From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| Bratislava |
| City |
|
|
|
|
| Nickname: Beauty on the Danube, Little Big City |
|
| Country |
Slovakia |
| Region |
Bratislava |
|
| Districts |
Bratislava I, II, III, IV, V |
| Rivers |
Danube, Morava, Little Danube |
|
| Elevation |
134 m (440 ft) |
| Coordinates |
48°08′38″N 17°06′35″E / 48.14389°N 17.10972°E / 48.14389; 17.10972 |
| Highest point |
Devínska Kobyla |
| - elevation |
514 m (1,686 ft) |
| Lowest point |
Danube River |
| - elevation |
126 m (413 ft) |
|
| Area |
367.584 km2 (142 sq mi) |
| - urban |
853.15 km2 (329 sq mi) |
| - metro |
2,053 km2 (793 sq mi) |
|
| Population |
428,791 (2008-12-31) |
| - urban |
546,300 |
| - metro |
616,578 |
| Density |
1,167 /km2 (3,023 /sq mi) |
|
| First mentioned |
907 |
| Government |
City council |
| Mayor |
Andrej Ďurkovský |
|
| Timezone |
CET (UTC+1) |
| - summer (DST) |
CEST (UTC+2) |
| Postal code |
8XX XX |
| Phone prefix |
421-2 |
| Car plate |
BA |
|
|
|
Location in the Bratislava Region
|
| Wikimedia Commons: Bratislava |
| Statistics: MOŠ/MIS |
| Website: bratislava.sk |
|
.^ Dates of Life Born: 29.07.1773 Died: Preßburg (Pozsony, Bratislava) / Hungary, 01.04.1816 .- A Biographical Dictionary of all Austrian Generals during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars 25 September 2009 7:42 UTC www.napoleon-series.org [Source type: Reference]
[1] Bratislava is in southwestern Slovakia on both banks of the
Danube River. Bordering
Austria and
Hungary, it is the only national capital that borders two independent countries,
[2] Bratislava and
Vienna are the two European
national capitals which is one of the closest to one another, at less than 60 kilometres (37 mi) apart.
The history of the city, long known by the German name
Preßburg, has been strongly influenced by people of different nations and religions, namely by
Austrians,
Czechs,
Germans,
Hungarians,
Slovaks, and
Jews.
[4] The city was the capital of the
Kingdom of Hungary, a part of the larger
Habsburg Monarchy territories,
[5] from
1536 to
1783 and has been home to many
Slovak,
Hungarian, and
German historical figures.
Names
See also: Names of European cities in different languages: B
Bratislava (
Slovak pronunciation: [ˈbracɪslava] (
listen)), as it was renamed in March 6. 1919, has been known by many names in different languages throughout its history. Its first recorded name, in the 10th century
Annales Iuvavenses, was
Brezalauspurc (literally:
Braslav's castle). Notable alternative names are:
German:
Pressburg or Preßburg [ˈpʁɛsbʊɐk] (still used in German speaking countries today - mostly in Austria, only seldom in Germany),
Hungarian:
Pozsony [poʒoɲ][5] (still used in Hungarian today), former
Slovak name:
Prešporok.
[6]
Other names are or were:
Greek: Ιστρόπολις
Istropolis (meaning "
Danube City", also used in Latin),
Czech:
Prešpurk,
French:
Presbourg,
Italian:
Presburgo,
Latin:
Posonium,
Croatian:
Požun. The name Pressburg was also used in English language publications until 1919, and it is still occasionally used today. For the history and etymology of the various names, see
History of Bratislava.
In older documents, confusion can be caused by the Latin forms
Bratislavia, Wratislavia etc, which refer to
Breslau, not to Bratislava.
[7]
History
An original
Biatec and its replica on a modern 5-
koruna coin
The first known permanent settlement of the area began with the
Linear Pottery Culture, around 5000 BC in the
Neolithic era. About 200 BC, the
Celtic Boii tribe founded the first significant settlement, a fortified town known as an
oppidum, and also established a
mint which produced silver coins known as
biatecs.
[8] The area fell under
Roman influence from the first to the fourth century AD and formed part of the
Limes Romanus, a border defence system.
[9] The Romans introduced
grape growing to the area and began a tradition of
winemaking, which survives to the present.
[10]
The
Slavs arrived between the 5th and 6th centuries during the
Migration Period.
[11] As a response to onslaughts by
Avars, the local Slavic tribes rebelled and established
Samo's Empire (623–658), the first known Slavic political entity. In the 9th century, the castles at Bratislava
(Brezalauspurc) and
Devín (Dowina) were important centres of the Slavic states the
Principality of Nitra and
Great Moravia.
[12] On the other hand, the identification of the two castles as fortresses built in Great Moravia has been under debate based on linguistic arguments and because of the absence of convincing archaeologic evidence.
[13][14] .^ Dates of Life Born: Thuillières / Lorraine, 13.12.1739 Died: Bremen (German Free City), 01.02.1808 .- A Biographical Dictionary of all Austrian Generals during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars 25 September 2009 7:42 UTC www.napoleon-series.org [Source type: Reference]
[15]
Pressburg in the 17th century
In the 10th century, the territory of Pressburg (what would later become
Pozsony county) became part of Hungary (called "the
Kingdom of Hungary" from 1000) and became a key economic and administrative centre on the kingdom's frontier.
[16] This strategic position destined the city to be the site of frequent attacks and battles, but also brought it economic development and high political status. It was granted its first known town privileges in 1291 by the Hungarian
King Andrew III,
[17] and was declared a free royal town in 1405 by
King Sigismund of Luxemburg, who also entitled the town to use its
own coat of arms in 1436.
[18]
The Kingdom of Hungary was defeated by the
Ottoman Empire in the
Battle of Mohács in 1526. Thereafter the Turks besieged and damaged Pressburg but failed to conquer it.
[19] Owing to Ottoman advances into Hungarian territory, the city was designated the new capital of Hungary in 1536, becoming part of the Austrian
Habsburg monarchy and marking the beginning of a new era. The city became a coronation town and the seat of kings, archbishops (1543), the nobility and all major organisations and offices. Between 1536 and 1830, eleven kings and queens were crowned at
St. Martin's Cathedral.
[20] Nevertheless, the 17th century was marked by anti-Habsburg uprisings, fighting with the Turks, floods, plagues and other disasters.
[21]
Pressburg in a drawing from 1787
Pressburg flourished during the 18th century reign of
Maria Theresa of Austria,
[22] becoming the largest and most important town in Hungary.
[23] The population tripled; many new palaces,
[22] monasteries, mansions, and streets were built, and the city was the centre of social and cultural life of the region.
[24] However, the city started to lose its importance under the reign of Maria Theresa's son
Joseph II,
[22] especially when the
crown jewels were taken to
Vienna in 1783 in an attempt to strengthen the union between Austria and Hungary. Many central offices subsequently moved to
Buda, followed by a large segment of the nobility.
[25] The first newspapers in Hungarian and Slovak were published here, resp.
Magyar hírmondó in 1780, and
Presspurske Nowiny in 1783.
[26] In the course of the 18th century, the city became a centre for the
Slovak national movement.
19th century history was closely tied to the major events in Europe. The
Peace of Pressburg between Austria and France was signed here in 1805.
[27] Theben Castle was ruined by
Napoleon's French troops in 1809.
[28] In 1825 the
Hungarian National Learned Society (the present Hungarian Academy of Sciences) was founded in Pressburg using a donation from
István Széchenyi. In 1843 Hungarian was proclaimed the official language in legislation, public administration and education by the Diet in the city.
[29] As a reaction to the
Revolutions of 1848,
Ferdinand V signed the so-called
April laws, which included the abolition of
serfdom, at the
Primate's Palace.
[30] The city chose the revolutionary Hungarian side, but was captured by the Austrians in December 1848.
[31] Industry grew rapidly in the 19th century. The first
horse-drawn railway in the Kingdom of Hungary,
[32] from Pressburg to
Svätý Jur, was built in 1840.
[33] A new line to Vienna using
steam locomotives was opened in 1848, and a line to
Pest in 1850.
[34] Many new industrial, financial and other institutions were founded; for example, the first bank established in present-day Slovakia was founded in 1842.
[35] The city's first permanent bridge over the Danube,
Starý most, was built in 1891.
[36]
Before
World War I, the city had 42% German, 41% Hungarian and 15% Slovak population (1910 census). After
World War I and the formation of
Czechoslovakia on October 28, 1918, the city was incorporated into the new state despite its representatives' reluctance.
[37] The dominant Hungarian and German population tried to prevent annexation of the city to Czechoslovakia and declared it a free city. However, the
Czechoslovak Legions occupied the city on January 1, 1919, thereby making it part of Czechoslovakia.
[37] .^ Dates of Life Born: Thuillières / Lorraine, 13.12.1739 Died: Bremen (German Free City), 01.02.1808 .- A Biographical Dictionary of all Austrian Generals during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars 25 September 2009 7:42 UTC www.napoleon-series.org [Source type: Reference]
[39] On March 27, 1919, the name
Bratislava was officially adopted for the first time.
[40] Left without any protection after the retreat of the Hungarian army, many Hungarians were expelled or fled
[41] and Czechs and Slovaks took their houses and moved to Bratislava. Education in
Hungarian and
German was radically reduced.
[42] In the 1930
Czechoslovakian census the Hungarian population of Bratislava had decreased to 15.8% (see the
Demographics of Bratislava article for more details).
In 1938,
Nazi Germany annexed neighbouring Austria in the
Anschluss; later that year it also annexed the still-independent
Petržalka and Devín boroughs on ethnic grounds.
[43][44] Bratislava was declared the capital of the
first independent Slovak Republic on March 14, 1939, but the new state quickly fell under Nazi influence. In 1941–1942 and 1944–1945, the new
Slovak government expelled most of Bratislava's approximately 15,000 Jews,
[45] with most of them being sent into
concentration camps.
[46] Bratislava was bombarded by the
Allies, occupied by German troops in 1944 and eventually taken by the
Soviet Red Army on April 4, 1945.
[43][47] At the end of World War II, most Bratislava Germans were evacuated by German authorities; a few returned after the war, but were expelled without their properties under the
Beneš decrees.
[48]
Slavín war memorial commemorates fallen soldiers during the liberation of Slovakia in
World War II
After the
Communist Party seized power in
Czechoslovakia in February 1948, the city became part of the
Eastern Bloc. The city annexed new land, and the population rose significantly, becoming 90% Slovak. Large residential areas consisting of high-rise
prefabricated panel buildings, such as those in the Petržalka borough, were built. The Communist government also built several new grandiose buildings, such as the
Nový Most bridge and the
Slovak Radio headquarters, sometimes at the expense of the historical cityscape.
Geography
Bratislava is situated in south-western Slovakia, within the
Bratislava Region. Its location on the borders with
Austria and
Hungary makes it the only national capital that borders two countries. It is only 62 kilometres (38.5 mi) from the border with the
Czech Republic and only 60 kilometres (37 mi) from the
Austrian capital
Vienna.
[51]
The city has a total area of 367.58 square kilometres (141.9 sq mi), making it the second-largest city in Slovakia by area (after the township of
Vysoké Tatry).
[52] Bratislava straddles the
Danube River, which crosses the city from the west to the south-east. The
Middle Danube basin begins at
Devín Gate in western Bratislava. Other rivers are the
Morava River, which forms the north-western border of the city and enters the Danube at Devín, the
Little Danube, and the
Vydrica, which enters the Danube in the borough of
Karlova Ves.
The
Carpathian mountain range begins in city territory with the
Little Carpathians (
Malé Karpaty). The
Záhorie and
Danubian lowlands stretch into Bratislava. The city's lowest point is at the Danube's surface at 126 metres (413 ft)
AMSL, and the highest point is
Devínska Kobyla at 514 metres (1,686 ft). The average altitude is 140 metres (460 ft).
[53]
Climate
Bratislava lies in the
north temperate zone and has a
continental climate with four distinct seasons. It is often windy with a marked variation between hot summers and cold, humid winters. The city is in one of the warmest and driest parts of Slovakia.
[54] Recently, the transitions from winter to summer and summer to winter have been rapid, with short autumn and spring periods.
[citation needed] Snow occurs less frequently than previously.
[55] Some areas, particularly Devín and
Devínska Nová Ves, are vulnerable to floods from the Danube and Morava rivers.
[56] New flood protection is being built on both banks.
[57]
Climate data for Bratislava
| Month |
Jan |
Feb |
Mar |
Apr |
May |
Jun |
Jul |
Aug |
Sep |
Oct |
Nov |
Dec |
Year |
| Average high °C (°F) |
2
(36) |
5
(41) |
11
(52) |
16
(61) |
22
(72) |
24
(75) |
27
(81) |
27
(81) |
22
(72) |
15
(59) |
8
(46) |
4
(39) |
15
(59) |
| Average low °C (°F) |
-3
(27) |
-2
(28) |
1
(34) |
5
(41) |
10
(50) |
13
(55) |
15
(59) |
14
(57) |
11
(52) |
6
(43) |
1
(34) |
-1
(30) |
6
(43) |
| Precipitation mm (inches) |
42
(1.65) |
37
(1.46) |
36
(1.42) |
38
(1.5) |
54
(2.13) |
61
(2.4) |
52
(2.05) |
52
(2.05) |
50
(1.97) |
37
(1.46) |
50
(1.97) |
48
(1.89) |
557
(21.93) |
| Sunshine hours |
70 |
108 |
152 |
221 |
274 |
283 |
271 |
263 |
182 |
134 |
70 |
54 |
2,082 |
| Source: World Weather[58] 2009-01-04 |
Cityscape and architecture
Nový Most bridge with UFO restaurant, the most famous modern landmark of Bratislava
The cityscape of Bratislava is characterized by medieval towers and grandiose 20th-century buildings, but it has undergone profound changes in a construction boom at the start of the 21st century.
[59]
A curiosity is the underground (formerly ground-level) restored portion of the Jewish cemetery where 19th-century Rabbi
Moses Sofer is buried, located at the base of the castle hill near the entrance to a tram tunnel.
[67] The only military cemetery in Bratislava is
Slavín, unveiled in 1960 in honour of
Soviet Army soldiers who fell during the liberation of Bratislava in April 1945. It offers an excellent view of the city and the
Little Carpathians.
[68][69]
Bratislava Castle
One of the most prominent structures in the city is
Bratislava Castle, on a plateau 85 metres (279 ft) above the Danube. The castle hill site has been inhabited since the transition period between the
Stone and
Bronze ages
[73] and has been the
acropolis of a
Celtic town, part of the
Roman Limes Romanus, a huge Slavic fortified settlement, and a political, military and religious centre for
Great Moravia.
[74] A stone
castle was not constructed until the 10th century, when the area was part of the
Kingdom of Hungary. The castle was converted into a
Gothic anti-
Hussite fortress under
Sigismund of Luxemburg in 1430, became a
Renaissance castle in 1562,
[75] and was rebuilt in 1649 in the baroque style. Under
Queen Maria Theresa, the castle became a prestigious royal seat. In 1811, the castle was inadvertently destroyed by fire and lay in ruins until the 1950s,
[76] when it was rebuilt mostly in its former Theresan style. The castle is temporarily closed for reconstruction at the moment.
Devín Castle
Main article:
Devín Castle
The ruined and recently renovated
Devín Castle is in the borough of
Devín, on top of a rock where the
Morava River, which forms the border between Austria and Slovakia, enters the Danube. It is one of the most important Slovak archaeological sites and contains a museum dedicated to its history.
[77] Due to its strategic location, Devín Castle was a very important frontier castle of
Great Moravia and the early Hungarian state. It was destroyed by Napoleon's troops in 1809. It is an important symbol of Slovak and Slavic history.
[78]
Rusovce
Rusovce mansion, with its
English park, is in the Rusovce borough. The house was originally built in the 17th century and was turned into an English
neo-Gothic-style mansion in 1841–1844.
[79] The borough is also known for the ruins of the Roman military camp
Gerulata, part of Limes Romanus, a border defence system. Gerulata was built and used between the 1st and 4th centuries
AD.
[80]
Parks and lakes
Due to its location in the foothills of the
Little Carpathians and its
riparian vegetation on the Danubian
floodplains, Bratislava has forests close to the city centre. The total amount of public green space is 46.8 square kilometres (18.1 sq mi), or 110 square metres (1,200 sq ft) per inhabitant.
[81] The largest city park is Horský park (literally, Mountainous Park), in the Old Town.
Bratislavský lesný park (Bratislava Forest Park) is located in the Little Carpathians and includes many locales popular among visitors, such as
Železná studienka and
Koliba. The Forest Park covers an area of 27.3 square kilometres (10.5 sq mi), of which 96% is forested, and contains original flora and fauna such as
European badgers,
red foxes and
mouflons. On the right bank of the Danube, in the borough of Petržalka, is
Janko Kráľ Park founded in 1774–76.
[82] A new city park is planned for Petržalka between the Malý Draždiak and Veľký Draždiak lakes.
[72]
The city has a number of natural and man-made lakes, most of which are used for recreation. Examples include Štrkovec lake in
Ružinov, Kuchajda in
Nové Mesto,
Zlaté Piesky and the
Vajnory lakes in the north-east, and
Rusovce lake in the south, which is popular with
nudists.
[84]
Demographics
|
With Vienna, Bratislava forms the Twin City metropolitan area,
with a rough population of 3.1 million inhabitants.
|
| District |
Population |
Ethnic group |
Population |
| Bratislava I–V |
428,672 |
Slovaks |
391,767 |
| Bratislava I |
44,798 |
Hungarians |
16,541 |
| Bratislava II |
108,139 |
Czechs |
7,972 |
| Bratislava III |
61,418 |
Germans |
1,200 |
| Bratislava IV |
93,058 |
Moravians |
635 |
| Bratislava V |
121,259 |
Croats |
614 |
From the city's origin until the nineteenth century, Germans were the dominant ethnic group.
[6] However, after the
Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867, active
Magyarisation took place, and by the end of World War I 40% of the population of Pressburg spoke Hungarian as native language, 42% German, and 15% Slovak.
[6] After the formation of the
Czechoslovak Republic in 1918, Bratislava remained a multi-ethnic city, but with a different demographic trend. Thanks to
Slovakization,
[88][89] the proportion of Slovaks and Czechs increased in the city, while the proportion of Germans and Hungarians fell. In 1938, 59% of population were Slovaks or Czechs, while Germans represented 22% and Hungarians 13% of the city's population.
[90] The creation of the first Slovak Republic in 1939 brought other changes, most notably the expulsion of many Czechs and Jews.
[6] In 1945, most of the Germans were evacuated. After the restoration of Czechoslovakia, the
Beneš decrees (partly revoked in 1948) collectively punished ethnic German and Hungarian minorities by expropriation and deportation to Germany, Austria, and Hungary for their alleged collaborationism with Nazi Germany and Hungary against Czechoslovakia.
[46][91][92] The city thereby obtained its clearly Slovak character.
[46] Hundreds of citizens were expelled during the communist oppression of the 1950s, with the aim of replacing "reactionary" people with the proletarian class.
[6][46] Since the 1950s, the Slovaks have been the dominant ethnicity in the town, making up around 90% of the city's population.
[6]
Government
The mayor, based at the
Primate's Palace, is the city's top executive officer and is elected to a four-year term of office. The current mayor of Bratislava is
Andrej Ďurkovský, who won the election in 2006 as a candidate of the
KDH–
SDKÚ coalition and is serving his second term in the office.
[100] The city council is the city's legislative body, responsible for issues such as budget, local ordinances,
city planning, road maintenance, education, and culture.
[101] The Council usually convenes once a month and consists of 80 members elected to four-year terms concurrent with the mayor's. Many of the council's executive functions are carried out by the city commission at the council's direction.
[98] The city board is a 28-member body composed of the mayor and his deputies, the borough mayors, and up to ten city council members. The board is an executive and supervisory arm of the city council and also serves in an advisory role to the mayor.
[96]
Administratively, Bratislava is divided into five
districts: Bratislava I (the city centre), Bratislava II (eastern parts), Bratislava III (north-eastern parts), Bratislava IV (western and northern parts) and Bratislava V (southern parts on the right bank of the Danube, including Petržalka, the most densely populated residential area in
Central Europe).
[102]
For self-governance purposes, the city is divided into 17 boroughs, each of which has its own mayor (
starosta) and council. The number of councillors in each depends on the size and population of the borough.
[103] Each of the boroughs coincides with the city's 20
cadastral areas, except for two cases: Nové Mesto is further divided into the Nové Mesto and Vinohrady cadastral areas and Ružinov is divided into Ružinov, Nivy and Trnávka. Further unofficial division recognizes additional quarters and localities.
Economy
National Bank of Slovakia
The
Bratislava Region is the wealthiest and economically most prosperous region in Slovakia as of 2007, despite being the smallest by area and having the second smallest population of
the eight Slovak regions. It accounts for about 26% of the Slovak
GDP.
[104] The GDP per capita (
PPP), valued at
€33,124 (2005), is 147.9% of the
EU average and is the second-highest level (after
Prague) of all regions in the new EU member states and higher than all regions of
France except
Paris.
[105]
The average brutto salary in Bratislava region in first three quarters of
2008 was € 1015.47 (30,592 Sk).
[106]
The unemployment rate in Bratislava was 1.83% in December 2007.
[107] Many governmental institutions and private companies have their headquarters in Bratislava. More than 75% of Bratislava's population works in the
service sector, mainly composed of
trade,
banking,
IT,
telecommunications, and
tourism.
[108] The Bratislava Stock Exchange (BSSE), the organiser of the public securities market, was founded on March 15, 1991.
[109]
The automaker
Volkswagen built a factory in Bratislava in 1991 and has expanded since.
[110] Currently, its production focuses on
SUVs, which represent 68% of all production. The
VW Touareg is produced in Bratislava, and the
Porsche Cayenne and
Audi Q7 are partially built there.
[111]
Other large companies and employers with headquarters in Bratislava include
Slovak Telekom,
Orange Slovensko,
Slovenská sporiteľňa,
Tatra banka,
Doprastav,
Hewlett-Packard Slovakia,
Slovnaft,
Henkel Slovensko,
Slovenský plynárenský priemysel,
Kraft Foods Slovakia,
Whirlpool Slovakia,
Železnice Slovenskej republiky, and
Tesco Stores Slovak Republic.
The
Slovak economy's strong growth in the 2000s has led to a boom in the construction industry, and several major projects have been completed or are planned in Bratislava.
[70] Areas attracting developers include the Danube riverfront, where two major projects already under construction: River Park
[114] in the Old Town, and Eurovea
[115] near the Apollo Bridge. Other locations under development include the areas around the main railway and bus stations,
[116] around the former industrial zone near the Old Town
[117] and in the boroughs of Petržalka,
[102] Nové Mesto and Ružinov. It is expected that investors will spend €1.2 billion on new projects by 2010.
[118] The city has a balanced budget of almost six billion
Slovak korunas (€182 million, as of 2007), with one fifth used for investment.
[119] Bratislava holds shares in 17 companies directly, for example, in the public transport company (
Dopravný podnik Bratislava), the
waste collection and disposal company, and the water utility.
[120] The city also manages municipal organisations such as the City
Police (
Mestská polícia),
Bratislava City Museum and
ZOO Bratislava.
[121]
Tourism
- For the list of sights in the city, see cityscape and architecture above.
New Year's Eve celebration in 2006, which attracts about 100.000 people every year
Tourist train Prešporáčik in the Old Town
In 2006, Bratislava had 77 commercial accommodation facilities (of which 45 were hotels) with a total capacity of 9,940 beds.
[122] A total of 686,201 visitors, 454,870 of whom were foreigners, stayed overnight. Altogether, visitors made 1,338,497 overnight stays.
[122] However, a considerable share of visits is made by those who visit Bratislava for a single day, and their exact number is not known. Largest numbers of foreign visitors come from the
Czech Republic, Germany, the United Kingdom, Italy,
Poland, and
Austria.
[122]
Among other factors, the growth of
low-cost airline flights to Bratislava, led by
SkyEurope, has led to conspicuous
stag parties, primarily from the UK. While these are a boon to the city's tourist industry, cultural differences and
vandalism have led to concern by local officials.
[123]
Culture
Bratislava is the cultural heart of Slovakia. Owing to its historical multi-cultural character, local culture is influenced by various ethnic groups, including Germans, Slovaks, Hungarians, and Jews.
[4][124] Bratislava enjoys numerous theatres, museums, galleries, concert halls, cinemas, film clubs, and foreign cultural institutions.
[125]
Performing arts
Slovak Philharmonic Orchestra
Bratislava is the seat of the
Slovak National Theatre, housed in two buildings. The first is a
Neo-Renaissance theatre building situated in the Old Town at the end of
Hviezdoslav Square. The new building, opened to the public in 2007, is on the riverfront.
[71] The theatre has three ensembles: opera, ballet and drama. Smaller theatres include the Bratislava Puppet Theatre, the Astorka Korzo '90 theatre, the
Arena Theatre, L+S Studio, and the Naive Theatre of Radošina.
Music in Bratislava flourished in the 18th century and was closely linked to Viennese musical life.
Mozart visited the town at the age of six. Among other notable composers who visited the town were
Haydn,
Liszt,
Bartók and
Beethoven, who played his
Missa Solemnis for the first time in Bratislava.
[65] It is also the birthplace of the composer
Johann Nepomuk Hummel. Bratislava is home to the
Slovak Philharmonic Orchestra. The city hosts several annual festivals, such as the Bratislava Music Festival and Bratislava Jazz Days.
[126] The
Wilsonic Festival, held annually since 2000, brings dozens of international musical acts to the city each year.
[127] During the summer, various musical events take place as part of the Bratislava Cultural Summer. Apart from musical festivals, it is possible to hear music ranging from underground to well known pop stars.
[128]
Museums and galleries
The
Slovak National Museum (
Slovenské národné múzeum), founded in 1961, has its headquarters in Bratislava on the riverfront in the Old Town, along with the Natural History Museum, which is one of its subdivisions. It is the largest museum and cultural institution in Slovakia. The museum manages 16 specialised museums in Bratislava and beyond.
[129] The
Bratislava City Museum (
Múzeum mesta Bratislavy), established in 1868, is the oldest museum in continuous operation in Slovakia.
[130] Its primary goal is to chronicle Bratislava's history in various forms from the earliest periods using historical and archaeological collections. It offers permanent displays in eight specialised museums.
The
Slovak National Gallery, founded in 1948, offers the most extensive network of galleries in Slovakia. Two displays in Bratislava are next to one another at
Esterházy Palace (
Esterházyho palác,
Eszterházy palota) and the Water Barracks (
Vodné kasárne,
Vizikaszárnya) on the Danube riverfront in the Old Town. The
Bratislava City Gallery, founded in 1961, is the second-largest Slovak gallery of its kind. The gallery offers permanent displays at
Pálffy Palace (
Pálffyho palác,
Pálffy palota) and
Mirbach Palace (
Mirbachov palác,
Mirbach palota), in the Old Town.
[131] Danubiana Art Museum, one of the youngest art museums in Europe, is near
Čunovo waterworks.
[132]
Media
Sport
Various
sports and sports teams have a long tradition in Bratislava, with many teams and individuals competing in Slovak and international
leagues and
competitions.
Education and science
The
Slovak Academy of Sciences is also based in Bratislava. However, the city is one of the few European capitals to have neither an
observatory nor a
planetarium. The nearest observatory is in
Modra, 30 kilometres (19 mi) away, and the nearest planetarium is in
Hlohovec, 70 kilometres (43 mi) away. CEPIT, the Central European Park For Innovative Technologies, is slated for development in
Vajnory. This science and technology park will combine public and private research and educational institutions.
[146] Construction is expected to begin in 2008.
[147]
Transport
Mercedes Benz CapaCity in Bratislava
The geographical position of Bratislava in Central Europe has long made it a natural crossroads for international trade traffic.
[148]
Public transport in Bratislava is managed by
Dopravný podnik Bratislava, a city-owned company. The transport system is known as
Mestská hromadná doprava (MHD, Municipal Mass Transit) and employs
buses,
trams, and
trolleybuses.
[149] An additional service,
Bratislavská integrovaná doprava (Bratislava Integrated Transport), links train and bus routes in the city with points beyond.
International relations
Twin towns — Sister cities
* Numbers in brackets list the year of twinning. The first agreement was signed with the city of Perugia, Umbria in Italy on July 18, 1962.
Partnerships
References
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Notes
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- ^ Graesse, Orbis latinus
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External links
Images
| Capitals of European states and territories |
|
| Capitals of non-sovereign territories or constituent nations shown in bold italics |
|
| Western |
Northern |
Central |
Southern |
Eastern |
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Amsterdam, Netherlands
Andorra la Vella, Andorra
Brussels, Belgium 5
Douglas, Isle of Man4
Dublin, Ireland
Lisbon, Portugal
London, United Kingdom
Luxembourg, Luxembourg
Madrid, Spain
Monaco, Monaco
Paris, France 1
Saint Helier, Jersey4
Saint Peter Port, Guernsey4
|
Copenhagen, Denmark
Helsinki, Finland
Longyearbyen, Svalbard
Mariehamn, Åland Islands
Oslo, Norway
Reykjavík, Iceland
Riga, Latvia
Stockholm, Sweden
Tallinn, Estonia
Tórshavn, Faroe Islands
Vilnius, Lithuania
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Belgrade, Serbia
Berlin, Germany
Bern, Switzerland
Bratislava, Slovakia
Budapest, Hungary
Ljubljana, Slovenia
Prague, Czech Republic
Vienna, Austria
Warsaw, Poland
Vaduz, Liechtenstein
Zagreb, Croatia
|
Ankara, Turkey 1
Athens, Greece
Gibraltar, Gibraltar4
Nicosia, Cyprus 2, Northern Cyprus 2, 3
Podgorica, Montenegro
Pristina, Kosovo 3
Rome, Italy
San Marino, San Marino
Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Skopje, Macedonia
Tirana, Albania
Valletta, Malta
Vatican City, Vatican City
|
Astana, Kazakhstan 1
Baku, Azerbaijan 1
Bucharest, Romania
Chişinău, Moldova
Kiev, Ukraine
Minsk, Belarus
Moscow, Russia 1
Sofia, Bulgaria
Sukhumi, Abkhazia 3
Tbilisi, Georgia 1
Tskhinvali, South Ossetia 3
Yerevan, Armenia 2
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| 1 Transcontinental country. 2 Entirely in Southwest Asia but having socio-political connections with Europe. 3 Partially recognised country. 4 Crown Dependency or Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom. 5 Also the seat of the European Union, see Location of European Union institutions and Brussels and the European Union. |
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