The Full Wiki

Burj Dubai: Wikis
  
  

Note: Many of our articles have direct quotes from sources you can cite, within the Wikipedia article! This article doesn't yet, but we're working on it! See more info or our list of citable articles.

Encyclopedia

Updated live from Wikipedia, last check: May 30, 2012 12:57 UTC (46 seconds ago)
(Redirected to Burj Khalifa article)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Burj Khalifa
Burj Khalifa.jpg
Burj Khalifa on 28 December 2009
Burj Khalifa has been the world's tallest building since 2010.[I]
Former/other names Burj Dubai
Record height
Preceded by Taipei 101
General information
Location Dubai, United Arab Emirates
Status Complete
Groundbreaking January 2004
Constructed 2004-2010
Opening 4 January 2010[1]
Use Mixed-use
Height
Roof 828 m (2,717 ft)[2]
Top floor 621.3 m (2,038 ft)[2]
Technical details
Floor count 160 habitable floors[3]
plus 46 maintenance levels in the spire[4] and 2 parking levels in the basement
Floor area 464,511 m2 (5,000,000 sq ft)[2]
Cost $1.5 billion[5]
Companies involved
Architect(s) Adrian Smith at SOM
Structural engineer Bill Baker at SOM[7]
Contractor Samsung C&T,Besix and Arabtec
Supervision Consultant Engineer & Architect of Record Hyder Consulting
Construction Project Manager Turner Construction
Grocon[6]
Planning Bauer AG and Middle East Foundations[6]
Lift contractor Otis[6]
VT consultant Lerch Bates[6]
Developer Emaar Properties
^ Fully habitable, self-supported, from main entrance to highest structural or architectural top; see the list of tallest buildings in the world for other listings.

Burj Khalifa (Arabic: برج خليفة‎ "Khalifa Tower"),[8] known as Burj Dubai prior to its inauguration, is a skyscraper in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, and the tallest man-made structure ever built, at 828 m (2,717 ft).[8] Construction began on 21 September 2004, with the exterior of the structure completed on 1 October 2009. The building officially opened on 4 January 2010.[1][9] The building is part of the 2 km2 (490-acre) flagship development called Downtown Burj Khalifa at the "First Interchange" along Sheikh Zayed Road, near Dubai's main business district.

The tower's architecture and engineering were performed by Skidmore, Owings, and Merrill of Chicago. Adrian Smith, who started his own firm in 2006, was the chief architect, and Bill Baker was the chief structural engineer for the project.[10][11] The primary contractor was Samsung C&T of South Korea, who also built the Taipei 101 and Petronas Twin Towers.[12] Major subcontractors included Belgian group Besix and Arabtec from the UAE. Turner Construction Company was chosen as the construction project manager.[13] Under UAE law, the Contractor and the Engineer of Record, Hyder Consulting, is jointly and severally liable for the performance of Burj Khalifa.

The total cost for the Burj Khalifa project was about US$1.5 billion; and for the entire new "Downtown Dubai", US$20 billion.[14] Mohamed Ali Alabbar, the Chairman of Emaar Properties, speaking at the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat 8th World Congress, said in March 2009 that the price of office space at Burj Khalifa had reached US$4,000 per sq ft (over US$43,000 per m2) and that the Armani Residences, also in Burj Khalifa, were selling for US$3,500 per sq ft (over US$37,500 per m2).[15]

The project's completion coincided with a worldwide economic slump and overbuilding, and it has been described as "the latest ... in [a] string of monuments to architectural vacancy."[16] With Dubai itself mired in a deep financial crisis that forced it to seek repeated billion-dollar bailouts from its oil-rich neighbor Abu Dhabi, the opening ceremony and surprise renaming of the tower to Burj Khalifa, after UAE President Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan, has been viewed by observers as an "attempt to boost confidence in Dubai by showing who is backing Dubai".[17]

Contents

Height

Current records

  • Tallest skyscraper to top of spire: 828 m (2,717 ft) (previously Taipei 101 – 509.2 m/1,671 ft)
  • Tallest structure ever built: 828 m (2,717 ft) (previously Warsaw radio mast – 646.38 m/2,121 ft)
  • Tallest extant structure: 828 m (2,717 ft) (previously KVLY-TV mast – 628.8 m/2,063 ft)
  • Tallest freestanding structure: 828 m (2,717 ft) (previously CN Tower – 553.3 m/1,815 ft)
  • Building with most floors: 160 (previously Willis Tower – 108)[18]
  • World's highest elevator installation, situated inside a rod at the very top of the building[19][20]
  • World's fastest elevators at speed of 64 km/h (40 mph) or 18 m/s (59 ft/s)[20] (previously Taipei 101 – 16.83 m/s)
  • Highest vertical concrete pumping (for a building): 606 m (1,988 ft)[21] (previously Taipei 101 – 449.2 m/1,474 ft)
  • Highest vertical concrete pumping (for any construction): 606 m (1,988 ft)[21] (previously Riva del Garda Hydroelectric Power Plant – 532 m/1,745 ft[22])
  • The first world's tallest structure in history to include residential space[23]
  • Highest outdoor observation deck in the world (124th floor) at 442 m (1,450 ft)[24][25][26]
  • World's highest mosque (located on the 158th floor)[27][28]
  • World's highest installation of an aluminium and glass façade, at a height of 512 m (1,680 ft)[29]
  • World's highest swimming pool (76th floor)[27]

History of height increases

Burj Khalifa compared to some other well-known tall structures

There are unconfirmed reports of several planned height increases since its inception. Originally proposed as a virtual clone of the 560 m (1,837 ft) Grollo Tower proposal for Melbourne, Australia's Docklands waterfront development, the tower was redesigned with an original design by Skidmore, Owings and Merrill (SOM) discussed below.[30] Marshall Strabala, an SOM architect who worked on the project until 2006, late 2008 said that Burj Khalifa was designed to be 808 m (2,651 ft) tall.[31]

The design architect, Adrian Smith, felt that the uppermost section of the building did not culminate elegantly with the rest of the structure, so he sought and received approval to increase it to the current height.[citation needed] It has been explicitly stated that this change did not include any added floors, which is fitting with Smith's attempts to make the crown more slender.[32]

Delay

Emaar Properties announced on 9 June 2008 that construction of Burj Khalifa was delayed by upgraded finishes and would be completed only in September 2009.[33] An Emaar spokesperson said "The luxury finishes that were decided on in 2004, when the tower was initially conceptualized, is now being replaced by upgraded finishes. The design of the apartments has also been enhanced to make them more aesthetically attractive and functionally superior."[34] A revised completion date of 2 December 2009 was then announced.[35] However, Burj Khalifa was opened on 4 January 2010.[1][9]

Architecture and design

Cross-section comparisons
Photo in January 2008 shows the three-lobed structure
A Hymenocallis flower showing six spokes, as pattern for the three-lobed design

The tower is designed by Skidmore, Owings and Merrill, which also designed the Willis Tower (formerly the Sears Tower) in Chicago, Illinois and 1 World Trade Center in New York City, among numerous other famous high-rises. The building resembles the bundled tube form of the Willis Tower, but is not a bundle tube structure. Its design is reminiscent of Frank Lloyd Wright's vision for The Illinois, a mile-high skyscraper designed for Chicago. According to Marshall Strabala, an SOM architect who worked on the building's design team, Burj Khalifa was designed based on the 73-floor Tower Palace Three, an all-residential building in Seoul, South Korea. In its early planning, Burj Khalifa was intended to be entirely residential.[31]

Subsequent to the original design by Skidmore, Owings and Merrill, Emaar Properties chose Hyder Consulting to be the supervising engineer.[36] Hyder was selected for its expertise in structural and MEP (mechanical, electrical and plumbing) engineering.[37] Hyder Consulting's role was to supervise construction, certify SOM's design, and be the engineer and architect of record to the UAE authorities.[36] Emaar Properties also engaged GHD,[38] an international multidisciplinary consulting firm, to act as an independent verification and testing authority for concrete and steelwork.

The design of Burj Khalifa is derived from patterning systems embodied in Islamic architecture.[19] According to the structural engineer Bill Baker of Burj Khalifa, the building's design incorporates cultural and historical elements particular to the region. The Y-shaped plan is ideal for residential and hotel usage, with the wings allowing maximum outward views and inward natural light.[19] The design architect Adrian Smith has said the triple-lobed footprint of the building was inspired by the flower Hymenocallis.[39] The tower is composed of three elements arranged around a central core. As the tower rises from the flat desert base, setbacks occur at each element in an upward spiralling pattern, decreasing the cross section of the tower as it reaches toward the sky. There are 27 terraces in Burj Khalifa. At the top, the central core emerges and is sculpted to form a finishing spire. A Y-shaped floor plan maximizes views of the Persian Gulf. Viewed from above or from the base, the form also evokes the onion domes of Islamic architecture. During the design process, engineers rotated the building 120 degrees from its original layout to reduce stress from prevailing winds. At its tallest point, the tower sways a total of 1.5 m (4.9 ft).[40]

To support the unprecedented height of the building, the engineers developed a new structural system called the buttressed core, which consists of a hexagonal core reinforced by three buttresses that form the ‘Y' shape. This structural system enables the building to support itself laterally and keeps it from twisting.[19]

The spire of Burj Khalifa is composed of more than 4,000 tonnes (4,400 ST; 3,900 LT) of structural steel. The central pinnacle pipe weighing 350 tonnes (390 ST; 340 LT) was constructed from inside the building and jacked to its full height of over 200 m (660 ft) using a strand jack system. The spire also houses communications equipment.[41]

More than 1,000 pieces of art will adorn the interiors of Burj Khalifa, while the residential lobby of Burj Khalifa will have the artwork of 196 bronze and brass alloy cymbals representing the 196 countries of the world. The visitors in this lobby will be able to hear a distinct timbre as the cymbals, plated with 18-carat gold, are struck by dripping water, intended to mimic the sound of water falling on leaves.[42]

The exterior cladding of Burj Khalifa consists of 142,000 m2 (1,528,000 sq ft) of reflective glazing, and aluminium and textured stainless steel spandrel panels with vertical tubular fins. The cladding system is designed to withstand Dubai's extreme summer temperatures. Additionally, the exterior temperature at the top of the building is thought to be 6°C (11°F) cooler than at its base.[43] Over 26,000 glass panels were used in the exterior cladding of Burj Khalifa. Over 300 cladding specialists from China were brought in for the cladding work on the tower.[41]

The hotel interior will be decorated by Giorgio Armani. An Armani Hotel, the first of four by Armani, will occupy 15 of the lower 39 floors.[44] The hotel will be opened on 18 March 2010.[45][46] whereas the Corporate Suites and offices, will be opened from March onwards.[47] The sky lobbies on the 43rd and 76th floors will house swimming pools.[48] Floors through to 108 will have 900 private residential apartments (which, according to the developer, sold out within eight hours of being on the market). An outdoor zero-entry swimming pool will be located on the 76th floor of the tower. Corporate offices and suites fill most of the remaining floors, except for a 122nd, 123rd and 124th floor where the At.mosphere restaurant, sky lobby and an indoor and outdoor observation deck is located respectively. Burj Khalifa will receive its first residents from February 2010. They will be among the first of 25,000 people who will live there.[48][49]

Burj Khalifa is expected to hold up to 35,000 people at any one time.[19][50] A total of 57 elevators and 8 escalators are installed.[41] The elevators have a capacity of 12 to 14 people per cabin, the fastest rising and descending at up to 18 m/s (59 ft/s).[19][51] Engineers had considered installing the world's first triple-deck elevators, but the final design calls for double-deck elevators.[23] Double-deck elevators, are with built in light and entertainment features including LCD displays, which serves the visitors throughout their travel to the observation deck.[52] The building has 2,909 stairs from the ground floor to the 160th floor.[53]

The graphic design identity work for Burj Khalifa is the responsibility of Brash Brands, who are based in Dubai. Design of the global launch events, communications, and visitors centers[54] for Burj Khalifa have also been created by Brash Brands as well as the roadshow exhibition for the Armani Residences, which are part of the Armani Hotel within Burj Khalifa, which toured Milan, London, Jeddah, Moscow and Delhi.[55]

Water supply system

The Burj Khalifa's water system supplies an average of 946,000 l (250,000 USgal) of water per day.[19]

At the peak cooling times, the tower requires cooling equivalent to that provided by 10,000 t (22,000,000 lb) of melting ice in one day. The building has a condensate collection system, which uses the hot and humid outside air, combined with the cooling requirements of the building and results in a significant amount of condensation of moisture from the air. The condensed water is collected and drained into a holding tank located in the basement car park, this water is then pumped into the site irrigation system for use on the Burj Khalifa park.[19]

Maintenance

To wash the 24,348 windows, a horizontal track has been installed on the exterior of Burj Khalifa at levels 40, 73 and 109. Each track holds a 1,500 kg (3,300 lb) bucket machine which moves horizontally and then vertically using heavy cables. Above level 109, up to tier 27 traditional cradles from davits are used. The top of the spire, however, is reserved for specialist window cleaners, who brave the heights and high winds dangling by ropes to clean and inspect the top of the pinnacle.[56] Under normal conditions, when all building maintenance units will be operational, it will take 36 workers three to four months to clean the entire exterior facade.[41][57]

Unmanned machines will clean the top 27 additional tiers and the glass spire. The cleaning system was developed in Australia at a cost of A$8 million.[57]

Dubai Fountain

The Dubai Fountain performing to the song "Bassbor Al Fourgakom"
Main article: Dubai Fountain

Outside, and at a cost of Dh 800 million (US$217 million), a record-setting fountain system was designed by WET Design, the California-based company responsible for the fountains at the Bellagio Hotel Lake in Las Vegas. Illuminated by 6,600 lights and 50 coloured projectors, it is 275 m (902 ft) long and shoots water 150 m (490 ft) into the air, accompanied by a range of classical to contemporary Arabic and world music.[58] On 26 October 2008 Emaar announced that based on results of a naming contest the fountain would be called the Dubai Fountain.[59]

Observation Deck

An outdoor observation deck, named At the Top, opened on 5 January 2010 on the 124th floor.[60] It is the third highest observation deck in the world and the highest outdoor observation deck in the world, at 442 m (1,450 ft)[citation needed]. To manage the daily rush of sightseers, Emaar Properties offers advance purchase tickets for a specific date and time at a 75% discount over tickets purchased on the spot[61]

On 8 February 2010, the observation deck was closed to the public after power supply problems caused an elevator to become stuck between floors, trapping a group of tourists for 45 minutes.[62][63] Despite rumours of the observation deck reopening on 14 February,[64] it remains closed.

Burj Khalifa park

Burj Khalifa is surrounded by an 11 ha (27-acre) park. The design of the park is also inspired by the core design concepts of Burj Khalifa which is based on the symmetries of the desert flower, Hymenocallis.[65] The park has six water features, gardens, palm lined walkways, and flowering trees.[66] At the centre of the park and the base of Burj Khalifa is the water room, which is a series of pools and water jet fountains. In addition the railing, benches and signs incorporate images of Burj Khalifa and the Hymenocallis flower.

The plants and the shrubbery will be watered by the buildings's condensation collection system,that uses water from the cooling system. The system will provide 68,000,000 L (15,000,000 imp gal) annually.[66] WET designers, who also developed the Dubai Fountain, developed the park's six water features.[67]

Construction

Burj Dubai Evolution.ogv
Animation of construction process
Aerial closeup of Burj Khalifa under construction in March 2008

The tower was constructed by a South Korean company, Samsung Engineering & Construction, which also did work on the Petronas Twin Towers and Taipei 101.[68] Samsung Engineering & Construction is building the tower in a joint venture with Besix from Belgium and Arabtec from UAE. Turner is the Project Manager on the main construction contract.

The primary structural system of Burj Khalifa is reinforced concrete. Over 45,000 m3 (58,900 cu yd) of concrete, weighing more than 110,000 tonnes (120,000 ST; 110,000 LT) were used to construct the concrete and steel foundation, which features 192 piles, with each pile is 1.5 metre diameter x 43 metre long buried more than 50 m (164 ft) deep.[23] Burj Khalifa's construction used 330,000 m3 (431,600 cu yd) of concrete and 55,000 tonnes of steel rebar, and construction took 22 million man-hours.[10] A high density, low permeability concrete was used in the foundations of Burj Khalifa. A cathodic protection system under the mat is used to minimize any detrimental effects from corrosive chemicals in local ground water.[41]

The previous record for pumping concrete on any project was set during the extension of the Riva del Garda Hydroelectric Power Plant in Italy in 1994, when concrete was pumped to a height of 532 m (1,745 ft). Burj Khalifa exceeded this height on 19 August 2007, and as of May 2008 concrete was pumped to a delivery height of 606 m (1,988 ft),[21] the 156th floor. The remaining structure above is built of lighter steel.

Burj Khalifa is highly compartmentalised. Pressurized, air-conditioned refuge floors are located approximately every 35 floors where people can shelter on their long walk down to safety in case of an emergency or fire.[41][69]

Special mixes of concrete are made to withstand the extreme pressures of the massive building weight; as is typical with reinforced concrete construction, each batch of concrete used was tested to ensure it could withstand certain pressures.

The consistency of the concrete used in the project was essential. It was difficult to create a concrete that could withstand both the thousands of tonnes bearing down on it and Persian Gulf temperatures that can reach 50 °C (122 °F). To combat this problem, the concrete was not poured during the day. Instead, during the summer months ice was added to the mixture and it was poured at night when the air is cooler and the humidity is higher. A cooler concrete mixture cures evenly throughout and is therefore less likely to set too quickly and crack. Any significant cracks could have put the entire project in jeopardy.

The unique design and engineering challenges of building Burj Khalifa have been featured in a number of television documentaries, including the Big, Bigger, Biggest series on the National Geographic and Five channels, and the Mega Builders series on the Discovery Channel.

Labour controversy

Further information: Human rights in the United Arab Emirates

Burj Khalifa was built primarily by workers from South Asia.[70][71] Press reports indicated in 2006 that skilled carpenters at the site earned UK£4.34 a day, and labourers earned UK£2.84.[70] According to a BBC investigation and a Human Rights Watch report, the workers were housed in abysmal conditions, their pay was often withheld, their passports were confiscated by their employers, and they were working in hazardous conditions that resulted in an apparently high number of deaths and injuries on site.[72]

On 21 March 2006, about 2,500 workers, who were upset over buses that were delayed for the end of their shifts, protested, damaging cars, offices, computers, and construction equipment.[70] A Dubai Interior Ministry official said the rioters caused almost UK£500,000 in damage.[70] Most of the workers involved in the riot returned the following day but refused to work.[70]

On 17 June 2008, there were 7,500 skilled workers employed in the construction of Burj Khalifa.[33]

Milestones

  • January 2004: Excavation commences.[29]
  • February 2004: Piling starts.[29]
  • 21 September 2004: Emaar contractors begin construction.[73]
  • March 2005: Structure of Burj Khalifa starts rising.[29]
  • June 2006: Level 50 is reached.[29]
  • February 2007: Surpasses the Sears Tower as the building with the most floors.
  • 13 May 2007: Sets record for vertical concrete pumping on any building at 452 m (1,483 ft), surpassing the 449.2 m (1,474 ft) to which concrete was pumped during the construction of Taipei 101, while Burj Khalifa reached 130 floor.[29][74]
  • 21 July 2007: Surpasses Taipei 101, whose height of 509.2 m (1,671 ft) made it the world's tallest building, and level 141 reached.[29][75]
  • 12 August 2007: Surpasses the Sears Tower antenna, which stands 527.3 m (1,730 ft).
  • 12 September 2007: At 555.3 m (1,822 ft), becomes the world's tallest freestanding structure, surpassing the CN Tower in Toronto, and level 150 reached.[29][76]
  • 7 April 2008: At 629 m (2,064 ft), surpasses the KVLY-TV Mast to become the tallest man-made structure, level 160 reached.[29][77]
  • 17 June 2008: Emaar announces that Burj Khalifa's height is over 636 m (2,087 ft) and that its final height will not be given until it is completed in September 2009.[33]
  • 1 September 2008: Height tops 688 m (2,257 ft), making it the tallest man-made structure ever built, surpassing the previous record-holder, the Warsaw Radio Mast in Konstantynów, Poland.[78]
  • 17 January 2009: Topped out at 828 m (2,717 ft).[79]
  • 1 October 2009: Emaar announces that the exterior of the building is completed.[80]
  • 4 January 2010: Burj Khalifa's official launch ceremony is held and Burj Khalifa is opened. Burj Dubai renamed Burj Khalifa in honour of the current President of the UAE and ruler of Abu Dhabi, Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed al Nahyan.[8]

Floor plans

The following is a breakdown of floors.[41][81]

Floors Use
160 and above Mechanical
156-159 Communication and broadcast
155 Mechanical
139–154 Corporate suites
136–138 Mechanical
125–135 Corporate suites
124 At the Top observatory
123 Sky lobby
122 At.mosphere restaurant
111–121 Corporate suites
109–110 Mechanical
77–108 Residential
76 Sky lobby
73–75 Mechanical
44–72 Residential
43 Sky lobby
40–42 Mechanical
38–39 Armani Hotel suites
19–37 Armani Residences
17–18 Mechanical
9–16 Armani Residences
1–8 Armani Hotel
Ground Armani Hotel
Concourse Armani Hotel
B1–B2 Parking, mechanical

Opening ceremony

The opening ceremony of Burj Khalifa was held on 4 January 2010.[82] The ceremony featured a display of 10,000 fireworks, light beams projected on and around the tower, and further sound, light and water effects.[83] Using the 868 powerful stroboscope lights that are integrated into the facade and spire of the tower, different lighting sequences were choreographed, together with more than 50 different combinations of the other effects.

The event began with a short film which depicted the story of Dubai and the evolution of Burj Khalifa. The displays of sound, light, water and fireworks followed.[83] The portion of the show consisting of the various pyrotechnic, lighting, water and sound effects was divided into three. The first part was primarily a light and sound show, which took as its theme the link between desert flowers and the new tower, and was co-ordinated with the Dubai Fountain and pyrotechnics. The second portion, called 'Heart Beat', represented the construction of the tower in a dynamic light show with the help of 300 projectors which generated a shadow-like image of the tower. In the third act, sky tracers and space cannons enveloped the tower in a halo of white light, which expanded as the lighting rig on the spire activated.[83]

The ceremony was relayed live on a giant screen on Burj Park Island, as well as several television screens placed across the Downtown Burj Khalifa development. Hundreds of media outlets from around the world reported live from the scene.[83] In addition to the media presence, 6,000 guests were expected.[84]

Purpose

Burj Khalifa has been designed to be the centrepiece of a large-scale, mixed-use development that will include 30,000 homes, nine hotels such as The Address Downtown Burj Khalifa, 3 hectares (7.4 acres) of parkland, at least 19 residential towers, the Dubai Mall, and the 12-hectare (30-acre) man-made Burj Khalifa Lake.

The building has returned the location of Earth's tallest free-standing structure to the Middle East — where the Great Pyramid of Giza claimed this achievement for almost four millennia before being surpassed in 1311 by Lincoln Cathedral in England.

The decision to build Burj Khalifa is reportedly based on the government's decision to diversify from an oil-based economy to one that is service- and tourism-oriented. According to officials, it is necessary for projects like Burj Khalifa to be built in the city to garner more international recognition, and hence investment. "He (Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum) wanted to put Dubai on the map with something really sensational," said Jacqui Josephson, a tourism and VIP delegations executive at Nakheel Properties.[85]

BASE jumping

The building has been used by several experienced BASE jumpers for both authorized and unauthorized BASE jumping:

  • In May 2008, Hervé Le Gallou and an unnamed British man, dressed as engineers, illegally infiltrated Burj Khalifa (around 650 m at the time), and jumped off a balcony situated a couple of floors below the 160th floor.[86][87]
  • On 8 January 2010, with permission of the authorities, Nasr Al Niyadi and Omar Al Hegelan, from the Emirates Aviation Society, broke the world record for the highest BASE jump from a building after they leapt from a crane suspended platform attached to the 160th floor at 672 m (2,205 ft). The two men descended the vertical drop at a speed of up to 220 km/h (140 mph), with enough time to open their parachutes 10 seconds into the 90 second jump.[88][89]

Galleries

Building under construction

1 February 2006

29 August 2006

21 March 2007

4 December 2007

11 March 2008

19 October 2008

26 October 2008

4 January 2009

Post-construction

28 December 2009

29 December 2009,Burj Khalifa and Downtown Burj Dubai

4 January 2010, Burj Khalifa and skyline of Dubai

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c "Official Opening of Iconic Burj Dubai Announced". Gulfnews. 4 November 2009. http://gulfnews.com/business/property/uae/official-opening-of-iconic-burj-dubai-announced-1.523471. Retrieved 4 November 2009. 
  2. ^ a b c "CTBUH Tall Buildings Database: Burj Khalifa". CTBUH. http://buildingdb.ctbuh.org/?do=building&building_id=3. Retrieved 2010-02-11. 
  3. ^ Baldwin, Derek (1 May 2008). "No more habitable floors to Burj Dubai". Gulfnews. http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/uae/general/no-more-habitable-floors-to-burj-dubai-1.452275. Retrieved 7 January 2010. 
  4. ^ "The Burj Khalifa". Glass, Steel and Stone. http://www.glasssteelandstone.com/BuildingDetail/701.php. Retrieved 8 January 2010. 
  5. ^ "Dubai opens world's tallest building". Dubai: USA Today. January 2, 2010. http://content.usatoday.com/communities/ondeadline/post/2010/01/dubai-opens-world-tallest-building/1. Retrieved 4 January 2010. 
  6. ^ a b c d "Burj Dubai (Dubai Tower) and Dubai Mall, United Arab Emirates". designbuild-network.com. http://www.designbuild-network.com/projects/burj/. Retrieved 23 March 2009. 
  7. ^ Blum, Andrew (27 November 2007). "Engineer Bill Baker Is the King of Superstable 150-Story Structures". Wired. http://www.wired.com/culture/design/magazine/15-12/mf_baker. Retrieved 11 March 2008. 
  8. ^ a b c Bianchi, Stefania; Andrew Critchlow (2010-01-04). "World's Tallest Skyscraper Opens in Dubai". The Wall Street Journal. Dow Jones & Company, Inc. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703580904574638111667658806.html. Retrieved 4 January 2010. 
  9. ^ a b "World's tallest building opens in Dubai". BBC News. 2010-01-04. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/8439618.stm. Retrieved 2010-01-04. 
  10. ^ a b "Burj Dubai reaches a record high". Emaar Properties. 21 July 2007. http://www.emaar.com/index.aspx?page=press-release-details&id=361. Retrieved 24 November 2008. 
  11. ^ Keegan, Edward (15 October 2006). "Adrian Smith Leaves SOM, Longtime Skidmore partner bucks retirement to start new firm". ArchitectOnline. http://www.architectmagazine.com/industry-news.asp?sectionID=1006&articleID=385534. Retrieved 23 March 2009. 
  12. ^ "Burj Dubai, Dubai – SkyscraperPage.com". SkyscraperPage. http://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=7787. Retrieved 23 March 2009. 
  13. ^ "Turner International Projects – Burj Dubai". Turner Construction. http://www.turnerconstruction.com/international/content.asp?d=3457&p=2372. Retrieved 23 March 2009. 
  14. ^ "What to see". Dubai Travel Desk. http://www.dubaitraveldesk.com/what.html. Retrieved 23 March 2009. 
  15. ^ "Burj Dubai offices to top US$4,000 per sq ft". Zawya. 5 March 2008. http://zawya.com/story.cfm/sidZAWYA20080305042540. Retrieved 23 March 2009. 
  16. ^ "The Burj Dubai and architecture's vacant stare". Los Angeles Times. http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/culturemonster/2010/01/the-burj-dubai-and-architectures-vacant-stare.html. Retrieved 4 January 2010. 
  17. ^ "828-metre Burj Dubai renamed Burj Khalifa". Maktoob Group. 2010-01-04. http://business.maktoob.com/20090000414838/Burj_Dubai_renamed_Burj_Khalifa_/Article.htm. Retrieved 2010-02-10. 
  18. ^ "Willis Tower". Emporis. http://www.emporis.com/application/?nav=building&lng=3&id=117064. Retrieved 6 January 2010. 
  19. ^ a b c d e f g h "Burj Khalifa: Towering challenge for builders". GulfNews.com. January 4, 2010. http://gulfnews.com/business/property/burj-khalifa-towering-challenge-for-builders-1.561802. Retrieved 2010-02-10. 
  20. ^ a b "Some interesting facts on the Burj Dubai". The Tallest Buildings in the World. 19 August 2008. http://www.tallest-building-in-the-world.com/2008/08/19/under-construction/some-interesting-facts-on-the-burj-dubai-the-tallest-building-in-the-world-under-construction.htm. Retrieved 1 August 2009. 
  21. ^ a b c "Putzmeister – Burj Dubai". Putzmeister. http://www.putzmeister.de/cps/rde/xchg/SID-3C6E00FC-8269E805/pm_online/hs.xsl/5933_ENU_HTML.htm. Retrieved 23 March 2009. 
  22. ^ "1994 – World record: 532 m high — rise concrete conveying at the power station "Riva del Garda", Italy.". Putzmeister. http://www.putzmeister.de/cps/rde/xchg/SID-3C6E00FC-E36E4E4B/pm_online/hs.xsl/3498_ENU_HTML.htm. Retrieved 11 April 2009. 
  23. ^ a b c "Burj Dubai, Dubai, at Emporis.com". Emporis. http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=burjdubai-dubai-unitedarabemirates. Retrieved 1 March 2007. 
  24. ^ http://www.emporis.com/application/?nav=building&lng=3&id=182168
  25. ^ http://www.burjdubaiskyscraper.com/observation-deck.html
  26. ^ "'At The Top' - Burj Dubai's Observation Deck". BurjDubai.com. http://www.burjdubai.com/observation-deck.aspx. Retrieved 6 January 2010. 
  27. ^ a b Landon Thomas Jr (2010-01-05). "Dubai's skyscraper has world's highest Mosque". http://www.ndtv.com/news/world/dubais_skyscraper_has_worlds_highest_mosque.php. Retrieved 2010-01-05. 
  28. ^ Adam Schreck (January 4, 2010). "Dubai opens half-mile-high tower, world's tallest". Associated Press & WTOP-FM. http://wtop.com/?nid=111&sid=1854403. Retrieved 2010-01-10. 
  29. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Burj Dubai Construction Timeline". BurjDubai.com. http://www.burjdubai.com/the-tower/construction.aspx. Retrieved 31 December 2009. 
  30. ^ Robinson, Paul (27 February 2003). "Grollo tower to go ahead, in Dubai". The Age. http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2003/02/26/1046064104215.html. Retrieved 6 January 2010. 
  31. ^ a b "Architect reveals Burj Dubai height". Arabian Business. 3 December 2008. http://www.arabianbusiness.com/540205-secret-of-burj-dubai-height-revealed. Retrieved 3 December 2008. 
  32. ^ Cityscape Daily NewsPDF (264 KB) Cityscape, 18 September 2005. Retrieved on 5 May 2006.
  33. ^ a b c "Emaar increases height of Burj Dubai; completion in September 2009". Emaar Properties. 17 June 2008. http://www.emaar.com/index.aspx?page=press-release-details&id=137. Retrieved 17 October 2008. 
  34. ^ Das Augustine, Babu (9 June 2008). "Burj Dubai completion delayed by another eight to nine months". Gulf News. http://archive.gulfnews.com/articles/08/06/09/10219878.html. Retrieved 21 June 2008. 
  35. ^ "Burj Dubai opening date announced". Homes Overseas. 31 July 2009. http://www.homesoverseas.co.uk/news/Burj_Dubai_opening_date_announced/12072-1002. Retrieved 1 August 2009. 
  36. ^ a b "Burj Dubai becomes tallest man-made structure". Hyder Consulting. http://www.hyderconsulting.com/EN/AboutUs/News/Pages/content.aspx?pageID=83. Retrieved 2010-01-10. 
  37. ^ "Hyder reinforces its reputation for unrivalled engineering ability with the opening of the Burj Khalifa — the world's tallest building". Hyder Consulting. http://www.hyderconsulting.com/EN/AboutUs/News/Pages/content.aspx?pageID=190. Retrieved 2010-01-10. 
  38. ^ "GHD is playing a vital role in managing the long-term structural integrity of the world’s tallest building, the Burj Dubai Tower.". GHD. http://www.ghd.com.au/aptrixpublishing.nsf/Content/BurjDubaiTower_prj. Retrieved 11 April 2009. 
  39. ^ "Burj Dubai Design Based on A Native Flower: Fact or Fiction?". Landmark Properties. http://www.burjofdubai.com/. Retrieved 31 December 2009. 
  40. ^ Saberi, Mahmood (19 April 2008). "Burj Dubai is the height of success". Gulf News. http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/uae/housing-property/burj-dubai-is-the-height-of-success-1.55605. Retrieved 31 December 2009. 
  41. ^ a b c d e f g "Structural Elements – Elevator, Spire, and More". BurjDubai.com. http://www.burjdubai.com/the-tower/structure.aspx. Retrieved 31 December 2009. 
  42. ^ "Burj Dubai will officially open for the UAE National Day". Dubai Chronicle. 29 July 2009. http://www.dubaichronicle.com/news/special-reports/burj-dubai-will-officially-open-for-the-uae-national-day-12755. Retrieved 9 January 2010. 
  43. ^ "Temperature and Elevation". United States Department of Energy. 21 May 2002. http://www.newton.dep.anl.gov/askasci/wea00/wea00131.htm. Retrieved 11 April 2009. 
  44. ^ "Armani Hotel Burj Dubai, United Arab Emirates". hotelmanagement-network.com. http://www.hotelmanagement-network.com/projects/Armani/. Retrieved 11 April 2009. 
  45. ^ "Worlds first Armani Hotel to open on March 18, 2010 in Dubai". EyeOfDubai.com. 4 January 2010. http://www.eyeofdubai.com/v1/news/newsdetail-37992.htm. Retrieved 8 January 2010. 
  46. ^ Sambidge, Andy (4 January 2010). "Burj Dubai's Armani hotel to open on Mar 18". Arabian Business. http://www.arabianbusiness.com/577810-burj-dubais-armani-hotel-to-open-on-mar-18. Retrieved 8 January 2010. 
  47. ^ http://www.eyeofdubai.com/v1/news/newsdetail-37982.htm
  48. ^ a b "Burj Dubai to welcome residents in Feb 2010". Business Standard. 1 January 2010. http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/burj-dubai-to-welcome-residents-in-feb-2010/82037/on. Retrieved 9 January 2010. 
  49. ^ "Burj Dubai To Welcome First Residents From February 2010 Onwards". DubaiCityGuide. 31 December 2009. http://www.dubaicityguide.com/site/news/news-details.asp?newsid=27511. Retrieved 9 January 2010. 
  50. ^ "Burj Dubai Facts And Figures". Burj of Dubai.com. http://www.burjofdubai.com/burj-dubai-facts-and-figures/. Retrieved 1 August 2009. 
  51. ^ "Signature Projects". Otis Worldwide. http://www.tallest-building-in-the-world.com/2008/08/19/under-construction/some-interesting-facts-on-the-burj-dubai-the-tallest-building-in-the-world-under-construction.htm. Retrieved 4 May 2009. 
  52. ^ http://www.constructionweekonline.com/article-7400-how-the-burj-was-built/5/
  53. ^ "Top 10 Burj Khalifa facts: Part 3". ContructionWeekOnline.com. http://www.constructionweekonline.com/article-7343-top-10-burj-khalifa-facts-part-3/2/. Retrieved 8 January 2010. 
  54. ^ "Burj Dubai Design work at Brash Brands". brashbrands.com. http://brashbrands.com/#/work/Burj_Dubai/. Retrieved 11 June 2009. 
  55. ^ "Burj Dubai Armani Residences Roadshow Brands". ida.us. http://ida.us/winners/zoom2.php?eid=9-2758-08&uid=#. Retrieved 11 June 2009. 
  56. ^ "A tall order: Burj Dubai all set to come clean". Gulf News. 25 August 2009. http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/uae/general/a-tall-order-burj-dubai-all-set-to-come-clean-1.546504. Retrieved 7 December 2009. 
  57. ^ a b Dobbin, Marika (5 January 2010). "So you think your windows are hard to keep clean?". The Age. http://www.theage.com.au/travel/so-you-think-your-windows-are-hard-to-keep-clean-20100104-lq5x.html. Retrieved 6 January 2010. 
  58. ^ "Emaar brings world-class water, light and music spectacle to Burj Dubai Lake". Emaar Properties. 9 June 2008. http://www.emaar.com/index.aspx?page=press-release-details&id=149. Retrieved 13 June 2008. 
  59. ^ "'Dubai Fountain' is winning name of Emaar's water spectacle in Downtown Burj Dubai". Emaar Properties. 26 October 2008. http://www.emaar.com/index.aspx?page=press-release-details&id=725. Retrieved 26 October 2008. 
  60. ^ "Burj Dubai Observation Deck Opens to The Public On Jan 5". Bayut.com. 4 January 2010. http://www.bayut.com/Property_News/uae_property_news/burj_dubai_observation_deck_opens_t-650.html. Retrieved 6 January 2010. 
  61. ^ "'At The Top' Observation Deck Ticket Information". Emaar Properties. http://www.burjkhalifa.ae/observation-deck/ticket-information.aspx. Retrieved 2010-02-09. 
  62. ^ "Emaar Says Burj Khalifa Observation Deck Closed for Maintenance". Bloomberg. February 8, 2010. http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-02-08/emaar-says-burj-khalifa-observation-deck-closed-for-maintenance.html. Retrieved 2010-02-09. 
  63. ^ "Terrifying lift ordeal at Burj Khalifa tower, the world’s tallest building". The Times. 2010-02-10. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/middle_east/article7021145.ece. Retrieved 2010-02-10. 
  64. ^ "Burj Khalifa to Reopen Feb. 14". Businessweek.com. 2010-02-10. http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-02-10/dubai-s-burj-khalifa-to-reopen-feb-14-after-viewing-deck-shuts.html. Retrieved 10 February 2010. 
  65. ^ "An 11-hectare green oasis envelops the foot of Burj Dubai". BurjDubai.com. 20 December 2009. http://www.burjdubai.com/news-media/11-hectare_green_oasis.aspx. Retrieved 10 January 2010. 
  66. ^ a b Baxter, Elsa (20 December 2009). "11-hectare park unveiled at Burj Dubai site". Arabian Business. http://www.arabianbusiness.com/576615-11-hectare-park-unveiled-at-burj-dubai-site. Retrieved 10 January 2010. 
  67. ^ "An 11-hectare green oasis envelops the foot of Burj Dubai". Emaar Properties. 20 December 2009. http://www.emaar.com/index.aspx?page=press-release-details&id=970. Retrieved 10 January 2010. 
  68. ^ "Samsung E&C Projects". Samsung Engineering & Construction. http://www.secc.co.kr/e_secc/introduction/history.html. Retrieved 23 March 2009. 
  69. ^ Puckett, Katie (3 October 2008). "Burj Dubai: Top of the world". Building. http://www.building.co.uk/story.asp?storycode=3123781. Retrieved 31 December 2009. 
  70. ^ a b c d e Whitaker, Brian (23 March 2006). "Riot by migrant workers halts construction of Dubai skyscraper". The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2006/mar/23/brianwhitaker.mainsection. Retrieved 25 March 2006. 
  71. ^ "Burj Dubai opens tomorrow, final height still a secret!". The Hindu. 3 January 2010. http://beta.thehindu.com/news/international/article74907.ece. Retrieved 6 January 2010. 
  72. ^ "Behind the Glamorous Facade of the Burj Khalifa". Migrant-Rights.org. 2010-01-04. http://www.migrant-rights.org/2010/01/04/behind-the-glamorous-facade-of-the-burj-khalifa/. Retrieved 2010-01-06. 
  73. ^ "Dubai skyscraper world's tallest". BBC News. 22 July 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6910536.stm. Retrieved 31 December 2009. 
  74. ^ "Burj Dubai:Unimix sets record for concrete pumping". Dubai News Online. 25 May 2007. http://dubaionline.mconet.biz/index.php?action=fullnews&id=319778&category=990&category_name=dubai_property_news. Retrieved 11 April 2009. 
  75. ^ "Burj Dubai Official Website". Emaar Properties. http://www.burjdubai.com. Retrieved 8 March 2008. 
  76. ^ "CN Tower dethroned by Dubai building". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 12 September 2007. http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2007/09/12/cntower-surpassed.html. Retrieved 13 September 2007. 
  77. ^ "Burj Dubai surpasses KVLY-TV mast to become the world's tallest man-made structure". Emaar Properties. 7 April 2008. http://www.emaar.com/index.aspx?page=press-release-details&id=213. Retrieved 7 April 2008. 
  78. ^ "Burj Dubai now a record 688m tall and continues to rise". Emaar Properties. 1 September 2008. http://www.emaar.com/index.aspx?page=press-release-details&id=83. Retrieved 1 September 2008. 
  79. ^ "Burj Dubai all set for 09/09/09 soft opening". Emirates Business 24. http://www.business24-7.ae/articles/2009/1/pages/01182009_63dc3a90c9a848219058be301f3f7ded.aspx. Retrieved 17 January 2009. 
  80. ^ "Burj Dubai exterior done, to open this year". Maktoob News. 1 October 2009. http://business.maktoob.com/20090000378742/Burj_Dubai_exterior_done_to_open_this_year/Article.htm. Retrieved 1 October 2009. 
  81. ^ "Inside the Burj Dubai". Maktoob News. 28 December 2009. http://business.maktoob.com/20090000412054/Inside_the_Burj_Dubai/Article.htm. Retrieved 10 January 2010. 
  82. ^ Huang, Carol (5 January 2010). "World's tallest building: What's it worth to have the Dubai tower – and what should people call it?". The Christian Science Monitor. http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Global-News/2010/0105/World-s-tallest-building-What-s-it-worth-to-have-the-Dubai-tower-and-what-should-people-call-it. Retrieved 6 January 2010. 
  83. ^ a b c d Sambidge, Andy (3 January 201). "Burj Dubai ceremony details revealed". Arabian Business. http://www.arabianbusiness.com/577720-burj-dubai-ceremony-details-revealed. Retrieved 5 January 2010. 
  84. ^ "Two billion to watch Burj Dubai opening". Maktoob Business. 3 January 2010. http://business.maktoob.com/20090000413858/Two_billion_to_watch_Burj_Dubai_opening/Article.htm. Retrieved 5 January 2010. 
  85. ^ Stack, Megan (13 October 2005). "In Dubai, the Sky's No Limit". Los Angeles Times. http://articles.latimes.com/2005/oct/13/world/fg-dubai13. Retrieved 26 March 2006. 
  86. ^ Jan Bednarz; Robin Schmidt, Andy Harvey, DMC, Hervé Le Gallou (2008). "World record BASE jump". Current Edge. Current TV. http://current.com/items/89546563_world-record-base-jump.htm. Retrieved 4 January 2010.  Video documentary about the BASE jump from the Burj Dubai tower.
  87. ^ Tom Spender (24 November 2008). "Daredevils jumped off Burj Dubai undetected". The National. http://www.thenational.ae/article/20081124/NATIONAL/625952895/-1/NEWS. Retrieved 4 January 2010. 
  88. ^ Highest base jump-Nasr Al Niyadi and Omar Al Hegelan sets world record Retrieved 2010-01-09
  89. ^ Mansfield, Roddy (8 January 2010). "Daredevils Jump Off World's Tallest Building". Sky News. http://news.sky.com/skynews/Home/World-News/Base-Jumpers-From-The-Burj-Khalifa-Dubai-Omar-Al-Hegelan-And-Nasser-Al-Neyadi-Set-New-Record/Article/201001115516376?lpos=World_News_Second_Home_Page_Article_Teaser_Region_3&lid=ARTICLE_15516376_Base_Jumpers_From_The_Burj_Khalifa_Dubai%3A_Omar_Al_Hegelan_And_Nasser_Al_Neyadi_Set_New_Record. Retrieved 8 January 2010. 

External links

Records
Preceded by
Warsaw Radio Mast
646.38 m (2,120.67 ft)		 World's tallest structure ever built
2008 – present		 Incumbent
Preceded by
KVLY-TV mast
628.8 m (2,063 ft)		 World's tallest structure
2008 – present
Preceded by
CN Tower
553.33 m (1,815.39 ft)		 World's tallest free-standing structure
2007 – present
Preceded by
Taipei 101
509.2 m (1,670.6 ft)		 World's tallest building
2009 – present
Preceded by
Willis Tower
108 floors		 Building with the most floors
2007 – present
Landmarks and attractions in Dubai

Al Bastakiya · Al Fahidi Fort · Bait Al Wakeel · Burj Al Arab · Burj Khalifa · Dubai Chamber of Commerce and Industry · Deira Clocktower · Deira Twin Towers · Dubai Gold Souk · Dubai Hyatt Regency · Dubai Spice Souk · Dubai World Trade Centre · Emirates Towers · Etisalat Tower 1 · Falcon Roundabout · Fish Roundabout · The Gate · Jumeirah Beach Hotel · Naif Square · National Bank of Dubai · Saeed Al Maktoum House  · Ski Dubai  · Wild Wadi
Supertall skyscrapers
See also Proposed supertall skyscrapers · List of architects of supertall buildings
Tallest buildings and structures in the world
Buildings
By region
By country
Other
Structures
(of any type)
By region
Other
Relevant architecture

Coordinates: 25°11′49.7″N 55°16′26.8″E / 25.197139°N 55.274111°E / 25.197139; 55.274111


Not to be confused with Bur Dubai.
Burj Dubai
[[File:|180px]]
Burj Dubai on 20 March 2009
Preceded by Taipei 101
Information
Status Topped-Out
Groundbreaking 21 September 2004
Estimated completion 2009[1]
Opening September 2009 (est.)[2]
Use Mixed Use
Height
Antenna/Spire 818 m (2,684 ft)[1]
Technical details
Floor count 160 habitable floors[3]
Floor area 334,000 m2 (3,595,100 sq ft)
Companies
Architect Skidmore, Owings and Merrill
Structural Engineer Bill Baker at SOM[5]
Contractor Turner
Samsung
Besix
Arabtec
Grocon[4]
Bauer AG[4]
Middle East Foundations[4]
Otis[4]
Lerch Bates[4]
Schmidlin[4]
Al Naboodah[4]
Laing O'Rourke[4]
Developer Emaar

Burj Dubai (Arabic: برج دبي‎ "Dubai Tower"), a supertall skyscraper under construction in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, is the tallest man-made structure ever built. Construction began on 21 September 2004, and the tower is expected to be completed and ready for occupancy by late September 2009.[1][2]

The building is part of the 2 km2 (0.8 sq mi) development called "Downtown Burj Dubai" at the "First Interchange" along Sheikh Zayed Road at Financial Centre Road (previously known as Doha Street). The tower's architect is Adrian Smith, who worked with Skidmore, Owings and Merrill (SOM) until 2006.[6][7] The Chicago-based architecture and engineering firm SOM is in charge of the project.[6] The primary builders are Samsung Engineering & Construction and Besix along with Arabtec.[8] Turner Construction Company was chosen as the construction manager.[9]

The total budget for the Burj Dubai project is about US$4.1 billion, and for the entire new "Downtown Dubai", US$20 billion.[10] Mohamed Ali Alabbar, the CEO of Emaar Properties, speaking at the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat 8th World Congress, said that the price of office space at Burj Dubai had reached US$4,000 per sq ft (over US$43,000 per m2) and that the Armani Residences, also in Burj Dubai, were selling for US$3,500 per sq ft (over US$37,500 per m2).[11]

Contents

Height

Timeline

  • 21 September 2004: Emaar contractors begin construction.
  • February 2007: Surpasses the Sears Tower as the building with the most floors.
  • 13 May 2007: Sets record for vertical concrete pumping on any building at 452 m (1,483 ft), surpassing the 449.2 m (1,474 ft) to which concrete was pumped during the construction of Taipei 101.[12]
  • 21 July 2007: Surpasses Taipei 101, whose height of 509.2 m (1,671 ft) made it the world’s tallest building.[13]
  • 12 August 2007: Surpasses the Sears Tower antenna, which stands 527.3 m (1,730 ft).
  • 3 September 2007: Becomes the second-tallest freestanding structure, surpassing the 540 m (1,772 ft) Ostankino Tower in Moscow.
  • 12 September 2007: At 555.3 m (1,822 ft), becomes the world's tallest freestanding structure, surpassing the CN Tower in Toronto.[14]
  • 7 April 2008: At 629 m (2,064 ft), surpasses the KVLY-TV Mast to become the tallest man-made structure.[15]
  • 17 June 2008: Emaar announces that Burj Dubai's height is over 636 m (2,087 ft) and that its final height will not be given until it is completed in September 2009.[2]
  • 1 September 2008: Height tops 688 m (2,257 ft), making it the tallest man-made structure ever built, surpassing the previous record-holder, the Warsaw Radio Mast in Konstantynów, Poland.[16]
  • 17 January 2009: Topped out at 818 m (2,684 ft).[17]

Current records

  • Tallest structure: 818 m (2,684 ft) (previously KVLY-TV mast - 628.8 m (2,063 ft))
  • Tallest freestanding structure: 818 m (2,684 ft) (previously CN Tower - 553.3 m (1,815 ft))
  • Building with most floors: 160 (previously Sears Tower / World Trade Center - 110)[18][3]
  • World's highest elevator installation[19]
  • Worlds fastest elevators at speed of 60 km/h or 16.7 m/s (55 ft/s)[19]
  • Highest vertical concrete pumping (for a building): 601 m (1,972 ft) (previously Taipei 101 - 449.2 m (1,474 ft))
  • Highest vertical concrete pumping (for any construction): 601 m (1,972 ft)[20] (previously Riva del Garda Hydroelectric Power Plant - 532 m (1,745 ft)[21])
  • First world's tallest structure in history that includes residential space.[1]

Note: Additional records for tallest skyscraper are considered unofficial. On 20 July 2007, the head of the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat (CTBUH), Antony Wood, said "We will not classify it as a building until it is complete, clad and at least partially open for business to avoid things like the Ryungyong [sic] project. Taipei 101 is thus officially the world's tallest until that happens."[22]

History of height increases

[[File:|right|thumb|Burj Dubai compared to some other well-known tall structures.]] [[File:|thumb|right|A visual comparison of Burj Dubai's (far right) height with that of surrounding buildings at dusk.]] Though unconfirmed, Burj Dubai has been rumoured to have undergone several planned height increases since its inception. Originally proposed as a virtual clone of the 560 m (1,837 ft) Grollo Tower proposal for Melbourne, Australia's Docklands waterfront development, the tower was redesigned with an original design by Skidmore, Owings and Merrill discussed below. Marshall Strabala, an SOM architect who worked on the project until 2006, recently said that Burj Dubai was designed to be 808 m (2,650 ft) tall.[23] However, contradictory information abounds regarding the official height of the building, and it will only acquire the title of world's tallest building upon completion in 2009.

The design architect, Adrian Smith, felt that the uppermost section of the building did not culminate elegantly with the rest of the structure, so he sought and received approval to increase it to the currently planned height. It has been explicitly stated that this change did not include any added floors, which is fitting with Smith's attempts to make the crown more slender.[24] However, the top of the tower has a steel frame structure, unlike the lower portion's reinforced concrete. The developer, Emaar, has stated this steel section may be extended to beat any other tower to the title of tallest.Template:Fact

Delay

Emaar Properties announced on 9 June 2008 that construction of Burj Dubai was delayed by upgraded finishes and will be completed only in September 2009.[2] An Emaar spokesperson said "The luxury finishes that were decided on in 2004, when the tower was initially conceptualized, is now being replaced by upgraded finishes. The design of the apartments has also been enhanced to make them more aesthetically attractive and functionally superior."[25]

Architecture and design

[[File:|thumb|right|Supertall cross-section comparisons.]] The tower is designed by Skidmore, Owings and Merrill, which also designed the Sears Tower in Chicago and 1 World Trade Center in New York City, among numerous other famous high-rises. The building resembles the bundled tube form of the Sears Tower, but is not a tube structure. Its design is reminiscent of Frank Lloyd Wright's vision for The Illinois, a mile high skyscraper designed for Chicago, Illinois.

According to Marshall Strabala, an SOM architect who worked on the building's design team, Burj Dubai was designed based on the 73-floor "Tower Palace Three", an all-residential building in Seoul, South Korea. In its early planning, Burj Dubai was intended to be entirely residential.[23]

Emaar Properties has also engaged GHD,[26] an international multidisciplinary consulting firm, to assist with the design, review and assessment involved in the construction process.

The design of Burj Dubai is derived from patterning systemsTemplate:Clarify me embodied in Islamic architecture, with the triple-lobed footprint of the building based on an abstracted version of the flower Hymenocallis.[3] The tower is composed of three elements arranged around a central core. As the tower rises from the flat desert base, setbacks occur at each element in an upward spiralling pattern, decreasing the cross section of the tower as it reaches toward the sky. There are 26 terraces in Burj Dubai. At the top, the central core emerges and is sculpted to form a finishing spire. A Y-shaped floor plan maximizes views of the Persian Gulf. Viewed from above or from the base, the form also evokes the onion domes of Islamic architecture. During the design process, engineers rotated the building 120 degrees from its original layout to reduce stress from prevailing winds. At its tallest point, the tower sways a total of 1.2 m (3.9 ft).[3]

The exterior cladding of Burj Dubai will consist of 142,000 m2 (1,528,000 sq ft) of reflective glazing, and aluminium and textured stainless steel spandrel panels with vertical tubular fins. The cladding system is designed to withstand Dubai's extreme summer temperatures. Additionally, at its projected height the exterior temperature at the top of the building will be 6 °C (11 °F) cooler than at its base.[27]

The interior will be decorated by Giorgio Armani. An Armani Hotel, the first of four by Armani, will occupy the lower 37 floors.[28] Floors 45 through 108 will have 700 private apartments on 64 floors (which, according to the developer, sold out within eight hours of being on the market). An outdoor zero-entry swimming pool will be located on the 78th floor of the tower. Corporate offices and suites will fill most of the remaining floors, except for a 123rd floor lobby and 124th floor (about 440 m (1,444 ft)) indoor/outdoor observation deck. The spire, itself over 200 m (700 ft) tall, will hold communications equipment.Template:Fact. Burj Dubai is expected to hold up to 35,000 people at any one time.[29] A total of 56 elevators will be installed, the fastest rising and descending at up to 10 m/s (33 ft/s).[30] Engineers had considered installing the world's first triple-deck elevators, but the final design calls for double-deck elevators.[1]

The graphic design identity work for the Burj Dubai is the responsibility of Brash Brands, who are based in Dubai. Design of the global launch events, communications, and visitors centers[31] for the Burj Dubai have also been created by Brash Brands as well as the roadshow exhibition for the Armani Residences, which are part of the Armani Hotel within the Burj Dubai, which toured Milan, London, Jeddah, Moscow and Delhi.[32]

Dubai Fountain

Outside, and at a cost of Dh 800 million (US$217 million), a record-setting fountain system is to be designed by WET Design, the California-based company responsible for the fountains at the Bellagio Hotel Lake in Las Vegas. Illuminated by 6,600 lights and 50 colored projectors, it will be 275 m (900 ft) long and will shoot water 150 m (490 ft) into the air, accompanied by a range of classical to contemporary Arabic and world music.[33] On 26 October 2008 Emaar announced that based on results of a naming contest the fountain would be called the Dubai Fountain.[34]

Construction

File:Burj Dubai Evolution.ogv
File:Burj dubai aerial
Burj Dubai aerial closeup in March 2008.

The tower is being constructed by a South Korean company, Samsung Engineering & Construction, which also built the Petronas Twin Towers and the Taipei 101.[35] Samsung Engineering & Construction is building the tower in a joint venture with Besix from Belgium and Arabtec from UAE. Turner is the Project Manager on the main construction contract.

The primary structural system of Burj Dubai is reinforced concrete. Over 45,000 m3 (58,900 cu yd) of concrete, weighing more than 110,000 tonnes (120,000 ST; 110,000 LT) were used to construct the concrete and steel foundation, which features 192 piles buried more than 50 m (164 ft) deep.[1] When completed, Burj Dubai's construction will have used 330,000 m3 (431,600 cu yd) of concrete and 39,000 tonnes (43,000 ST; 38,000 LT) of steel rebar, and construction will have taken 22 million man-hours.[6]

As construction of the tower progresses, it becomes increasingly difficult to vertically pump the thousands of cubic metres of concrete that are required. The previous record for pumping concrete on any project was set during the extension of the Riva del Garda Hydroelectric Power Plant in Italy in 1994, when concrete was pumped to a height of 532 m (1,745 ft). Burj Dubai exceeded this height on 19 August 2007, and as of 8 November 2007 concrete was pumped to a delivery height of 601 m (1,972 ft).[20]

Special mixes of concrete are made to withstand the extreme pressures of the massive weight of the tower; as is typical with reinforced concrete construction, each batch of concrete is tested and checked to see whether it can withstand certain pressures. The concrete pumps, pipelines and booms are provided by Putzmeister, of Aichtal, Germany.

The consistency of the concrete used in the project is essential. It was difficult to create a concrete that could withstand both the thousands of tonnes bearing down on it and Persian Gulf temperatures that can reach Template:Convert/C. To combat this problem, the concrete is not poured during the day. Instead, ice is added to the mixture and it is poured at night when it is cooler and the humidity is higher. A cooler concrete mixture cures evenly throughout and therefore is less likely to set too quickly and crack. Any significant cracks could put the whole project in jeopardy.

The unique design and engineering challenges of building Burj Dubai have been featured in a number of TV documentaries, including the Big, Bigger, Biggest series on the National Geographic and Five channels, and the Mega Builders series on the Discovery Channel.

Labour controversy

Further information: Human rights in the United Arab Emirates

Burj Dubai is being built primarily by immigrant engineers and workers from India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, China and the Philippines.[36] Press reports indicated in 2006 that skilled carpenters at the site earned UK£4.34 a day, and labourers earned UK£2.84.[36]

On 21 March 2006, about 2,500 workers upset over buses that were delayed for the end of their shifts rioted, damaging cars, offices, computers, and construction equipment.[36] A Dubai Interior Ministry official said the rioters caused almost UK£500,000 in damage.[36] Most of the workers involved in the riot returned the following day but refused to work.[36]

As of 17 June 2008 there are 7,500 skilled workers employed in the construction of Burj Dubai.[2]

Purpose

Burj Dubai has been designed to be the centerpiece of a large-scale, mixed-use development that will include 30,000 homes, nine hotels such as the Burj Dubai Lake Hotel & Serviced Apartments, 3 hectares (Template:Convert/LonAonSoffNa) of parkland, at least 19 residential towers, the Dubai Mall, and the 12-hectare (Template:Convert/LoffAonSonNa) man-made Burj Dubai Lake.

The building will return the title of Earth's tallest free-standing structure to the Middle East—a title not held by the region since 1311 when Lincoln Cathedral in England surpassed the height of the Great Pyramid of Giza, which had held the title for almost four millennia.

The decision to build Burj Dubai is reportedly based on the government's decision to diversify from a trade-based economy to one that is service- and tourism-oriented. According to officials, it is necessary for projects like Burj Dubai to be built in the city to garner more international recognition, and hence investment. "He [Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum] wanted to put Dubai on the map with something really sensational," said Jacqui Josephson, a tourism and VIP delegations executive at Nakheel Properties.[37]

Progression of the construction of Burj Dubai

Burj Dubai
4 December 2007
Burj Dubai in Skyline on 24 December
24 December 2007
Burj dubai 3.11.
11 March 2008
Burj Dubai
19 October 2008
2008-10-26
26 October 2008
Burj Dubai
4 January 2009
Burj Dubai
23 April 2009

See also

References

External links

Error creating thumbnail: sh: convert: command not found
 Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Burj Dubai

Template:Start box |- ! colspan="3" style="background: #FFF179;" |Records |- style="text-align: center;" |- style="text-align:center;" |width="30%" align="center" rowspan="1"|Preceded by
Warsaw Radio Mast
646.38 m (2,120.67 ft) |width="40%" style="text-align: center;" rowspan="1"|World's tallest structure ever built
2008 – present |width="30%" align="center" rowspan="1"| Succeeded by
Incumbent |- |- style="text-align: center;" |- style="text-align:center;" |width="30%" align="center" rowspan="1"|Preceded by
KVLY-TV mast
628.8 m (2,063 ft) |width="40%" style="text-align: center;" rowspan="1"|World's tallest structure
2008 – present |width="30%" align="center" rowspan="1"| Succeeded by
Incumbent |- |- style="text-align: center;" |- style="text-align:center;" |width="30%" align="center" rowspan="1"|Preceded by
CN Tower
553.33 m (1,815.39 ft) |width="40%" style="text-align: center;" rowspan="1"|World's tallest free-standing structure
2007 – present |width="30%" align="center" rowspan="1"| Succeeded by
Incumbent |- |- style="text-align: center;" |- style="text-align:center;" |width="30%" align="center" rowspan="1"|Preceded by
Taipei 101
509.2 m (1,670.6 ft) |width="40%" style="text-align: center;" rowspan="1"|World's tallest building architectural element
2007 – present |width="30%" align="center" rowspan="1"| Succeeded by
Incumbent |- Template:End box

[[Template:FULLPAGENAME: Future Dubai skyscrapers|v]] • [[{{TALKPAGENAME:Template:FULLPAGENAME: Future Dubai skyscrapers}}|d]] • [{{fullurl:Template:FULLPAGENAME: Future Dubai skyscrapers|action=edit}}e]
Future Dubai skyscrapers
Under construction
Burj Dubai · Pentominium · Burj Al Alam · DAMAC Heights · Princess Tower · Marina 101 · 23 Marina · Emirates Park Towers Hotel & Spa · Elite Residence · Lam Tara Towers · D1 · The Marina Torch · Infinity Tower · Al Yaquob Tower · The Index · HHHR Tower · Ocean Heights · Ahmed Abdul Rahim Al Attar Tower · Central Park Towers · I&M Tower · Dubai Pearl · Sulafa Tower · G-Tower · Mag 218 Tower · Acico Twin Towers · Marina Pinnacle · Khalid Al Attar Tower 2 · Vision Tower · Ubora Commercial Tower · Conrad Dubai · Metro Tower · Al Tayer Tower · Churchill Towers · Sama Tower · The Buildings by Daman · Rolex Tower · Anantara Towers · Tiara United Towers · Al Bateen Tower · Trident Grand Residence · Latifa Tower · Executive Towers · Grosvenor House The Residence · Concorde Tower · Platinum Tower · Dubai Jewel Tower · Jumeirah Bay · Sidra Tower · Dubai Tower · Tiffany Towers · Silver Star · The Bay Gate · Dubai Islamic Bank Tower · Jumeirah Al Khor Residence · Pier 8 · Iris Bay · Liberty House · Goldcrest Executive · Dubai Gate 1 · The Prism · AG Tower · AU Tower · Lake Point Tower · Swiss Tower · Goldcrest Views 2 · The Residences · Silverene · Dubai Arch Tower · Laguna Tower · Verde Residences and Offices
Approved
Proposed
See also
[[Template:FULLPAGENAME: Dubai landmarks|v]] • [[{{TALKPAGENAME:Template:FULLPAGENAME: Dubai landmarks}}|d]] • [{{fullurl:Template:FULLPAGENAME: Dubai landmarks|action=edit}}e]
Landmarks and attractions in Dubai

Al BastakiyaTemplate:·w Al Fahidi FortTemplate:·w Bait Al WakeelTemplate:·w Burj Al ArabTemplate:·w Dubai Chamber of Commerce and IndustryTemplate:·w Deira ClocktowerTemplate:·w Deira Twin TowersTemplate:·w Dubai Gold SoukTemplate:·w Dubai Hyatt RegencyTemplate:·w Dubai Spice SoukTemplate:·w Dubai World Trade CentreTemplate:·w Emirates TowersTemplate:·w Etisalat Tower 1Template:·w Falcon RoundaboutTemplate:·w Fish RoundaboutTemplate:·w The GateTemplate:·w Jumeirah Beach HotelTemplate:·w Naif SquareTemplate:·w National Bank of DubaiTemplate:·w Saeed Al Maktoum House Template:·wSki Dubai Template:·w Wild Wadi

[[Template:FULLPAGENAME: Supertall skyscrapers|v]] • [[{{TALKPAGENAME:Template:FULLPAGENAME: Supertall skyscrapers}}|d]] • [{{fullurl:Template:FULLPAGENAME: Supertall skyscrapers|action=edit}}e]
Supertall skyscrapers
Current
63 BuildingTemplate:· Aon CenterTemplate:· AT&T Corporate CenterTemplate:· Baiyoke Tower IITemplate:· Bank of America PlazaTemplate:· Bank of America TowerTemplate:· Bank of China TowerTemplate:· Burj Al ArabTemplate:· The CenterTemplate:· Central PlazaTemplate:· China World Trade Center Tower IIITemplate:· Chrysler BuildingTemplate:· CITIC PlazaTemplate:· Columbia CenterTemplate:·Emirates Office TowerTemplate:· Emirates Towers HotelTemplate:· Empire State BuildingTemplate:· Empire TowerTemplate:· Eureka TowerTemplate:· First Canadian Place Template:· International Finance CentreTemplate:· JPMorgan Chase TowerTemplate:· Jin Mao TowerTemplate:· John Hancock CenterTemplate:· Kingdom CentreTemplate:· Menara TelekomTemplate:· Minsheng Bank BuildingTemplate:· The New York Times BuildingTemplate:· Nina TowerTemplate:· One Island EastTemplate:· Petronas Twin TowersTemplate:· Q1Template:· Rose TowerTemplate:· Sears TowerTemplate:·Shanghai World Financial CenterTemplate:· Shimao International PlazaTemplate:· Shun Hing SquareTemplate:· Taipei 101Template:· The Address Downtown Burj DubaiTemplate:· Trump International Hotel and Tower (Chicago)Template:· Tuntex Sky TowerTemplate:· Two Prudential PlazaTemplate:· U.S. Bank TowerTemplate:· Wells Fargo Bank Plaza
Under
construction
1 World Trade CenterTemplate:· 23 MarinaTemplate:· 175 Greenwich StreetTemplate:· Abraj Al Bait TowersTemplate:· Ahmed Abdul Rahim Al Attar TowerTemplate:· Al Hamra TowerTemplate:· Al Yaquob TowerTemplate:· Almas TowerTemplate:· Arraya 2Template:· Burj DubaiTemplate:· Central Market ProjectTemplate:· China 117 TowerTemplate:· City Hall and City DumaTemplate:· DAMAC HeightsTemplate:· Dubai Towers DohaTemplate:· East Pacific Business CenterTemplate:· Elite ResidenceTemplate:· Emirates Park TowersTemplate:· EurasiaTemplate:· Faros del PanamáTemplate:·Federation TowerTemplate:· Gate of the OrientTemplate:· Gezhouba International PlazaTemplate:· Global Financial BuildingTemplate:· The Gramercy ResidencesTemplate:· Grand International MansionTemplate:· Guangzhou International Finance CenterTemplate:· HHHR TowerTemplate:· The IndexTemplate:· India TowerTemplate:· Infinity TowerTemplate:· International Commerce CentreTemplate:· Jakarta TowerTemplate:· Kingkey Finance Tower Template:· Lam Tara Towers Template:· The LandmarkTemplate:· Leatop PlazaTemplate:· Marina 101Template:· The Marina TorchTemplate:· Mercury City TowerTemplate:· Nanjing Greenland Financial CenterTemplate:· Northeast Asia Trade TowerTemplate:· Ocean HeightsTemplate:· Parc1 Tower ATemplate:·Pearl River TowerTemplate:· PentominiumTemplate:· Princess TowerTemplate:· Ryugyong HotelTemplate:· Shanghai TowerTemplate:· Shard London BridgeTemplate:· Shenyang International Finance CenterTemplate:· Sino-Steel TowerTemplate:· Sky TowerTemplate:· Square Capital TowerTemplate:·The Gramercy ResidencesTemplate:·Tianjin International Trade CentreTemplate:· The Tianjin TowerTemplate:· Torre Gran CostaneraTemplate:· Wenzhou World Trade Center Template:· The Wharf Times SquareTemplate:· White Magnolia Plaza
Former:
Construction
suspended:
See also:
[[Template:FULLPAGENAME: TBSW|v]] • [[{{TALKPAGENAME:Template:FULLPAGENAME: TBSW}}|d]] • [{{fullurl:Template:FULLPAGENAME: TBSW|action=edit}}e]
Tallest buildings and structures in the world
Buildings and structures
By countryTemplate:·All buildings and structuresTemplate:·Twin buildings and structures
AlgeriaTemplate:·AustraliaTemplate:·AustriaTemplate:·BahrainTemplate:·CanadaTemplate:·People's Republic of ChinaTemplate:·FranceTemplate:·HungaryTemplate:·IranTemplate:·IrelandTemplate:·IsraelTemplate:·JapanTemplate:·PortugalTemplate:·Sri Lanka
Buildings
100+ floorsTemplate:·400+ metresTemplate:·ChurchesTemplate:·EducationalTemplate:·HospitalsTemplate:·HotelsTemplate:·ResidentialTemplate:·History of tallest skyscrapers
AfricaTemplate:·EuropeTemplate:·European UnionTemplate:·South AmericaTemplate:·AustraliaTemplate:·BelgiumTemplate:·BrazilTemplate:·CanadaTemplate:·People's Republic of ChinaTemplate:·ColombiaTemplate:·CroatiaTemplate:·Czech RepublicTemplate:·FinlandTemplate:·FranceTemplate:·GermanyTemplate:·Hong KongTemplate:·IcelandTemplate:·IndiaTemplate:·IsraelTemplate:·LatviaTemplate:·LithuaniaTemplate:·Republic of MacedoniaTemplate:·MalaysiaTemplate:·MexicoTemplate:·NorwayTemplate:·PakistanTemplate:·PhilippinesTemplate:·PolandTemplate:·RomaniaTemplate:·Saudi ArabiaTemplate:·SerbiaTemplate:·SingaporeTemplate:·SloveniaTemplate:·SwedenTemplate:·TaiwanTemplate:·ThailandTemplate:·TurkeyTemplate:·United Arab EmiratesTemplate:·United KingdomTemplate:·United States
Structures
FreestandingTemplate:·TowersTemplate:·ChimneysTemplate:·Bridges
Commonwealth of NationsTemplate:·EuropeTemplate:·Middle EastTemplate:·former YugoslaviaTemplate:·BelgiumTemplate:·BulgariaTemplate:·Czech RepublicTemplate:·DenmarkTemplate:·FinlandTemplate:·GermanyTemplate:·HungaryTemplate:·IcelandTemplate:·IndiaTemplate:·ItalyTemplate:·LuxemburgTemplate:·NetherlandsTemplate:·NorwayTemplate:·PolandTemplate:·RomaniaTemplate:·SlovakiaTemplate:·former Soviet UnionTemplate:·South AmericaTemplate:·Southwest AsiaTemplate:·SpainTemplate:·SwedenTemplate:·SwitzerlandTemplate:·United KingdomTemplate:·United States
Relevant architecture

Coordinates: 25°11′49.7″N 55°16′26.8″E / 25.197139°N 55.274111°E / 25.197139; 55.274111

Retrieved from "http://yak.rapint.com/wiki/Burj_Dubai"







Got something to say? Make a comment.
Your name
Your email address
Message
Please enter the solution to case below
12+12=