From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Bahá'í literature, like much religious text,
covers a variety of topics and forms, including scripture and
inspiration, interpretation, history and biography, introduction and
study materials, and apologia. Sometimes considerable overlap
can be observed in a particular text.
The ‘canonical texts’ are the writings of the Báb, Bahá’u’lláh, ‘Abdu’l-Bahá, Shoghi Effendi and the Universal House of Justice,
and the authenticated talks of ‘Abdu’l-Bahá. The writings of the
Báb and Bahá’u’lláh are considered as divine revelation, the
writings and talks of ‘Abdu’l-Bahá and the writings of Shoghi
Effendi as authoritative interpretation, and those of the Universal
House of Justice as authoritative legislation and elucidation. Some
measure of divine guidance is assumed for all of these texts.[1][2]
The Bahá'í Faith relies extensively on its
literature. Literacy is strongly encouraged so that
believers may read the texts for themselves.[3]
In addition doctrinal questions are routinely addressed by
returning to primary works.[4][2]
Much of the early works of the religion were in the form of
letters to individuals or communities. These are termed tablets[2]
and have been collected into various folios by Bahá'ís
over time. Today, the Universal House of Justice
still uses letters as a primary method of communication.
Literary
forms
Generally speaking, the literary form of a particular book can
generally be observed by noting the author and/or title.
Scripture,
inspiration and interpretation
Timeline of Bahá'í
writings
|
| 1844 - 1850 |
The Báb
|
| 1852 - 1892 |
Bahá’u’lláh
|
| 1892 - 1921[5] |
`Abdu'l-Bahá
|
| 1921 - 1957 |
Shoghi Effendi
|
| 1963 - present |
Universal House of Justice |
Bahá'ís believe that the founders of the religion, The Báb and Bahá'u'lláh, received revelation directly
from God. As such their works are
considered divinely inspired. These works are considered to be "revealed text" or revelation.[3][6]
`Abdu'l-Bahá was appointed by Bahá'u'lláh
to be his successor and authorized him to interpret the religion's
"revealed text." The works of `Abdu'l-Bahá are therefore considered
authoritative directives and interpretation, as well as part of
Bahá'í scripture.[3]
He, along with The Báb and Bahá'u'lláh, is considered one of the
"Central Figures" of the religion.[1]
Likewise Shoghi
Effendi's interpretations and directives are considered
authoritative, but are not considered to expand upon the "revealed
text", or to be scripture.[3]
In the Bahá'í view, the Universal House of Justice
does not have the position to interpret the founders' works, nor
those of `Abdu'l-Bahá or Shoghi Effendi. However, it is charged
with addressing any question not addressed in those works.[7]
As such its directives are considered authoritative,[3]
as long as they are in force (the Universal House of Justice may
alter or revoke its own earlier decisions as needed)[7],
and are often collected into compilations or folios.
The works of the Central Figures, Shoghi Effendi, and the
Universal House of Justice taken together are the canonical texts of the Baha'i
Faith.[1]
'Revelation writing': The first draft of a tablet of
Baha'u'llah
A special category of works consist of the prayers of the Central
Figures. These were often included in original letters and have
been collected into various prayer books. Bahá'u'lláh's Prayers
and Meditations is a significant volume. As Bahá'ís are to
pray, meditate, and study sacred scripture daily, these books are
common.[8]
Volume
Bahá'u'lláh wrote many books, tablets and prayers, of which only
a fraction has been translated into English until now. He revealed
thousands of tablets with a total volume more than 70 times the
size of the Qur'an and more than 15 times the size of the Old and
New Testaments of the Bible.[9][10][11] Over
7000 tablets and other works have been collected of an estimated
15,000 texts.[10][12][13]
However only a relative few have been translated and
catalogued.[14]
Revelation
Bahá'u'lláh occasionally would write himself, but normally the
revelation was dictated to his secretaries, whose tracts are
sometimes recorded it in what has been called revelation
writing, a shorthand script written with extreme speed owing
to the rapidity of the utterance being transcribed. Afterwards,
Bahá'u'lláh revised and approved these drafts. These revelation
drafts and many other transcriptions of the writings of
Bahá'u'lláh's, some of which are in his own handwriting, are kept
in the International Bahá'í
Archives in Haifa, Israel.[9][15]
Some large works, for example the Kitáb-i-Íqán, were revealed in a very
short time, as in a night, or a few days.[16]
Language
Most Bahá'í literature, including all the writings of
Bahá'u'lláh, was originally written in either Persian or Arabic.[3]
English
translations use the characteristic Bahá'í orthography developed by Shoghi Effendi to
render the original names. His work was not just that of a
translator, as he was also the designated interpreter of the
writings,[17] and
his translations are used as a standard for current translations of
the Bahá'í writings.[18]
Authenticity and
authority
The question of the authenticity of given texts is of great
concern to Bahá'ís. As noted, they attach considerable importance
to the writings of whom they consider to be authoritative
figures.[1]
The primary duty of the Research Department of the Universal House
of Justice and the International Bahá'í Library is the
collection, cataloguing, authentication, and translation of these
texts.[19]
By way of comparison, "pilgrims' notes" are items, or sayings,
attributed to the central figures but have not been authenticated.
While these may be inspirational, these are not considered
authoritative.[1][20] Some
of `Abdu'l-Bahá's collected talks (e.g. `Abdu'l-Bahá in
London, Paris Talks, and The Promulgation of
Universal Peace.) may fall into this category, but are
awaiting further authentication.[21] The
Star of the West, published in the United States from 1910
to 1924, contains many pilgrim's notes and unauthenticated letters
of `Abdu'l-Bahá's.
There is no Bahá'í corollary to Islamic Hadith; in fact, Bahá'ís do not consider
Hadith authoritative.[22][2]
The Bahá'í community seeks to expand the body of authenticated
and translated texts. The 1992 publication of the English
translation of Bahá'u'lláh The Kitáb-i-Aqdas, and the more
recent Gems of Divine Mysteries (2002), The Summons of
the Lord of Hosts (2002), and The Tabernacle of Unity
(2006) are significant additions to the body of work available.
At the same time there is concerted effort to re-translate,
edit, and even redact works that are not authenticated. For
example, `Abdu'l-Bahá on Divine Philosophy, published in
1916, was not reprinted at the direction of Shoghi Effendi.[23] Also,
early editions of Esslemont's Bahá'u'lláh and the New Era
contained several passages that could not be authenticated, or were
incorrect. These have been reviewed and updated in subsequent
editions.[24] This
practice has been criticized by observers,[25] but
is considered an integral part of maintaining the integrity of the
texts.[26][27][28]
Bábí texts are proving very difficult to authenticate, despite
the collection of a variety of documents by E.G. Browne in the latter 19th
and early 20th centuries.[29]
Browne's principle correspondents were Azalis[30][31] whom
he considered to be the genuine followers of the Báb. In addition
to the difficulties of collecting documents at such a distance —
Browne was at Cambridge — was the widespread Azali practice of
Taqiyya (Dissimulation), or
concealing one's beliefs.[32]
Browne appears to have been unaware of this.[30][33] In
addition to the difficulties of collecting reliable manuscripts,
Azali taqiyya had the effect of rendering many early Bábí
documents unreliable afterwards, as Azali Bábís would often alter
and falsify Bábí teachings and history.[32][34]
In contrast, dissimulation was condemned by Bahá'u'lláh and was
gradually abandoned by the early Bahá'ís.[32][35][36][37]
History
and biography
Shoghi Effendi's only book, God Passes By, is a central text
covering the history of the
faith from 1844 to 1944.[38]
Nabil-Zarandi's Dawn Breakers covers the Bábí period
extensively through to Bahá'u'lláh's banishment from Persia in
1853.[39]
Ruhiyyih Rabbani's Ministry of the
Custodians details the interregnum between Shoghi Effendi's
death in 1957 and the election of the Universal House of Justice in
1963.[40]
Other authors have revisited the early periods of the religion
in the Middle East or addressed historical periods in other places.
Some of these contain significant amounts of biographical data and can be considered
biographies.[3]
Notably, Balyuzi's and Taherzadeh's works have focused on the
history and biographies of the central figures of the religion and
their significant contemporaries.[41]
Introduction and study
materials
One of the earliest introductory texts available in English is
Esslemont's
Bahá'u'lláh and the New Era. This book, originally
published in 1923, has undergone several revisions over time to
update, correct, and clarify its contents[42]
though `Abdu'l-Bahá was able to personally review several of its
chapters.[43]
More than sixty years later, it remains in the top ten of cited
Bahá'í books.[44]
Several other introductory texts are available. Hatcher &
Martin's The Bahá'í Faith: The Emerging Global Religion,
Momen's A Short Introduction to the Bahá'í Faith, and
Smith's The Bahá'í Religion are some examples.
Of considerable importance to the Bahá'í community worldwide is
the Ruhi series of study materials inspired, and largely produced,
by the Bahá'í community of Colombia. These books form the core texts used
in "Study Circles" and "Training
Institutes" by Bahá'í communities around the world.[45]
Apologia
A few of Bahá'u'lláh's works may classify as apologia. In addition
to being significant doctrinal works, his Kitáb-i-Íqán (Book of Certitude) and
Epistle to the Son of the
Wolf address both Islamic and Bahá'í audiences.[46]
During Bahá'u'lláh's lifetime, both Nabíl-i-Akbar
and Mírzá Abu'l-Fadl Gulpáygání were
noteworthy Islamic scholars who accepted the religion.
Nabíl-i-Akbar was well versed in, and wrote on Islamic issues.
Mírzá Abu'l-Fadl wrote extensively on both Christian and Islamic apologia, most notably
in his book The Brilliant Proof.[47]
While Townshend's Christ and
Bahá'u'lláh may also be regarded as an apologetic response to
Christian concerns, Udo Schaefer, et al.'s Making the Crooked
Straight is a decidedly apologetic response to Ficicchia's
polemical Der Bahá'ísmus - Religion der Zukunft?
(Bahá'ísm – Religion of the future?), a book which was
published and promoted by the Evangelische Zentralstrelle für
Weltanschauungsfragen (Central Office of the Protestant Church
for Questions of Ideology) in the 1980s.[48][49] This
organization has since revoked its affiliation with Ficicchia and
now recognizes the Bahá'í Faith as an important partner in
inter-religious dialogue.
Select
bibliography
The below list is not complete. William P. Collins, in his
Bibliography of English-language Works on the Bábí and Bahá'í
Faiths, 1844-1985,[50] gives
a list of 2,819 items, which includes multiple editions.[3]
For ease, the bibliography is sub-divided by author.
Authoritative
`Abdu'l-Bahá
-
- Many of the above are collections but there are estimated to be
over 15,000 texts archived, and over 30,000 possibly written in
total.[10][12][13]
Báb,
The
Bahá'u'lláh
- Bahá'u'lláh (1992). Meditations of the
Blessed Beauty. London, UK: Bahá'í Publishing Trust. ISBN
187098918X.
Central Figures: prayer
books
- The Báb; Bahá'u'lláh &
`Abdu'l-Bahá (1996). Bahá'í Daybook: Passages for Deepening and
Meditation. Wilmette, Illinois, USA: Bahá'í Publishing Trust.
ISBN 087743154X.
- The Báb; Bahá'u'lláh &
`Abdu'l-Bahá (2003). Fountains of Love: A Selection of Prayers
and Meditations by Bahá'u'lláh, The Báb, and `Abdu'l-Bahá.
Germany: Bahá'í Verlag GmbH. ISBN
3870373970.
- The Báb; Bahá'u'lláh &
`Abdu'l-Bahá (2000). Remembrance of God: A Selection of Bahá'í
Prayers and Holy Writings. New Delhi, India: Bahá'í Publishing
Trust. ISBN
8185091641.
Central
Figures and Shoghi Effendi: compilations
The Universal House of Justice has prepared several compilations
of extracts from the Central Figures and Shoghi Effendi.
Shoghi
Effendi
- Effendi, Shoghi (2009). Dear
Co-worker - Messages from Shoghi Effendi to the Benelux
countries. Leuven, Belgium: Brillant Books. pp. 164. ISBN
978905720006.
Universal House of
Justice and its agencies
These are original works of the Universal House of Justice and
its agencies as distinct from compilations.
Other
authors
Mírzá
Abu'l-Fadl Gulpáygání
Balyuzi,
H.M.
- Balyuzi, H.M. (2001).
`Abdu'l-Bahá: The Centre of the Covenant of Bahá'u'lláh.
Oxford, UK: George Ronald. ISBN
0853980438.
- Balyuzi, H.M. (1973). The Báb: The
Herald of the Day of Days. Oxford, UK: George Ronald. ISBN
0853980489.
- Balyuzi, H.M. (2000). Bahá'u'lláh,
King of Glory. Oxford, UK: George Ronald. ISBN
0853983283.
- Balyuzi, H.M. (1970). Edward
Granville Browne and the Bahá'í Faith. Oxford, UK: George
Ronald. ISBN
0853980233.
- Balyuzi, H.M. (1985). Eminent
Bahá'ís in the time of Bahá'u'lláh. Oxford, UK: George Ronald.
ISBN
0853981523.
- Balyuzi, H.M. (1981). Khadijih
Bagum, the Wife of the Báb. Oxford, UK: George Ronald. ISBN
0853981000.
- Balyuzi, H.M. (1976). Muhammad and
the Course of Islam. Oxford, UK: George Ronald. ISBN
0853984786.
Bahiyyih
Khánum
Esslemont,
J.E.
Momen,
Moojan
- Momen, M. (ed.) (1981). The
Bábí and Bahá'í Religions, 1844-1944 - Some Contemporary Western
Accounts. Oxford, UK: George Ronald. ISBN
0853981027.
- Momen, M. (2007). Bahá'u'lláh:
A Short Biography. Oxford, UK: Oneworld Publications. ISBN
978-1851684694.
- Momen, M. (1994). Buddhism and
the Bahá'í Faith. Oxford, UK: George Ronald. ISBN
0853983844.
- Momen, M. (2000). Islam and the
Bahá'í Faith, An Introduction to the Bahá'í Faith for Muslims.
Oxford, UK: George Ronald. ISBN
0853984468.
- Momen, M. (ed.) (1987).
Selections from the Writings of E.G. Browne on the Bábí and
Bahá'í Religions. George Ronald. ISBN
0853982465.
Re-issued in 2008 as
- Moojan Momen. (2008). The
Bahá'í Faith: A Beginner's Guide. Oxford, UK: Oneworld
Publications. ISBN
978-1851685639.
Nabíl-i-Zarandí
Rabbani, Rúhíyyih
- Rabbani,
R. (1969). The Priceless Pearl (Hardcover ed.).
London, UK: Bahá'í Publishing Trust: 2000. ISBN
1870989910.
Schaefer,
Udo
- Schaefer, U. (2007). Bahá'í Ethics in
Light of Scripture, Volume 1 - Doctrinal Fundamentals. Oxford,
UK: George Ronald. ISBN
0-85398-505-1.
Sears,
William
- Sears, W. (1985). All Flags
Flying. NSA of the Bahá'ís of South Africa. ISBN
0908420625.
- Sears, W. (1982). A Cry from
the Heart: The Bahá'ís of Iran. Oxford, UK: George Ronald. ISBN
0853981345.
- Sears, W. (1973). The Flame:
The Story of Lua. Oxford, UK: George Ronald. ISBN
0853980306.
- Sears, W. (1960). God Loves
Laughter. Oxford, UK: George Ronald. ISBN
0853980195.
- Sears, W. (2000). The
Half-Inch Prophecy. NSA of the Bahá'ís of South Africa. ISBN
1874801940.
- Sears, W. (1997). In
Grandfather's Barn. USA: Bahá'í Publishing Trust. ISBN
0877432570.
- Sears, W. (1988). Prince of
Peace. India: Bahá'í Publishing Trust. ISBN
8185091102.
- Sears, W. (1995). Release
the Sun. USA: Bahá'í Publishing Trust. ISBN
0877430039.
- Sears, W. (1991). Run to
Glory. Naturegraph Publishers Inc. ISBN
0879611952.
- Sears, W. (2002) [1961].
Thief in the Night. Oxford, UK: George Ronald. ISBN
085398008x.
- Sears, W. (1991). The Wine
of Astonishment. Oxford, UK: George Ronald. ISBN
0853980098.
Smith,
Peter
- Smith, P. (1999). The Bahá'í
Faith: A Short History. Oxford, UK: Oneworld Publications. ISBN
1851682082.
- Smith, P. (1988). The Bahá'í
Religion, A Short Introduction to its History and Teachings.
Oxford, UK: George Ronald. ISBN
0853982775.
- Smith, P. (1999). A Concise
Encyclopedia of the Bahá'í Faith. Oxford, UK: Oneworld
Publications. ISBN
1851681841.
Taherzadeh,
Adib
- Taherzadeh, A. (2000). The Child of
the Covenant. Oxford, UK: George Ronald. ISBN
0853984395.
- Taherzadeh, A. (1992). The Covenant
of Bahá'u'lláh. Oxford, UK: George Ronald. ISBN
0853983445.
- Taherzadeh, A. (1972). Trustees of
the Merciful. London, UK: Bahá'í Publishing Trust. ISBN
0900125098.
Townshend,
George
- Townshend, G. (1957).
Abdu'l-Bahá: The Master. Oxford, UK: George Ronald. ISBN
0853982538.
- Townshend, G. (1966) [1957].
Christ and Bahá’u’lláh. Oxford, UK: George Ronald. ISBN
0853980055.
- Townshend, G. (1972) [1948].
The Promise of All Ages. Oxford, UK: George Ronald. ISBN
0853980446.
Various
- Afroukhteh, Dr. Youness (2003)
[1952]. Memories of Nine Years in 'Akká. Oxford, UK:
George Ronald. ISBN
0853984778.
- Braun, E.; Chance, H. (1982). A
Crown of Beauty, The The Bahá'í Faith and the Holy Land.
Oxford, UK: George Ronald. ISBN
0853981396.
- Cameron, G.; Momen, W. (1996).
A Basic Bahá'í Chronology. Oxford, UK: George Ronald. ISBN
0853984022.
- Hatcher, J.S. (1997). The Ocean
of His Words: A Reader's Guide to the Art of Bahá'u'lláh.
Wilmette, Illinois, USA: Bahá'í Publishing Trust. ISBN
0877432597.
- Hatcher, W.S.; & Martin, J.D.
(1998). The Bahá'í Faith: The Emerging Global Religion.
Wilmette, Illinois, USA: Bahá'í Publishing Trust. ISBN
0877432643.
- Hofman, D. (1982). Commentary
on the Will and Testament of 'Abdu'l-Bahá. Oxford, UK: George
Ronald. ISBN
0853981582.
- Khan, J.A. (2005). Prophet's
Daughter: The Life and Legacy of Bahíyyih Khánum, Outstanding
Heroine Of The Bahá'í Faith. Wilmette, Illinois, USA: Bahá'í
Publishing Trust. ISBN
1931847142.
- Momen, W. (1989). A Basic
Bahá'í Dictionary. Oxford, UK: George Ronald. ISBN
0853982317.
- Ruhe-Schoen, J. (1998). A Love
Which Does Not Wait. Riviera Beach, Florida, USA: Palabra
Publications. ISBN
1890101176.
- Saiedi, Nader (2008). Gate of
the Heart. Waterloo, ON: Wilfrid Laurier University Press. ISBN
978-1-55458-035-4.
- Salmani, Ustad Muhammad-`Aliy-i,
the Barber; Gail, Marizieh (tr.) (1982). My Memories of
Bahá'u'lláh. Los Angeles, USA: Kalimát Press. ISBN
0933770219.
- Walbridge, John (1996). Sacred
Acts, Sacred Space, Sacred Time. Oxford, UK: George Ronald. ISBN
0853984069.
- Whitmore, B. (1984). The
Dawning Place. Wilmette, Illinois, USA: Bahá'í Publishing
Trust. ISBN
0877431922.
.
Periodicals
See also
Notes
- ^ a
b
c
d
e
Smith, P. (1999).
p. 100–101.
- ^ a
b
c
d
Schaefer, U. (2007).
p. 7.
- ^ a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
Smith, P. (1999).
p. 227.
- ^ Smith, P. (1999).
pp. 115–116.
- ^
Smith 2000, p. 20 The majority
of ‘Abdu’l-Bahá’s writings are from the period 1892 – 1921, while a
few have an earlier date: Secret of Divine Civilization
(1875), A Traveller’s Narrative (1886) and his commentary
on ‘I was a Hidden Treasure’.
- ^ Smith, P. (1999). p. 294.
- ^ a
b
Smith, P. (1999).
pp. 346–350.
- ^ Smith, P. (1999).
pp. 274–275.
- ^ a
b
BWNS. "A new volume of Bahá'í sacred
writings, recently translated and comprising Bahá'u'lláh's call to
world leaders, is published". http://www.bahaiworldnews.org/story.cfm?storyid=163. Retrieved
2006-11-24.
- ^ a
b
c
d
Archives Office at the Bahá'í World
Centre, Haifa, Israel. "Bahá'í Archives - Preserving
and safeguarding the Sacred Texts". http://bahai-library.com/file.php5?file=uhj_bahai_archives_texts&language=. Retrieved
2008-06-26.
- ^
Universal House of Justice. "Numbers and Classifications
of Sacred Writings texts". http://bahai-library.com/?file=uhj_numbers_sacred_writings. Retrieved
2006-11-24.
- ^ a
b
c
The Universal House of
Justice. ""Numbers and Classifications
of Sacred Writings texts"". http://bahai-library.com/?file=uhj_numbers_sacred_writings. Retrieved
2006-12-04.
- ^ a
b
c
Stockman, R. and Cole, J. ""Number of tablets revealed
by Bahá'u'lláh"". http://bahai-library.com/?file=number_tablets_bahaullah. Retrieved
2006-12-04.
- ^ a
b
McGlinn, S. (1999). "The Leiden list of the works
of Baha'u'llah". http://bahai-library.com/resources/leiden.list/leiden.list.html. Retrieved
2006-12-04.
- ^
Taherzadeh, A. (1976). The Revelation of
Bahá'u'lláh, Volume 1: Baghdad 1853-63. Oxford, UK: George
Ronald. ISBN
0-853-98270-8. http://www.peyman.info/cl/Baha'i/Others/ROB/V1/Cover.html.
- ^
"Book of Certitude: Dating
the Iqan". Kalimat Press. 1995. http://bahai-library.com/index.php5?file=wilmette_kitab_iqan_date. Retrieved
2007-02-26.
- ^
`Abdu'l-Bahá (1992) [1901-08]. The Will And Testament of
‘Abdu’l-Bahá. p. 11. http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/ab/WT/wt-1.html#pg11.
& Effendi, Shoghi (1938). The World Order of
Bahá’u’lláh. pp. 148–149. http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/se/WOB/wob-40.html#pg148.
- ^
Bahá'u'lláh (2002). The Summons of the Lord of
Hosts. http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/b/SLH/slh-14.html.
- ^
The Universal House of
Justice (1997-08-06). ""Questions about Aspects of
the Bahá'í Teachings"". http://bahai-library.com/file.php5?file=uhj_aspects_teaching.html&language=All. Retrieved
2006-12-22.
- ^
The Universal House of
Justice (2003-07-14). ""Utterances and Tablets of
`Abdu'l-Bahá Quoted in Compilations and Letters of the Universal
House of Justice"". http://bahai-library.com/file.php5?file=uhj_authentic_quotations_pilgrims&language=All. Retrieved
2006-12-22.
- ^
The Universal House of
Justice (1996-10-22). ""Authenticity of Some Bahá'í
Texts"". http://bahai-library.com/file.php5?file=uhj_authenticity_some_texts&language=All. Retrieved
2006-12-22.
- ^ Smith, P. (1999). p. 307.
- ^
"Opening notes to the online
edition of `Abdu'l-Bahá on Divine Philosophy". http://www.bahai-library.com/books/div.phil/. Retrieved
2006-12-22.
- ^
Effendi, Shoghi (1973). p. 18. http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/se/DG/dg-49.html.
- ^
Beckwith (1985).
pp. 37–38.
- ^
The National Spiritual Assembly of the
Bahá'ís of the United States (1992-09-24). ""Dates in Baha'u'llah
and the New Era: A response to Francis Beckwith"". http://bahai-library.com/index.php5?file=nsa_beckwith_esslemont. Retrieved
2006-12-22.
- ^
The Universal House of
Justice (1995-06-25). ""Beckwith's
allegations"". http://bahai-library.com/uhj/beckwith.html. Retrieved
2006-12-22.
- ^
The Universal House of
Justice (1999-05-04). ""Access to materials at the
Bahá'í World Centre"". http://bahai-library.com/uhj/access.sources.html. Retrieved
2006-12-25.
- ^
MacEoin, D.; Smith, P. (ed.) (1986). "Hierarchy, Authority and
Eschatology in Early Bábí Thought". In Iran: Studies in
Bábí and Bahá'í History (Los Angeles, USA: Kalimát Press)
3: pp. 95–97. ISBN 0933770464. http://bahai-library.org/articles/hierarchy.babi.html. Retrieved
2006-12-25.
- ^ a
b
"Browne, Edward Granville ii.
Browne on Babism and Bahaism". Encyclopaedia Iranica
Online. 4. 2009. http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/unicode/v4f5/v4f5a014.html. Retrieved
2009-12-06.
- ^
Balyuzi, H.M. (1970). pp. 18, p.
34, p. 72, & p. 96.
- ^ a
b
c
Manuchehri, Sepehr (September 1999).
""The Practice of Taqiyyah
(Dissimulation)"". Research Notes in Shaykhi, Babi and
Baha'i Studies 3 (3).
http://www.h-net.org/~bahai/notes/vol3/taqiya.htm. Retrieved
2006-12-22.
- ^
Balyuzi, H.M. (1970).
p. 70.
- ^
For example, the problems with the version of the
Nuqtatu'l-Kaf translated and published in 1910 by E.G.
Browne are noted by MacEoin (MacEoin, D. (1986). "Hierarchy, Authority and
Eschatology in Early Bábí Thought". In Iran: Studies in
Bábí and Bahá'í History 3: pp. 106–107. http://bahai-library.org/articles/hierarchy.babi.html.
), and addressed
by Balyuzi (Balyuzi, H.M. (1970).
pp. 70–88.
) and Cole (Cole, J. (August 1998). "Nuqtat al-Kaf and
the Babi Chronicle Traditions". Research Notes in Shaykhi,
Babi and Baha'i Studies 2 (6): pp.
106–107. http://www.h-net.org/~bahai/notes/vol2/babihist.htm.
) who notes that
material on Subh-i-Azal (Mirza Yahya) was likely added
to that manuscript in 1864.
- ^
Susan, Maneck (1996). "Wisdom and Dissimulation: The
Use and Meaning of Hikmat in the Bahá'í Writings and History".
Bahá'í Studies Review (Association for Bahá'í Studies
(English-Speaking Europe)) 6. http://bahai-library.com/bsr/bsr06/62_maneck_hikmat.htm. Retrieved
2006-12-22.
- ^
Taherzadeh, A. (1977).
p. 111.
- ^
Taherzadeh, A. (1987).
p. 92.
- ^ Smith, P. (1999).
pp. 318–318.
- ^ Smith, P. (1999). p. 118.
- ^ Smith, P. (1999). p. 117.
- ^ Smith, P. (1999). pp. 89–90.
- ^
The Universal House of
Justice (1996-06-02). Prophecy of Daniel;
Modifications of Baha'u'llah and the New Era. http://bahai-library.com/?file=uhj_prophecy_daniel_esslemont.
- ^ "J. E. Esslemont - Named a
Hand of the Cause at His Passing". Bahá'í News (15):
p. 6–8. June 1973. http://www.teachingandprojects.com/meansandmaterials.htm.
- ^
Fazel, Seena; Danes, John (1995).
"Bahá'í scholarship: an examination using citation analysis".
Bahá'í Studies Review 5 (1).
, Table 4: Most
cited Bahá'í books, 1988-1993.
- ^
Bahá'í International
Community. ""Collaborative Study for
Individual and Social Transformation"".
http://www.bahai.org/features/institutes. Retrieved
2006-12-04.
- ^ Smith, P. (1999). pp. 40, & p.
133.
- ^ Smith, P. (1999). pp. 22–23, & pp.
258–258.
- ^
Fazel, S. (2004). "Making the Crooked Straight,
by Udo Schaefer, Nicola Towfigh, and Ulrich Gollmer: Review".
Interreligious Insight 2 (1): 96. http://bahai-library.com/?file=fazel_schaefer_crooked_straight.
- ^
Cannuyer, C. (1998). "Making the Crooked Straight,
by Udo Schaefer, Nicola Towfigh, and Ulrich Gollmer: Review".
Baha'i Studies Review 8 (1). http://bahai-library.com/?file=cannuyer_schaefer_desinformation.
- ^
Collins 1990,
pp. 41–158
References
- Balyuzi, H.M. (1970). Edward
Granville Browne and the Bahá'í Faith. Oxford, UK: George
Ronald. ISBN
0853980233.
- Schaefer, U. (2007). Bahá'í Ethics in
Light of Scripture, Volume 1 - Doctrinal Fundamentals. Oxford,
UK: George Ronald. ISBN
0-85398-505-1.
- Smith, P. (1999). A Concise
Encyclopedia of the Bahá'í Faith. Oxford, UK: Oneworld
Publications. ISBN
1851681841.
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