From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| Carbon monoxide |
|
|
|
Carbon monooxide
Carbon monoxide
Carbon(II) oxide
|
other names
Carbonic oxide; Carbonyl
|
| Identifiers |
| CAS number |
630-08-0  Y |
| PubChem |
281 |
| ChemSpider |
275 |
| EC number |
211-128-3 |
| UN number |
1016 |
| ChEBI |
17245 |
| RTECS number |
FG3500000 |
| SMILES |
|
| InChI |
|
| InChI key |
UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYAT |
| Properties |
| Molecular formula |
CO |
| Molar mass |
28.010 g mol−1 |
| Appearance |
colourless, odorless gas |
| Density |
0.789 g mL−1, liquid
1.250 g L−1 at 0 °C, 1 atm
1.145 g L−1 at 25 °C, 1 atm |
| Melting point |
−205 °C, 68 K, -337 °F
|
| Boiling point |
−191.5 °C, 82 K, -313 °F
|
| Solubility in water |
0.0026 g/100 mL (20 °C) |
| Solubility |
soluble in chloroform, acetic acid, ethyl acetate, ethanol, ammonium hydroxide |
| Dipole moment |
0.112 D |
| Hazards |
| MSDS |
External MSDS |
| EU Index |
006-001-00-2 |
| EU classification |
Highly flammable (F+)
Repr. Cat. 1
Very toxic (T+) |
| R-phrases |
R61 R12 R26 R48/23 |
| S-phrases |
S53 S45 |
| NFPA 704 |
|
| Flash point |
−191 °C |
Autoignition
temperature |
609 °C |
| Related compounds |
| Related carbon oxides |
Carbon dioxide
Carbon suboxide
Oxocarbons |
| Supplementary data page |
Structure and
properties |
n, εr, etc. |
Thermodynamic
data |
Phase behaviour
Solid, liquid, gas |
| Spectral data |
UV, IR, NMR, MS |
 Y (what is this?) (verify)
Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa) |
| Infobox references |
.^ Nitric oxide/carbon monoxide.- Protocol for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Carbon MonoxidePoisoning 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.mcsrr.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Experimental human exposure to carbon monoxide .- Zen Backpacking Stoves - Carbon Monoxide Hazards 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC zenstoves.net [Source type: Academic]
^ Carbon monoxide poisoning is caused by inhaling carbon monoxide, a colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas produced by the incomplete burning of fuels.- Carbon Monoxide Poisoning - Providence Health & Services 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.providence.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Carbon Monoxide Poisoning - Revolution Health 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.revolutionhealth.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ The bond between carbon monoxide and hemoglobin is approximately 250 times stronger than the bond between oxygen and hemoglobin.- Carbon Monoxide Poisoning - Providence Health & Services 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.providence.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ This study was also conducted as a double- blind random trial with one day of breathing carbon monoxide and another day breathing compressed carbon monoxide-free air.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning change with different blood concentrations of carboxyhemoglobin (hemoglobin that has bonded with carbon monoxide instead of oxygen).- Carbon Monoxide Poisoning - Providence Health & Services 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.providence.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
It is the simplest
oxocarbon, and is an
anhydride of
formic acid.
[citation needed]
.^ If a person has symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning or if carbon monoxide poisoning is suspected, first get the person out of the polluted area, and then call 911 .- Carbon Monoxide Poisoning - Providence Health & Services 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.providence.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The effects of carbon monoxide exposure on complex learned behaviour have been studied by a number of investigator's.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Apparently, coordination, dexterity, steadiness, and tracking ability were not influenced by a carbon monoxide concentration which raised carboxyhaemoglobin to levels exceeding 20%.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
.^ FORSTER, R. E. (1970) Carbon monoxide and the partial pressure of oxygen in tissue.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Carbon monoxide (CO) is produced from the incomplete combustion or burning of any fuel.- Protocol for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Carbon MonoxidePoisoning 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.mcsrr.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Other CO sources include gas and oil furnaces, water and space heaters, ovens, wood and coal stoves, wood and coal fireplaces, gas-log inserts and explosives.- Protocol for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Carbon MonoxidePoisoning 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.mcsrr.org [Source type: Academic]
.^ Carbon monoxide (CO) is produced from the incomplete combustion or burning of any fuel.- Protocol for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Carbon MonoxidePoisoning 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.mcsrr.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Carbon monoxide is produced in measurable quantities in man and animals as a by-product of haem catabolism.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
^ ZORN, H. (1968) [Carbon dioxide-oxygen mixture or pure oxygen for respiration in the case of carbon monoxide intoxication.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
[1] .^ Faulty domestic cooking and heating appliances may be important sources that are often overlooked.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Smelting of iron ore, gas production works, gasworks and coke ovens, distribution and use of both natural gas and coal gas, automobile manufacturing, garages, and service stations are among the most important sources for occupational exposure to carbon monoxide (Ministry of Labour, 1965).- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Douze (1971) presented information on the incidence of carbon monoxide poisoning due to the use of natural gas heaters in Utrecht.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
.^ LJUBLINA, E. I. (1960) [Shifts in some physiological functions of the animal on subacute and chronic exposure to carbon monoxide.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
^ COMMITTEE ON THE CHALLENGES OF MODERN SOCIETY (1972) Air pollution: Air quality criteria for carbon monoxide, No.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Carbon monoxide is produced in measurable quantities in man and animals as a by-product of haem catabolism.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
[citation needed]
History
.^ Annual average concentrations of carbon monoxide are not of much value for assessing human exposure, although they do provide an indication of the long-term trends.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
^ The possible interaction of carbon monoxide and other constituents of smoke that may occur in the lungs and other tissues and so induce pathological changes remains to be elucidated since the basic chemistry has not been adequately defined.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
^ In addition to the 8-h averages, carbon monoxide concentrations are also reported in terms of other averaging times and frequency distributions.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
. The gas was used for executions by the
Greek and
Romans in
Classical Antiquity,
[2] and was described by the
Spanish doctor
Arnaldus de Villa Nova in the 11th century
[citation needed].
^ CO than white or unleaded gas when used in a Sigg Fire Jet for 2 hours.- Zen Backpacking Stoves - Carbon Monoxide Hazards 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC zenstoves.net [Source type: Academic]
^ They also may be used to determine what other treatment is needed.- Carbon Monoxide Poisoning - Providence Health & Services 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.providence.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Carbon Monoxide Poisoning - Revolution Health 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.revolutionhealth.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ On average, kerosene has much larger molecules than white gas or unleaded gas, which may lead to incomplete breakdown of its hydrocarbons and lead to incomplete combustion.- Zen Backpacking Stoves - Carbon Monoxide Hazards 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC zenstoves.net [Source type: Academic]
.^ The more a flame is disrupted, the more CO is produced.- Zen Backpacking Stoves - Carbon Monoxide Hazards 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC zenstoves.net [Source type: Academic]
^ Carbon monoxide is a chemical produced from the incomplete burning of natural gas or other products containing carbon.- Carbon Monoxide | LIVESTRONG.COM 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.livestrong.com [Source type: General]
^ So relatively speaking to the effects of CO production, using a stove to heat a tent is far less dangerous than using it to melt snow or cook with.- Zen Backpacking Stoves - Carbon Monoxide Hazards 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC zenstoves.net [Source type: Academic]
[citation needed] The gas was identified as a compound containing
carbon and
oxygen by the Scottish chemist
William Cumberland Cruikshank in the year 1800. Its toxic properties on dogs were thoroughly investigated by
Claude Bernard around 1846.
.^ BORST, J. R. (1970) Acute and chronic carbon monoxide poisoning in private motor-cars and lorries.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
^ By far the most important source of carbon monoxide at breathing level is the exhaust of petrol-powered motor vehicles.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
^ The tremendous increase in the number and use of motor vehicles during the past 30 years has been accompanied by a rapid increase in carbon monoxide emissions.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
.^ Cars, fireplaces, powerboats, woodstoves, kerosene space heaters, charcoal grills, and gas appliances such as water heaters, ovens, and dryers all produce carbon monoxide.- Carbon Monoxide Poisoning - Revolution Health 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.revolutionhealth.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Carbon monoxide is a gas produced by burning any type of fuel—gas, oil, kerosene, wood, or charcoal.- Carbon Monoxide Poisoning - Revolution Health 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.revolutionhealth.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Zhuo M, Scott AS, Kandel RR and Hawkins RD. Nitric oxide and carbon monoxide produce activity-dependent long-term synaptic enhancement in hippocampus.- Protocol for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Carbon MonoxidePoisoning 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.mcsrr.org [Source type: Academic]
. The carbon monoxide produced by this process is known as
wood gas.
^ Other CO sources include gas and oil furnaces, water and space heaters, ovens, wood and coal stoves, wood and coal fireplaces, gas-log inserts and explosives.- Protocol for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Carbon MonoxidePoisoning 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.mcsrr.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Carbon monoxide is produced in measurable quantities in man and animals as a by-product of haem catabolism.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Carbon monoxide may enter the compartment from faulty or damaged exhaust systems or from the surrounding air, in road traffic.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
.^ MILLS, E. & EDWARDS, M. W., JR (1968) Stimulation of aortic and carotid chemoreceptors during carbon monoxide inhalation.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
^ LJUBLINA, E. I. (1960) [Shifts in some physiological functions of the animal on subacute and chronic exposure to carbon monoxide.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Carboxyhaemoglobin levels, which showed considerable variation during the experimental period, ranged from 2.0 to 5.5% and 4.8 to 10.2% for low and high carbon monoxide ambient concentrations, respectively.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
[citation needed]
Molecular properties
.^ Symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning change with different blood concentrations of carboxyhemoglobin (hemoglobin that has bonded with carbon monoxide instead of oxygen).- Carbon Monoxide Poisoning - Revolution Health 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.revolutionhealth.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[3] .^ Results with all levels of carbon monoxide exposure were negative, in marked contrast to the previous data despite an estimated carboxyhaemoglobin level of approximately 9% at the end of the 115 mg/m 3 exposure.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
[4] .^ Carbon monoxide binds to hemoglobin approximately 250 times more strongly than oxygen binds to hemoglobin.- Carbon Monoxide Poisoning - Revolution Health 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.revolutionhealth.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Since our lungs are designed to utilize the gradient created by the greater oxygen pressures outside of our body than inside, a drop in inhaled oxygen pressures has a detrimental affect on how much oxygen gets in to our blood and to our tissues.- Zen Backpacking Stoves - Carbon Monoxide Hazards 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC zenstoves.net [Source type: Academic]
^ The bond between carbon monoxide and hemoglobin is approximately 250 times stronger than the bond between oxygen and hemoglobin.- Carbon Monoxide Poisoning - Providence Health & Services 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.providence.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Evidence of a myocardosis was found in 18% of Japanese farmers chronically exposed to a mean carbon monoxide concentration of 80 mg/m 3 (70 ppm), (Komatsu, 1959).- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
.^ However, of much greater importance is the effect of carbon monoxide on the ischaemic myocardium which is especially vulnerable to additional hypoxia.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
^ More recently, a great deal of attention has been paid to the effects, demonstrable or suspected, of exposure to concentrations much lower than those that cause definite poisoning.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
.^ Elimination of carbon monoxide through the lungs also occurs during this phase.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
^ ZORN, H. (1968) [Carbon dioxide-oxygen mixture or pure oxygen for respiration in the case of carbon monoxide intoxication.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
^ ZORN, H. (1972) The partial oxygen pressure in the brain and liver at subtoxic concentrations of carbon monoxide.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
The bond length of CO is consistent with a partial triple bond, and the molecule can be represented by three resonance structures:
In this model, the leftmost structure contributes the most.
.^ Because of this, carbon monoxide poisoning can range from mild to severe in different people with the same level of exposure.- Carbon Monoxide Poisoning - Providence Health & Services 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.providence.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Carbon Monoxide Poisoning - Revolution Health 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.revolutionhealth.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Background levels of carbon monoxide are influenced by the origin of the air masses and vertical distributions of carbon monoxide have been reported by Seiler & Junge (1969, 1970).- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
^ The same factors that determine how much carbon monoxide is taken up by the blood should apply in reverse when clearance of carbon monoxide from blood is considered.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
Their physical properties (boiling point, melting point, etc.) are very similar.
[citation needed]Biological and physiological properties
Toxicity
.^ Can carbon monoxide poisoning be prevented?- Carbon Monoxide Poisoning - Providence Health & Services 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.providence.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Carbon Monoxide Poisoning - Revolution Health 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.revolutionhealth.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Who is at risk for carbon monoxide poisoning?- Carbon Monoxide Poisoning - Providence Health & Services 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.providence.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Carbon Monoxide Poisoning - Revolution Health 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.revolutionhealth.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ What is carbon monoxide poisoning?- Carbon Monoxide Poisoning - Providence Health & Services 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.providence.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Carbon Monoxide Poisoning - Revolution Health 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.revolutionhealth.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[5] .^ Carbon monoxide poisoning is caused by inhaling carbon monoxide, a colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas produced by the incomplete burning of fuels.- Carbon Monoxide Poisoning - Revolution Health 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.revolutionhealth.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ As for the combined effects of carbon monoxide and temperature, Tiunov & Kustov (1969) showed clearly that carbon monoxide toxicity in mice increased at temperatures above or below normal ambient levels.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
^ The potential toxicity of carbon monoxide present in transfused blood has received little attention.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
.^ This drastically impairs the amount of oxygen that is delivered to your tissues and brain.- Zen Backpacking Stoves - Carbon Monoxide Hazards 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC zenstoves.net [Source type: Academic]
^ When CO binds to an oxygen binding site on hemoglobin it changes the shape of the other three oxygen binding sites on that protein, which makes it very difficult for oxygen to attach to it and to off-load oxygen to peripheral tissues.- Zen Backpacking Stoves - Carbon Monoxide Hazards 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC zenstoves.net [Source type: Academic]
^ Symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning change with different blood concentrations of carboxyhemoglobin (hemoglobin that has bonded with carbon monoxide instead of oxygen).- Carbon Monoxide Poisoning - Revolution Health 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.revolutionhealth.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
This condition is known as anoxemia.
.^ Stupfel & Bouley (1970) exposed mice and rats for 95 h per week to a carbon monoxide concentration of 57 mg/m 3 (50 ppm) for either 1 to 3 months or for their natural life expectancy of up to 2 years.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
^ This chart is a bit misleading since it appears that the CO concentrations that you are likely to experience in a tent (up to 600 ppm) will only cause nausea and headaches.- Zen Backpacking Stoves - Carbon Monoxide Hazards 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC zenstoves.net [Source type: Academic]
^ However, maximum 8-h mean concentrations of up to 60 mg/m 3 (53 ppm) have occasionally been recorded.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
. In the United States, the
OSHA limits long-term workplace exposure levels above 50 ppm.
^ Annual average concentrations of carbon monoxide are not of much value for assessing human exposure, although they do provide an indication of the long-term trends.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
^ The maximum amount of CO allowable in the work area (for short term exposure) is generally between 100-200 ppm, again dependant on regulating agency.- Zen Backpacking Stoves - Carbon Monoxide Hazards 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC zenstoves.net [Source type: Academic]
^ They then breathed air containing 57 or 115 mg/m 3 (50 or 100 ppm) intermittently while resting for a period of 4 h, raising their carboxyhaemoglobin levels to 2.9% and 4.5% respectively.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
[6]
.^ Jalukar V, Penney DG, Crowley M, Simpson N. Magnetic resonance imaging of the rat brain following acute carbon monoxide poisoning.- Protocol for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Carbon MonoxidePoisoning 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.mcsrr.org [Source type: Academic]
^ BORST, J. R. (1970) Acute and chronic carbon monoxide poisoning in private motor-cars and lorries.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Carbon monoxide may enter the compartment from faulty or damaged exhaust systems or from the surrounding air, in road traffic.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
Infants may be irritable and feed poorly.
.^ Headache with rapid heartbeat, confusion, lethargy, visual disturbances.- Zen Backpacking Stoves - Carbon Monoxide Hazards 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC zenstoves.net [Source type: Academic]
[2]
.^ The rate of diffusion from the alveoli and the binding of carbon monoxide with the blood haemoglobin are the steps limiting the rate of uptake into the blood.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Jalukar V, Penney DG, Crowley M, Simpson N. Magnetic resonance imaging of the rat brain following acute carbon monoxide poisoning.- Protocol for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Carbon MonoxidePoisoning 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.mcsrr.org [Source type: Academic]
^ LJUBLINA, E. I. (1960) [Shifts in some physiological functions of the animal on subacute and chronic exposure to carbon monoxide.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
[7]. In most clinical diagnoses these signs are seldom seen.
[2]
.^ Carbon monoxide also combines reversibly with myoglobin and cytochromes, including P-450.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Suppl 1:S11-2:S11-S12 Miro O, Casademont J, Barrientos A, Urbano-Marquez A, and Cardellach F. Mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase inhibition during acute carbon monoxide poisoning.- Protocol for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Carbon MonoxidePoisoning 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.mcsrr.org [Source type: Academic]
^ To make matters worse, about 10-15% of the CO in your body will bind to other molecules in your body such as myoglobin, cytochromes, and NADPH reductase.- Zen Backpacking Stoves - Carbon Monoxide Hazards 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC zenstoves.net [Source type: Academic]
.^ Kelp may be a significant source of carbon monoxide.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
^ With reference to effects on the heart, central nervous system and fetus.- Zen Backpacking Stoves - Carbon Monoxide Hazards 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC zenstoves.net [Source type: Academic]
^ Carbon monoxide exposure in mountaineers on Denali .- Zen Backpacking Stoves - Carbon Monoxide Hazards 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC zenstoves.net [Source type: Academic]
.^ RAMSEY, J. M. (1973) Effects of single exposures of carbon monoxide on sensory and psychomotor response.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Kirkham AJ, Guyatt AR, Cumming G. Alveolar carbon monoxide: a comparison of methods of measurement and a study of the effect of change in body posture.- Protocol for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Carbon MonoxidePoisoning 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.mcsrr.org [Source type: Academic]
^ RUMMO, N. & SARLANIS, K. (1974) The effect of carbon monoxide on several measures of vigilance in a simulated driving task.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
[citation needed]
Normal human physiology
.^ Carbon monoxide is produced in measurable quantities in man and animals as a by-product of haem catabolism.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Annual average concentrations of carbon monoxide are not of much value for assessing human exposure, although they do provide an indication of the long-term trends.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
^ It would appear that the moving average approach offers some advantages in that it approximates the human body's integrating response to cumulative carbon monoxide exposure.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
.^ The potential toxicity of carbon monoxide present in transfused blood has received little attention.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Nielsen (1971) found that exercising subjects developed higher internal body temperatures in the presence of carbon monoxide than in its absence.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
^ It should be noted that the post partum (24 h) female may be producing 3 times as much carbon monoxide as a near term nonsmoking pregnant woman.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
[9] .^ Prabhakar NR, Dinerman JL, Agani FH, Snyder SH. Carbon monoxide: a role in carotid body chemoreception.- Protocol for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Carbon MonoxidePoisoning 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.mcsrr.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Kirkham AJ, Guyatt AR, Cumming G. Alveolar carbon monoxide: a comparison of methods of measurement and a study of the effect of change in body posture.- Protocol for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Carbon MonoxidePoisoning 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.mcsrr.org [Source type: Academic]
^ In patients with haemolytic anaemia and sickle cell disease (Engel et al., 1971), the rate of endogenous carbon monoxide production from haemoglobin catabolism is increased.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
[9]
Microbiology
.^ Carboxyhaemoglobin levels, which showed considerable variation during the experimental period, ranged from 2.0 to 5.5% and 4.8 to 10.2% for low and high carbon monoxide ambient concentrations, respectively.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
^ They found consistent carbon monoxide concentrations of 0.15 mg/m 3 (0.13 ppm) at an altitude of 10 km in both northern and southern hemispheres.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
^ The following immission standards have been established for carbon monoxide: Long-term exposure (IW 1): 10.0 mg/m 3 (9 ppm).- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
This is the theme for the emerging field of
bioorganometallic chemistry.
.^ Carbon monoxide produces effects that aggravate the oxygen deficiency present at high altitudes.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
^ It has been reported that some plant species can remove carbon monoxide from the atmosphere by oxidation to carbon dioxide or by conversion to methane (Bidwell & Fraser, 1972).- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
^ It should be noted that the post partum (24 h) female may be producing 3 times as much carbon monoxide as a near term nonsmoking pregnant woman.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
[11]
.^ Maines M. Carbon monoxide and nitric oxide homology: differential modulation of heme oxygenases in brain and detection of protein and activity.- Protocol for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Carbon MonoxidePoisoning 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.mcsrr.org [Source type: Academic]
[12] The scope of its biological role is still unknown; it may be part of a signaling pathway in bacteria and archaea. Its occurrence in mammals is not established.
Occurrence
.^ Exposure to various levels of carbon monoxide resulted in hypertrophy of both the fight and left ventricles in contrast with the right ventricle hypertrophy observed in response to the hypoxic hypoxia stress.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
^ With prolonged exposure, these metabolic effects became less pronounced and reverted to normal more quickly following removal from the carbon monoxide environment.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Various populations in various places should be studied properly to assess the magnitude of the problem posed by carbon monoxide in the air of towns, houses, and workplaces.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
Typical concentrations in
parts per million are as follows:
| Concentration |
Source |
| 0.1 ppm |
Natural atmosphere level (MOPITT)[13] |
| 0.5 to 5 ppm |
Average level in homes[14] |
| 5 to 15 ppm |
Near properly adjusted gas stoves in homes[15] |
| 100 to 200 ppm |
Exhaust from automobiles in the Mexico City central area[16] |
| 5,000 ppm |
Exhaust from a home wood fire[17] |
| 7,000 ppm |
Undiluted warm car exhaust without a catalytic converter[15] |
Atmospheric presence
MOPITT 2000 global carbon monoxide.
.^ Endogenous carbon monoxide production 6.2.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Sources of environmental pollution At present, the significance of natural sources of carbon monoxide for man is uncertain.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Several estimates of the production of carbon monoxide by atmospheric reactions have been made.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
. The burning of
fossil fuels also contributes to carbon monoxide production.
^ Endogenous carbon monoxide production 6.2.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
^ WHITE, P. (1970) Carbon monoxide production and heme catabolism.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Carbon monoxide (CO) is produced from the incomplete combustion or burning of any fuel.- Protocol for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Carbon MonoxidePoisoning 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.mcsrr.org [Source type: Academic]
.^ Carbon monoxide produces effects that aggravate the oxygen deficiency present at high altitudes.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
^ The decrement in V o2 max that occurred as a consequence of working in a hot environment was greater than the changes observed while breathing carbon monoxide.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Carboxyhaemoglobin levels, which showed considerable variation during the experimental period, ranged from 2.0 to 5.5% and 4.8 to 10.2% for low and high carbon monoxide ambient concentrations, respectively.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
. Because natural sources of carbon monoxide are so variable from year to year, it is extremely difficult to accurately measure natural emissions of the gas.
^ Exposure to various levels of carbon monoxide resulted in hypertrophy of both the fight and left ventricles in contrast with the right ventricle hypertrophy observed in response to the hypoxic hypoxia stress.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Kirkham AJ, Guyatt AR, Cumming G. Alveolar carbon monoxide: a comparison of methods of measurement and a study of the effect of change in body posture.- Protocol for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Carbon MonoxidePoisoning 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.mcsrr.org [Source type: Academic]
^ When Blackmore (1974) analysed the cause of aircraft accidents in Britain, he found that carboxyhaemoglobin levels provided valuable information in relation to altitude and sources of carbon monoxide.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
.^ Several estimates of the production of carbon monoxide by atmospheric reactions have been made.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Calvert (1973) suggested several possible reactions of carbon monoxide with other pollutants also involving the hydroxyl radical and Westberg et al.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
^ The carbon monoxide produced at the earth's surface migrates by diffusion and eddy currents to the troposphere and stratosphere where it is oxidized to carbon dioxide (CO 2 by the hydroxyl (OH) radical.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
[citation needed] .^ It has been reported that some plant species can remove carbon monoxide from the atmosphere by oxidation to carbon dioxide or by conversion to methane (Bidwell & Fraser, 1972).- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Some carbon monoxide is also formed in the upper atmosphere (above 75 km) by the photo-dissociation of carbon dioxide (Altshuller & Bufallini, 1965; Bates & Witherspoon, 1952).- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Carbon Monoxide is generated through incomplete combustion of fuel such as natural gas, propane, heating oil, kerosene, coal, and charcoal, gasoline or wood. .- carbon_monoxide.htm 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.nadi.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Living with carbon monoxide poisoning: .- Carbon Monoxide Poisoning - Providence Health & Services 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.providence.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Carbon Monoxide Poisoning - Revolution Health 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.revolutionhealth.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Detects both smoke and carbon monoxide.- Carbon monoxide detectors Home Safety & Security - PriceGrabber.com 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC appliances.pricegrabber.com [Source type: General]
- Carbon monoxide detector Home Safety & Security - PriceGrabber.com 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC appliances.pricegrabber.com [Source type: General]
^ Breathing air that contains as little as 0.1% carbon monoxide by volume can be fatal; a concentration of about 1% can cause death within a few minutes.- carbon monoxide Facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about carbon monoxide 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Academic]
[citation needed]
Urban pollution
.^ LJUBLINA, E. I. (1960) [Shifts in some physiological functions of the animal on subacute and chronic exposure to carbon monoxide.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
^ COMMITTEE ON THE CHALLENGES OF MODERN SOCIETY (1972) Air pollution: Air quality criteria for carbon monoxide, No.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Carbon monoxide may enter the compartment from faulty or damaged exhaust systems or from the surrounding air, in road traffic.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
), but also from improper burning of various other fuels (including wood, coal, charcoal, oil, paraffin, propane, natural gas, and trash). Along with
aldehydes, it reacts photochemically to produce
peroxy radicals.
.^ Carbon monoxide reduces the amount of oxygen available to the myocardium at the time when the work of the heart has been increased by the absorption of nicotine.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
^ (NO) to nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) and the rate of ozone formation.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
[citation needed]
Indoor pollution
.^ Exposure to various levels of carbon monoxide resulted in hypertrophy of both the fight and left ventricles in contrast with the right ventricle hypertrophy observed in response to the hypoxic hypoxia stress.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
^ When Blackmore (1974) analysed the cause of aircraft accidents in Britain, he found that carboxyhaemoglobin levels provided valuable information in relation to altitude and sources of carbon monoxide.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Annual average concentrations of carbon monoxide are not of much value for assessing human exposure, although they do provide an indication of the long-term trends.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
.^ Endogenous carbon monoxide production 6.2.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Carbon monoxide is produced in measurable quantities in man and animals as a by-product of haem catabolism.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Annual average concentrations of carbon monoxide are not of much value for assessing human exposure, although they do provide an indication of the long-term trends.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
[18] .^ Other CO sources include gas and oil furnaces, water and space heaters, ovens, wood and coal stoves, wood and coal fireplaces, gas-log inserts and explosives.- Protocol for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Carbon MonoxidePoisoning 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.mcsrr.org [Source type: Academic]
.^ Exposure to various levels of carbon monoxide resulted in hypertrophy of both the fight and left ventricles in contrast with the right ventricle hypertrophy observed in response to the hypoxic hypoxia stress.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Jalukar V, Penney DG, Crowley M, Simpson N. Magnetic resonance imaging of the rat brain following acute carbon monoxide poisoning.- Protocol for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Carbon MonoxidePoisoning 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.mcsrr.org [Source type: Academic]
^ When Blackmore (1974) analysed the cause of aircraft accidents in Britain, he found that carboxyhaemoglobin levels provided valuable information in relation to altitude and sources of carbon monoxide.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
[18] Forty-seven of these deaths were known to have occurred during power outages due to severe weather, including
Hurricane Katrina.
[18] .^ Endogenous carbon monoxide production 6.2.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Carbon monoxide produces effects that aggravate the oxygen deficiency present at high altitudes.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Exposure to various levels of carbon monoxide resulted in hypertrophy of both the fight and left ventricles in contrast with the right ventricle hypertrophy observed in response to the hypoxic hypoxia stress.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
.^ Several estimates of the production of carbon monoxide by atmospheric reactions have been made.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
^ PANKOW, D. & PONSOLD, W. (1972) Leucine aminopeptidase activity in plasma of normal and carbon monoxide poisoned rats.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Jalukar V, Penney DG, Crowley M, Simpson N. Magnetic resonance imaging of the rat brain following acute carbon monoxide poisoning.- Protocol for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Carbon MonoxidePoisoning 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.mcsrr.org [Source type: Academic]
[20]
.^ The possible interaction of carbon monoxide and other constituents of smoke that may occur in the lungs and other tissues and so induce pathological changes remains to be elucidated since the basic chemistry has not been adequately defined.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Rylander (1974) also concluded that carbon monoxide exposure through passive smoking was negligible and that adverse effects upon health would not be expected.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
^ WAKEHAM, H. R. R. (1976) Environmental carbon monoxide from cigarette smoking, Sixth International Tobacco Scientific Congress, Tokyo, Japan, November 18, 1976, 17 pp.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
Many workplaces implement policies to manage smoking activities, which are often ignored.
[21]
Production
.^ Endogenous carbon monoxide production 6.2.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Kirkham AJ, Guyatt AR, Cumming G. Alveolar carbon monoxide: a comparison of methods of measurement and a study of the effect of change in body posture.- Protocol for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Carbon MonoxidePoisoning 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.mcsrr.org [Source type: Academic]
^ In patients with haemolytic anaemia and sickle cell disease (Engel et al., 1971), the rate of endogenous carbon monoxide production from haemoglobin catabolism is increased.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
[22]
Laboratory preparation
.^ Carbon monoxide produces effects that aggravate the oxygen deficiency present at high altitudes.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Carbon monoxide is produced in measurable quantities in man and animals as a by-product of haem catabolism.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Improperly regulated space heaters in such premises could also produce high concentrations of carbon monoxide.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
Another method is heating an intimate mixture of powdered
zinc metal and
calcium carbonate, which releases CO and leaves behind
zinc oxide and
calcium oxide:
- Zn + CaCO3 → ZnO + CaO + CO
Industrial production
.^ Carbon monoxide (CO) is produced from the incomplete combustion or burning of any fuel.- Protocol for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Carbon MonoxidePoisoning 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.mcsrr.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Other CO sources include gas and oil furnaces, water and space heaters, ovens, wood and coal stoves, wood and coal fireplaces, gas-log inserts and explosives.- Protocol for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Carbon MonoxidePoisoning 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.mcsrr.org [Source type: Academic]
^ The combustion of fossil fuels in electric generating plants, industries, and the home, while resulting in the emission of smaller quantities of carbon monoxide individually, may constitute a major source when combined.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
.^ It is then catalytically reduced to methane and passed through a flame ionization detector, the output signal of which is proportional to the carbon monoxide concentration in the air sample.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
.^ There is a tendency to forget that the reaction between haemoglobin and carbon monoxide is reversible and that, in a given environment, a subject may acquire carbon monoxide, excrete it, or remain in equilibrium with the ambient air depending on the carbon monoxide concentration and the initial level of carboxyhaemoglobin in the individual.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Endogenous production The normal breakdown in the body of blood pigments produces carbon monoxide to give endogenous carboxyhaemoglobin values of 0.1-1.0% and normal blood is in equilibrium with carbon monoxide levels in air of roughly 5 mg/m 3 (4.3 ppm).- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
^ The carbon monoxide produced at the earth's surface migrates by diffusion and eddy currents to the troposphere and stratosphere where it is oxidized to carbon dioxide (CO 2 by the hydroxyl (OH) radical.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
Above 800 °C, CO is the predominant product:
- O2 + 2 C → 2 CO (ΔH = −221 kJ/mol)
Another source is "
water gas", a mixture of
hydrogen and carbon monoxide produced via the endothermic reaction of
steam and carbon:
- H2O + C → H2 + CO (ΔH = +131 kJ/mol)
.^ Among other natural sources of carbon monoxide are forest and grass fires, volcanoes, marsh gases, and electric storms.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
^ The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers' products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
Carbon monoxide is also is a byproduct of the reduction of metal oxide ores with carbon, shown in a simplified form as follows:
- MO + C → M + CO
.^ Carbon monoxide (CO) is an odorless, colorless gas often formed in the process of incomplete combustion of organic substances, including fuels.- Carbon Monoxide (CO) Poisoning in Your Home - EH: Minnesota Department of Health 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.health.state.mn.us [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ CO is produced by gas stoves and ranges and can become a problem with prolonged, improper operation -- for example, if these appliances are used to heat the home.- Preventing Carbon Monoxide Problems 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.ext.colostate.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The original technology for detecting CO. Heated tin oxide reacts with CO to determine the levels of the toxic gas.
The
Ellingham diagram shows that CO formation is favored over CO
2 in high temperatures.
Coordination chemistry
Main article:
metal carbonyl.^ The quantity of carbon monoxide actually entering the lung depends upon the form in which the tobacco is smoked, the pattern of smoking, and depth of inhalation.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
^ The most significant chemical characteristic of carbon monoxide is that it also is reversibly bound by haemoglobin.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
^ In environments containing carbon monoxide concentrations of 57 and 200 mg/m 3 , respectively, 64% of the signals were detected.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
.^ This process, however, can account for only a portion of the carbon monoxide oxidation.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Adaptation The implication that, in the presence of a clinical state of chronic carbon monoxide poisoning, adaptation to carbon monoxide occurs has not been verified.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
^ The rate at which carbon monoxide is emitted from motor vehicles varies not only with vehicle but also with the mode of operation of the vehicle.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
.^ Cultivated soils had a lower carbon monoxide uptake rate than uncultivated soils, presumably because there is less organic matter in the surface layer.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
^ The oxidation of carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) is accelerated by metallic catalysts such as palladium on silica gel, or by a mixture of manganese and copper oxides (Hopcalite).- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
^ In forming carboxyhaemoglobin (HbCO), carbon monoxide reacts with the iron in protohaem -- a constituent of haemoglobin -- and forms strong coordination bonds.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
.^ When high altitude and carbon monoxide exposures are combined (Table 9) the effects are apparently additive.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
^ It must be emphasized that the measurements of carbon monoxide in air and in blood give complementary results and are not merely alternative forms of monitoring.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
^ PANKOW, D., PONSOLD, W., & FRITZ, H. (1974a) Combined effects of carbon monoxide and ethanol on the effects of leucine aminopeptidase and glutamic-pyruvic transaminase in the plasma of rats.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
.^ Where does carbon monoxide come from?- Carbon monoxide poisoning 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.netdoctor.co.uk [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Carbon monoxide poisoning 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.netdoctor.co.uk [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Where does Carbon Monoxide come from?
^ The rate of diffusion from the alveoli and the binding of carbon monoxide with the blood haemoglobin are the steps limiting the rate of uptake into the blood.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
.^ The slight difference in the fluorescence spectra of 16 CO and 18 CO is used for carbon monoxide determination by the so-called dual isotope fluorescence method.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
[23]
.^ Carbon monoxide is able to bond with metals; this accounts for its toxicity, which is due to the binding of the CO to the iron in haemoglobin, thereby blocking the uptake of oxygen.- carbon monoxide Facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about carbon monoxide 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Academic]
^ (Medical experts agree that it's difficult to estimate the total number of carbon monoxide incidents because the symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning resemble so many other common ailments.- Carbon Monoxide In Your Home - Health News Story - WEWS Cleveland 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.newsnet5.com [Source type: General]
^ Interactions Much of the data reviewed by Pankow & Ponsfold (1974) concerning the combined effects of carbon monoxide and other biologically active agents are based on animal experiments.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
.^ These findings suggest that carbon monoxide might stimulate breathing.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
^ In terms of the total distribution throughout the body of an inhaled dose of carbon monoxide, the amounts bound to these haemoproteins are small compared with haemoglobin and myoglobin.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
^ These authors also reported that carbon monoxide concentrations were generally unrelated to outdoor levels.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
One of the most important metal carbonyls is
iron pentacarbonyl, Fe(CO)
5:
Organic and main group chemistry
.^ It must be emphasized that the measurements of carbon monoxide in air and in blood give complementary results and are not merely alternative forms of monitoring.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Adaptation The implication that, in the presence of a clinical state of chronic carbon monoxide poisoning, adaptation to carbon monoxide occurs has not been verified.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
^ The process of plant respiration as a carbon monoxide sink still requires considerable further study.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
[24] In the
Gattermann-Koch reaction,
arenes are converted to
benzaldehyde derivatives in the presence of
AlCl3 and
HCl.
[25] Organolithium compounds (e.g.
.^ Both reactions are used in the analytical chemistry of carbon monoxide.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
^ These findings suggest that carbon monoxide might stimulate breathing.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
^ The tremendous increase in the number and use of motor vehicles during the past 30 years has been accompanied by a rapid increase in carbon monoxide emissions.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
.^ The oxidation of carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) is accelerated by metallic catalysts such as palladium on silica gel, or by a mixture of manganese and copper oxides (Hopcalite).- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
[26]
.^ In terms of the total distribution throughout the body of an inhaled dose of carbon monoxide, the amounts bound to these haemoproteins are small compared with haemoglobin and myoglobin.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
^ By far the most important source of carbon monoxide at breathing level is the exhaust of petrol-powered motor vehicles.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
^ The primary factors involved are the amounts of carbon monoxide and oxygen present, the magnitude of ventilation, and the quality of the diffusion barrier.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
[citation needed]
.^ FORSTER, R. E. (1970) Carbon monoxide and the partial pressure of oxygen in tissue.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Carbon monoxide produces effects that aggravate the oxygen deficiency present at high altitudes.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
^ It has been reported that some plant species can remove carbon monoxide from the atmosphere by oxidation to carbon dioxide or by conversion to methane (Bidwell & Fraser, 1972).- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
[28][29]
Uses
Chemical industry
.^ Douze (1971) presented information on the incidence of carbon monoxide poisoning due to the use of natural gas heaters in Utrecht.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Gas chromatography is particularly suitable, when low concentrations of carbon monoxide have to be measured with a high degree of specificity.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Other transportation sources, certain industrial processes, waste disposal and miscellaneous burning activities were responsible for the remaining carbon monoxide emissions.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
[30]
.^ Carbon monoxide produces effects that aggravate the oxygen deficiency present at high altitudes.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Carbon monoxide is produced in measurable quantities in man and animals as a by-product of haem catabolism.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
^ The affinity of haemoglobin for carbon monoxide is roughly 240 times that of its affinity for oxygen; the proportions of carboxyhaemoglobin and oxyhaemoglobin in blood are largely dependent on the partial pressures of carbon monoxide and oxygen.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
Hydroformylation is coupled to the
Shell Higher Olefin Process to give precursors to
detergents.
.^ Carbon monoxide is produced in measurable quantities in man and animals as a by-product of haem catabolism.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Improperly regulated space heaters in such premises could also produce high concentrations of carbon monoxide.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Another factor that may produce differential effects on the fetus is related to the endogenous production of carbon monoxide by pregnant women.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
.^ When Blackmore (1974) analysed the cause of aircraft accidents in Britain, he found that carboxyhaemoglobin levels provided valuable information in relation to altitude and sources of carbon monoxide.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Other transportation sources, certain industrial processes, waste disposal and miscellaneous burning activities were responsible for the remaining carbon monoxide emissions.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Calvert (1973) suggested several possible reactions of carbon monoxide with other pollutants also involving the hydroxyl radical and Westberg et al.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
This technology allows
coal or biomass to be converted to diesel.
.^ Other transportation sources, certain industrial processes, waste disposal and miscellaneous burning activities were responsible for the remaining carbon monoxide emissions.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Nunes & Schoenborn (1973) demonstrated that the binding affinity of carbon monoxide for haemoglobin increased in the presence of methylene chloride.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
^ The oxidation of carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) is accelerated by metallic catalysts such as palladium on silica gel, or by a mixture of manganese and copper oxides (Hopcalite).- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
.^ Other transportation sources, certain industrial processes, waste disposal and miscellaneous burning activities were responsible for the remaining carbon monoxide emissions.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Several important industrial metallurgical processes, including the production of iron and steel in the blast furnace, are based on this reaction.- Carbon Monoxide Microscale Gas Chemistry 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC mattson.creighton.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ It is a product of incomplete combustion of carbon-containing fuels and is also produced by some industrial and biological processes.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
.^ ZORN, H. (1968) [Carbon dioxide-oxygen mixture or pure oxygen for respiration in the case of carbon monoxide intoxication.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
^ The tremendous increase in the number and use of motor vehicles during the past 30 years has been accompanied by a rapid increase in carbon monoxide emissions.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Other transportation sources, certain industrial processes, waste disposal and miscellaneous burning activities were responsible for the remaining carbon monoxide emissions.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
Meat coloring
.^ Endogenous carbon monoxide production 6.2.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Several estimates of the production of carbon monoxide by atmospheric reactions have been made.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
^ In patients with haemolytic anaemia and sickle cell disease (Engel et al., 1971), the rate of endogenous carbon monoxide production from haemoglobin catabolism is increased.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
.^ Carbon monoxide also combines reversibly with myoglobin and cytochromes, including P-450.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
^ In terms of the total distribution throughout the body of an inhaled dose of carbon monoxide, the amounts bound to these haemoproteins are small compared with haemoglobin and myoglobin.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
^ When high altitude and carbon monoxide exposures are combined (Table 9) the effects are apparently additive.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
.^ The value of M is about 200 in most species, in spite of the fact that carbon monoxide combines with haemoglobin more slowly than oxygen.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Thus carboxyhaemoglobin is toxic because it is about 200 times more stable than oxyhaemoglobin (HbO 2 ).- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
This stable red color can persist much longer than in normally packaged meat.
[31] .^ Exposure to various levels of carbon monoxide resulted in hypertrophy of both the fight and left ventricles in contrast with the right ventricle hypertrophy observed in response to the hypoxic hypoxia stress.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
^ When Blackmore (1974) analysed the cause of aircraft accidents in Britain, he found that carboxyhaemoglobin levels provided valuable information in relation to altitude and sources of carbon monoxide.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
^ By far the most important source of carbon monoxide at breathing level is the exhaust of petrol-powered motor vehicles.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
The technology was first given "
generally recognized as safe" (GRAS) status by the
U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2002 for use as a secondary packaging system, and does not require labeling. In 2004 the FDA approved CO as primary packaging method, declaring that CO does not mask spoilage odor.
[32] Despite this ruling, the process remains controversial for fears that it masks spoilage.
[33] .^ When high altitude and carbon monoxide exposures are combined (Table 9) the effects are apparently additive.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Reference method for the continuous measurement of carbon monoxide in the atmosphere is nondispersive infrared spectrometry.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Various populations in various places should be studied properly to assess the magnitude of the problem posed by carbon monoxide in the air of towns, houses, and workplaces.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
The process is banned in many other countries, including
Canada,
Japan,
Singapore and the
European Union.
[35][36][37]Medicine
.^ In their studies on the ewe and fetal lamb, Longo & Hill (1977) indicated that fetal uptake and elimination of carbon monoxide was relatively slow compared with that of the mother.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
^ The primary factors involved are the amounts of carbon monoxide and oxygen present, the magnitude of ventilation, and the quality of the diffusion barrier.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Disturbances of atrioventricular and interventricular conductance were observed after 1 to 1.5 years of exposure and even after cessation of contact with carbon monoxide.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
.^ Because of the extreme exposure conditions used in most of these studies, only a few of them are directly relevant to the environmental exposure of man to carbon monoxide.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
^ These results were in direct contradiction to the negative results obtained by Dorcus & Weigand (1929) who used a similar series of tests but with subjects exposed for a shorter period.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
.^ Attention is drawn to the difficulties inherent in the design of such tests as well as to the problems involved in the assessment of the health and social significance of the results.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
[38].
See also
References
- ^ Carbon Monoxide - Molecule of the Month, Dr Mike Thompson, Winchester College, UK
- ^ a b c Blumenthal, Ivan (1 June 2001). "Carbon monoxide poisoning". J R Soc Med (The Royal Society of Medicine) 94 (6): 270–272. PMID 11387414. PMC 1281520. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=11387414. Retrieved May 2009.
- ^ O. R. Gilliam, C. M. Johnson and W. Gordy (1950). "Microwave Spectroscopy in the Region from Two to Three Millimeters". Physical Review 78 (2): 140. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.78.140.
- ^ W. Kutzelnigg (2002). Einführung in die Theoretische Chemie. Wiley-VCH. ISBN 3-527-30609-9.
- ^ Omaye ST. (2002). "Metabolic modulation of carbon monoxide toxicity". Toxicology 180 (2): 139–150. doi:10.1016/S0300-483X(02)00387-6. PMID 12324190.
- ^ "OSHA CO guidlines". OSHA. http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/healthguidelines/carbonmonoxide/recognition.html. Retrieved May 2009.
- ^ Ganong, William F (2005). "37". Review of medical physiology (22 ed.). McGraw-Hill. p. 684. ISBN 0071440402. http://books.google.com/books?id=OLa8vDBXDD4C&dq=Ganong+WF.+Review+of+Medical+Physiology.+Norwalk+Ct:+Appleton+%26+Lange,+1995&printsec=frontcover&source=bn&hl=en&ei=QU8dSvnhG5OeMoHU0J8P&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4#PPA684,M1. Retrieved May 2009.
- ^ Prockop LD, Chichkova RI (2007). "Carbon monoxide intoxication: an updated review". J Neurol Sci 262 (1-2): 122–130. doi:10.1016/j.jns.2007.06.037. PMID 17720201.
- ^ a b Wu, L; Wang, R (December 2005). "Carbon Monoxide: Endogenous Production, Physiological Functions, and Pharmacological Applications". Pharmacol Rev 57 (4): 585–630. doi:10.1124/pr.57.4.3. PMID 16382109. http://pharmrev.aspetjournals.org/cgi/content/full/57/4/585#XI._Conclusions_and_Perspectives. Retrieved May 26, 2009.
- ^ R. K. Thauer (1998). "Biochemistry of methanogenesis: a tribute to Marjory Stephenson. 1998 Marjory Stephenson Prize Lecture" (Free). Microbiology 144 (9): 2377–2406. doi:10.1099/00221287-144-9-2377. PMID 9782487. http://mic.sgmjournals.org/cgi/reprint/144/9/2377.
- ^ Jaouen, G., Ed. (2006). Bioorganometallics: Biomolecules, Labeling, Medicine. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. ISBN 3-527-30990-X.
- ^ Roberts, G. P.; Youn, H.; Kerby, R. L. (2004). "CO-Sensing Mechanisms". Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 68 (3): 453–473. doi:10.1128/MMBR.68.3.453-473.2004. PMID 15353565.
- ^ Carbon Monoxide. Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences. 1977. pp. 29. ISBN 0-309-02631-8.
- ^ Green W. "An Introduction to Indoor Air Quality: Carbon Monoxide (CO)". United States Environmental Protection Agency. http://www.epa.gov/iaq/co.html. Retrieved 2008-12-16.
- ^ a b Gosink, Tom (1983-01-28). "What Do Carbon Monoxide Levels Mean?". Alaska Science Forum. Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska Fairbanks. http://www.gi.alaska.edu/ScienceForum/ASF5/588.html. Retrieved 2007-12-01.
- ^ Singer, Siegfried Fred. The Changing Global Environment. Dordrecht: D. Reidel Publishing Company. pp. 90.
- ^ Gosink T (January 28, 1983). "What Do Carbon Monoxide Levels Mean?". Alaska Science Forum. Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska Fairbanks. http://www.gi.alaska.edu/ScienceForum/ASF5/588.html. Retrieved December 16, 2008.
- ^ a b c U.S Consumer Product Safety Commission, Carbon Monoxide Questions and Answers, accessed 2009-12-04
- ^ American Association of Poison Control Centers 2007 Annual Report
- ^ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Environmental Public Health Tracking Network, [http://ephtracking.cdc.gov/showCarbonMonoxideLanding.action Carbon Monoxide Poisoning], accessed 1009-12-04
- ^ "Queensland Health Smoking Management Policy". QH. http://www.health.qld.gov.au/atod/prevention/qhsmp.asp. Retrieved March 2010.
- ^ Holleman, A. F.; Wiberg, E. "Inorganic Chemistry" Academic Press: San Diego, 200. ISBN 0-12-352651-5.
- ^ Mond L, Langer K, Quincke F (1890). "Action of carbon monoxide on nickel". Journal of the Chemical Society 57: 749–753. doi:10.1039/CT8905700749.
- ^ Koch, H.; Haaf, W. (1973), "1-Adamantanecarboxylic Acid", Org. Synth., http://www.orgsyn.org/orgsyn/orgsyn/prepContent.asp?prep=cv5p0020 ; Coll. Vol. 5: 20
- ^ G. H. Coleman, David Craig (1943), "p-Tolualdehyde", Org. Synth., http://www.orgsyn.org/orgsyn/orgsyn/prepContent.asp?prep=cv2p0583 ; Coll. Vol. 2: 583
- ^ Chatani, N.; Murai, S. "Carbon Monoxide" in Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis (Ed: L. Paquette) 2004, J. Wiley & Sons, New York. doi:10.1002/047084289
- ^ Werner Büchner, E. Weiss (1964) Zur Kenntnis der sogenannten «Alkalicarbonyle» IV[1] Über die Reaktion von geschmolzenem Kalium mit Kohlenmonoxid. Helvetica Chimica Acta, Volume 47 Issue 6, Pages 1415–1423. doi:10.1002/hlca.19640470604
- ^ A. I. Katz, D. Schiferl, and R. L. Mills (1984): J. Phys. Chem., 88 (15), 3176–3179
- ^ W. J. Evans, M. J. Lipp, C.-S. Yoo, H. Cynn, J. L. Herberg, R. S. Maxwell, and M. F. Nicol (2006). "Pressure-Induced Polymerization of Carbon Monoxide: Disproportionation and Synthesis of an Energetic Lactonic Polymer". Chemistry of Materials, vol. 18, 2520–2531. doi: 10.1021/cm0524446
- ^ Elschenbroich, C.;Salzer, A. ”Organometallics : A Concise Introduction” (2nd Ed) Wiley-VCH: Weinheim, 2006. ISBN 3-527-28165-7
- ^ Sorheim, S, Nissena, H, Nesbakken, T (1999). "The storage life of beef and pork packaged in an atmosphere with low carbon monoxide and high carbon dioxide". Journal of Meat Science 52 (2): 157–164. doi:10.1016/S0309-1740(98)00163-6.
- ^ Eilert EJ (2005). "New packaging technologies for the 21st century". Journal of Meat Science 71 (1): 122–127. doi:10.1016/j.meatsci.2005.04.003.
- ^ "Low-Oxygen Packaging with CO: A Study in Food Politics That Warrants Peer Review". http://www.foodsafetymagazine.com/article.asp?id=644&sub=sub1. Retrieved April 18, 2007.
- ^ "Carbon Monoxide Treated Meat, Poultry, and Seafood Safe Handling, Labeling, and Consumer Protection Act (Introduced in House)". http://www.thomas.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c110:H.R.3115:.
- ^ "Proof in the Pink? Meat Treated to Give It Fresh Look". ABC News. November 14, 2007. http://abcnews.go.com/GMA/Consumer/Story?id=3863064&page=1. Retrieved May 27, 2009.
- ^ Carbon Monoxide in Meat Packaging: Myths and Facts. American Meat Institute. 2008. http://www.meatami.com/ht/a/GetDocumentAction/i/40141. Retrieved May 2009.
- ^ "CO in packaged meat". Carbon Monoxide Kills Campaign. http://www.carbonmonoxidekills.com/packages_meat.htm. Retrieved May 2009.
- ^ "Poison gas may carry a medical benefit". The Boston Globe. October 16, 2009. http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2009/10/16/poison_gas_may_carry_a_medical_benefit/?page=full. Retrieved October 16, 2009.
External links
.^ Exposure to various levels of carbon monoxide resulted in hypertrophy of both the fight and left ventricles in contrast with the right ventricle hypertrophy observed in response to the hypoxic hypoxia stress.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
^ However, there was no association between ambient carbon monoxide levels and the admission rates per day.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Excretion Adequate data are available on the rate of absorption of carbon monoxide but there is considerably less information concerning the rates of carbon monoxide egress from the lungs.- Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979) 10 February 2010 12:58 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
GRN 000083
Microscale Gas Chemistry Experiments with Carbon Monoxide
Instant insight outlining the physiology of carbon monoxide from the Royal Society of Chemistry
Pictures of CO Poisoning Radiology and Pathology Images from MedPix.
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