From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
.^ Gregory O'Brien - New Zealand Literature File - The University of Auckland Library New Zealand Literature File .- Gregory O'Brien - New Zealand Literature File - The University of Auckland Library 10 February 2010 11:44 UTC www.nzlf.auckland.ac.nz [Source type: General]
[2] Demographic trends indicate that it will continue to grow faster than the rest of the country. Increasingly cosmopolitan, Auckland also has the largest
Polynesian population of any city in the world,
[3] and has seen many people of Asian ethnicity move there in the last two decades. In
Māori Auckland's name is
Tāmaki-makau-rau, or the transliterated version of Auckland,
Ākarana.
.^ Auckland's Hauraki Gulf is home to a multitude of islands, each with its own distinctive character, including the larger Waiheke Island and Great Barrier Island.- Cheap Flights to Auckland, New Zealand | Flight Network 10 February 2010 11:44 UTC www.flightnetwork.com [Source type: News]
The central part of the urban area occupies a narrow
isthmus between the Manukau Harbour on the
Tasman Sea and the
Waitemata Harbour on the
Pacific Ocean. It is one of the few cities in the world to have harbours on two separate major bodies of water.
History
- Main article History of Auckland
Early Māori and Europeans
The isthmus was settled by
Māori around 1350 and was valued for its rich and fertile land. Many
pā (fortified villages) were created, mainly on the volcanic peaks. Māori population in the area is estimated at about 20,000 people before the arrival of Europeans.
[5][6] The subsequent introduction of firearms, which began in Northland, upset the balance of power and led to devastating inter-tribal warfare, causing
iwi who lacked the new weapons to seek refuge in areas less exposed to coastal raids. As a result, the region had relatively low numbers of Māori when European settlement of New Zealand began. There is, however, nothing to suggest that this was the result of a deliberate European policy.
[7][8] On 27 January 1832, Joseph Brooks Weller, eldest of the
Weller brothers of
Otago and
Sydney bought land including the sites of the modern cities of Auckland and North Shore and part of Rodney District, for "one large cask of powder" from "Cohi Rangatira".
[9]After the signing of the
Treaty of Waitangi in February 1840, the new Governor of New Zealand,
William Hobson, chose the area as his new capital, and named it after
George Eden, Earl of Auckland, then
Viceroy of India.
[10] Auckland was officially declared New Zealand's capital in 1841,
[11] and the transfer of the administration from Russell (now
Old Russell) in the Bay of Islands was completed in 1842. However, even in 1840
Port Nicholson (later
Wellington) was seen as a better choice for an administrative capital because of its proximity to the
South Island, which was being settled much more rapidly, and Wellington became the capital in 1865. Auckland was the principal city of the
Auckland Province until the provincial system was abolished in 1876.
Growth up to today
In the early 1860s, Auckland became a base against the
Māori King Movement. This, and continued road building towards the south into the
Waikato, enabled
Pākehā (European New Zealanders) influence to spread from Auckland. Its population grew fairly rapidly, from 1,500 in 1841 to 12,423 by 1864. The growth occurred similarly to other
mercantile-dominated cities, mainly around the port and with problems of overcrowding and pollution.
Trams and railway lines shaped Auckland's rapid expansion in the early first half of the 20th century, but soon afterward the dominance of the motor vehicle emerged and has not abated since; arterial roads and motorways have become both defining and geographically dividing features of the urban landscape. They also allowed further massive expansion that resulted in the growth of associated urban areas like the
North Shore (especially after the construction of the
Auckland Harbour Bridge), and
Manukau City in the south.
A large percentage of Auckland is dominated by a very
suburban style of building, giving the city a very low
population density. Some services like public transport are costlier than in other higher-density cities, but Aucklanders are still able to live in single-family dwellings similar to the rest of the New Zealand population, although lot sizes tend to be smaller than many other centres.
Geography and climate
Volcanoes
Auckland straddles the
Auckland Volcanic Field, which has produced approximately 50 volcanoes. These take the form of cones, lakes, lagoons, islands and depressions, and several have produced extensive lava flows. Most of the cones have been partly or completely
quarried away. The individual volcanoes are all considered extinct, although the volcanic field itself is merely
dormant.
Unlike the explosive
subduction-driven
volcanism in the central North Island, such as at
Mount Ruapehu and
Lake Taupo, Auckland's volcanoes are fueled entirely by
basaltic magma.
[12] The most recent and by far the largest volcano,
Rangitoto Island, was formed within the last 1000 years, and its eruptions destroyed the Māori settlements on neighbouring
Motutapu Island some 700 years ago. Rangitoto's size, its symmetry, its position guarding the entrance to
Waitemata Harbour and its visibility from many parts of the Auckland region make it Auckland's most iconic natural feature. Few birds and insects inhabit the island because of the rich acidic soil and the type of flora growing out of the rocky soil.
Harbours and gulf
.^ Auckland's Hauraki Gulf is home to a multitude of islands, each with its own distinctive character, including the larger Waiheke Island and Great Barrier Island.- Cheap Flights to Auckland, New Zealand | Flight Network 10 February 2010 11:44 UTC www.flightnetwork.com [Source type: News]
^ Auckland in the North Island of New Zealand, is the largest city in New Zealand.- Cheap Flights to Auckland, New Zealand | Flight Network 10 February 2010 11:44 UTC www.flightnetwork.com [Source type: News]
Parts of
Waiheke Island effectively function as
Auckland suburbs, while various smaller islands near Auckland are mostly zoned 'recreational open space' or are nature sanctuaries.
Climate
Auckland has a warm-
temperate climate, with warm, humid summers and mild, damp winters. Under
Koppen's climate classification, the city has an
oceanic climate.
.^ Auckland's population is approximately 1.3 million, making it by far the largest city in New Zealand, with nearly one third of the country's entire population.- Cheap Flights to Auckland, New Zealand | Flight Network 10 February 2010 11:44 UTC www.flightnetwork.com [Source type: News]
[13] The average daily maximum temperature is 23.7
°C in February, and 14.5
°C in July. The absolute maximum recorded temperature is 32.4 °C
[14], while the absolute minimum is -2.5.
[13] High levels of rainfall occur almost year-round with an average of 1240 mm per year spread over 137 'rain days'.
[13] Climatic conditions vary in different parts of the city owing to geography such as hills, land cover and distance from the sea, hence unofficial temperature records exist, such as a maximum of 34°C in west Auckland.
[14] On 27 July 1939 Auckland received its only recorded snowfall.
[15]The early morning calm on the isthmus during settled weather, before the sea breeze rises, was described as early as 1853:
"In all seasons, the beauty of the day is in the early morning. At that time, generally, a solemn stillness holds, and a perfect calm prevails..." Many Aucklanders used this time of day to walk and run in parks.
[16]As car ownership rates are very high and emissions controls relatively weak, Auckland suffers from some
air pollution, especially in regards to
fine particles emissions.
[17] There are also occasional breaches of guideline levels of
carbon monoxide.
[18] While maritime winds normally disperse the pollution relatively quickly it can sometimes become visible as
smog, especially on calm winter days.
[19]
Climate data for Auckland
| Month |
Jan |
Feb |
Mar |
Apr |
May |
Jun |
Jul |
Aug |
Sep |
Oct |
Nov |
Dec |
Year |
| Average high °C (°F) |
23.3
(74) |
23.7
(75) |
22.4
(72) |
20.0
(68) |
17.4
(63) |
15.2
(59) |
14.5
(58) |
15.0
(59) |
16.2
(61) |
17.8
(64) |
19.6
(67) |
21.6
(71) |
18.9
(66) |
| Average low °C (°F) |
15.3
(60) |
15.8
(60) |
14.6
(58) |
12.3
(54) |
10.0
(50) |
8.0
(46) |
7.1
(45) |
7.6
(46) |
8.9
(48) |
10.5
(51) |
12.1
(54) |
13.9
(57) |
11.3
(52) |
| Precipitation mm (inches) |
75
(2.95) |
65
(2.56) |
94
(3.7) |
105
(4.13) |
103
(4.06) |
139
(5.47) |
146
(5.75) |
121
(4.76) |
116
(4.57) |
91
(3.58) |
93
(3.66) |
91
(3.58) |
1,240
(48.82) |
| Source: NIWA Science climate data[20] |
People
Cultures
Helen Clark, Prime Minister in this 2006 photo, being welcomed onto Auckland's Hoani Waititi
Marae.
Auckland is home to many cultures. The majority of inhabitants claim
European - predominantly
British - descent, but substantial
Māori,
Pacific Islander and
Asian communities exist as well. Auckland has the largest
Polynesian population of any city in the world and a higher proportion of people of Asian origin than the rest of New Zealand.
.^ Auckland's population is approximately 1.3 million, making it by far the largest city in New Zealand, with nearly one third of the country's entire population.- Cheap Flights to Auckland, New Zealand | Flight Network 10 February 2010 11:44 UTC www.flightnetwork.com [Source type: News]
^ Auckland's blend of landscape, Polynesian culture, glistening harbours and modern city environment creates an unbelievable lifestyle ranked amongst the best in the world .- Cheap Flights to Auckland, New Zealand | Flight Network 10 February 2010 11:44 UTC www.flightnetwork.com [Source type: News]
Demographics
The proportion of Asians and other Non-European immigrants has increased during the last decades due to immigration,
[21] and the
removal of restrictions directly or indirectly based on race. Immigration to New Zealand is heavily concentrated towards Auckland (partly for job market reasons). This strong focus on Auckland has led the immigration services to award extra points towards immigration visa requirements for people intending to move to other parts of New Zealand.
[22]The following table shows the ethnic profile of Auckland's population, as recorded in the 2001 and 2006
New Zealand Census. The percentages add up to more than 100%, as some people counted themselves as belonging to more than one ethnic group. Figures for 2006 refer to the whole Auckland Region, not just the urban area.
.^ Auckland's population is approximately 1.3 million, making it by far the largest city in New Zealand, with nearly one third of the country's entire population.- Cheap Flights to Auckland, New Zealand | Flight Network 10 February 2010 11:44 UTC www.flightnetwork.com [Source type: News]
| Ethnic Group |
2001 (%)[23] |
2001 (people) |
2006 (%)[24] |
2006 (people) |
| New Zealand European |
66.9 |
684,237 |
56.5 |
698,622 |
| Pacific Island |
14.9 |
152,508 |
14.4 |
177,936 |
| Asian |
14.6 |
149,121 |
18.9 |
234,222 |
| Māori |
11.5 |
117,513 |
11.1 |
137,133 |
| Middle Easterners/Latin Americans/Africans |
n/a |
n/a |
1.5 |
18,555 |
| Others |
1.3 |
13,455 |
0.1 |
648 |
| 'New Zealanders' |
n/a |
n/a |
8.0 |
99,258 |
| Total giving their ethnicity |
|
1,022,616 (individuals) |
|
1,237,239 (individuals) |
The 2006 Census also provides information about the
multilinguality of the region. 867,825 people in the Auckland Region spoke one language only, 274,863 spoke two, and 57,051 three or more.
[24]Religion
Recent immigration from Asia has added to the religious diversity of the city, and about 10% of the population follow such beliefs as
Buddhism,
Hinduism,
Islam and
Sikhism, although there are no figures on religious attendance.
[26] There is also a small, long-established
Jewish community.
[27]Lifestyle
Positive aspects of Auckland life are its mild climate, plentiful employment and educational opportunities, as well as numerous leisure facilities. Meanwhile, traffic problems, the lack of good public transport, and increasing housing costs have been cited by many Aucklanders as among the strongest negative factors of living there,
[28] together with crime.
[29] Nonetheless, Auckland currently ranks 4th equal in a survey of the
quality of life of 215 major cities of the world (2009 data).
[30][31] In 2006, Auckland placed 23rd on the
UBS list of the world's richest cities.
[32]
Skyline from Westhaven Marina.
Leisure
Auckland is popularly known as the "City of Sails" because the harbour is often dotted with hundreds of yachts and has more per capita than any other city in the world, with around 135,000
yachts and
launches. Around 60,500 of the country's 149,900 registered yachtsmen come from the Auckland Region.
[33][34] Viaduct Basin also hosted two
America's Cup challenges (
2000 Cup and
2003 Cup), and its cafes, restaurants, and clubs add to Auckland's vibrant nightlife. With the sheltered Waitemata Harbour at its doorstep, Auckland sees many nautical events, and there are also a large number of sailing clubs in Auckland, as well as
Westhaven Marina, the largest of the
Southern Hemisphere.
[34][35]Parks and nature
While most volcanic cones in the
Auckland Volcanic Field have been affected by quarrying, many of the remaining cones are now within parks, and retain a more natural character than the surrounding city. Prehistoric earthworks and historic fortifications are in several of these parks, including
Mount Eden,
North Head and
One Tree Hill (Maungakiekie).
Sport
- Locations
The most popular sports in Auckland are
rugby union and
cricket. Auckland has a considerable number of rugby union and cricket grounds, and venues for motorsports, tennis, badminton, netball, swimming, soccer, rugby league, and many other sports.
- Main teams
- Major events
Popular annual sporting events include:
- The Auckland Harbour Crossing Swim swim from North Shore City to the Viaduct Basin, Auckland CBD, is a yearly summer event, covering 2.8 km (often with some considerable counter-currents) and attended by over a thousand mostly amateur competitors. It is New Zealand's largest ocean swim.[36]
- The 'Round the Bays' fun-run, starting in the city and going 8.4 kilometres (5.2 miles) along the waterfront to the suburb of St Heliers. It attracts many tens of thousands of people and has been an annual March event since 1972.
- The Auckland Marathon (and half-marathon), an annual marathon which draws thousands of competitors.
Economy
Most major international corporations have an Auckland office, as the city is the economic capital of the nation. The most expensive office space is around lower
Queen Street and the
Viaduct Basin in the
Auckland CBD, where many financial and business services are located, which make up a large percentage of the CBD economy.
[38] A large proportion of the technical and trades workforce is based in the industrial zones of
South Auckland.
The largest commercial and industrial areas of Greater Auckland are in the southeast of Auckland City and the western parts of Manukau City, mostly bordering the
Manukau Harbour and the
Tamaki River estuary.
The sub-national GDP of the Auckland region was estimated at US$47.6 billion in 2003, 36% of New Zealand's national GDP, 15% greater than the entire South Island.
[39]Auckland's status as the largest commercial centre of the country reflects in the high median personal income (per working person, per year) which was
NZ$44,304 (approx.
US$33,000) for the region in 2005, with jobs in the Auckland CBD often earning more.
[40] The median personal income (for all persons older than 15 years of age, per year) was NZ$22,300 (2001),
[41] behind only
North Shore City (also part of the Greater Auckland area) and
Wellington. While office workers still account for a large part of Auckland's commuters, large office developments in other parts of the city, for example in
Takapuna or
Albany, both
North Shore City, are slowly becoming more common, reducing concentration on the Auckland CBD somewhat.
Education
Auckland has a number of important educational institutions, including some of the largest universities in the country. Auckland is a major centre of overseas language education, with large numbers of foreign students (particularly East Asians) coming to the city for several months or years to learn English or study at universities - although numbers New Zealand-wide have dropped substantially since peaking in 2003.
[42] As of 2007, there are around 50
NZQA certified schools and institutes teaching English in the Auckland area.
[43]Housing
Housing varies considerably between some suburbs having
state owned housing in the lower income neighbourhoods, to palatial waterfront estates, especially on the Waitemata. Traditionally, the most common residence of Aucklanders was a bungalow on a '
quarter acre' (1,000 m²).
[44] However, subdividing such properties with 'infill housing', has long been the norm. Aucklanders' housing preferences resulting from a lack of apartments and poor public transport has resulted in a large
urban sprawl and reliance on motor vehicles. This will probably continue, as the vast majority of Aucklanders live in low-density housing, which is expected to remain at up to 70% of the total share even in 2050.
[44]In some areas, the Victorian
villas are being increasingly torn down to make way for large plaster mansions with tennis courts and swimming pools. The demolition of the older properties is being combated by the Auckland City Council passing laws that cover heritage suburbs or streets. Auckland has been described as having 'the most extensive range of timbered housing with its classical details and mouldings in the world', many of them Victorian-Edwardian style houses.
[45]Government
Local
In the late 2000s, New Zealand's central government and parts of Auckland's society felt that this large number of Councils, and the lack of strong regional government (with the
Auckland Regional Council only having limited powers) were hindering Auckland's progress. A
Royal Commission on Auckland Governance was set up in 2007,
[46][47] and in 2009 recommended a unified local governance structure for Auckland, amalgamating the Councils.
[48] Government subsequently announced that a "super city" would be set up with a single mayor by the time of New Zealand's local body elections in 2010.
[49][50]Many aspects of the proposed reorganisation
were or are still controversial, from the matters such as the form of representation for Maori, the inclusion or exclusion or rural Council areas in the super city, to the role of Council controlled organisations that are intended to place much of the day to day business of Council services at arms length from the elected Council.
National
Between 1842 and 1865, Auckland was the capital city of New Zealand. Parliament met in what is now Old Government House on the
University of Auckland's City campus. The capital was moved to
Wellington in 1865.
Auckland, because of its large population, is currently covered by 21 general electorates and three Maori electorates. Prior to 2008, there were only 20 general electorates, with the new seat of Botany being created in 2008 due to the increase in population around Auckland. As of the 2008 election, thirteen of the seats are held by the governing
National Party, eight seats (seven general, one Maori) being held by the opposing
Labour Party, one seat by the
ACT Party, and two seats (both Maori) by the Maori Party.
Transport
Ferry travel is a popular type of public transport for some Auckland destinations.
Travel modes
- Road and rail
Auckland is highly dependent on private vehicles as the main form of transportation, with only around 5% of all journeys in the Auckland region being undertaken by bus (1998 data),
[51] though these numbers have since improved somewhat. In 2009 Auckland still ranks quite low in this regard, having only 41 public transport trips per capita per year, while Wellington has more than twice this number at 91, and Sydney has 114 trips.
[52] This strong roading focus results in substantial
traffic congestion during peak times.
[53]Bus services in Auckland are mostly radial rather than
ring-routes, due to Auckland being on an
isthmus. Late-night services (i.e. past midnight) are limited, even on weekends. Trains service the west and southeast of Auckland, with longer-distance options scarce. In 2007 approximately NZ$5.3 billion worth of large-scale projects was underway or planned (and budgeted for) in the Auckland area to improve rail and public transport patronage over the next decade, 31% of the transport budget.
[54][55] However, policy changes in early 2009 by the incoming National government have meant a shift in emphasis to more highway construction, and have removed the provision of a regional fuel tax that was to pay for
ARTA's public transport upgrades.
[56] While the government has promised to fund the
rail electrification, the process and associated tenders have been postponed, and many rail station upgrades and the funding of the
integrated ticketing upgrade are in doubt. The lack of future funding also forced ARTA to hand over the Auckland region's rail stations to government control.
[57][58][59]
- Other modes
Auckland's ports are the largest of the country, and a large part of both inbound and outbound New Zealand commerce travels through them, mostly via the facilities northeast of Auckland CBD. Freight usually arrives at or is distributed from the port via road, though the port facilities also have rail access. Auckland is a major cruise ship stopover point, with the ships usually tying up at
Princes Wharf. Auckland CBD is connected to coastal suburbs, to
North Shore City and to outlying islands by ferry.
Auckland has various small regional airports and
Auckland Airport, the busiest of the country.
- Policies
Research at
Griffith University has indicated that in the last 50 years, Auckland has engaged in some of the most pro-automobile transport policies anywhere in the world.
[60] With public transport declining heavily during the second half of the 20th century (a trend mirrored in most Western countries such as the US),
[61] and increased spending on roads and cars, New Zealand (and specifically Auckland) now has the second-highest vehicle ownership rate in the world, with around 578 vehicles per 1000 people.
[62] Auckland has also been called a very pedestrian- and cyclist-unfriendly city, though some efforts are being made to change this.
[63][63] At the same, high-profile gaps in the network, such as the inability for pedestrians and cyclists to cross the Waitemata Harbour, will probably remain for the foreseeable future, with councils generally not considering the costs involved as sensible expense.
[64]Infrastructure
The
State Highway network connects the cities in the Auckland urban area through the Northern, Southern, Northwestern and Southwestern Motorways.
The
Auckland Harbour Bridge (Northern Motorway) is the main connection to
North Shore City, and also a major traffic bottleneck. The Harbour Bridge does not provide access for rail, pedestrians or cyclists, which has repeatedly (most recently in 2008) led to campaigns for and investigations into retrofitting the structure.
The
Central Motorway Junction, also called 'Spaghetti Junction' for its complexity, is the intersection between the two major motorways of Auckland (State Highway 1 and State Highway 16).
Two of the longest arterial roads within Greater Auckland are
Great North Road and
Great South Road - the main connections in those directions before the construction of the State Highway network.
Auckland has three main railway lines, serving the general western, southern, and central eastern directions from the
Britomart Transport Centre in downtown Auckland. It is the terminal station for all lines, and connects them to ferry and bus services.
Future growth
The urbanised extents of Auckland shown in grey, as of approximately 2007.
Auckland is expecting substantial population growth via immigration and natural population increases (which contribute to growth at about one-third and two-thirds, respectively)
[65], and is set to grow to an estimated 2 million inhabitants by 2050.
[44] This substantial increase in population will have a major impact on transport, housing and other infrastructure that is in many cases already considered under pressure. It is also feared by some organisations, such as the
Auckland Regional Council, that
urban sprawl will result from the growth and, as a result, that it is necessary to address this proactively in planning
policy.
A 'Regional Growth Strategy' has been adopted that sees limits on further subdivision and intensification of existing use as its main
sustainability measures.
[66] This policy is contentious, as it naturally limits the uses of private land, especially the subdivision of urban fringe properties,
[67] by setting 'Metropolitan Urban Limits' in planning documents like the
District Plan.
[68]According to the 2006 Census projections, the medium-variant scenario shows that the population is projected to continue growing, to reach 1.93 million by 2031. The high-variant scenario shows the region's population growing to over two million by 2031.
[69]Famous sites
Tourist attractions and landmarks in the Auckland metropolitan area include:
- Attractions and buildings
- Auckland Civic Theatre - a famous heritage atmospheric theatre in downtown Auckland. It was renovated in 2000 to its original condition.
- Harbour Bridge - connecting Auckland and the North Shore, an iconic symbol of Auckland.
- Auckland Town Hall - with its concert hall considered to have some of the finest acoustics in the world, this 1911 building serves both council and entertainment functions.
- Auckland War Memorial Museum - a large multi-exhibition museum in the Auckland Domain, known for its impressive neo-classicist style.
- Aotea Square - the hub of downtown Auckland beside Queen Street, it is the site of crafts markets, rallies and arts festivals.
- Britomart Transport Centre - the main downtown public transport centre in a historic Edwardian building.
- Eden Park - the city's primary stadium and a frequent home for All Blacks rugby union and Black Caps cricket matches. It will be the location of the 2011 Rugby World Cup final.[70]
- Karangahape Road - known as "K' Road", a street in upper central Auckland famous for its bars, clubs and smaller shops.
- Kelly Tarlton's Antarctic Encounter & Underwater World - a well-known aquarium and Antarctic environment in the eastern suburb of Mission Bay, built in a set of former sewage storage tanks, showcasing penguins, turtles, sharks, tropical fish, sting rays and other marine creatures.
- MOTAT - Auckland's Museum for Transport and Technology, at Western Springs.
- Mt Smart Stadium - a stadium used mainly for rugby league and soccer matches. Also the site of many concerts.
- New Zealand National Maritime Museum - features exhibitions and collections relating to New Zealand maritime history at Hobson Wharf, adjacent to the Viaduct Basin.
- Ponsonby - a suburb and main street west of central Auckland known for arts, cafes and culture.
- Queen Street - the main street of the city, from Karangahape Road down to the harbour.
- Sky Tower - the tallest free-standing structure in the Southern Hemisphere, it is 328 m (1,076 ft) tall and has excellent panoramic views.
- Vector Arena - events centre in downtown Auckland completed in 2007. Holding 12,000 people, it is used for sports and concert events.
- Viaduct Basin - a marina and residential development in downtown Auckland, the venue for the America's Cup regattas in 2000 and 2003.
- Western Springs Stadium - a natural amphitheatre used mainly for speedway races, rock and pop concerts.
- Landmarks
- Auckland Domain - one of the largest parks of the city, close to the CBD and having a good view of the harbour and of Rangitoto Island.
- Mount Eden - a volcanic cone with a grassy crater. As the highest natural point in Auckland City, it offers 360-degree views of Auckland and is thus a favorite tourist outlook.
- Mount Victoria - a volcanic cone in North Shore City offering a spectacular view of Auckland. A brisk walk from the Devonport ferry terminal, the cone is steeped in history, as is nearby North Head.
- One Tree Hill (Maungakiekie) - a volcanic cone that dominates the skyline in the southern, inner suburbs. It no longer has a tree on the summit (after a politically motivated attack on the old tree) but is still crowned by an obelisk.
- Rangitoto Island - guards the entrance to Waitemata Harbour, and forms a prominent feature on the eastern horizon.
- Waiheke Island - the second largest island in the Hauraki Gulf and is well known for its beaches, forests, vineyards and olive groves.
360-degree view from
Sky Tower, showing many landmarks in the
CBD.
See also
References
- ^ "GEOnet Names Server (GNS)". http://earth-info.nga.mil/gns/html/cntry_files.html. Retrieved August 2006.
- ^ a b "Subnational Population Estimates: At 30 June 2009". Statistics New Zealand. 23 October 2009. http://www.stats.govt.nz/methods_and_services/access-data/tables/subnational-pop-estimates.aspx. Retrieved 2009-10-23.
- ^ "Auckland and around". Rough Guide to New Zealand, Fifth Edition. http://www.roughguides.com/website/travel/destination/content/?titleid=83&xid=idh185804920_0099. Retrieved 16 February 2010.
- ^ http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2008t.html | "The World According to GaWC 2008"
- ^ Ferdinand von Hochstetter (1867). New Zealand. pp. 243. http://www.enzb.auckland.ac.nz/document/1867_-_von_Hochstetter%2C_Ferdinand._New_Zealand/CHAPTER_XI%3A_The_Isthmus_of_Auckland.
- ^ Sarah Bulmer. "City without a state? Urbanisation in pre-European Taamaki-makau-rau (Auckland, New Zealand)". http://www.arkeologi.uu.se/afr/projects/BOOK/Bulmer/bulmer.pdf. Retrieved 2007-10-03.
- ^ "Ngāti Whātua - European contact". Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand. http://www.teara.govt.nz/NewZealanders/MaoriNewZealanders/NgatiWhatua/3/en. Retrieved 2007-10-03.
- ^ Michael King (2003). The Penguin History of New Zealand. Auckland, N.Z.: Penguin Books. pp. 135. ISBN 0-14-301867-1.
- ^ George Weller’s Claim to lands in the Hauraki Gulf - transcript of original in National Archives, ms-0439/03 (A-H) HC.
- ^ a b What's Doing In; Auckland - The New York Times, 25 November 1990
- ^ Russell Stone (2002). From Tamaki-Makau-Rau to Auckland. University of Auckland Press. ISBN 1869402596.
- ^ Ian E.M. Smith and Sharon R. Allen, Volcanic Hazards: Auckland Volcanic Field, Volcanic Hazards Working Group, Civil Defence Scientific Advisory Committee. Accessed 13 April 2009.
- ^ a b c "Climate Summary for 1971-2000". National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research. http://www.niwascience.co.nz/edu/resources/climate/summary.
- ^ a b "Auckland enjoys hottest day ever". http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10556442.
- ^ "Snowstorms (PDF)". http://www.civildefence.govt.nz/memwebsite.NSF/Files/Tephra2003-Snowstorms/$file/Tephra2003-Snowstorms.pdf. Retrieved August 2006.
- ^ Auckland, the Capital of New Zealand - Swainson, William, Smith Elder, 1853
- ^ "Air pollutants - Fine particles (PM10 and PM2.5)". Auckland Regional Council. http://www.arc.govt.nz/albany/index.cfm?6901EAA9-14C2-3D2D-B939-BF1991A4D1E7. Retrieved 3 August 2009.
- ^ "Air pollutants - Carbon monoxide (CO)". Auckland Regional Council. http://www.arc.govt.nz/environment/air-quality/air-pollutants/carbon-monoxide.cfm. Retrieved 3 August 2009.
- ^ "Auckland's air quality". Auckland Regional Council. http://www.arc.govt.nz/environment/air-quality/aucklands-air-quality/aucklands-air-quality_home.cfm. Retrieved 3 August 2009.
- ^ "Climate Data and Activities". NIWA Science. http://www.niwascience.co.nz/edu/resources/climate/.
- ^ "New Zealand - A Regional Profile - Auckland" (PDF). Statistics New Zealand. 1999. pp. 19–20. http://www.stats.govt.nz/NR/rdonlyres/7F0D2AFF-54F4-4CE9-BE7C-974597403FCB/0/Auckland.pdf. Retrieved 2007-10-03.
- ^ Residence in New Zealand (PDF) (Page 8, from the Immigration New Zealand website. Accessed 2008-01-18.)
- ^ 2001 Regional Summary (from the Statistics New Zealand website)
- ^ a b Quickstats about Auckland Region
- ^ Pope Shenouda III visits New Zealand (from Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Accessed 2008-05-25.)
- ^ "What we look like locally". Statistics New Zealand. p. 7. http://www.stats.govt.nz/NR/rdonlyres/D5B067F9-7A06-483D-A6B9-D438E81ABAC2/0/AucklandCity.pdf.
- ^ "Auckland Hebrew Community ~ Introduction page". http://www.ahc.org.nz/intro.php. Retrieved 2008-09-18.
- ^ Central Transit Corridor Project (Auckland City website, includes mention of effects of transport on public satisfaction)
- ^ "Crime and safety profile - 2003". Auckland City Council. http://www.aucklandcity.govt.nz/auckland/introduction/safer/crimesafety/police.asp. Retrieved 2007-06-08.
- ^ City Mayors: Best cities in the world (Mercer)
- ^ Quality of Living global city rankings 2009 (Mercer Management Consulting, Accessed 2 May 2009).
- ^ City Mayors: World's richest cities (UBS via www.citymajors.com website, August 2006)
- ^ Punters love City of Sails - The New Zealand Herald, Saturday 14 October 2006
- ^ a b Passion for boating runs deep in Auckland - The New Zealand Herald, Thursday January 26, 2006
- ^ [Sailing Club] directory (from the yachtingnz.org website)
- ^ Harbour Crossing (from the Auckland City Council website. Retrieved 2007-10-24.)
- ^ "Eden Park to host Final and Semi-Finals". 22 February 2008. http://www.nzrugbyworldcup.com/RugbyWorldCup.aspx.
- ^ Auckland's CBD at a glance (CBD website of the Auckland City Council)
- ^ "Regional Gross Domestic Product". Statistics New Zealand. 2007. http://www.stats.govt.nz/reports/analytical-reports/regional-gross-domestic-product.aspx. Retrieved 18 February 2010.
- ^ Auckland Regional Profile (from labourmarket.co.nz, composed from various sources)
- ^ Comparison of New Zealand's cities (from ENZ emigration consulting)
- ^ Survey of English Language Providers - Year ended March 2006 (from Statistics New Zealand. Auckland is assumed to follow national pattern)
- ^ English Language Schools in New Zealand - Auckland (list linked from the Immigration New Zealand website)
- ^ a b c Executive Summary (PDF) (from the Auckland Regional Growth Strategy document, ARC, November 1999. Retrieved 2007-10-14.)
- ^ Section 7.6.1.2 - Strategy (PDF) (from the Auckland City Council District Plan - Isthmus Section)
- ^ Auckland governance inquiry welcomed - NZPA, via 'stuff.co.nz', Tuesday 31 July 2007. Retrieved 2007-10-29.
- ^ Royal Commission of inquiry for Auckland welcomed - NZPA, via 'infonews.co.nz', Tuesday 31 July 2007. Retrieved 2007-10-29
- ^ Minister Releases Report Of Royal Commission - Scoop.co.nz, Friday 27 March 2009
- ^ Gay, Edward (7 April 2009). "'Super city' to be in place next year, Maori seats axed". The New Zealand Herald. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10565528.
- ^ "Making Auckland Greater" (PDF). 7 April 2009. http://media.nzherald.co.nz/webcontent/document/pdf/Making%20Ak%20Greater%20final%20media.pdf.
- ^ Mode of Transport, Figure for New Zealand Regions (from the Travel Survey Highlights 1997-98, New Zealand Ministry of Transport)
- ^ Auckland's Transport Challenges (from the Draft 2009/10-2011/12 Auckland Regional Land Transport Programme, Page 8, ARTA, March 2009. Accessed 2009-04-10.
- ^ Welcome to our traffic nightmare - The New Zealand Herald, Sunday 29 July 2007
- ^ References provided in Transport in Auckland and Public transport in Auckland
- ^ Auckland Transport Plan landmark for transport sector (from the Auckland Regional Transport Authority website, 11 August 2007)
- ^ Hopes of electric trains for cup fade - The New Zealand Herald, Wednesday 18 March 2009
- ^ Council to give up its rail stations - The New Zealand Herald, Saturday 21 March 2009
- ^ The $2b road ahead - The Dominion Post, unknown date. Accessed 2009-04-06.
- ^ Rail 'trench' worries New Lynn - The New Zealand Herald, Friday 20 March 2009
- ^ 2006.pdf Backtracking Auckland: Bureaucratic rationality and public preferences in transport planning - Mees, Paul; Dodson, Jago; Urban Research Program Issues Paper 5, Griffith University, April 2006
- ^ US Urban Personal Vehicle & Public Transport Market Share from 1900 (from publicpurpose.com, a website of the Wendell Cox Consultancy)
- ^ Sustainable Transport North Shore City Council website
- ^ a b Big steps to change City of Cars - The New Zealand Herald, Friday October 24, 2008
- ^ Cycleway for bridge could prove too pricey - The New Zealand Herald, Wednesday 3 September 2008
- ^ Can We Stop growth? (from the ARC website)
- ^ From Urban Sprawl to Compact City: an analysis of Auckland's Urban Growth Management Strategies - Arbury, Joshua - MA Thesis, University of Auckland
- ^ Green belt under siege - The New Zealand Herald, Saturday 28 April 2007
- ^ Growth Strategy: Glossary and References (PDF) (from the Auckland City Council)
- ^ "Mapping Trends in the Auckland Region". Statistics New Zealand. http://www.stats.govt.nz/Publications/PopulationStatistics/mapping-trends-in-the-auckland-region/population-change.aspx. Retrieved 11 March 2010.
- ^ "Venue allocation options a challenge". Official RWC 2011 Site. http://www.rugbyworldcup.com/destinationnewzealand/news/newsid=2026277.html. Retrieved 11 March 2010.
Further reading
- Gordon McLauchlan (1992). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of New Zealand. David Bateman Ltd, Glenfield, NZ. ISBN 1-86953-007-1.
External links
- Auckland - Visitor-oriented official website
- Auckland in Te Ara the Encyclopedia of New Zealand
- Maps and aerial photos
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