of Jaguar. As of December 31, 1995, Atari had approximately 100,000 units of Jaguar in inventory.
[1]
Atari had already suffered an ill-fated crash in the mid 1980s as a result of the oversaturation of the video game market by third-party developers.
Production of the Jaguar ceased after Atari Corp. merged with
JT Storage in a
reverse takeover.
[10] In a last ditch effort to revive the Jaguar, Atari Corp. tried to play down the other two consoles by proclaiming the Jaguar was the only "64-bit" system. This claim is questioned by some,
[11] because the
CPU (
68000) and
GPU executed a 32-bit instruction-set, but sent control signals to the 64-bit graphics co-processors (or "graphics accelerators"). Atari Corp.'s position was that the mere presence of 64-bit ALUs for graphics was sufficient to validate the claim. Design specs for the console allude to the GPU or DSP being capable of acting as a CPU, leaving the Motorola 68000 to read controller inputs. In practice, however, many developers used the Motorola 68000 to drive gameplay logic.
Over the short life of the console, several add-on peripherals were announced. However, only the ProController, the
Atari Jaguar CD drive and the JagLink (a simple two-console networking device) reached retail shelves. A voice modem and
VR headset (with infrared head-tracking), existed in prototype form, but were never commercialized. (See
Loki and
Konix Multisystem for early development.)
After the Atari Corporation properties were bought out by
Hasbro Interactive in the late 1990s, Hasbro released the rights to the Jaguar, declaring the console an open platform and opening the doors for
homebrew development.
[12] A few developers, including Telegames and Songbird Productions, have not only released previously unfinished materials from the Jaguar's past, but also several brand new titles to satisfy the system's cult following.
Arcade games
Atari Games licensed the Atari Jaguar's chipset for use in its arcade games. The system, named
COJAG (for "Coin-Op Jaguar"), replaced the
68000 with a
68020 or
MIPS R3000-based CPU (depending on the board version), and added a hard drive and more RAM. It ran the lightgun games
Area 51 and
Maximum Force. Other games (
3 On 3 Basketball;
Fishin' Frenzy;
Freeze;
Vicious Circle) were developed but never released.
Technical specifications
The Atari Jaguar's
gamepad was criticized for complexity of design.
[6][7]
From the Jaguar Software Reference manual:
[13]"Jaguar is a custom chip set primarily intended to be the heart of a very high-performance games/leisure computer. It may also be used as a graphics accelerator in more complex systems, and applied to workstation and business uses. As well as a general purpose CPU, Jaguar contains four processing units. These are the Object Processor, Graphics Processor, Blitter, and Digital Sound Processor. Jaguar provides these blocks with a 64-bit data path to external memory devices, and is capable of a very high data transfer rate into external dynamic RAM." (page 1)
Processors
- "Tom" Chip, 26.59 MHz
- Graphics processing unit (GPU) – 32-bit RISC architecture, 4 KB internal cache, provides wide array of graphic effects
- Object Processor – 64-bit RISC architecture; programmable; can behave as a variety of graphic architectures
- Blitter – 64-bit RISC architecture; high speed logic operations, z-buffering and Gouraud shading, with 64-bit internal registers.
- DRAM controller, 32-bit memory management
- "Jerry" Chip, 26.59 MHz
- Digital Signal Processor – 32-bit RISC architecture, 8 KB internal cache
- Same RISC core as the GPU, but not limited to graphic production
- CD-quality sound (16-bit stereo)
- Number of sound channels limited by software
- Two DACs (stereo) convert digital data to analog sound signals
- Full stereo capabilities
- Wavetable synthesis, FM synthesis, FM Sample synthesis, and AM synthesis
- A clock control block, incorporating timers, and a UART
- Joystick control
- Motorola 68000 "used as a manager."[14]
- General purpose 16/32-bit control processor, 13.295 MHz
Other Jaguar features
- RAM: 2 MB on a 64-bit bus using 4 16-bit fast page mode DRAMS
- Storage: Cartridge – up to 6 MB
- Support for ComLynx I/O
Memory Track
Released in 1995, the
Memory Track is a cartridge that contains a 128K
EEPROM, allowing Atari Jaguar CD games to save persistent data such as preferences and savegames.
Emulation
See also
References
- ^ a b c ATARI CORP Annual Report (Regulation S-K, item 405) (10-K405) ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL C
- ^ a b c d Blake Snow (2007-05-04). "The 10 Worst-Selling Consoles of All Time". GamePro.com. http://www.gamepro.com/article/features/111823/the-10-worst-selling-consoles-of-all-time-page-2-of-2/. Retrieved 2008-08-01.
- ^ Goss, Patrick, Redundant gadgets (Atari Jaguar entry), http://web.archive.org/web/20071011200651/http://tech.uk.msn.com/features/gallery.aspx?cp-documentid=6171299&imageindex=5, retrieved 2007-10-23
- ^ Atari Jaguar History. AtariAge. Retrieved 9 December 2008.
- ^ Greg Orlando (2007-05-15). "Console Portraits: A 40-Year Pictorial History of Gaming". Wired News. Condé Nast Publications. http://www.wired.com/gaming/gamingreviews/multimedia/2007/05/gallery_game_history?slide=28&slideView=7. Retrieved 2008-03-23.
- ^ a b Harris, Craig. Top 10 Tuesday: Worst Game Controllers. IGN. 2006-02-21.
- ^ a b Video Game News. Game Addict Online. 2006-02-26.
- ^ "Top 10 Tuesday: Worst Game Controllers". IGN. 2006-02-21. http://xbox360.ign.com/articles/690/690449p1.html. Retrieved 2009-08-07.
- ^ "Atari's President talks back", Next Generation, July 1995
- ^ "Atari and JT Storage Reorganisation Plan". One Cle. http://contracts.onecle.com/atari/jt.mer.1996.04.08.shtml. Retrieved 2006-11-25.
- ^ "Jaguar 64-bit?? No.". http://groups.google.com/group/rec.games.video.atari/browse_thread/thread/49a45b71cbcc0b9e/0bebc8c724042860?lnk=st&q=#0bebc8c724042860.
- ^ "Hasbro Releases Jaguar Publishing Rights". Hasbro Interactive. http://www.atariage.com/Jaguar/archives/HasbroRights.html. Retrieved 2008-05-14.
- ^ Jaguar Software Reference Manual - Version 2.4. Atari Corp.. 1995. http://blog.eerievale.com/download.php?id=3.
- ^ Atari Jaguar Software Reference Manual, Atari Corp. 1995, Pg 2
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