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This article is about "bracketing" punctuation marks. For other uses, see Bracket (disambiguation).
Titles like ":[" and ":)" redirect here. For typographical portrayals of faces, see Emoticon.
[ ]
apostrophe ( ’ ' )
brackets ( [ ], ( ), { }, ⟨ ⟩ )
colon ( : )
comma ( , )
dashes ( ‒, –, —, ― )
ellipses ( …, ... )
exclamation mark ( ! )
full stop/period ( . )
guillemets ( « » )
hyphen ( -, ‐ )
question mark ( ? )
quotation marks ( ‘ ’, “ ” )
semicolon ( ; )
slash/stroke ( / )
solidus ( ⁄ )
Word dividers
spaces ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (␠) (␢) (␣)
interpunct ( · )
General typography
ampersand ( & )
at sign ( @ )
asterisk ( * )
backslash ( \ )
bullet ( • )
caret ( ^ )
copyright symbol ( © )
currency generic: ( ¤ )
specific: ฿, ¢, $, €, ƒ, ₲, ₴, ₭, £, ₦, ¥, ₩, ₪, ₮, ₧, ₰, ₯, ℳ
daggers ( †, ‡ )
degree ( ° )
ditto mark ( 〃 )
inverted exclamation mark ( ¡ )
inverted question mark ( ¿ )
number sign/pound/hash ( # )
numero sign ( № )
ordinal indicator (º, ª)
percent (etc.) ( %, ‰, ‱ )
pilcrow ( )
prime ( ′ )
registered trademark ( ® )
section sign ( § )
service mark ( ℠ )
sound recording copyright symbol ( ℗ )
tilde ( ~ )
trademark ( ™ )
underscore/understrike ( _ )
vertical/broken bar, pipe ( |, ¦ )
Uncommon typography
asterism ( ⁂ )
falsum ( ⊥ )
index/fist ( ☞ )
therefore sign ( ∴ )
because sign ( ∵ )
interrobang ( ‽ )
irony mark/percontation point ( ؟ )
lozenge ( ◊ )
reference mark ( ※ )
tie ( ⁀ )
.Brackets are tall punctuation marks used in matched pairs within text, to set apart or interject other text.^ Apart from flat TV brackets, there are other designs available which you can try.

 .In the United States, "bracket" usually refers specifically to the "square" or "box" type;[1][2] in British usage, it normally refers to a parenthesis mark.^ There are many types you can choose from – tilt, tilt and twist arm, swivel, normal bracket etc.
There are four main types of brackets:
  • round brackets, open brackets, bananas, or parentheses:  ( )
  • square brackets, closed brackets or box brackets:  [ ]
  • curly brackets, squiggly brackets, definite brackets, swirly brackets, birdie brackets or braces:  { }
  • angle brackets, diamond brackets, cone brackets, wickets, less than and greater than, chevrons: ⟨ ⟩ or  < >

Contents

History

.The angle bracket was the earliest type to appear in English.^ The best type of TV bracket for your flat screen is the one which is economical and allows you to watch TV at any given angle and distance.
Desiderius Erasmus coined the term lunula to refer to the rounded parentheses (), recalling the round shape of the moon.[3]

Usage

.In addition to referring to the class of all types of brackets, the unqualified word bracket is most commonly used to refer to a specific type of bracket.^ Virtually all traditional bottom brackets use 11 1/4" balls on each side.
  • Bicycle Bottom Bracket Parts from Harris Cyclery 10 February 2010 12:35 UTC sheldonbrown.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ Instead, the use of the phrase "attached but not aligned" suggests most strongly that the Parties intended the term attachment specifically not to include alignment.
  • Installation of Balustrade Brackets 10 February 2010 12:35 UTC www.iuec.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ In addition, Mr. Langer asserted that drilling the holes, installing the pins, measuring, and aligning the brackets should all be performed by the bargaining unit members in the field.
  • Installation of Balustrade Brackets 10 February 2010 12:35 UTC www.iuec.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 In modern American usage this is usually the square bracket whereas in modern British usage it is usually the parenthesis (round bracket).
.In American usage parentheses are usually considered separately from other brackets, and calling them “brackets” at all is unusual even though they serve a similar function.^ Alignment consists of measuring, fitting, drilling, and installing the balustrade brackets so that they are held in proper alignment in all three planes.
  • Installation of Balustrade Brackets 10 February 2010 12:35 UTC www.iuec.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ Though the Panthers have looked a bit shaky at times, I still think they have all the elements.
  • Bracket Racket: 2009 NCAA Men’s Basketball Tournament- USATODAY.com 10 February 2010 12:35 UTC blogs.usatoday.com [Source type: General]

 ^ Sharp TV Wall Bracket For all other Plasma and LCD Makes Click Here .
  • TV Wall Bracket | TV Brackets 10 February 2010 12:35 UTC www.dekomount.co.uk [Source type: General]

 .In more formal usage “parenthesis” may refer to the entire bracketed text, not just to the punctuation marks used (so all the text in this set of round brackets may be said to be a parenthesis).^ Just outstanding in all facets of the game -- inside, outside, in transition, in half-court sets, on defense.
  • Bracket Racket: 2009 NCAA Men’s Basketball Tournament- USATODAY.com 10 February 2010 12:35 UTC blogs.usatoday.com [Source type: General]

 ^ Virtually all traditional bottom brackets use 11 1/4" balls on each side.
  • Bicycle Bottom Bracket Parts from Harris Cyclery 10 February 2010 12:35 UTC sheldonbrown.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ January 21, 2010 Posted in LCD TV — Written by Nathan If you have an LCD TV set at home then you should certainly consider the use of LCD TV brackets.

Types

Parentheses ( )

Parentheses (singular, parenthesis)—sometimes called round brackets, curved brackets, oval brackets, or just brackets, or, colloquially, parens — contain material that could be omitted without destroying or altering the meaning of a sentence.
Parentheses may be used in formal writing to add supplementary information, such as “Sen. John McCain (R., Arizona) spoke at length.” They can also indicate shorthand for “either singular or plural” for nouns — e.g., “the claim(s)”— or for “either masculine or feminine” in some languages with grammatical gender.[4]
Parenthetical phrases have been used extensively in informal writing and stream of consciousness literature. Of particular note is the southern American author William Faulkner (see Absalom, Absalom! and the Quentin section of The Sound and the Fury) as well as poet E. E. Cummings. In most writing, overuse of parentheses is usually a sign of a badly structured text. A milder effect may be obtained by using a pair of commas as the delimiter. .If the sentence contains commas for other purposes visual confusion may result.^ This includes any and all work not done in the factory" and he opined that, in order to construe this language so as to give meaning to both of the sentences, the purpose of the sentence "All other work on escalators .
  • Installation of Balustrade Brackets 10 February 2010 12:35 UTC www.iuec.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Parentheses have historically been used where the dash is currently used—that is, in order to depict alternatives, such as “parenthesis)(parentheses”. Examples of this usage can be seen in editions of Fowler’s.
Parentheses may also be nested (with one set (such as this) inside another set). .This is not commonly used in formal writing (though sometimes other brackets [especially square brackets] will be used for one or more inner set of parentheses [in other words, secondary {or even tertiary} phrases can be found within the main sentence]).^ Now, TV wall brackets help in placing the TV on the wall, which will also save a lot of space in the room, so you can use that space for placing other furniture items.

 ^ Its a pop culture book using N.C.A.A. tournament-style brackets as guide to everything from the defining N.C.A.A. tournament moment to game show catch phrases.

 ^ OK, one more "pre"-Lockbox and then an actual bracket (Monday) and Lockbox (probably Wed) come next week.

 [citation needed]
Any punctuation inside parentheses or other brackets is independent of the rest of the text: “Mrs. Pennyfarthing (What? Yes, that was her name!) was my landlady.” In this usage the explanatory text in the parentheses is a parenthesis. (It is most common for the parenthesized text to be within a single sentence but also common for an entire sentence, or even several sentences, of supplemental material to be in parentheses. In this case even the final full stop would be within the parentheses. Again, the parenthesis implies that the meaning and flow of the text as a whole would be unchanged were the parenthesized sentences removed.)
Parentheses in mathematics signify a different precedence of operators. Normally, 2 + 3 × 4 would be 14, since the multiplication is done before the addition. .On the other hand (2 + 3) × 4 is 20, because the parentheses override normal precedence, causing the addition to be done first.^ (That's not because they choose to be different...Phil was the first to use this type of mounting, other makers of cartrdige bbs chose to create their own proprietary tooling.
  • Bicycle Bottom Bracket Parts from Harris Cyclery 10 February 2010 12:35 UTC sheldonbrown.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 They are also used to set apart the arguments in mathematical functions. For example, f(x) is the function f applied to the variable x. In the Cartesian coordinate system parentheses are used to denote a set of coordinates; so (4, 7) may represent the point located at 4 on the x-axis and 7 on the y-axis. .Parentheses may also represent intervals; (0, 5), for example, is the interval between 0 and 5, not including 0 or 5. Parentheses can also represent multiplication, as in the instance of 2(3) = 6. Some authors follow the convention in mathematical equations that, when parentheses have one level of nesting, the inner pair are parentheses and the outer pair are square brackets.^ If you are planning to install the TV wall brackets then you need to follow some steps.

 Example:
[5 − (7 + 3)] + 4 = x
Parentheses may also be used to represent a binomial coefficient.
Parentheses are used in computer programming, especially in the C programming language and similar languages, to pass parameters or arguments to functions or methods such as in the following example:
getAverage(2,8,5);

Box brackets or square brackets [ ]

.Square brackets are mainly used to enclose explanatory or missing material usually added by someone other than the original author, especially in quoted text.^ Similar sheet metal bracket was made by SECC material used in air conditioner according to clients' drawing.
  • Brackets - Brackets and more 10 February 2010 12:35 UTC www.alibaba.com [Source type: General]

 ^ Now, TV wall brackets help in placing the TV on the wall, which will also save a lot of space in the room, so you can use that space for placing other furniture items.

 [5] Examples include: “I appreciate it [the honor], but I must refuse”, and “the future of psionics [see definition] is in doubt”. They may also be used to modify quotations. For example, if referring to someone's statement "I hate to do laundry," one could write: She "hate[s] to do laundry."
.The bracketed expression [sic] is used to indicate errors that are “thus in the original”; a bracketed ellipsis [...] is often used to indicate deleted material; bracketed comments indicate when original text has been modified for clarity: “I’d like to thank [several unimportant people] and my parentals [sic] for their love, tolerance […] and assistance [emphasis added]”.^ Since I have Pitt in my original bracket, I'm sticking with it.
  • Bracket Racket: 2009 NCAA Men’s Basketball Tournament- USATODAY.com 10 February 2010 12:35 UTC blogs.usatoday.com [Source type: General]

 [6]
Square brackets are used in mathematics in a variety of notations, including standard notations for intervals, commutators, the Lie bracket, and the Iverson bracket.
.In translated works, square brackets are used to signify the same word or phrase in the original language to avoid ambiguity.^ It points out that Arbitrator Larson applies the same language that is at issue in this proceeding to reach a conclusion that the employer's action aligning balustrade brackets at the factory was not a violation of the Union's work jurisdiction.
  • Installation of Balustrade Brackets 10 February 2010 12:35 UTC www.iuec.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ Its a pop culture book using N.C.A.A. tournament-style brackets as guide to everything from the defining N.C.A.A. tournament moment to game show catch phrases.

 [7] For example: He is trained in the way of the open hand [karate].
.When nested parentheses are needed, square brackets may be used as a substitute for the inner pair of parentheses within the outer pair.^ Within the 400 series, i fyou buy one bracket now and wish to add the complementary bracket at a later date, use the part number listed below for the ADD-ON parts.
  • Zig's Street Rod - Engine Dress-Up - Brackets 10 February 2010 12:35 UTC www.zigsstreetrods.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ Sold individually, but work better if used in pairs, especially on French/Italian threaded bottom brackets.
  • Bicycle Bottom Bracket Parts from Harris Cyclery 10 February 2010 12:35 UTC sheldonbrown.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ Within the 200 series, i fyou buy one bracket now and wish to add the complementary bracket at a later date, use the part number listed below for the ADD-ON parts.
  • Zig's Street Rod - Engine Dress-Up - Brackets 10 February 2010 12:35 UTC www.zigsstreetrods.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 [8] .When deeper levels of nesting are needed, common conventions are to alternate between parentheses and square brackets at each level or to use curly braces.^ Alternator bracket: Passenger side, for use with Long water pump, zinc plated Allen bolts.
  • Zig's Street Rod - Engine Dress-Up - Brackets 10 February 2010 12:35 UTC www.zigsstreetrods.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ Our independent mount alternator bracket is designed for use with early and late GM 60 to 80 amp alternators on driver's side.
  • Zig's Street Rod - Engine Dress-Up - Brackets 10 February 2010 12:35 UTC www.zigsstreetrods.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ Alternator Bracket, Passenger Side Mount using Short Water Pump .
  • Zig's Street Rod - Engine Dress-Up - Brackets 10 February 2010 12:35 UTC www.zigsstreetrods.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 [citation needed]
.A phonetic transcription may be enclosed within square brackets[9], often using the International Phonetic Alphabet.^ Within the 400 series, i fyou buy one bracket now and wish to add the complementary bracket at a later date, use the part number listed below for the ADD-ON parts.
  • Zig's Street Rod - Engine Dress-Up - Brackets 10 February 2010 12:35 UTC www.zigsstreetrods.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ Within the 200 series, i fyou buy one bracket now and wish to add the complementary bracket at a later date, use the part number listed below for the ADD-ON parts.
  • Zig's Street Rod - Engine Dress-Up - Brackets 10 February 2010 12:35 UTC www.zigsstreetrods.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 .Note though that phonemic, rather than phonetic, transcriptions typically use paired slashes rather than brackets.^ Indeed, even when the drive pins are removed and the brackets backed off from the bump stop, the realignment using those aids is, at least by comparison, a ministerial process rather than an exercise of skill - the skilled work has been done at the factory.
  • Installation of Balustrade Brackets 10 February 2010 12:35 UTC www.iuec.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Square brackets can also be used in chemistry to represent the concentration of a chemical substance or to denote a complex ion.
.Square brackets can be used in computer programming to access array elements, especially in C-like languages.^ Sold individually, but work better if used in pairs, especially on French/Italian threaded bottom brackets.
  • Bicycle Bottom Bracket Parts from Harris Cyclery 10 February 2010 12:35 UTC sheldonbrown.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 They are used in programming manuals to denote missing or optional parameters.
Square brackets are also used for delimiting IPv6 addresses in URL. Sample URL should look like:
 http://[2001:0db8:3c4d:0015:0000:0000:abcd:ef12]
  ldap://[2001:0db8:3c4d:0015:0000:0000:abcd:ef12]:389
Square brackets (called move-left symbols or move right symbols) are added to the sides of text in proofreading to indicate changes in indentation:
Move left [To Fate I sue, of other means bereft, the only refuge for the wretched left.
Center ]Paradise Lost[
Move up Quote to be Moved Up.svg
.Square brackets are used to denote parts of the text that need to be checked when preparing drafts prior to finalizing a document.^ Within the 400 series, i fyou buy one bracket now and wish to add the complementary bracket at a later date, use the part number listed below for the ADD-ON parts.
  • Zig's Street Rod - Engine Dress-Up - Brackets 10 February 2010 12:35 UTC www.zigsstreetrods.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ Within the 200 series, i fyou buy one bracket now and wish to add the complementary bracket at a later date, use the part number listed below for the ADD-ON parts.
  • Zig's Street Rod - Engine Dress-Up - Brackets 10 February 2010 12:35 UTC www.zigsstreetrods.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ The CBS crews are making their final adjustments, and the on-air talent is scrambling around in front of The Bracket’s court-side perch doing some final preparation.

 They often denote points that have not yet been agreed to in legal drafts and the year in which a report was made for certain case law decisions.
The html entities for the square brackets are &#91; and &#93;
From the top: square brackets, curly brackets (braces), parentheses, angle brackets, and (in red) inequality signs

Braces { }

.Flower brackets (also called braces, curly brackets, birdie brackets, chicken lips or squiggly brackets) are sometimes used in prose to indicate a series of equal choices: “Select your animal {goat, sheep, cow, horse} and follow me”.^ Using TV brackets to mount your TV on the wall is very easy .

 ^ Within the 400 series, i fyou buy one bracket now and wish to add the complementary bracket at a later date, use the part number listed below for the ADD-ON parts.
  • Zig's Street Rod - Engine Dress-Up - Brackets 10 February 2010 12:35 UTC www.zigsstreetrods.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ These brackets enable you to view the TV at the best angle and position of your choice.

 They are used in specialized ways in poetry and music (to mark repeats or joined lines). The musical terms for this mark joining staves are accolade and “brace”, and connect two or more lines of music that are played simultaneously.[10] In mathematics they delimit sets. In many programming languages, they enclose groups of statements. Such languages (C being one of the best-known examples) are therefore called curly bracket languages. Some people use a curly brace to signify movement in a particular direction.
Presumably due to the similarity of the words brace and bracket (although they do not share an etymology), many people casually treat brace as a synonym for bracket. .Therefore, when it is necessary to avoid any possibility of confusion, such as in computer programming, it may be best to use the term curly bracket rather than brace.^ This, I am persuaded, more credibly defines the terms they use than management's after-the-fact efforts.
  • Installation of Balustrade Brackets 10 February 2010 12:35 UTC www.iuec.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ Indeed, even when the drive pins are removed and the brackets backed off from the bump stop, the realignment using those aids is, at least by comparison, a ministerial process rather than an exercise of skill - the skilled work has been done at the factory.
  • Installation of Balustrade Brackets 10 February 2010 12:35 UTC www.iuec.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 However, general usage in North American English favours the latter form..May 2008" style="white-space:nowrap;">[citation needed] The term curly braces is redundant since no other type of brace exists.^ On three other occasions since USA TODAY began tabulting the coaches' ballots in the 1991-92 season, a team ranked No.
  • Bracket Racket: 2009 NCAA Men’s Basketball Tournament- USATODAY.com 10 February 2010 12:35 UTC blogs.usatoday.com [Source type: General]

 Indian programmers often use the name “flower bracket”. [11]
.Curly brackets are often used in internet communities and through instant messaging to indicate hugging.^ The bargaining history indicates that the Company has repeatedly sought to obtain through bargaining the authority to include balustrade brackets among the items that it is allowed to pre-assembled at the factory.
  • Installation of Balustrade Brackets 10 February 2010 12:35 UTC www.iuec.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 [12]

Angle brackets, diamond brackets or chevrons 〈 〉

.Angle brackets (⟨ ⟩[13]; Unicode U+27E8 and U+27E9; and others, see below) are often used to enclose highlighted material.^ If you're not sure how to use our wooden and synthetic Brackets, please see Choosing the Right Bracket .
  • Brackets - Interior and Exterior in Wood and PVC for Porch, Doorway, etc - from Vintage Woodworks 10 February 2010 12:35 UTC vintagewoodworks.stores.yahoo.net [Source type: General]

 Some dictionaries use angle brackets to enclose short excerpts illustrating the usage of words.
In physical sciences, angle brackets are used to denote an average over time or another continuous parameter. For example,
\left\langle V(t)^2 \right\rangle = \lim_{T o\infty} \frac{1}{T}\int_{-T/2}^{T/2} V(t)^2\,{\rm{d}}t.
The inner product of two vectors is commonly written as \langle a, b\rangle, but the notation (a, b) is also used.
In linguistics, angle brackets indicate orthography, as in “The English word /kæt/ is spelled ⟨cat⟩.” In epigraphy, they may be used for mechanical transliterations of a text into the Latin alphabet.
In textual criticism, and hence in many editions of poorly transmitted works, angle brackets denote sections of the text which are illegible or otherwise lost; the editor will often insert his own reconstruction where possible within them.
Angle brackets are infrequently used to denote dialogue that is thought instead of spoken, such as:
⟨ What a beautiful flower! ⟩
.Single and double angle brackets or pairs of comparison operators (<<, >>) (meaning much smaller than and much greater than) are sometimes used instead of guillemets («, ») (used as quotation marks in many languages) when the proper glyphs are not available.^ This process ensures the proper placement of the balustrade brackets so that the escalator operates with the least risk of malfunction, wear and/or injury.
  • Installation of Balustrade Brackets 10 February 2010 12:35 UTC www.iuec.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ The placement and alignment of the balustrade - by means of precisely positioning the balustrade brackets - are important to the safety and operation of the escalator.
  • Installation of Balustrade Brackets 10 February 2010 12:35 UTC www.iuec.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ Indeed, even when the drive pins are removed and the brackets backed off from the bump stop, the realignment using those aids is, at least by comparison, a ministerial process rather than an exercise of skill - the skilled work has been done at the factory.
  • Installation of Balustrade Brackets 10 February 2010 12:35 UTC www.iuec.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
The mathematical or logical symbols for greater-than (>) and less-than (<) are inequality operators, and are not punctuation marks when so used. .Nevertheless, since true angle brackets are not available on a typical computer keyboard, the “less than” and “greater than” symbols are often used instead.^ It contends, instead, that the Company violated the Agreement by its use of factory-aligned balustrade brackets.
  • Installation of Balustrade Brackets 10 February 2010 12:35 UTC www.iuec.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 These are often loosely referred to as angle brackets when used in this way. For example, the symbols < and > are often used to set apart URLs in text, such as “I found it on Example.com <http://www.example.com/>”. It may also often be found to indicate an e-mail address, such as “This photo is copyrighted by John Smith <john@smith.com>”, and is the computer-readable form for such in message headers as specified by RFC 2822. Furthermore, right-angle brackets are used in nested Usenet quoting and various e-mail formats, and as such are standard quotation mark glyphs.
Chevrons are part of standard Chinese, and Korean punctuation, where they generally enclose the titles of books: ︿ and ﹀ or ︽ and ︾ for traditional vertical printing, and 〈 and 〉 or 《 and 》 for horizontal printing.
.In comic books, angle brackets are often used to mark dialogue that has been translated notionally from another language; in other words, if a character is speaking another language, instead of writing in the other language and providing a translation, one writes the translated text within angle brackets.^ It contends, instead, that the Company violated the Agreement by its use of factory-aligned balustrade brackets.
  • Installation of Balustrade Brackets 10 February 2010 12:35 UTC www.iuec.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 Of course, since no foreign language is actually written, this is only notionally translated.[citation needed]
Angle brackets can also be used to indicate an action or status (eg. <Waves> or <Offline>), particularly in online, real-time text-based discussions (instant messaging, bulletin boards, etc). (Here, asterisks can also be used to signify an action.)

Computing

Encoding

  • Opening and closing parentheses correspond to ASCII and Unicode characters 40 and 41, or U+0028 and U+0029, respectively.
  • For square brackets corresponding values are 91 and 93, or U+005B and U+005D.
  • For braces, 123 and 125, or U+007B and U+007D. Braces first became part of a character set with the 8-bit code of the IBM 7030 Stretch [14].
  • True angle brackets are available in Unicode at code points U+27E8 and U+27E9 (for mathematical use) and or U+3008 and U+3009 (for East Asian languages). .A third set of angle brackets are encoded at U+2329 and U+232A, but officially "discouraged for mathematical use"[15] because they are canonically equivalent to the CJK code points U+300x and thus likely to render as double-width symbols.^ Terrence Williams averages “just” 12.8 points a game, but was the league's best player because of his other uses in a game.
    • It's Madness - Bracket Picks.. NBC Sports 10 February 2010 12:35 UTC madness.nbcsports.com [Source type: General]

     ^ Gerry Vilarino told the newspaper , “It’s a tough day for us because we have known those guys (the staff) for years and they’re like family.
    • Bracket Racket: 2009 NCAA Men’s Basketball Tournament- USATODAY.com 10 February 2010 12:35 UTC blogs.usatoday.com [Source type: General]

     ^ But if the Tigers shoot 5-of-20 from three-point range like they did against Cornell, Marquette could pull off an upset.
    • Bracket Racket: 2009 NCAA Men’s Basketball Tournament- USATODAY.com 10 February 2010 12:35 UTC blogs.usatoday.com [Source type: General]

     The less-than and greater-than symbols are often used as replacements for angle brackets. They are found in both Unicode and ASCII at code points 60 and 62, or U+003C and U+003E.
These various bracket characters are frequently used in many computer languages as operators or for other syntax markup. The more common uses follow.

Uses of “(” and “)”

.
  • are often used to define the syntactic structure of expressions, overriding operator precedence: a*(b+c) has subexpressions a and b+c, whereas a*b+c has subexpressions a*b and c
  • contain the parameters or arguments to functions, or may denote the invocation of a function or function-like construct: substring($val,10,1)
  • in Lisp, they open and close s-expressions and therefore function applications: (cons a b)
  • in Fortran-family and COBOL languages, they are also used for array references
  • in the Perl programming language through Perl 5, they are used to define lists, static array-like structures; this idiom is extended to their use as containers of subroutine (function) arguments
  • in the Perl 6 programming language, they define captures, a structure that defers contextual interpretation.^ This, I am persuaded, more credibly defines the terms they use than management's after-the-fact efforts.
    • Installation of Balustrade Brackets 10 February 2010 12:35 UTC www.iuec.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

     ^ Gerry Vilarino told the newspaper , “It’s a tough day for us because we have known those guys (the staff) for years and they’re like family.
    • Bracket Racket: 2009 NCAA Men’s Basketball Tournament- USATODAY.com 10 February 2010 12:35 UTC blogs.usatoday.com [Source type: General]

     ^ They have, through their performance under the series of contracts between them, defined the terms "attachment" and "alignment" of balustrade brackets.
    • Installation of Balustrade Brackets 10 February 2010 12:35 UTC www.iuec.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

     This usage extends to ordinary parenthesis as well. They are also used to indicate arguments to function calls , and to declare signatures of formal parameters or other variables.
  • in Python they are used to disambiguate tuple (immutable ordered lists) literals, which are usually formed by commas, in places where parentheses and commas would otherwise be a part of a function call.
  • in Tcl they are used to enclose the name of an element of an associative array variable

Uses of “[” and “]”

  • refer to elements of an array or associative array, and sometimes to define the number of elements in an array: queue[3]
  • may be used to define a literal anonymous array or list: [5, 10, 15]
  • in most regular expression syntaxes square brackets denote a character class: a set of possible characters to choose from
  • in Tcl, they enclose a sub-script to be evaluated and the result substituted
  • in some of Microsoft's .NET (CLI) languages, most notably C# and C++, they are used to denote metadata attributes.
  • in x86 assembly implementations such as FASM, they are used to distinguish pointers from their data.

Uses of “{” and “}”

  • are used in some programming languages to define the beginning and ending of blocks of code or data. Languages which use this convention are said to belong to the curly bracket family of programming languages
  • are used to represent certain type definitions or literal data values, such as a composite structure or associative array
  • in mathematics they enclose elements of a set and denote a set
  • in Curl they are used to delimit expressions and statements (similar to Lisp's use of parenthesis).
  • in Pascal they define the beginning and ending of comments
  • in most regular expression syntaxes, they are used as quantifiers, matching n repetitions of the previous group
  • in Perl they are also used to refer to elements of an associative array
  • in PHP they are used to determine structures.
  • in Tcl they enclose a string to be substituted without any internal substitutions being performed
  • in Python they are used for dictionaries (a mutable set of key: value pairs, separated by commas) and for sets.
  • in LaTeX they group parts sharing the same local format or wrap parameters

Uses of “<” and “>”

In computing, the less-than and greater-than symbols are sometimes used with a bracket-like function. When these symbols are used in pairs as if they are brackets,
  • in SGML (and its applications and variants such as HTML and XML), used to enclose code tags: <div>
  • in C++, C#, and Java they delimit generic arguments
  • when writing text that contains e-mail addresses or URIs they delimit the canonical address part from any surrounding textual content, especially when ambiguities may otherwise arise
  • in Perl through Perl 5 they are used to read a line from an input source
  • in Perl 6 they combine quoting and associative array lookup
  • in ABAP they denote field symbols – placeholders or symbolic names for other fields, which can point to any data object.
When not used in pairs to delimit text (not acting as brackets),
.
  • the less-than and greater-than signs (possibly in combination with other punctuation marks) are common relational operators; in some languages the pair together as <> denotes an inequality comparison
  • when doubled as << or >> they may represent bit shift operators, or in C++ also as stream input/output operators
  • are operators for indicating the redirection of input/output in various command shells.^ Tim: We learned on Saturday that Ty Lawson at less than 100% is still better than just about any other point guard at full speed.
    • Bracket Racket: 2009 NCAA Men’s Basketball Tournament- USATODAY.com 10 February 2010 12:35 UTC blogs.usatoday.com [Source type: General]

     In this context, they are often referred to as hoinkies (singular hoinky) in order to “avoid confusion with other bracket-type operators”. [16]

Layout styles

Main article: Indent style
In normal writing (prose) an opening bracket is rarely left hanging at the end of a line of text nor is a closing bracket permitted to start one. However, in computer code this is often done intentionally to aid readability. For example, a bracketed list of items separated by semicolons may be written with the brackets on separate lines, and the items, followed by the semicolon, each on one line.
A common error in programming is mismatching braces; accordingly, many IDEs have braces matching to highlight matching pairs.

Mathematics

Main article: Bracket (mathematics)
In addition to the use of parentheses to specify the order of operations, both parentheses and square brackets are used to denote an interval, also referred to as a half-open range. The notation [a, c) is used to indicate an interval from a to c that is inclusive of a but exclusive of c. That is, [5, 12) would be the set of all real numbers between 5 and 12, including 5 but not 12. The numbers may come as close as they like to 12, including 11.999 and so forth (with any finite number of 9s), but 12.0 is not included. In Europe, the notation [5,12[ is also used for this. The endpoint adjoining the square bracket is known as closed, while the endpoint adjoining the parenthesis is known as open. If both types of brackets are the same, the entire interval may be referred to as closed or open as appropriate. Whenever +∞ or −∞ is used as an endpoint, it is normally considered open and adjoined to a parenthesis. See Interval (mathematics) for a more complete treatment.
In quantum mechanics, angle brackets are also used as part of Dirac’s formalism, bra-ket notation, to note vectors from the dual spaces of the Bra (<A|) and the Ket (|B>). Mathematicians will also commonly write <a,b> for the inner product of two vectors. In statistical mechanics, angle brackets denote ensemble or time average. Angle brackets are used in group theory to write group presentations, and to denote the subgroup generated by a collection of elements.
In group theory and ring theory, square brackets denote the commutator. In group theory, the commutator [g,h] is commonly defined as g−1h−1gh. In ring theory, the commutator [a,b] is defined as ab − ba. Furthermore, in ring theory, braces denote the anticommutator where {a,b} is defined as ab + ba. The square bracket is also used to denote the Lie derivative, or more generally the Lie bracket in any Lie algebra.
Various notations, like the vinculum have a similar effect to brackets in specifying order of operations, or otherwise grouping several characters together for a common purpose.
In the Z formal specification language, curly braces define a set and angle brackets define a sequence.

Accounting

Traditionally in accounting, negative amounts are placed in parentheses.[17]

Law

Brackets are used in the citation of law reports to identify parallel citations to non-official reporters. For example: Chronicle Pub. Co. v. Superior Court, (1998) 54 Cal.2d 548, [7 Cal.Rptr. 109].
When quoted material is in any way altered, the alterations are enclosed in brackets within the quotation. .For example: Plaintiff asserts his cause is just, stating, “[m]y causes is [sic] just.” While in the original quoted sentence the word “my” was capitalized, it has been modified in the quotation and the change signalled with brackets.^ However, Mr. McClintock asserted that, after the brackets are factory installed, they are loosened and shipped, a state of shipment which he described as "attached but not aligned".
  • Installation of Balustrade Brackets 10 February 2010 12:35 UTC www.iuec.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 Similarly, where the quotation contained a grammatical error, the quoting author signalled that the error was in the original with “[sic]” (Latin for “thus”). (California Style Manual, section 4:59 (4th ed.))

Sports

.Tournament brackets, the diagrammatic representation of the series of games played during a tournament usually leading to a single winner, are so named for their resemblance to square or curly brackets.^ Baylor got out to an early lead during the Big 12 tournament and the Jayhawks made an early exit.
  • It's Madness - Bracket Picks.. NBC Sports 10 February 2010 12:35 UTC madness.nbcsports.com [Source type: General]

 ^ Nine minutes to play and Michigan State takes first lead since early in the game.
  • Bracket Racket: 2009 NCAA Men’s Basketball Tournament- USATODAY.com 10 February 2010 12:35 UTC blogs.usatoday.com [Source type: General]

 ^ Comments (0) Tuesday, March 31, 2009 Semifinal picks: One of our trio stands by Spartans With three game left in the 2009 NCAA tournament, Jeff holds a two-game lead in the Bracket Racket standings.
  • Bracket Racket: 2009 NCAA Men’s Basketball Tournament- USATODAY.com 10 February 2010 12:35 UTC blogs.usatoday.com [Source type: General]

Typing

In roleplaying, and writing, brackets are used for out-of-speech sentences (otherwise known as OOC, out-of-character). Example:
(What's your name?)
Also in roleplaying, it is sometimes preferred to use double parenthesis for OOC, or sometimes square brackets, depending on personal preference.[citation needed]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Bracket", American Heritage Dictionary" at Yahoo Education site
  2. ^ Free Online Dictionary of Computing
  3. ^ Truss, Lynne. Eats, Shoots & Leaves, 2003. p. 161. ISBN 1-592-40087-6.
  4. ^ Slash_(punctuation)#Gender-neutrality_in_Spanish_and_Portuguese
  5. ^ The Chicago Manual of Style, 15th ed., The University of Chicago Press, 2003, §6.104
  6. ^ The Columbia Guide to Standard American English
  7. ^ The Chicago Manual of Style, 15th ed., The University of Chicago Press, 2003, §6.105
  8. ^ The Chicago Manual of Style, 15th ed., The University of Chicago Press, 2003, §6.102 and §6.106
  9. ^ The Chicago Manual of Style, 15th ed., The University of Chicago Press, 2003, §6.107
  10. ^ decodeunicode.org > U+007B LEFT CURLY BRACKET Retrieved on May 3, 2009
  11. ^ K R Venugopal, Rajkumar Buyya, T Ravishankar. Mastering C++, 1999. p. 34. ISBN 0-07-463454-2.
  12. ^ Messenger Emoticons See Left hug and Right hug
  13. ^ Some fonts don't display these characters correctly. Please refer to the image on the right instead.
  14. ^ Bob, Bemer, The Great Curly Brace Trace Chase, http://www.bobbemer.com/BRACES.HTM, retrieved 2009-09-05 
  15. ^ http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U2300.pdf
  16. ^ Bryant, Randal E.; O’Hallaron, David. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective, 2003. p. 794. ISBN 0-13-034074-X.
  17. ^ IBM Information Management Software for z/OS Solutions Information Center

Bibliography

  • Lennard, John (1991). But I Digress: The Exploitation of Parentheses in English Printed Verse. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-811247-5. 
  • Turnbull; et al. (1964). The Graphics of Communication. New York: Holt.  States that what are depicted as square brackets above are called braces and curly brackets are called brackets. This was the terminology in US printing prior to computers.

1911 encyclopedia

Up to date as of January 14, 2010

From LoveToKnow 1911

.BRACKET, in architecture and carpentering, a projecting feature either in wood or metal for holding things together or supporting a shelf.^ Double shelf bracket with support.
  • Find Shelf Brackets and other Shelving Hardware at Aubuchon Hardware 10 February 2010 12:35 UTC hardware.hardwarestore.com [Source type: General]

 ^ Single shelf support bracket.
  • Find Shelf Brackets and other Shelving Hardware at Aubuchon Hardware 10 February 2010 12:35 UTC hardware.hardwarestore.com [Source type: General]

 ^ Aluminum brackets hold shelves together.
  • Aluminum Brackets or Bracket Hardware 10 February 2010 12:35 UTC www.kineticdiecasting.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 .The same feature in stone is called a "console" (q.v.^ The same feature in stone is called a " console " (q.v.

 ). .In furniture it is a small ornamental shelf for a wall or a corner, to bear knick-knacks, china or other brie-a-brae..^ In furniture it is a small ornamental shelf for a wall or a corner, to bear knick-knacks, china or other brie -a-brae..

 ^ Special Offers B-Tech Small Glass AV wall shelf bracket DVD SKY PS3 WII 82.99 74.99 .
  • LCD TV Wall Brackets Liverpool | Black Glass TV Stands Liverpool | DJ Equipment Liverpool | AV Equipment | Sky & DVD Wall Shelving - Compubuyz.com 10 February 2010 12:35 UTC www.compubuyz.com [Source type: General]

 ^ Click to View - Brackets & Corbels (Wood) Corbels (Polymer) Wall Niches Ceiling Medallions Ceiling Domes Stair Brackets Gable Ornaments Rosettes Small Ornaments (Polymer) Small Ornaments (Wood) Embossed Wood Ornaments Mouldings Victorian Details Other Products .

 .The word has been referred to "brace," clamp, Lat.^ The word has been referred to " brace ," clamp, Lat.

 bracchium,. arm, but the earliest form "bragget" (1580) points to the true derivation from the Fr. braguette, or Span. bragueta (Lat. bracae, breeches),used both of the front part of a pair of breeches and. of the architectural feature. The sense development is not clear, but it has no doubt been influenced by the supposed connexion with "brace."


Citable sentences

Up to date as of December 29, 2010

Here are sentences from other pages on Bracket, which are similar to those in the above article.








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