# Baryon number: Wikis

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# Encyclopedia

 Flavour in particle physics Flavour quantum numbers: Baryon number: B Lepton number: L Strangeness: S Charmness: C Bottomness: B′ Topness: T Isospin: I or I3 Weak isospin: T or T3 Electric charge: Q X-charge: X Combinations: Hypercharge: Y Y = (B + S + C + B′ + T) Y = 2 (Q − I3) Weak hypercharge: YW YW = 2 (Q − T3) X + 2YW = 5 (B − L) Flavour mixing

In particle physics, the baryon number is an approximate conserved quantum number of a system. It is defined as

$B = \frac{1}{3}\left(n_\text{q} - n_\bar{\text{q}}\right),$

where nq is the number of quarks, and nq is the number of antiquarks. Baryons (three quarks) have a baryon number of +1, mesons (one quark, one antiquark) a baryon number of 0, and antibaryons (three antiquarks) have a baryon number of −1. Exotic hadrons like pentaquarks (four quarks, one antiquark) and tetraquarks (two quarks, two antiquarks) are also classified as baryons and mesons depending on their baryon number.

## Baryon number vs. quark number

Quarks do not only carry electric charge, but also additional charges such as color charge and weak isospin. Because of a phenomenon known as color confinement, a hadron cannot have a net color charge; that is, the total color charge of a particle has to be zero ('white'). A quark can have one of three "colors", dubbed "red", "green", and "blue".

For normal hadrons, a white color can thus be achieved in one of three ways:

• A quark of one color with an antiquark of the corresponding anticolor, giving a meson with baryon number 0,
• Three quarks of different colors, giving a baryon with baryon number +1,
• Three antiquarks into an antibaryon with baryon number −1.

The baryon number was defined long before the quark model was established, so rather than changing the definitions, particle physicists simply gave quarks one third the baryon number. Nowadays it might be more accurate to speak of the conservation of quark number.

In theory, exotic hadrons can be formed by adding pairs of quark and antiquark, provided that each pair has a matching color/anticolor. For example, a pentaquark (four quarks, one antiquark) could have the individual quark colors: red, green, blue, blue, and antiblue.

## Particles not formed of quarks

Particles without any quarks have a baryon number of zero. Such particles include leptons, the photon, and the W and Z bosons.

## Conservation

The baryon number is nearly conserved in all the interactions of the Standard Model. 'Conserved' means that the sum of the baryon number of all incoming particles is the same as the sum of the baryon numbers of all particles resulting from the reaction. An exception is the chiral anomaly. However, sphalerons are not all that common. Electroweak sphalerons can only change the baryon number by 3.

The still hypothetical idea of grand unified theory allows for the changing of a baryon into several leptons (see BL), thus violating the conservation of baryon and lepton number. Proton decay would be an example of such a process taking place.