• The deficiencies in the Bhopal plant design can be summarised as: choosing a dangerous method of manufacturing pesticides; large-scale storage of MIC before processing; location close to a densely populated area; under-dimensioning of the safety features; dependence on manual operations.^ The MIC in the storage tank therefore was warmer than allowed by the plant's operating manual.
  • Corporate Crime and Violence 10 February 2010 12:12 UTC www.multinationalmonitor.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
  
  ^ UCC insisted on a process design requiring large MIC storage tanks.
  • Bhopal industrial incident killer file 22 September 2009 12:31 UTC www.moreorless.au.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
  
  ^ This plant was located on the outskirts of Bhopal.
  • A Significant Toxic Event: The Union Carbide Pesticide Plant Disaster in Bhopal, India, 1984 10 February 2010 12:12 UTC www.tropmed.org [Source type: Academic]
  
  ^[4]
.
• Deficiencies in the management of UCIL can be summarised: lack of skilled operators due to the staffing policy; reduction of safety management due to reducing the staff; insufficient maintenance of the plant; lack of emergency response plans.^ It was able to operate in this way partially because the state of Madhya Pradesh and the Indian government's industrial safety and environmental regulations were lacking or not well enforced (1).
  • Toxins at Bhopal Still Kill Indians after One Generation 10 February 2010 12:12 UTC www.naturalnews.com [Source type: General]
  
  ^ Union Carbide asserted that it had provided appropriate training, including bringing some workers to Institute, WV for training, and that the safety procedures were appropriate; however, Union Carbide contended that the UCIL management was generally responsible for safety and maintenance at the plant and that the government of India was the responsible regulator.
  • CSB - Bhopal Disaster Spurs U.S. Industry, Legislative Action 10 February 2010 12:12 UTC users.khbo.be [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
  
  ^ While comparable factories in Europe were equipped with automatic safety devices and computerised early warning systems, the plant in Bhopal relied on manual detection and had no emergency planning measures in place.
  • Family tree of Bhopal gas disaster- Comments & Analysis-Opinion-The Economic Times 10 February 2010 12:12 UTC economictimes.indiatimes.com [Source type: News]
  • Family tree of Bhopal gas disaster- Comments & Analysis-Opinion-The Economic Times 10 February 2010 12:12 UTC economictimes.indiatimes.com [Source type: News]
  
  ^[4][22]

Plant production process

Work conditions

• Kurzman argues that "cuts ... meant less stringent quality control and thus looser safety rules. A pipe leaked? .Don't replace it, employees said they were told ...^ They said they felt like they were being choked,” Bee later told the online environmental magazine Grist, “and we [adults] felt that way, too.
  • The Biggest Crime You've Never Heard Of 10 February 2010 12:12 UTC www.evergreenmonthly.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
  
  ^ "We don't think they will be able to put us off forever," Devi Shukla said.
  • Lee Sustar: Bhopal, the Making of a Disaster 10 February 2010 12:12 UTC www.counterpunch.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
  
  ^ She could talk to political leaders and corporate chiefs, she said, by remembering the words, "If you don't tell them, how will they know?"
  • ProxyInformation.com 10 February 2010 12:12 UTC www.proxyinformation.com [Source type: News]
  
  .MIC workers needed more training?^ It is noted that it was probably this pattern of neglect that failed to bring about the much needed change in the malfunctioning safety equipment and improperly trained workers at the chemical plant.
  • Bhopal Gas Tragedy: An Analysis 10 February 2010 12:12 UTC www.hu.mtu.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
  
  ^ The period of safety-training to workers in MIC plant was brought down from 6 months to 15 days.
  • What Happened? 22 September 2009 12:31 UTC studentsforbhopal.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
  
  ^ The period of safety training for workers in the MIC unit is brought down from six months to 15 days.
  • Bhopal industrial incident killer file 22 September 2009 12:31 UTC www.moreorless.au.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
  
  They could do with less. .Promotions were halted, seriously affecting employee morale and driving some of the most skilled ...^ Most of the affected were above the age group of 60 years and above (29% of this group were seriously affected).
  • Sunil Choukiker: Major Air Pollution Episodes, Environmental Distortions that Kill, Pollution Episodes, London Pollution Episode, Bhopal Disaster, Donora Fog, Meuse Valley, Mexico-Poza Rica, Aftermath of Disaster, Environment, Disaster Management, Major Air Pollution Episodes, Sunil Choukiker, 10 February 2010 12:12 UTC www.visionriviewpoint.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
  
  elsewhere".^[24]
.
• Workers were forced to use English manuals, even though only a few had a grasp of the language.^ A few days later, a group of workers at the factory even went on a hunger strike, demanding better security system inside the plant.
  • MYREPUBLICA.com - News in Nepal: Fast, Full & Factual 10 February 2010 12:12 UTC myrepublica.com [Source type: Original source]
  
  ^ Hence, it is appropriate that Union Carbide assume responsibility for the Bhopal disaster, even though the Indian managers and workers were primarily responsible.
  • Richard De George 10 February 2010 12:12 UTC www.angelo.edu [Source type: Original source]
  
  ^ It did look pretty pathatic, only a few responses over a period of weeks were even posted.
  • HaloScan.com - Comments 10 February 2010 12:12 UTC www.haloscan.com [Source type: Original source]
  
  ^[14][25]
.
• By 1984, only six of the original twelve operators were still working with MIC and the number of supervisory personnel was also cut in half.^ The work crew for the MIC plant was cut in half from twelve to six workers.
  • What Happened? 22 September 2009 12:31 UTC studentsforbhopal.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
  
  ^ In February, the chemical manufacturer announced it would cut an undisclosed number of corporate management-level jobs throughout its global operation during the first half of this year.
  • ProxyInformation.com 10 February 2010 12:12 UTC www.proxyinformation.com [Source type: News]
  
  ^ The plant’s cooling system had also broken down, and for the sake of cutting costs, the number of people on the MIC section’s night shift had been reduced from six down to two.
  • The difference between Bhopal and New York 10 February 2010 12:12 UTC www.marxist.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
  
  .No maintenance supervisor was placed on the night shift and instrument readings were taken every two hours, rather than the previous and required one-hour readings.^ Two decades on, the pain has not eased for either Ms Sultan or any of the more than half a million people affected by one of the world's worst industrial disasters.
  • Union Carbide disaster haunts Bhopal. 02/12/2004. ABC News Online 10 February 2010 12:12 UTC www.abc.net.au [Source type: News]
  
  ^ In Bhopal no-one uses the term "accident" to describe the calamity that took place here in the early hours of 3 December 1984.
  • Bhopal: An Ongoing Tragedy, 25 years later | culturekitchen 10 February 2010 12:12 UTC culturekitchen.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
  
  ^ The plant’s cooling system had also broken down, and for the sake of cutting costs, the number of people on the MIC section’s night shift had been reduced from six down to two.
  • The difference between Bhopal and New York 10 February 2010 12:12 UTC www.marxist.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
  
  ^[14][24]
.
• Workers made complaints about the cuts through their union but were ignored.^ The Indian Government has made no public announcement of this in India, nor has it identified the aid from a relief fund established by Union Carbide workers throughout the world.
  • Richard De George 10 February 2010 12:12 UTC www.angelo.edu [Source type: Original source]
  
  ^ Union Carbide made such a calculation when it decided to cut back on safety personnel and their training period at its Bhopal factory before the accident occurred.
  • Bhopal and the Age of Globalization 10 February 2010 12:12 UTC www.globalpolicy.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
  
  ^ It is patently dangerous when local people and workers are lied to about the hazards of a chemical that is piped through their lands or is handled by them.
  • The Truth About Dow : Designing Disasters 10 February 2010 12:12 UTC www.thetruthaboutdow.org [Source type: Original source]
  
  .One employee was fired after going on a 15-day hunger strike.^ A few days later, a group of workers at the factory even went on a hunger strike, demanding better security system inside the plant.
  • MYREPUBLICA.com - News in Nepal: Fast, Full & Factual 10 February 2010 12:12 UTC myrepublica.com [Source type: Original source]
  
  ^ Therefore shall her plagues come in one day, death, and mourning, and famine; and she shall be utterly burned with fire: for strong is the Lord God who judgeth her.
  • HaloScan.com - Comments 10 February 2010 12:12 UTC www.haloscan.com [Source type: Original source]
  
  ^ The campaigners were on the 60th day of their indefinite hunger strike.
  • Bhopal // Current 10 February 2010 12:12 UTC current.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
  
  .70% of the plant's employees were fined before the disaster for refusing to deviate from the proper safety regulations under pressure from management.^ Union Carbide claimed a disgruntled employee sabotaged the plant.  Activists contend a faulty plant design or lax safety standards caused the toxic leak.
  • Studies Contend Bhopal Still Contaminated, 25 Years After World's Worst Industrial Disaster | News | English 10 February 2010 12:12 UTC www1.voanews.com [Source type: News]
  
  ^ MIC — was an act of sabotage by a disgruntled employee, never identified, and not lax safety standards or faulty plant design, as claimed by some activists.
  • Industrial disaster still haunts India - CNBC 10 February 2010 12:12 UTC www.cnbc.com [Source type: News]
  
  ^ Future management of industrial development requires that appropriate resources be devoted to advance planning before any disaster occurs.
  • Bhopal, India - Encyclopedia of Earth 10 February 2010 12:12 UTC www.eoearth.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
  
  ^[14][24]
.
• In addition, some observers, such as those writing in the Trade Environmental Database (TED) Case Studies as part of the Mandala Project from American University, have pointed to "serious communication problems and management gaps between Union Carbide and its Indian operation", characterised by "the parent companies [sic] hands-off approach to its overseas operation" and "cross-cultural barriers".^[26]
• The personnel management policy led to an exodus of skilled personnel to better and safer jobs.^ Union Carbide also remains liable for the environmental devastation its operations have caused.
  • Bhopal: An Ongoing Tragedy, 25 years later | culturekitchen 10 February 2010 12:12 UTC culturekitchen.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
  
  ^ CULTURE: NO There appear to be have been serious communication problems and management gaps between Union Carbide and its Indian operation.
  • Bhopal Disaster 10 February 2010 12:12 UTC www.american.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
  
  ^ It's all part of American business culture.
  • Causes and Negligence 10 February 2010 12:12 UTC www.grazian-archive.com [Source type: Original source]
  
  ^[14][22]

Equipment and safety regulations

.

Union Carbide MIC plant

• It emerged in 1998, during civil action suits in India, that, unlike Union Carbide plants in the USA, its Indian subsidiary plants were not prepared for problems.^ Union Carbide sold its Indian subsidiary and pulled out of India.
  • The Bhopal Disaster, 25 years on - A Dossier - South Asia Citizens Web 10 February 2010 12:12 UTC www.sacw.net [Source type: Original source]
  
  ^ During its initial negotiations on a settlement with Union Carbide, the Indian go .
  • 25 years after world’s worst industrial disaster, Bhopal victims languish in neglect 10 February 2010 12:12 UTC www.wsws.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
  
  ^ Indian subsidiary of the American firm Union Carbide Corporation .
  • Bhopal disaster (industrial accident) -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia 10 February 2010 12:12 UTC www.britannica.com [Source type: Reference]
  
  .No action plans had been established to cope with incidents of this magnitude.^ You are also aware that there are no emergency response plans to cope with community reaction.
  • Exportation of Risk: The Case of Bhopal - Online Ethics Home 22 September 2009 12:31 UTC onlineethics.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
  • Online Ethics Center: Exportation of Risk: The Case of Bhopal 22 September 2009 12:31 UTC temp.onlineethics.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
  • OEC - Exportation of Risk: The Case of Bhopal 10 February 2010 12:12 UTC www.onlineethics.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
  
  .This included not informing local authorities of the quantities or dangers of chemicals used and manufactured at Bhopal.^ Cooling it slows reactions, buys time, but MIC is so dangerous that chemical engineers recommend not storing it at all unless absolutely necessary and then only in the tiniest quantities.
  • Bhopal: 25 years of poison - Mail & Guardian Online: The smart news source 10 February 2010 12:12 UTC www.mg.co.za [Source type: News]
  
  ^ Dow, along with Monsanto, was one of the principal manufacturers of Agent Orange, a combination herbicide containing 2,4,5-T and 2,4-D that was used during the US military’s chemical warfare in Vietnam.
  • The Dow Chemical Company - Knowmore.org 22 September 2009 12:31 UTC knowmore.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
  
  ^ Incidently, the most catastrophic industrial accident in history -- the Bhopal disaster -- occurred at a chemical plant using transferred technology in a developing country.
  • http://www-bcf.usc.edu/~meshkati/humanfactors.html 10 February 2010 12:12 UTC www-bcf.usc.edu [Source type: Academic]
  
  ^{[3][4][14][23]}
.
• The MIC tank alarms had not worked for 4 years.^ In particular, the pressure indicator/control, temperature indicator and the level indicator for the MIC storage tanks had been malfunctioning for more than a year" (p.
  • http://www-bcf.usc.edu/~meshkati/humanfactors.html 10 February 2010 12:12 UTC www-bcf.usc.edu [Source type: Academic]
  
  ^ Moreover, the increase in temperature (of the MIC tank), according to the Union Carbide investigation (1985), was not signaled by the tank high-temperature alarm, since it had not been reset to a temperature above the storage temperature.
  • http://www-bcf.usc.edu/~meshkati/humanfactors.html 10 February 2010 12:12 UTC www-bcf.usc.edu [Source type: Academic]
  
  ^{[3][4][14][27]}
.
• There was only one manual back-up system, not the four-stage system used in the USA.^{[3][4][14][27]}
• The flare tower and the vent gas scrubber had been out of service for 5 months before the disaster.^ In addition to water entry, there were failures in four safety devices - the vent gas scrubber, the flare tower, the refrigeration system, and the water spray.
  • 5 Long-term recovery from the Bhopal crisis 10 February 2010 12:12 UTC www.unu.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
  
  ^ "There's one disaster after another.
  • Cloud of Despair in Bhopal 10 February 2010 12:12 UTC www.commondreams.org [Source type: News]
  
  ^ The gas flare safety system was out of action and had been for three months.
  • The Bhopal disaster and its aftermath: a review 22 September 2009 12:31 UTC www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
  • The Bhopal disaster and its aftermath: a review 10 February 2010 12:12 UTC www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
  
  .The gas scrubber therefore did not treat escaping gases with sodium hydroxide (caustic soda), which might have brought the concentration down to a safe level.^ Safety systems—such as a flare tower (for the burning of excess gas), a caustic soda scrubber (for neutralization), and a refrigeration unit—did not contain the reaction.
  • Bhopal, India - Encyclopedia of Earth 10 February 2010 12:12 UTC www.eoearth.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
  
  ^ The scrubber, filled with a caustic soda solution to detoxify leaks was under repair.
  • Richard De George 10 February 2010 12:12 UTC www.angelo.edu [Source type: Original source]
  
  ^ Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), also known as lye, caustic soda and sodium hydrate, is a caustic metallic base.
  • World's Worst Industrial Disaster Occurs in India (1984) - This Day in History - English - The Free Dictionary Language Forums 10 February 2010 12:12 UTC forum.thefreedictionary.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
  • World's Worst Industrial Disaster Occurs in India (1984) - This Day in History - English - The Free Dictionary Language Forums 10 February 2010 12:12 UTC forum.thefreedictionary.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
  
  ^[27] .Even if the scrubber had been working, according to Weir, investigations in the aftermath of the disaster discovered that the maximum pressure it could handle was only one-quarter of that which was present in the accident.^ Even had it been operative, post-disaster inquiries revealed, the maximum pressure it could handle was only one-quarter that which was actually reached in the accident (Weir, pp.41-42).
  • Bhopal Disaster 10 February 2010 12:12 UTC www.american.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
  
  ^ The scans themselves could only have been improved by breaking the books which wasn't even a consideration: these glorious books are treasured works of art that I'll not be destroying or parting with in this lifetime.
  • BibliOdyssey 10 February 2010 12:12 UTC bibliodyssey.blogspot.com [Source type: General]
  
  ^ According to the Amnesty International investigation, since the plant had never showed a profit, the corporate chain of command pressured plant managers to save money any way they could--including cutting staff and reducing maintenance.
  • Lee Sustar: Bhopal, the Making of a Disaster 10 February 2010 12:12 UTC www.counterpunch.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
  
  .Furthermore, the flare tower itself was improperly designed and could only hold one-quarter of the volume of gas that was leaked in 1984.^{[3][4][14][28]}
• To reduce energy costs, the refrigeration system, designed to inhibit the volatilization of MIC, had been left idle — the MIC was kept at 20 degrees Celsius (room temperature), not the 4.5 degrees advised by the manual, and some of the coolant was being used elsewhere.^ The tank holding the MIC was not kept, as the safety manual required, at zero degrees Celsius.
  • The Bhopal disaster is still claiming victims, 18 years on – and, according to Luke David, the Indian Government is still sitting on their compensation. | December 2002 | New Internationalist 10 February 2010 12:12 UTC www.newint.org [Source type: News]
  
  ^ But it was left at 20 degree Celsius, at room temperature.
  • MYREPUBLICA.com - News in Nepal: Fast, Full & Factual 10 February 2010 12:12 UTC myrepublica.com [Source type: Original source]
  
  ^ UCC initially recommended use of sodium thiosulfate but withdrew the statement later prompting suggestions that it attempted to cover up evidence of HCN in the gas leak.
  • The Bhopal disaster and its aftermath: a review 22 September 2009 12:31 UTC www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
  • Environmental Health | Full text | The Bhopal disaster and its aftermath: a review 22 September 2009 12:31 UTC www.ehjournal.net [Source type: Academic]
  • The Bhopal disaster and its aftermath: a review 10 February 2010 12:12 UTC www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
  • Bhopal, India - Encyclopedia of Earth 10 February 2010 12:12 UTC www.eoearth.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
  
  ^{[3][4][14][27]}
.
• The steam boiler, intended to clean the pipes, was out of action for unknown reasons.^ The steam boiler, meant to clean pipes, was not used for a long time.
  • MYREPUBLICA.com - News in Nepal: Fast, Full & Factual 10 February 2010 12:12 UTC myrepublica.com [Source type: Original source]
  
  ^ Not if the work agenda said to clean out the particular pipe.
  • Causes and Negligence 10 February 2010 12:12 UTC www.grazian-archive.com [Source type: Original source]
  
  ^ At around midnight on December 2, shortly after workers had carried out a routine cleaning of pipes, large amounts of water entered tank 610.
  • Bhopal gas disaster's legacy lives on 25 years later - Telegraph 10 February 2010 12:12 UTC www.telegraph.co.uk [Source type: News]
  
  ^{[3][4][14][27]}
.
• Slip-blind plates that would have prevented water from pipes being cleaned from leaking into the MIC tanks through faulty valves were not installed.^ It is true that four different safety systems were installed to prevent water from leaking into the plant's MIC tank.
  • From A World to Win News Service: The Bhopal Disaster, Yesterday and Today: A System of Mass Destruction | rwor.org 10 February 2010 12:12 UTC rwor.org [Source type: Original source]
  
  ^ He would be the worker who fitted a water hose into a pipe that sent or leaked water into Tank 610.
  • Causes and Negligence 10 February 2010 12:12 UTC www.grazian-archive.com [Source type: Original source]
  
  ^ Most probably, water got into the tank through a pipe.
  • Causes and Negligence 10 February 2010 12:12 UTC www.grazian-archive.com [Source type: Original source]
  
  Their installation had been omitted from the cleaning checklist.^[3][4][14]
.
• Water sprays designed to “knock down” gas leaks were poorly designed — set to 13 metres and below, they could not spray high enough to reduce the concentration of escaping gas.^ The gas leaked from a 30 m high chimney and this height was not enough to reduce the effects of the discharge.
  • Bhopal Gas Tragedy: An Analysis 10 February 2010 12:12 UTC www.hu.mtu.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
  
  ^ In 1986 the company filed a court document in India claiming that the gas leak 'could only have been caused by deliberate sabotage’, by a disgruntled employee.
  • Bhopal gas disaster's legacy lives on 25 years later - Telegraph 10 February 2010 12:12 UTC www.telegraph.co.uk [Source type: News]
  
  ^ Most people, when they think of Bhopal, recall only the horrors of 'that night', when gas leaked from the Union Carbide factory and killed thousands.
  • The Dow Chemical Company - Knowmore.org 22 September 2009 12:31 UTC knowmore.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
  
  ^{[3][4][14][27]}
.
• The MIC tank had been malfunctioning for roughly a week.^ The positive-pressure systems in the MIC tanks had failed, four to eight weeks before the accident.
  • 5 Long-term recovery from the Bhopal crisis 10 February 2010 12:12 UTC www.unu.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
  
  ^ The pressure indicator control, temperature indicator and the level indicator for the MIC storage tanks begin to malfunction.
  • Bhopal industrial incident killer file 22 September 2009 12:31 UTC www.moreorless.au.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
  
  ^ In particular, the pressure indicator/control, temperature indicator and the level indicator for the MIC storage tanks had been malfunctioning for more than a year" (p.
  • http://www-bcf.usc.edu/~meshkati/humanfactors.html 10 February 2010 12:12 UTC www-bcf.usc.edu [Source type: Academic]
  
  .Other tanks had been used for that week, rather than repairing the broken one, which was left to “stew”.^ The facility looked as derelict as one would expect, given it has been left to the elements for more than two decades.
  • Factory Clean Up: Bhopal disaster: still waiting for the clean up Archives 22 September 2009 12:31 UTC www.bhopal.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
  
  ^ Not surprisingly, the money ended up spent on other Indian government purposes, and corruption, rather than going in cash to the real victims.
  • the Greenpeace Cyberactivist Community Archives 10 February 2010 12:12 UTC activism.greenpeace.org [Source type: Original source]
  
  ^ We were also unsuccessful in stopping Operation Faith, the state government’s plan, less than two weeks after the disaster, to allow Union Carbide to manufacture pesticides from the chemicals left behind in the leaking tank.
  • The Bhopal Disaster, 25 years on - A Dossier - South Asia Citizens Web 10 February 2010 12:12 UTC www.sacw.net [Source type: Original source]
  
  .The build-up in temperature and pressure is believed to have affected the magnitude of the gas release.^ Currently up to 150,000 people are seriously ill due to the affects of the gas leak and medical facilities for the victims are poor or non-existent.
  • the Greenpeace Cyberactivist Community Archives 10 February 2010 12:12 UTC activism.greenpeace.org [Source type: Original source]
  
  ^ This reaction generated a substantial increase in the temperature of liquid inside the tank, building pressure and giving off a large volume of toxic gas.
  • Bhopal, India - Encyclopedia of Earth 10 February 2010 12:12 UTC www.eoearth.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
  
  ^ That water reacted with the 42 tons of methyl isocyanate inside, raising temperature and pressure so high that it began venting massive amounts of gas made up of methyl isocyanate, phosgene, hydro .
  • 25th anniversary of the Bhopal disaster [Pics] 10 February 2010 12:12 UTC digg.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
  
  ^{[3][4][14][27]}
.
• Carbon steel valves were used at the factory, even though they corrode when exposed to acid.^ Patients pay nothing for treatment, even though they get far more care than at the crowded public hospitals that India's poor usually visit.
  • Salon.com News | Justice for Bhopal survivors 10 February 2010 12:12 UTC www.salon.com [Source type: News]
  
  ^ Some of the owners of the dam were among the wealthiest steel and railroad men of the 19th century and they weren’t even expected to pay reparations or compensation to the families of the deceased.
  • Top 10 Bizarre Disasters - Listverse 10 February 2010 12:12 UTC listverse.com [Source type: General]
  
  ^ Patients pay nothing for treatment, even though they get far more care than at the crowded public hospitals India's poor usually visit.
  • Silent Night, Deadly Night | Environment | AlterNet 10 February 2010 12:12 UTC www.alternet.org [Source type: News]
  
  ^[23] .On the night of the disaster, a leaking carbon steel valve was found, allowing water to enter the MIC tanks.^ On the night of the disaster, tank 610 will contain 41 tonnes of MIC. .
  • Bhopal industrial incident killer file 22 September 2009 12:31 UTC www.moreorless.au.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
  
  ^ In a Union Carbide plant, large amounts of water had leaked into a tank , reacting with 42 tons of methyl isocyanate, a volatile chemical also known as MIC .
  • Bhopal Disaster's 25th Anniversary: Another Act of Corporate Terrorism That Time Forgot | BuzzFlash.org 10 February 2010 12:12 UTC blog.buzzflash.com [Source type: General]
  
  ^ The cause was the contamination of Methyl Isocyanate (MIC) storage tank with water carrying catalytic material.
  • Sunil Choukiker: Major Air Pollution Episodes, Environmental Distortions that Kill, Pollution Episodes, London Pollution Episode, Bhopal Disaster, Donora Fog, Meuse Valley, Mexico-Poza Rica, Aftermath of Disaster, Environment, Disaster Management, Major Air Pollution Episodes, Sunil Choukiker, 10 February 2010 12:12 UTC www.visionriviewpoint.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
  
  The pipe was not repaired because it was believed it would take too much time and be too expensive.^{[3][4][14][27]}
.
• UCC admitted in their own investigation report that most of the safety systems were not functioning on the night of December 3, 1984.^[18]
• Themistocles D'Silva asserts in the latest book - The Black Box of Bhopal - that the design of the MIC plant, following government guidelines, was "Indianized" by UCIL engineers to maximize the use of indigenous materials and products.^ SARANGI: It was the night of December 2/3 in 1984.
  • Corporate Crime Reporter 10 February 2010 12:12 UTC www.corporatecrimereporter.com [Source type: Original source]
  
  ^ 'That night' 3 December 1984, just after midnight.
  • Bhopal: 25 years of poison - Mail & Guardian Online: The smart news source 10 February 2010 12:12 UTC www.mg.co.za [Source type: News]
  
  ^ Safety audits at the Bhopal plant will also be performed by UCC engineers.
  • Bhopal industrial incident killer file 22 September 2009 12:31 UTC www.moreorless.au.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
  
  It also dispensed with the use of sophisticated instrumentation as not appropriate for the Indian plant. .Because of the unavailability of electronic parts in India, the Indian engineers preferred pneumatic instrumentation.^ It became contradictory to insist upon tanks and then for a chief engineer and inspector of Union Carbide (USA) to say afterwards that various automated safety devices of the U.S. plant were not used in India because the Indians preferred to employ more people.
  • Causes and Negligence 10 February 2010 12:12 UTC www.grazian-archive.com [Source type: Original source]
  
  ^ Because Union Carbide, owned 50.9 percent of Union Carbide, India, the Indian Government decided to sue Union Carbide in U.S. courts on behalf of those injured.
  • Richard De George 10 February 2010 12:12 UTC www.angelo.edu [Source type: Original source]
  
  ^ In the Bhopal incident, the question is doubly complicated because we have two corporations -- Union Carbide, Inc., which is the American parent corporation, and Union Carbide, India, which is a quasi-independent Indian firm.
  • Richard De George 10 February 2010 12:12 UTC www.angelo.edu [Source type: Original source]
  
  This is supported with original government documents,which are appended. The book also discredits the unproven allegations in the CSIR Report.^[29]

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