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The Castration of Uranus: fresco by Vasari & Cristofano Gherardi (c. 1560, Sala di Cosimo I, Palazzo Vecchio, Florence).
.Castration (also referred to as: gelding, spaying, neutering, fixing, orchiectomy, oophorectomy) is any action, surgical, chemical, or otherwise, by which a male loses the functions of the testicles or a female loses the functions of the ovaries.^ Castration is when the testicles are removed or their function is inhibited.
  • Sheep 201: Docking and castrating 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.sheep101.info [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ Neutering, or castration, is the surgical removal of a male animal's testicles (testes).
  • What does neutering do? 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.ratbehavior.org [Source type: Academic]

 ^ For male dogs, neutering is castration - removal of the testicles, and for female dogs, neutering is often referred to as spaying - removing of the ovaries and uterus.

 .The term "castration" generally refers to males, but may occasionally refer to females.^ Castration of llamas and alpacas may be chosen to allow commingling of pet or fiber producing males and females, to restrict the available genetic pool, to lessen aggressive behavior, and to create gelding males to be sold as pets or show animals.
  • Common Surgical Procedures in Camelids :: The College of Veterinary Medicine at The Ohio State University 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.vet.ohio-state.edu [Source type: Academic]

 ^ Castration increases lifespan in all male & female mammals, and is a direct sign that sexual reproduction runs at the expense of organism's resources, thus reducing the overall lifespan and general health of the organism.
  • Hanzi Smatter 一知半解: Eunuch 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.hanzismatter.com [Source type: General]

 ^ Schedule 6, Part II, paragraphs 22 and 23 (2) state that: 22.Male pigs may be castrated provided the means employed do not involve tearing of tissues.
  • castration pliers - ThePigSite Discussion Forum 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.thepigsite.com [Source type: General]

Contents

In humans

.The practice of castration has its roots before recorded human history.^ The practice of castration has roots before recorded human history.

 ^ The method of castration has roots before recorded human history.

 ^ Castration , Castration - Castration In Veterinary Practice , Castration - Castration in humans , Castration - Miscellaneous , Castration - History , Castration - In animal fancy , Castration - In animal husbandry , Castration - Medical consequences , Castration - Reasons , Birth control , Castration anxiety , List of transgender-related topics , Neuticles .

 [1] .Castration was frequently used in certain cultures in Europe, the Middle East, India, Africa and China, for religious or social reasons.^ Castration was frequently used in certain cultures, such as in Europe , the Middle East , India , Africa or China , for religious or social reasons.
  • Castration - TvWiki, the free encyclopedia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.tvwiki.tv [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ Castration was frequently used in certain cultures, such as in Europe, the Middle East, India, Africa or China, for religious or social reasons.

 ^ The Heaven's Gate cult of Marshall Applewhite had several male members, including Applewhite himself, who underwent castration for religious reasons.
  • Castration - TvWiki, the free encyclopedia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.tvwiki.tv [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 .After battles in some cases, winners castrated their captives or the corpses of the defeated to symbolise their victory and "seize" their power.^ After battles, winners castrated their captives or bodies of the defeated to symbolise their victory and 'seize' their power.
  • Castration - TvWiki, the free encyclopedia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.tvwiki.tv [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
  • Burdizzo 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.experiencefestival.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ One would allow judges to order chemical castration of sex offenders in some cases where the victim is younger than 13.

 ^ WARSAW (Reuters) - Poland on Friday approved a law making chemical castration mandatory for pedophiles in some cases, sparking criticism from human rights groups.
  • Poland okays forcible castration for pedophiles // Current 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC current.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 .Castrated men — eunuchs — were often admitted to special social classes and were used particularly to staff bureaucracies and palace households: in particular, the harem.^ Castrated men - eunuchs - were often admitted to special social classes.
  • Castration - TvWiki, the free encyclopedia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.tvwiki.tv [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
  • Burdizzo 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.experiencefestival.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ Eunuchs were also often used to guard harems .
  • Castration - TvWiki, the free encyclopedia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.tvwiki.tv [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ Eunuchs were also often used to guard harems.

 .Castration also figured in a number of religious castration cults.^ Castration also figured in a number of religious cults: see castration cults.

 ^ Castration also figured in a number of religious cults: see castration cults .
  • Castration - TvWiki, the free encyclopedia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.tvwiki.tv [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ The Heaven's Gate cult of Marshall Applewhite had several male members, including Applewhite himself, who underwent castration for religious reasons.
  • Castration - TvWiki, the free encyclopedia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.tvwiki.tv [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 Other religions, for example Judaism, were strongly opposed to the practice. .The Leviticus Holiness code, for example, specifically excludes eunuchs or any males with defective genitals from the priesthood, just as castrated animals are excluded from sacrifice.^ The castration of possession The third level of castration is achieved when the male willingly turns over his genitals such that they can be placed beyond his own control.
  • Eight Levels of Castration 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.femdomale.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ Male animals may also be castrated in order to make them more tractable.
  • Castration - TvWiki, the free encyclopedia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.tvwiki.tv [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ Chinese and Middle Eastern eunuchs, and European Castratos (castrated male for sing Church songs)).
  • Body and Mind Modification 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC xahlee.org [Source type: Original source]
.Eunuchs in China had been known to usurp power in many eras of Chinese history, most notably in the Later Han, late Tang and late Ming Dynasties.^ Cambridge economic history of Europe from the decline of the Roman empire, edited by J.H. Clapman...and the late Eileen Power...

 ^ The practice was established before 700 BC and accounts of eunuchs are known throughout history.
  • Hanzi Smatter 一知半解: Eunuch 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.hanzismatter.com [Source type: General]

 ^ At the end of the Ming Dynasty there were 70,000 eunuchs ( 宦 官 huàn'guān , or 太 監 tàijiān ) in the Imperial palace.
  • Hanzi Smatter 一知半解: Eunuch 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.hanzismatter.com [Source type: General]

 .There are similar recorded Middle Eastern events.^ Despite the official ban on slavery in Saudi Arabia, slavery abounds there, as it does in many other Middle Eastern nations.
.In ancient times, castration often involved the total removal of all the male genitalia.^ In ancient times castration often involved the total removal of all the male genitalia.
  • Castration - TvWiki, the free encyclopedia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.tvwiki.tv [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ The seventh level of castration, unless it entails temporary chemical castration, leaves the male with sexual desire but a total inability or incapacity to obtain a sexual release or orgasm.
  • Eight Levels of Castration 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.femdomale.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ And if Shannon Robinson, 23, of East Naples isn’t a good candidate for the chemical castration, he might undergo physical castration, which would involve surgical removal of his testes.
  • Judge orders chemical castration for convicted molester» Naples Daily News 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.naplesnews.com [Source type: News]

 .This involved great danger of death due to bleeding or infection and, in some states, such as the Byzantine Empire, was seen as the same as a death sentence.^ This involved great danger of death due to bleeding or infection, and in some states such as the Byzantine Empire was seen as the same as a death sentence.
  • Castration - TvWiki, the free encyclopedia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.tvwiki.tv [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ Unless someone has cancer or is bleeding to death, there is no justification for such a radical emergency procedure.

 ^ In some of the states with castration statutes, there is no requirement for a psychiatric evaluation of the offender; therefore, the medical appropriateness of such treatment cannot be determined.
  • The Impact of Surgical Castration on Sexual Recidivism Risk Among Sexually Violent Predatory Offenders -- Weinberger et al. 33 (1): 16 -- Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Online 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.jaapl.org [Source type: Academic]

 .Removal of only the testicles had much less risk.^ It involved the removal of the testicles only (!
  • The Ultimate Sacrifice for Music: Castration! – Neatorama 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.neatorama.com [Source type: General]

 ^ Also had a couple hysterctomies , removal of the uterus only, done too but much harder to find a vet for that one.
  • Dolittler: Canine vasectomy instead of neuter? Yes, really (sometimes) 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.dolittler.com [Source type: General]

 ^ Once the testicles are removed during the castration procedure, the dog is free from the risk of this disease.
  • Spaying and Castration -- Pros, Cons, Myths, and Dobermans 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.etdr.org [Source type: Academic]

Medical

.Testicular cancer is generally treated by surgical removal of the cancerous testicle(s) (orchiectomy), often followed by radiation or chemotherapy.^ Orchidectomy therefore is the surgical removal of a testicle.
  • The Horse | Castration In The Horse 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.thehorse.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ Surgical castration The testicles may be surgically removed.
  • Sheep 201: Docking and castrating 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.sheep101.info [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ Since the mid-1980s, oncologists have increasingly followed up with either surgical removal of the testes, or with newer antihormone drugs.
  • Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Agonists in the Treatment of Prostate Cancer -- Labrie et al. 26 (3): 361 -- Endocrine Reviews 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC edrv.endojournals.org [Source type: Academic]

 .Unless both testicles are cancerous, only one is removed.^ It involved the removal of the testicles only (!
  • The Ultimate Sacrifice for Music: Castration! – Neatorama 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.neatorama.com [Source type: General]

 ^ Both testicles will be removed through the one incision.

 ^ Each testicle, was removed, one at a time.
  • Second Type Woman - Orchidectomy (castration) for the Transsexual Woman 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.secondtype.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.Either surgical removal of both testicles or chemical castration may be carried out in the case of prostate cancer,[2] as hormone testosterone-depletion treatment to slow down the cancer.^ Surgical castration of ram lambs and buck kids Testicles may be surgically removed.
  • Docking, castrating, and disbudding 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC sheepandgoat.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ Orchidectomy therefore is the surgical removal of a testicle.
  • The Horse | Castration In The Horse 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.thehorse.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ Testicles may be removed surgically or killed by obstructing the blood supply.

 .Similarly, testosterone-depletion treatment (either surgical removal of both testicles or chemical castration) is used to greatly reduce sexual drive or interest in those with sexual drives, obsessions, or behaviors, or any combination of those that may be considered deviant.^ Neutering greatly reduces the levels of testosterone, which changes behavior -- especially sexual and aggressive behavior.
  • What does neutering do? 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.ratbehavior.org [Source type: Academic]

 ^ Male Castration-the surgical removal of testicles that produces testosterone when removed the sexual drive is greatly diminished.

 ^ Surgical castration of ram lambs and buck kids Testicles may be surgically removed.
  • Docking, castrating, and disbudding 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC sheepandgoat.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 .Castration in humans has been proposed, and sometimes used, as a method of birth control in certain poorer regions.^ Canine birth control method 5 - canine vasectomy.

 ^ Castration of dogs as a method of controlling echinococcosis.
  • Spaying and Castration -- Pros, Cons, Myths, and Dobermans 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.etdr.org [Source type: Academic]

 ^ If using incision Method B, the castration is complete.
.Male-to-female transsexuals often undergo orchiectomy, as do some other transgendered people.^ Or does it make sense to wait until individuals are older even though sexual development during puberty will often make it much harder, especially for male-to-female transsexuals, to 'pass' and be content with their bodies?
  • Castration // Current 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC current.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ I am a transgendered woman, and I have experienced "chemical castration" as a part of transition from male to female.
  • Louisiana Gov. Jindal Authorizes Chemical Castration Of Sex Offenders 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.huffingtonpost.com [Source type: General]

 ^ They often roam far from home seeking receptive females, and engage in ferocious fights for dominance with other males.
  • Maltese Spaying & Neutering Procedures -Maltese Only Website 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.malteseonly.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 .Orchiectomy may be performed as a part of more general sex reassignment surgery, either before or during other procedures, but it may also be performed on someone who does not desire, or cannot afford, further surgery.^ For example, the voice remains high-pitched when the operation is performed before about age 12, but does not change from the typical male low pitch when performed after age 21.
  • Second Type Woman - Orchidectomy (castration) for the Transsexual Woman 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.secondtype.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ Everyone who serves on either committee has specific assignments and procedures they must follow, during the entire season and when they get in the room.

 ^ "Before Deep Springs, I could never have imagined performing rudimentary surgery on a touchy region of an enormous, angry beast; now I've done hundreds.
  • Bull castration, snake eaters, opium and a whorehouse: the life of storage guru Dave Hitz - Network World 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.networkworld.com [Source type: General]

Punishment

.Involuntary castration also appears in the history of warfare, sometimes used by one side to torture or demoralize their enemies.^ Appears to be less pain post surgery Easy to use and faster than many other forms of castration The Henderson Equine Castration Instrument may be used on stallions one week of age or older.

 ^ If chemical castration works without hazardous side effects, and some people would be willing to risk it, it sounds to me that it would be stupid NOT to use it.
  • Chemical Castration: The Benefits and Disadvantages Intrinsic to Injecting Male Pedophiliacs with Depo-Provera | Serendip's Exchange 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC serendip.brynmawr.edu [Source type: Original source]

 ^ There is an "All-in-One" tool that can be used to perform surgical castrations.
  • Docking, castrating, and disbudding 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC sheepandgoat.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 .It was also practiced to extinguish opposing male lineages and thus allow the victor to sexually possess the defeated group's women.^ On the other hand, in the same age group, 66.7 percent ( n = 32/48) identified sexual activity as practically extinct after six months.
  • The Impact of Surgical Castration on Sexual Recidivism Risk Among Sexually Violent Predatory Offenders -- Weinberger et al. 33 (1): 16 -- Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Online 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.jaapl.org [Source type: Academic]

 ^ As a result, in the case of males, the boy begins to fantasize about displacing his father and sexually possessing his mother.

 ^ In 1985, a group of 350 urban Egyptian women were selected to self-report on their recall of their female sexual castration (FSC) which they experienced as children.
  • Template 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.nocirc.org [Source type: Academic]
.Edward Gibbon's famous work Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire reports castration of defeated foes at the hands of the Normans.^ History, philosophically illustrated, from the fall of the Roman Empire, to the French Revolution.

 ^ History of modern Europe [microform] : with an account of the decline and fall of the Roman empire, and a view of the progress of society from the rise of the modern kingdoms to the peace of Paris, in 1763 : in a series of letters / by William Russell.

 ^ History of modern Europe [microform] : with an account of the decline and fall of the Roman empire, and a view of the progress of society from the rise of the modern kingdoms to the peace of Paris, in 1763 : in a series of letters from a nobleman to his s .

 .Castration has also been used in modern conflicts, as the Janjaweed militiamen currently (as of 2005) attacking citizens of the Darfur region in Sudan, often castrating villagers and leaving them to bleed to death.^ The former Marine captain catalogs what they caught in Darfur, Sudan, with quick-fire urgency: toddlers with their faces smashed in, men castrated and left to bleed to death, charred bodies of villagers locked in huts later burned down.
  • Keyword: castration 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.freerepublic.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ Other castration stories indicate that genital mutilation was often used against clerics and monks for sexual crimes.
  • Irvine, "Abelard's Negotiations of Gender" 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.georgetown.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ The current review highlights the difficult decisions regarding the ethical use of surgical castration for select populations.
  • The Impact of Surgical Castration on Sexual Recidivism Risk Among Sexually Violent Predatory Offenders -- Weinberger et al. 33 (1): 16 -- Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Online 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.jaapl.org [Source type: Academic]

 [3]
Sima Qian, the famous Chinese historian, was castrated by order of the Emperor of China for dissent.
.Another famous victim of castration was the medieval French philosopher, scholar, teacher, and (later) monk Pierre Abélard.^ For a translation, see Pierre J. Payer, Peter Abelard, A Dialogue of a Philosopher with a Jew and a Christian (Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Medieval Studies, 1979).
  • Irvine, "Abelard's Negotiations of Gender" 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.georgetown.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 He was castrated by relatives of his lover, Héloïse.
Bishop Wimund, a 12th-century English adventurer and invader of the Scottish coast, was also castrated.
.William Wallace, the Scottish resistance leader, was castrated as part of his punishment for high treason against England.^ It is important to remember that by avoiding the psychological limitations of surgical castration and the serious side effects of high doses of estrogens, GnRH agonists are playing a leader role in the very efficient fight against prostate cancer.
  • Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Agonists in the Treatment of Prostate Cancer -- Labrie et al. 26 (3): 361 -- Endocrine Reviews 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC edrv.endojournals.org [Source type: Academic]
.In 1778 Thomas Jefferson wrote a law in Virginia that contained a punishment of castration for men who engage in rape, polygamy or sodomy.^ Thomas Jefferson authorized legislation to penalize sodomy with castration.

 ^ Over to the south of us, in Virginia in 1779, Thomas Jefferson authored a bill that reduced the penalty for sodomy (and rape and polygamy) from death to mere castration for men; women were to have a large hole cut in their noses.

 ^ This law is set aside for people who rape a person under the age of 15, so if you're person was convicted of statory rape, and not rape or lewd or lavicious acts with a child under 14 or under, he wouldnt be subject to castration, so he has nothing to worry about.
  • Forcible Castration on Paedophiles Approved 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.shortnews.com [Source type: Original source]

 [4]
.Aqa Mohammad Khan Qajar, who established the Qajar Dynasty in Iran (in 18th century), was a victim of castration by officers of the previous kingdom.^ One source estimates that, during the 17th and 18th centuries, three to five thousand boys per year in Italy were castrated .

 ^ There is no way someone who has not been molested, been a victim of molestation can argue that chemical castration is not a good idea for someone who molested a child.
  • Chemical Castration: The Benefits and Disadvantages Intrinsic to Injecting Male Pedophiliacs with Depo-Provera | Serendip's Exchange 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC serendip.brynmawr.edu [Source type: Original source]

 ^ During the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries, only approximately 1% of fully or partially castrated boys developed into successful singers."

 When he conquered Lotf Ali Khan, the last king of the Zand Dynasty, Qajar had Khan castrated in revenge.

Preventive measure

."Voluntary" chemical or surgical castration has been in practice in many countries—reports are available from American and European countries in particular for over eighty years (chemical for circa thirty)—as an option for treatment for people who have broken laws of a sexual nature, allowing them to return to the community from otherwise lengthy detentions[citation needed].^ Studies of the effects of castration on liveweight gains have been reported from many countries.

 ^ Of the 22 who were not castrated, 8 sexually reoffended.
  • The Impact of Surgical Castration on Sexual Recidivism Risk Among Sexually Violent Predatory Offenders -- Weinberger et al. 33 (1): 16 -- Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Online 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.jaapl.org [Source type: Academic]

 ^ Treatment Options There are two classical methods for surgical castration.
  • ACVS - Castration in Dogs & Cats 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.acvs.org [Source type: Academic]

 The effectiveness and ethics of this treatment are heavily debated.
.A temporary chemical castration has been studied and developed as a preventive measure and punishment for several repeated sex crimes, such as rape or other sexually related violence.^ Castration may prevent rape but it will not prevent agression or these other drives.
  • France considers chemical castration for sex offenders, page 1 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.abovetopsecret.com [Source type: Original source]

 ^ Compulsory chemical castration for sex offenders .
  • Practical Ethics: Compulsory chemical castration for sex offenders 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.practicalethicsnews.com [Source type: General]

 ^ 'Chemical castration' for sex offenders .
  • 'Chemical castration' for sex offenders 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC freemanexaminer.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 [5][6]
Physical castration appears to be highly effective as, historically, it results in a 20-year re-offense rate of less than 2.3% vs. 80% in the untreated control group, according to a large 1963 study involving a total of 1036 sex offenders by the German researcher A. Langelüddeke, among others,[7] much lower than what was otherwise expected. .Compare to overall sex offender recidivism rates.^ Sex offenders recidivate at a rate of 17%.
  • Chemical Castration: The Benefits and Disadvantages Intrinsic to Injecting Male Pedophiliacs with Depo-Provera | Serendip's Exchange 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC serendip.brynmawr.edu [Source type: Original source]

 ^ It is interesting to compare the claims that have been made for and against Mr Tusk's proposal with those that we might expect to surround alternative proposals for reducing rates of re-offending among sex offenders.
  • Practical Ethics: Compulsory chemical castration for sex offenders 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.practicalethicsnews.com [Source type: General]

 ^ As Table 2 summarizes, every study that examined sexual recidivism in castrated sex offenders found a marked reduction in sexual offending (0–10 percent).
  • The Impact of Surgical Castration on Sexual Recidivism Risk Among Sexually Violent Predatory Offenders -- Weinberger et al. 33 (1): 16 -- Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Online 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.jaapl.org [Source type: Academic]
.In modern times, the Czech Republic practices surgically castrating convicted sex offenders.^ Compulsory chemical castration for sex offenders .
  • Practical Ethics: Compulsory chemical castration for sex offenders 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.practicalethicsnews.com [Source type: General]

 ^ A controversial voluntary surgical castration programme is also available for sex offenders in the Czech Republic.
  • RIGHTS: Castration for Polish Paedophiles Opposed - IPS ipsnews.net 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.ipsnews.net [Source type: News]
  • RIGHTS: Castration for Polish Paedophiles Opposed - IPS ipsnews.net 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC ww.ipsnews.net [Source type: News]

 ^ Re: Castration a solution for sex offenders?
  • Castration a solution for sex offenders? - Review-Journal eForum 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC eforum.reviewjournal.com [Source type: General]

 .According to the reports compiled by Council of Europe, a human-rights forum, the central European country physically castrated at least 94 prisoners in the 10 years up to April 2008. The Czech Republic defends this procedure as voluntary and effective.^ The prison term will be followed by 10 years...
  • Keyword: castration 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.freerepublic.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ What if his choices are 10 years in prison or castration?
  • Castration? [Archive] - American Pregnancy Association 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC americanpregnancy.org [Source type: Original source]

 ^ The ministers of Justice and Interior have told reporters that Spain also intends monitoring repeating terrorism and sex offenders for up to 20 years after they are released.
  • Right Truth: Castration for Sex Offenders 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC righttruth.typepad.com [Source type: General]

 [8] According to Dr. Martin Holly, director of the Psychiatric Hospital Bohnice in Prague, none of the nearly 100 sex offenders who had been physically castrated had committed further offenses.[9] .One serial offender stated that being castrated was the "best decision" he ever made: "On the one hand you have to protect the potential victims and on the other hand I wanted to be protected from myself, I wanted to live like a normal person."^ Call me a cruel person, if you want.
  • Bill Passes for Castration in LA - The MS Discussion Board 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.malesurvivor.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ She also said, "You made the best decision you could with the information you were given."

 ^ But I dont want to live like this either.
  • Chemical Castration: The Benefits and Disadvantages Intrinsic to Injecting Male Pedophiliacs with Depo-Provera | Serendip's Exchange 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC serendip.brynmawr.edu [Source type: Original source]

 [10] .Don Grubin, a professor at Newcastle University's Institute of Neuroscience who also runs a chemical castration program backed by the U.K.'s Ministry of Justice, was initially opposed to physical castration, however, after visiting the Czech Republic, he agreed that form of castration might be of benefit to some sex offenders.^ Compulsory chemical castration for sex offenders .
  • Practical Ethics: Compulsory chemical castration for sex offenders 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.practicalethicsnews.com [Source type: General]

 ^ X Close Getty Images Should we “chemically castrate” sex offenders?
  • The Case for Castration - Page 1 - The Daily Beast 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.thedailybeast.com [Source type: General]

 ^ Re: Castration a solution for sex offenders?
  • Castration a solution for sex offenders? - Review-Journal eForum 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC eforum.reviewjournal.com [Source type: General]

 [10][11]

Sexual

.Castration play is one of many fetishes within the BDSM community, although it is not a mainstream BDSM activity.^ Hysterectomy and Castration: the Enablers Hysterectomy - the Experts Speak Out Protest Play Empowers Women Removal of one or both ovaries increases incidence...
  • Hysterectomy - the Experts Speak Out: Hysterectomy and Female Castration: the Enablers Part II 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC hysterectomyinformation.blogspot.com [Source type: Original source]

 ^ Complications Although castration is one of the most common surgical procedures performed in the horse, it also has several complications, some of them quite serious.
  • The Horse | Castration In The Horse 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.thehorse.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ However, although low levels of androgens remaining after castration are thought to play a role in the onset of CRPC, this combination strategy has not proven to prolong survival.
  • British Journal of Cancer - Improving the outcome of patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer through rational drug development 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.nature.com [Source type: Academic]

 .In castration play, one simulates the after effects of castration without actually performing castration.^ If chemical castration works without hazardous side effects, and some people would be willing to risk it, it sounds to me that it would be stupid NOT to use it.
  • Chemical Castration: The Benefits and Disadvantages Intrinsic to Injecting Male Pedophiliacs with Depo-Provera | Serendip's Exchange 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC serendip.brynmawr.edu [Source type: Original source]

 ^ Recently, one author noted that similar cortisol concentrations were measured in castrated and simulated castrated calves.
  • Welfare Implications of Castration of Cattle 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.avma.org [Source type: Academic]

 ^ Berry BA, Choat WT, Gill DR. Effect of castration on health and performance of newly received stressed feedlot calves.
  • Welfare Implications of Castration of Cattle 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.avma.org [Source type: Academic]

Musical

.In Europe, when women were not permitted to sing in church or cathedral choirs in the Roman Catholic Church, boys might be castrated to prevent their voices breaking at puberty and to develop a special high voice.^ The Roman Catholic church's policies on castratism .

 ^ Women were prohibited from speaking or singing in church.

 ^ Roman Catholic policies on castratism: castrated choir boys, ~1500 to 1903 .

 The first documents mentioning castrati are Italian church records from the 1550s.[12] .In the baroque and classical music eras these singers were highly appreciated by opera composers as well.^ I love playing the guitar and writing music and poetry, would CC effect my desire to do these things as well?
  • Chemical Castration: The Benefits and Disadvantages Intrinsic to Injecting Male Pedophiliacs with Depo-Provera | Serendip's Exchange 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC serendip.brynmawr.edu [Source type: Original source]

 Mozart's Exultate Jubilate, Allegri's Miserere and other famous pieces from this period now sung by sopranos were written for castrati. The alto parts of Handel's Messiah were first sung by a castrato. Famous castrati include Farinelli, Senesino, Carestini, and Caffarelli. Joseph Haydn was almost castrated. .The last castrato was Alessandro Moreschi (1858–1922) who served in the Sistine Chapel Choir.^ Alessandro Moreschi was the last of the castrati and is the only recording of a castrato ever made.

 ^ The Church's last castrati, Alessandro Moreschi, died in 1922.

 ^ For those of you out there who have listened to the CD, The Last Castrato .

 [13] .In the late 1800s, the Roman Catholic Church, which had always considered castration to be mutilation of the body and therefore a severe sin, officially condemned the production of castrati; their castrations had been performed clandestinely in contravention of Church law.^ The Roman Catholic church's policies on castratism .

 ^ The Catholic Church's position on castrati: .

 ^ Henry VIII distanced England from the influence of the Roman Catholic Church, which from a psychological point of view brought change to individuals.
  • Anthroculture: "Castration" -- Japan's Educational Goal 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.nancho.net [Source type: Original source]

 [citation needed]

Religious

A number of religious cults have included castration as a central theme of their practice. These include:
.
  • The cult of Cybele, in which devotees castrated themselves in ecstatic emulation of Attis: see Gallus.
  • Some followers of early Christianity considered castration as an acceptable way to counter sinful desires of the flesh.^ Poland has caused outrage among human rights groups by approving a law that will see paedophiles chemically castrated in some cases.
    • Forcible Castration on Paedophiles Approved 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.shortnews.com [Source type: Original source]

     ^ Also, early castration may be more acceptable as an animal welfare issue.
    • Information Resources for Beef Cattle 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.nal.usda.gov [Source type: Academic]

     ^ It is important to realize that some people consider tail docking and castration to be animal "mutilation."
    • Sheep 201: Docking and castrating 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.sheep101.info [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

     .Origen is reported by Eusebius[14] to have castrated himself based on his reading of the Gospel of Matthew 19:12, although there is some doubt concerning this story (Schaff[citation needed] considers the account genuine but cites Baur et al.[citation needed] in opposition.^ Of specific relevance to risk assessments of bilaterally castrated sex offenders is the finding of Van Basten et al.
    • The Impact of Surgical Castration on Sexual Recidivism Risk Among Sexually Violent Predatory Offenders -- Weinberger et al. 33 (1): 16 -- Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Online 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.jaapl.org [Source type: Academic]

     ^ Matthew 19:11-12: "But he said unto them, All men cannot receive this saying, save they to whom it is given.

     ^ Effects of Medical or Surgical Castration on Erectile Function in an Animal Model -- Traish et al.
    • Effects of Medical or Surgical Castration on Erectile Function in an Animal Model -- Traish et al. 24 (3): 381 -- Journal of Andrology 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.andrologyjournal.org [Source type: Academic]

     ) .Origen argues against such literal interpretations of other passages from Matthew in his First Principles.
  • Boston Corbett was inspired by this same verse 19:12 to castrate himself (Corbett was the 19th-century American soldier who is generally believed to have fired the shot that killed John Wilkes Booth.^ Kill himself with fire?
    • French pedophile trial fuels castration debate 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC digg.com [Source type: General]

     ^ Cult members who killed themselves believed a spaceship would take them to heaven.
    • HeavensGate Members 'Giggly' After Castration 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.positiveatheism.org [Source type: News]

     ^ From a post on the book Manhunt about John Wilkes Booth.

     )
  • Bishop Melito of Sardis (d. ca 180) was a eunuch, according to the church history of Eusebius of Caesarea, though, significantly the word "virgin" was substituted in Rufino's Latin translation of Eusebius.
  • Skoptsy
  • Heaven's Gate
.While Deuteronomy 23:1 expels castrated men from the assembly of Israel, Isaiah 56:3, gives a much more accepting view of eunuchs, and in Acts 8:34-39, a eunuch is baptized.^ This marked the end of the requirement for surgical castration, a procedure that is psychologically difficult to accept by the majority of men.
  • Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Agonists in the Treatment of Prostate Cancer -- Labrie et al. 26 (3): 361 -- Endocrine Reviews 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC edrv.endojournals.org [Source type: Academic]
  • Medical Castration With LHRH Agonists: 25 Years Later With Major Benefits Achieved on Survival in Prostate Cancer -- Labrie 25 (3): 305 -- Journal of Andrology 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.andrologyjournal.org [Source type: Academic]

 ^ Linda Says: More men should be castrated.
  • STREET BONERS and TV CARNAGE » 10 CASTRATION SCENES FROM HORROR MOVIES 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC streetbonersandtvcarnage.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ SPAY SURGERY: Spaying is much more involved than castration.
  • Maltese Spaying & Neutering Procedures -Maltese Only Website 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.malteseonly.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.Orthodox Judaism[15] and Islam[citation needed] forbid the castration of either humans or animals.^ Expression of IGF-II was not detected in tumors from either intact or castrated animals (data not shown).
  • Castration-induced Apoptosis of Androgen-dependent Shionogi Carcinoma Is Associated with Increased Expression of Genes Encoding Insulin-like Growth Factor-binding Proteins -- Nickerson et al. 59 (14): 3392 -- Cancer Research 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC cancerres.aacrjournals.org [Source type: Academic]

 ^ Intact mice bearing tumors and castrated animals with either regressed or recurrent CWR22 tumors were exposed to methoxyflurane and sacrificed by cervical dislocation.
  • Androgen Receptor Expression and Cellular Proliferation During Transition from Androgen-Dependent to Recurrent Growth after Castration in the CWR22 Prostate Cancer Xenograft -- Kim et al. 160 (1): 219 -- American Journal of Pathology 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC ajp.amjpathol.org [Source type: Academic]

 ^ Our data also indicate no significant changes in NOS activity in cavernosal tissue from androgen-deprived animals with either medical or surgical castration.
  • Effects of Medical or Surgical Castration on Erectile Function in an Animal Model -- Traish et al. 24 (3): 381 -- Journal of Andrology 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.andrologyjournal.org [Source type: Academic]
In ancient Judaism, castrated animals were deemed unfit for sacrifice in the Temple (Lv. 22:24). .Castrated members of the priestly caste were forbidden to enter certain parts of the temple, to approach the altar, or to make sacrifices, although they could eat their share of the offerings (Lv.^ They are surgeons who make most of their money by performing hysterectomies/castrations.
  • Hysterectomy - the Experts Speak Out: Hysterectomy and Female Castration: the Enablers Part II 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC hysterectomyinformation.blogspot.com [Source type: Original source]

 ^ It makes me so angry and sick to know how much I was lied to and railroaded so they could get me under anesthesia.

 ^ Time after time, they defeat confusion, exclusion and a lack of knowledge with assertiveness and insight and then act on what they know, which makes it possible for them to overcome and destroy the monstrous castrators and devourers.

 21:16–24).

Chemical

Main article: Chemical castration
.In the case of chemical castration, ongoing regular injections of anti-androgens are required.^ Huggins C, Hodges CV. Studies on prostatic cancer: I. The effect of castration, of estrogen and of androgen injection on serum phosphatases in metastatic carcinoma of the prostate.
  • Androgen Receptor Abnormalities in Castration-recurrent Prostate Cancer: Abstract and Introduction 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.medscape.com [Source type: Academic]

 ^ Poland has caused outrage among human rights groups by approving a law that will see paedophiles chemically castrated in some cases.
  • Forcible Castration on Paedophiles Approved 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.shortnews.com [Source type: Original source]

 ^ In my research, although there are references to the list of 6 US states that have currently inacted a law which requires chemical castration, I'm not aware of what those states are.
  • Chemical Castration: The Benefits and Disadvantages Intrinsic to Injecting Male Pedophiliacs with Depo-Provera | Serendip's Exchange 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC serendip.brynmawr.edu [Source type: Original source]
.Chemical castration seems to have a greater effect on bone density than physical castration.^ And if Shannon Robinson, 23, of East Naples isn’t a good candidate for the chemical castration, he might undergo physical castration, which would involve surgical removal of his testes.
  • Judge orders chemical castration for convicted molester» Naples Daily News 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.naplesnews.com [Source type: News]

 ^ If chemical castration works without hazardous side effects, and some people would be willing to risk it, it sounds to me that it would be stupid NOT to use it.
  • Chemical Castration: The Benefits and Disadvantages Intrinsic to Injecting Male Pedophiliacs with Depo-Provera | Serendip's Exchange 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC serendip.brynmawr.edu [Source type: Original source]

 ^ Castrated lambs showed significantly greater integrated cortisol responses than did control handled lambs (P <0.01); the integrated cortisol responses of castrated lambs was not significantly different from the response seen to ACTH stimulation (P <0.08).

 Since the development of teriparatide, this severe bone loss has been able to be reversed in nearly every case. .At this time there is a limitation on the use of this medication to 24 months until the long-term use is better evaluated.^ J288 .46.w1) There are also variations in the specifications of instruments, and lack of detailed studies on the optimum use in terms of force, time of application and jaw profiles.

 ^ Are there any disadvantages to desexing at the normal time of 5-7 months of age?

 ^ With regard to human rights I would like to say the chemical castration is going to be used instead of long term or life imprisonment.
  • Poland's chemical castration debate | Kris Kotarski | Comment is free | guardian.co.uk 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.guardian.co.uk [Source type: News]
.With the advent of chemical castration, physical castration is not generally recommended by the medical community unless medically necessary or desired.^ And if Shannon Robinson, 23, of East Naples isn’t a good candidate for the chemical castration, he might undergo physical castration, which would involve surgical removal of his testes.
  • Judge orders chemical castration for convicted molester» Naples Daily News 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.naplesnews.com [Source type: News]

 ^ Castration removes the biological and chemical tendencies that are intrinsically linked to the desire to rape in males.
  • Chemical Castration: The Benefits and Disadvantages Intrinsic to Injecting Male Pedophiliacs with Depo-Provera | Serendip's Exchange 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC serendip.brynmawr.edu [Source type: Original source]

 ^ MammaMia 02-12-2009, 09:11 AM We're talking about chemical/medical castration, not chopping off the twig 'n' berries.
  • Castration? [Archive] - American Pregnancy Association 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC americanpregnancy.org [Source type: Original source]

Medical consequences

.A subject of castration who is altered before the onset of puberty will retain a high voice, non-muscular build, and small genitals.^ For example, the voice remains high-pitched when the operation is performed before about age 12, but does not change from the typical male low pitch when performed after age 21.
  • Second Type Woman - Orchidectomy (castration) for the Transsexual Woman 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.secondtype.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ The sample size was small: 21 who were surgically castrated and 22 who were not.
  • The Impact of Surgical Castration on Sexual Recidivism Risk Among Sexually Violent Predatory Offenders -- Weinberger et al. 33 (1): 16 -- Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Online 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.jaapl.org [Source type: Academic]

 ^ In the 121 castrated subjects assessed during follow-up, the recidivism rate before the operation was 76.86 percent.
  • The Impact of Surgical Castration on Sexual Recidivism Risk Among Sexually Violent Predatory Offenders -- Weinberger et al. 33 (1): 16 -- Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Online 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.jaapl.org [Source type: Academic]

 .They may well be taller than average, as the production of sex hormones in puberty—particularly testosterone—stops long bone growth.^ Sex hormones influence the end of bone growth after puberty.
  • Spaying and Castration -- Pros, Cons, Myths, and Dobermans 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.etdr.org [Source type: Academic]

 ^ In the future, they may also have a role in the control and management of testosterone-mediated behavioural problems as well.

 ^ Because the majority of the bodys male hormone, testosterone, is made in the testicles, an Orchidectomy is an excellent way of stopping its production and eliminate its masculinising effects .
  • Second Type Woman - Orchidectomy (castration) for the Transsexual Woman 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.secondtype.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 .The person may not develop pubic hair and will have a small sex drive or none at all.^ But if you can remove the sex drive you may be able to remove the desire for a relationship as well?
  • Chemical Castration: The Benefits and Disadvantages Intrinsic to Injecting Male Pedophiliacs with Depo-Provera | Serendip's Exchange 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC serendip.brynmawr.edu [Source type: Original source]

 ^ This isn't castration at all - he still has a sex drive!!
  • The Case for Castration - Page 1 - The Daily Beast 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.thedailybeast.com [Source type: General]

 ^ While depo-provera may be effective in lowering sex drive, administering this drug does not address the real motivation behind this behavior.
  • "Chemical Castration: A Strange Cure for Rape" by Lamar Stonecypher 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.kudzumonthly.com [Source type: Original source]

 .Castrations after the onset of puberty will typically reduce the sex drive considerably or eliminate it altogether.^ Freund 24 provided a review of pharmacological sex drive reduction, including use of surgical castration.
  • The Impact of Surgical Castration on Sexual Recidivism Risk Among Sexually Violent Predatory Offenders -- Weinberger et al. 33 (1): 16 -- Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Online 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.jaapl.org [Source type: Academic]

 ^ These individuals cited the positive benefits of castration as having decreased their abnormal sex drive, prevented their confinement, or improved the possibility of marriage.
  • The Impact of Surgical Castration on Sexual Recidivism Risk Among Sexually Violent Predatory Offenders -- Weinberger et al. 33 (1): 16 -- Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Online 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.jaapl.org [Source type: Academic]

 ^ This isn't castration at all - he still has a sex drive!!
  • The Case for Castration - Page 1 - The Daily Beast 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.thedailybeast.com [Source type: General]

 .Also castrated people are automatically sterile, because the testes (for males) and ovaries (for females) produce sex cells needed for sexual reproduction.^ Castration of llamas and alpacas may be chosen to allow commingling of pet or fiber producing males and females, to restrict the available genetic pool, to lessen aggressive behavior, and to create gelding males to be sold as pets or show animals.
  • Common Surgical Procedures in Camelids :: The College of Veterinary Medicine at The Ohio State University 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.vet.ohio-state.edu [Source type: Academic]

 ^ The production of testosterone in males occurs primarily through the secretions of the Leydig cells of the testes.
  • The Impact of Surgical Castration on Sexual Recidivism Risk Among Sexually Violent Predatory Offenders -- Weinberger et al. 33 (1): 16 -- Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Online 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.jaapl.org [Source type: Academic]

 ^ As Table 2 summarizes, every study that examined sexual recidivism in castrated sex offenders found a marked reduction in sexual offending (0–10 percent).
  • The Impact of Surgical Castration on Sexual Recidivism Risk Among Sexually Violent Predatory Offenders -- Weinberger et al. 33 (1): 16 -- Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Online 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.jaapl.org [Source type: Academic]

 Once removed the subject is infertile. .The voice does not change.^ For example, the voice remains high-pitched when the operation is performed before about age 12, but does not change from the typical male low pitch when performed after age 21.
  • Second Type Woman - Orchidectomy (castration) for the Transsexual Woman 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.secondtype.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 .Some castrates report mood changes, such as depression or a more serene outlook on life.^ Had I known this prior to being castrated...had I known "surgical menopause" was far more than hot flashes, insomnia, mood changes and night sweats...I would never have consented to this.

 ^ In the Swiss sample, they reported the finding that 32 percent of the castrated group complained of feeling miserable after the operation, with some expressing complaints of depression, irritability, and isolation.
  • The Impact of Surgical Castration on Sexual Recidivism Risk Among Sexually Violent Predatory Offenders -- Weinberger et al. 33 (1): 16 -- Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Online 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.jaapl.org [Source type: Academic]

 ^ Some say castration but I prefer a more finite solution.

 .Body strength and muscle mass can decrease somewhat.^ Those abdominal muscles are so very important for core body support and strength.
  • Hysterectomy - the Experts Speak Out: Hysterectomy and Female Castration: the Enablers Part II 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC hysterectomyinformation.blogspot.com [Source type: Original source]

 Body hair sometimes may decrease. .Castration prevents male pattern baldness if it is done before hair is lost; however, castration will not restore hair growth after hair has already been lost due to male pattern baldness.^ On the basis of these findings, we treated mice bearing Shionogi tumors with calcium channel blockers before castration to prevent castration-induced apoptosis.
  • Castration-induced Apoptosis of Androgen-dependent Shionogi Carcinoma Is Associated with Increased Expression of Genes Encoding Insulin-like Growth Factor-binding Proteins -- Nickerson et al. 59 (14): 3392 -- Cancer Research 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC cancerres.aacrjournals.org [Source type: Academic]

 ^ Owners may choose to manage male calves as intact bulls, castrate early, castrate late, or castrate plus implant with a growth stimulant implant.

 ^ Older intact males also tend to suffer from perineal hernias, which are also prevent by castration (Dorn 1985).
  • Spaying and Castration -- Pros, Cons, Myths, and Dobermans 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.etdr.org [Source type: Academic]

 [16] .Castration eliminates the risk of testicular cancer.^ Better designed testicular/prostate cancer studies have demonstrated that, while sexual desire is reduced by orchiectomy, the capacity to develop an erection in response to sexually stimulating material is not eliminated.
  • The Impact of Surgical Castration on Sexual Recidivism Risk Among Sexually Violent Predatory Offenders -- Weinberger et al. 33 (1): 16 -- Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Online 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.jaapl.org [Source type: Academic]

 ^ Can you picture your doctor telling you about the risks of testicular cancer, etc..
  • Dolittler: Canine vasectomy instead of neuter? Yes, really (sometimes) 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.dolittler.com [Source type: General]

 ^ Castration completely prevents testicular cancer in male dogs.
  • Spaying and Castration -- Pros, Cons, Myths, and Dobermans 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.etdr.org [Source type: Academic]
.Historically, eunuchs who additionally underwent a penectomy reportedly suffered from urinary incontinence associated with the removal of the penis, and they had their own specialist doctors.^ And there are some people who will cry rape to either avoid accepting the consequences of their own actions or to get revenge or because they are just nasty evil people.
  • Italian mp calls for rapist castration [Archive] - The Wench.Org Forums 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.wench.org [Source type: Original source]

 ^ It is very convincing when a doctor, or two or three doctors, say “your fibroids can’t be removed, they’re too big” or “your fibroids can’t be removed, you have to many of them”.

 ^ Association in bitches between breed, size, neutering and docking, and acquired urinary incontinence due to incompetence of the urethral sphincter mechanism.
  • Spaying and Castration -- Pros, Cons, Myths, and Dobermans 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.etdr.org [Source type: Academic]

 [17]
.Without Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT), typical symptoms (similar to those experienced by menopausal women) include hot flashes; gradual bone-density loss, resulting in osteopenia or osteoporosis; potential weight gain or redistribution of body fat to the hips/chest.^ My symptoms as a result of castration are anything but typical menopausal symptoms.

 ^ Hormone replacement therapy is usually recommended."

 ^ For castrated women, the term hormone replacement therapy is a lie.

 .Replacement of testosterone in the form of gel, patches, or injections can largely reverse these effects, although breast enlargement has also been reported as a possible side effect of testosterone usage.^ These are common side effects of the surgery.

 ^ I have so many of the side effects that others have reported.

 ^ Possible side effects of hysterectomies noted.

 [18]

In psychoanalysis and literary theory

.The concept of castration plays an important role in psychoanalysis; see, for example, castration anxiety.^ Accumulating evidence suggests that the IGF system plays an important role in the pathophysiology of cell turnover and renewal in the prostate.
  • Castration-induced Up-Regulation of Insulin-like Growth Factor Binding Protein-5 Potentiates Insulin-like Growth Factor-I Activity and Accelerates Progression to Androgen Independence in Prostate Cancer Models -- Miyake et al. 60 (11): 3058 -- Cancer Research 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC cancerres.aacrjournals.org [Source type: Academic]

 ^ However, although low levels of androgens remaining after castration are thought to play a role in the onset of CRPC, this combination strategy has not proven to prolong survival.
  • British Journal of Cancer - Improving the outcome of patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer through rational drug development 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.nature.com [Source type: Academic]

 ^ It is important to remember that by avoiding the psychological limitations of surgical castration and the serious side effects of high doses of estrogens, GnRH agonists are playing a leader role in the very efficient fight against prostate cancer.
  • Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Agonists in the Treatment of Prostate Cancer -- Labrie et al. 26 (3): 361 -- Endocrine Reviews 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC edrv.endojournals.org [Source type: Academic]
.Castration (as a metaphor) also plays an important role in psychoanalytically-influenced literary theory, for example Harold Bloom's The Anxiety of Influence.^ It is important to remember that by avoiding the psychological limitations of surgical castration and the serious side effects of high doses of estrogens, GnRH agonists are playing a leader role in the very efficient fight against prostate cancer.
  • Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Agonists in the Treatment of Prostate Cancer -- Labrie et al. 26 (3): 361 -- Endocrine Reviews 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC edrv.endojournals.org [Source type: Academic]

 .Poetry can also be seen as castrating, with male poets either being castrated through being outdone by their male predecessors, or male poets (and even mere readers) being castrated by the force of the female sublime as conveyed to them through poetry.^ Bitches in heat will dig under fences, jump over them, scratch their way through doors, or even breed THROUGH fences if necessary; and male dogs will go to the same extremes to reach a female in heat.
  • Spaying and Castration -- Pros, Cons, Myths, and Dobermans 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.etdr.org [Source type: Academic]

 ^ The reduction in weight gain in calves castrated by elastrator rings was greater than that seen following castration by either of the other methods, during the third week after castration.

 ^ He said that everybody male and female should be informed, the impact on future health and well being is at stake.
  • Hysterectomy - the Experts Speak Out: Hysterectomy and Female Castration: the Enablers Part II 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC hysterectomyinformation.blogspot.com [Source type: Original source]

In veterinary practice

.Castration is commonly performed on domestic animals not intended for breeding.^ All male cats not intended for breeding should be castrated.
  • Dolittler: Prebubertal castration: Sounds creepy—but necessary 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.dolittler.com [Source type: Original source]

 ^ Bull calves are commonly castrated to make the animals easier to handle and to control unwanted sexual activity and breeding.

 ^ Animals in the control group were sham-handled for a period equivalent to the time required to perform the castration procedure in the remaining treatment groups.
  • Effect of carprofen administration during banding or burdizzo castration of bulls on plasma cortisol, in vitro interferon-{gamma} production, acute-phase proteins, feed intake, and growth -- Pang et al. 84 (2): 351 -- Journal of Animal Science 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC jas.fass.org [Source type: Academic]

 .Domestic animals are usually castrated to avoid unwanted or uncontrolled reproduction; to reduce or prevent other manifestations of sexual behaviour such as territorial behaviour or aggression (e.g.^ Abnormal standing behaviours were significantly reduced in comparison to those animals castrated without anaesthetic and were not significantly different from levels seen in control uncastrated animals; in particular, less tail swishing was noted.

 ^ Some of the behavioural problems and concerns commonly associated with entire male animals may be prevented altogether if the pup is desexed well before achieving sexual maturity (e.g.

 ^ He will still be inclined towards showing unfavourable male-animal behaviours (roaming, aggression, dominance, territory marking, mounting and copulating with females etc.

 fighting between groups of entire .(uncastrated) males of a species); or to reduce other consequences of sexual behaviour that may make animal husbandry more difficult, such as boundary/fence/enclosure destruction when attempting to get to nearby females of the species.^ Testosterones can make the female animal look and act more masculine (e.g.

 ^ Castration of llamas and alpacas may be chosen to allow commingling of pet or fiber producing males and females, to restrict the available genetic pool, to lessen aggressive behavior, and to create gelding males to be sold as pets or show animals.
  • Common Surgical Procedures in Camelids :: The College of Veterinary Medicine at The Ohio State University 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.vet.ohio-state.edu [Source type: Academic]

 ^ J3 .154.w2) Shepherds may not be aware of the reduced pain behaviours in the hours following the combined method, compared to the use of rings alone.
.Male horses are usually castrated (gelded) using emasculators, because stallions are rather aggressive and troublesome.^ Castration of llamas and alpacas may be chosen to allow commingling of pet or fiber producing males and females, to restrict the available genetic pool, to lessen aggressive behavior, and to create gelding males to be sold as pets or show animals.
  • Common Surgical Procedures in Camelids :: The College of Veterinary Medicine at The Ohio State University 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.vet.ohio-state.edu [Source type: Academic]

 ^ Other possible factors in the difference of results were the type of castrator used (Ritchey Nipper rather than Burdizzo) and the breed of lambs.

 ^ Prison increases aggressive tendencies in male pedophiles while chemical castration addresses the root causes of sexual assault and decreases further sexual deviance.
  • Chemical Castration: The Benefits and Disadvantages Intrinsic to Injecting Male Pedophiliacs with Depo-Provera | Serendip's Exchange 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC serendip.brynmawr.edu [Source type: Original source]

 .The same applies to male mules, although they are sterile.^ They are normally carried out at the same time (in male lambs) and are therefore considered together.

 ^ Although not to the same extent, the same principle applies to Japan.
  • Anthroculture: "Castration" -- Japan's Educational Goal 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.nancho.net [Source type: Original source]

 .Male cattle are castrated to improve muscling and docility for use as oxen.^ A combination of the Burdizzo clamp and rubber ring has also been used to castrate cattle (the ring is placed following application of the clamp).
  • Welfare Implications of Castration of Cattle 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.avma.org [Source type: Academic]

 ^ THE ISSUE Castration of male cattle is common practice throughout the world.
  • Welfare Implications of Castration of Cattle 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.avma.org [Source type: Academic]

 ^ D158 ) In Ireland the Protection of Animals (Amendment) Act 1965 requires the use of anaesthesia for surgical or Burdizzo castration of cattle over six months of age.

 On an episode of the TV series Dirty Jobs on the Discovery Channel, host Mike Rowe used his teeth to castrate a sheep.[19]
.Breeding individuals are kept entire and used for breeding: they may fetch higher prices when sold.^ Castrated dogs may actually be more protective, because they will no longer be distracted by the temptations of breeding.
  • Spaying and Castration -- Pros, Cons, Myths, and Dobermans 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.etdr.org [Source type: Academic]

 ^ The gynecologist will use scare tactics your entire life, women must start to realize what they are up to.
  • Hysterectomy - the Experts Speak Out: Hysterectomy and Female Castration: the Enablers Part II 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC hysterectomyinformation.blogspot.com [Source type: Original source]

 ^ In breeding animals, the use of certain oestrous-suppressing progesterone drugs has been found to result in reduced fertility for many individuals, thereby reducing the affected animals' value as breeding animals.
.Livestock may be castrated when used for food to increase growth or weight or both of individual male animals and because of the undesirable taste and odor of the meat from sexually mature males.^ The Individual is disgusted by the castration of the American male.

 ^ Castration reduces aggressiveness 1,2 and sexual activity by lowering testosterone levels, and modifies carcass characteristics by decreasing the number of animals with a high muscle pH ("dark cutters") 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 Intact male cattle (bulls) tend to produce lower quality grade, less consistent, less marbled, and less tender meat.
  • Welfare Implications of Castration of Cattle 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.avma.org [Source type: Academic]

 ^ Castration of llamas and alpacas may be chosen to allow commingling of pet or fiber producing males and females, to restrict the available genetic pool, to lessen aggressive behavior, and to create gelding males to be sold as pets or show animals.
  • Common Surgical Procedures in Camelids :: The College of Veterinary Medicine at The Ohio State University 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.vet.ohio-state.edu [Source type: Academic]

 .In domestic pigs the taint is caused by androstenone and skatole concentrations stored in the fat tissues of the animal after sexual maturity.^ The greater haptoglobin concentrations in Band compared with Burd animals on d 35 would suggest that Band causes longer inflammatory responses compared with Burd castration.
  • Effect of carprofen administration during banding or burdizzo castration of bulls on plasma cortisol, in vitro interferon-{gamma} production, acute-phase proteins, feed intake, and growth -- Pang et al. 84 (2): 351 -- Journal of Animal Science 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC jas.fass.org [Source type: Academic]

 ^ This ignores the androstenone produced in the adrenal glands above the kidneys and it ignores the skatole induced taint.
  • Sugar Mountain Farm: Tainted Big Pharma 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC sugarmtnfarm.com [Source type: General]

 ^ The predisposition towards hypoglycemia is the result of a reduced ability to produce glucose from stores of glycogen and body fat as well as the fact that these stores of fat and glycogen are smaller in the young animal.

 [20] It is released when the fat is heated and has a distinct odor and flavor that is widely considered unpalatable to consumers.[21] .Consequently, in commercial meat production, male pigs are either castrated shortly after birth or slaughtered before they reach sexual maturity.^ Some of the behavioural problems and concerns commonly associated with entire male animals may be prevented altogether if the pup is desexed well before achieving sexual maturity (e.g.

 ^ Male Castration-the surgical removal of testicles that produces testosterone when removed the sexual drive is greatly diminished.

 ^ Regulated chemical castration should be encouraged as an alternative to prison for male child molesters in order to stop recidivism and decrease instances of sexual assault.
  • Chemical Castration: The Benefits and Disadvantages Intrinsic to Injecting Male Pedophiliacs with Depo-Provera | Serendip's Exchange 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC serendip.brynmawr.edu [Source type: Original source]

 [21] .Recent research in Brazil has shown that castration of pigs is unnecessary because most pigs do not have the 'boar taint'. This is due to many breeds of pigs simply not having the heredity for the boar taint and the fact that pigs are normally slaughtered at a young market weight.^ We don't castrate the pigs we raise because we have no boar taint in our herds.
  • Sugar Mountain Farm: Tainted Big Pharma 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC sugarmtnfarm.com [Source type: General]

 ^ Slaughtering pigs at a normal market age and weight also virtually always prevents boar taint.
  • Sugar Mountain Farm: Tainted Big Pharma 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC sugarmtnfarm.com [Source type: General]

 ^ This is not true - The reality is that real, independent scientific research shows that only a very small minority of (older) boars have taint - the vast majority of market age boars do not have taint so castration and the new Pfizer vaccine Improvac are unnecessary.
  • Sugar Mountain Farm: Tainted Big Pharma 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC sugarmtnfarm.com [Source type: General]

 [22]
.In the case of pets, castration is usually called neutering, and is encouraged to prevent overpopulation of the community by unwanted animals, and to reduced certain diseases such as prostate disease and testicular cancer in male dogs (oophorectomy in female pets is often called spaying).^ Study of prostatic disease in dogs: 177 cases (1981-1986).
  • Spaying and Castration -- Pros, Cons, Myths, and Dobermans 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.etdr.org [Source type: Academic]

 ^ Castration prevents most prostatic diseases in male dogs.
  • Spaying and Castration -- Pros, Cons, Myths, and Dobermans 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.etdr.org [Source type: Academic]

 ^ Castrating male dogs makes them more likely to get prostate cancer.
  • Spaying and Castration -- Pros, Cons, Myths, and Dobermans 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.etdr.org [Source type: Academic]

 .Testicular cancer is rare in dogs, but prostate problems are somewhat common in unaltered male dogs when they get older.^ Castrating male dogs makes them more likely to get prostate cancer.
  • Spaying and Castration -- Pros, Cons, Myths, and Dobermans 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.etdr.org [Source type: Academic]

 ^ Castration completely prevents testicular cancer in male dogs.
  • Spaying and Castration -- Pros, Cons, Myths, and Dobermans 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.etdr.org [Source type: Academic]

 ^ The prostate gland often becomes enlarged or infected in older intact male dogs.
  • Spaying and Castration -- Pros, Cons, Myths, and Dobermans 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.etdr.org [Source type: Academic]

 .Neutered individuals have a much lower risk of developing prostate problems in comparison.^ That is, the noncastrated group appeared to be at a lower recidivism risk by base rate and may not have represented an adequate comparison group.
  • The Impact of Surgical Castration on Sexual Recidivism Risk Among Sexually Violent Predatory Offenders -- Weinberger et al. 33 (1): 16 -- Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Online 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.jaapl.org [Source type: Academic]

 ^ Allowing the pet to have a sexual experience prior to desexing may well lead to some established behavioural problems developing that persist even after neutering has occurred (e.g.

 ^ It should be mentioned that the one third decrease in the risk of dying from prostate cancer is not the comparison between androgen blockade and placebo but between early vs .
  • Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Agonists in the Treatment of Prostate Cancer -- Labrie et al. 26 (3): 361 -- Endocrine Reviews 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC edrv.endojournals.org [Source type: Academic]

 .Unaltered male cats are more likely to develop an obstruction in their urethra, preventing them from urinating to some degree; however neutering does not seem to make much difference statistically because many neutered toms also have the problem.^ The shelter, like puppy mills, does not keep records of how long the pets they place survives, nor if it will develop phobias, incontinence, chronic health and behavioral problems.
  • Dolittler: Prebubertal castration: Sounds creepy—but necessary 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.dolittler.com [Source type: Original source]

 ^ Competition also makes a huge difference to the price of neutering services.

 ^ Some of the behavioural problems and concerns commonly associated with entire male animals may be prevented altogether if the pup is desexed well before achieving sexual maturity (e.g.

 A specialized vocabulary has arisen for neutered animals of given species:
.
An incompletely castrated male in livestock species (horse and cattle) is known as a rig.^ THE ISSUE Castration of male cattle is common practice throughout the world.
  • Welfare Implications of Castration of Cattle 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.avma.org [Source type: Academic]

 ^ Most castration methods that have been used in livestock, horses, or pet animals may be used in llamas and alpacas.
  • Common Surgical Procedures in Camelids :: The College of Veterinary Medicine at The Ohio State University 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.vet.ohio-state.edu [Source type: Academic]
.Methods of veterinary castration include instant surgical removal, the use of an elastrator tool to secure a band around the testicles that disrupts the blood supply, the use of a Burdizzo tool or emasculators to crush the spermatic cords and disrupt the blood supply, pharmacological injections and implants and immunological techniques to inoculate the animal against its own sexual hormones.^ Use this technique when the spermatic cord can be palpated - one month and older.

 ^ A lack of blood supply kills the testicles.

 ^ The Burdizzo method crushes the blood vessels, interrupts the blood supply to the testicle and thus kills the testicle.
.Certain animals, like horses and swine, are usually surgically treated with a scrotal castration (which can be done with the animal standing while sedated and after local anaesthetic has been applied), while others, like dogs and cats, are anaesthetised and recumbent when surgically castrated with a pre-scrotal incision in the case of dogs, or a pre-scrotal or scrotal incision used for cats.^ If a dog or cat or horse or other animal is the 'last of its line' (i.e.

 ^ Scrotal castration can be done with the animal standing or recumbent.
  • Common Surgical Procedures in Camelids :: The College of Veterinary Medicine at The Ohio State University 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.vet.ohio-state.edu [Source type: Academic]

 ^ Scrotal swelling occurred in Burdizzo castrated calves and was prolonged in Burdizzo castrated calves treated with local anaesthetic.
.In veterinary practice an "open" castration refers to a castration in which the inguinal tunic is incised and not sutured.^ Leaving the tunic open may potentially increase the risk of suture-line infections extending through into the abdominal cavity.

 .A "closed" castration refers to when the procedure is performed so that the inguinal tunic is sutured together after incision.^ When Shionogi tumors reached 1–2 cm in diameter (usually 2–3 weeks after injection), castration was performed through an abdominal incision under methoxyflurane anesthesia.
  • Castration-induced Apoptosis of Androgen-dependent Shionogi Carcinoma Is Associated with Increased Expression of Genes Encoding Insulin-like Growth Factor-binding Proteins -- Nickerson et al. 59 (14): 3392 -- Cancer Research 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC cancerres.aacrjournals.org [Source type: Academic]

 ^ Suture site reactions refer to allergic-type skin reactions that some dogs and other animals develop because of the type of suture being used in the surgical incision repair.

 ^ After hemostasis has been achieved, the skin incision is closed using a subcuticular or subcutaneous suture pattern (e.g.
  • Common Surgical Procedures in Camelids :: The College of Veterinary Medicine at The Ohio State University 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.vet.ohio-state.edu [Source type: Academic]

From parasitic infection

.Some parasitic nematodes chemically castrate their hosts.^ If chemical castration works without hazardous side effects, and some people would be willing to risk it, it sounds to me that it would be stupid NOT to use it.
  • Chemical Castration: The Benefits and Disadvantages Intrinsic to Injecting Male Pedophiliacs with Depo-Provera | Serendip's Exchange 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC serendip.brynmawr.edu [Source type: Original source]

 ^ WARSAW (Reuters) Poland on Friday approved a law making chemical castration mandatory for pedophiles in some cases, sparking criticism from human rights groups.
  • Poland Okays Forcible Castration on Pedophiles - DVD Talk Forum 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC forum.dvdtalk.com [Source type: General]

 ^ Poland has caused outrage among human rights groups by approving a law that will see paedophiles chemically castrated in some cases.
  • Forcible Castration on Paedophiles Approved 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.shortnews.com [Source type: Original source]

 .For example, Microphallus pseudopygmaeus chemically castrates its host, the snail Onoba aculeus, and causes it to grow larger than normal.^ The study concluded that acute stress occurred for a period of six to 12 hours after castration and was greater following surgical than chemical castration.

 ^ Prison increases aggressive tendencies in male pedophiles while chemical castration addresses the root causes of sexual assault and decreases further sexual deviance.
  • Chemical Castration: The Benefits and Disadvantages Intrinsic to Injecting Male Pedophiliacs with Depo-Provera | Serendip's Exchange 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC serendip.brynmawr.edu [Source type: Original source]

 ^ J3 .138.w3) Surgical castration causes some acute pain but rapid healing and less chronic pain than application of rubber rings.

See also

References

  1. ^ "On Target, July 27, 2003". On Target (newsletter). Target Health, Inc.. 2003-07-27. http://www.targethealth.com/ontarget/2003/07272003.htm. Retrieved 2007-04-30.  Section II: HISTORY OF MEDICINE
  2. ^ MaleCare.com
  3. ^ In Darfur, My Camera Was Not Nearly Enough
  4. ^ Thomas Jefferson, A Bill for Proportioning Crimes and Punishments 1778 Papers 2:492--504 http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/documents/amendVIIIs10.html
  5. ^ Katherine Amlin. "Chemical Castration: The Benefits and Disadvantages Intrinsic to Injecting Male Pedophiliacs with Depo-Provera". http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/biology/b103/f02/web1/kamlin.html. Retrieved 2007-06-13. 
  6. ^ "'Chemical castration' OK'd for Montana inmates". N.Y. Times News Service. 1997. http://archive.southcoasttoday.com/daily/04-97/04-27-97/a09wn032.htm. Retrieved 2007-06-13. 
  7. ^ http://www.brainphysics.com/research/ocpara_bradford99.html "THE PARAPHILIAS, OBSESSIVE COMPULSIVE SPECTRUM DISORDER, AND THE TREATMENT OF SEXUALLY DEVIANT BEHAVIORS" by J. M. W. Bradford
  8. ^ Council of Europe report on the Czech Republic
  9. ^ Europeans Debate Castration of Sex Offenders
  10. ^ a b Whitehead, Tom (2009-05-20). "Sex offences advisor backs castration". The Daily Telegraph. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/lawandorder/5351019/Sex-offences-advisor-backs-castration.html. Retrieved 2009-05-30. 
  11. ^ "Cutting the numbers reoffending?". Channel 4. 2009-05-20. http://www.channel4.com/news/articles/world/europe/cutting%20the%20numbers%20reoffending%20%20/3158772. Retrieved 2009-05-30. 
  12. ^ John Rosselli, "Castrato" article in The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, 2001.
  13. ^ "All Mouth and No Trousers" from The Guardian, Aug 5 2002.
  14. ^ NPNF2-01. Eusebius Pamphilius: Church History, Life of Constantine, Oration in Praise of Constantine
  15. ^ Leviticus 22:24, Talmud Shabbos 110b
  16. ^ Hamilton JB. Effect of castration in adolescent and young adult males upon further changes in the proportion of bare and hairy scalp. J Clin Endocrinol metab 1960; 20:1309-1315.
  17. ^ http://www.medspe.fr/site/templates/template.php?identifiant_article=2166&surlignage=2&PHPSESSID=bd0a2427de5e5665b9c541ca8a6ecc71
  18. ^ http://www.healthandage.com/public/health-center/28/article/3047/gm=20!gid2=2824 "HRT for Men Is Risky, Too" by Robert W. Griffith, MD.
  19. ^ Mike Rowe: Jack of All the Dirtiest Trades, ABC News, March 5, 2009
  20. ^ Genetics of Boar Taint: Implications for the Future Use of Intact Males
  21. ^ a b Genetic Inhibition of Boar Odor in Meat
  22. ^ Sugar Mountain Farm: To Cut or Not?

Bibliography

  • Patrick Barbier, The World of the Castrati: the History of an Extraordinary Operatic Phenomenon Souvenir, 1996, ISBN 0-285-63309-0
  • Susan Elliott, Cutting Too Close for Comfort: Paul's Letter to the Galatians in Its Anatolian Cultic Context Reviews in Review of Biblical Literature [1]
  • Travis Nygard and Alec Sonsteby. "Castration." In The Cultural Encyclopedia of the Body, edited by Victoria Pitts, pages 502-507. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2008.
  • Theresa McCuaig, "Understanding Castration." 2009.

External links

.
Genital surgical and other procedures: Male reproductive system (ICD-9-CM V3 60-64)
Male
reproductive system
Prostatectomy (Transurethral resection of the prostate, Radical suprapubic prostatic resection)
♂ reproductive system navs: anat/physio/dev, noncongen/congen/neoplasia, symptoms+signs/eponymous, proc

Simple English

Castration[1] is any action, surgical, chemical, or otherwise, by which a male loses the functions of the testes or a female loses the functions of the ovaries.

Contents

Castration in veterinary practice

Castration is commonly performed on domestic animals not intended for breeding. Domestic animals are usually castrated in order to avoid unwanted or uncontrolled reproduction; to reduce or prevent other ways of sexual behaviour such as territorial behaviour or aggression (like fighting between groups of uncastrated males of a species); or to reduce other consequences of sexual behaviour that may make animal husbandry more difficult, such as fence destruction when animals try to get to nearby females of the species.

Male horses are usually castrated, because stallions are rather aggressive. The same applies to male mules, although they are sterile. Male cattle are castrated to improve muscling and docility for use as oxen.

A specialized vocabulary has arisen for neutered animals of given species:

  • Barrow (pig)
  • Bullock (cattle)
  • Capon (chicken)
  • Dinmont (sheep, goat)
  • Gelding (horse)
  • Gib (cat, ferret)
  • Havier (deer)
  • Lapin (rabbit)
  • Stag (cattle, sheep, horse)
  • Steer (cattle)
  • Wether (sheep, goat)

Castration in humans

The practice of castration has its roots before recorded human history.[2] Castration was frequently used in certain cultures of Europe, the Middle East, India, Africa and China, for political, religious or social reasons. After battles in some cases, victors castrated their captives or the corpses of the defeated to symbolise their victory and 'seize' their power. Castrated men — eunuchs — were often admitted to special social classes and were used particularly to staff bureaucracies and palace households: in particular, the harem. Castration also figured in a number of religious castration cults. Other religions, for example Judaism and Islam, were strongly opposed to the practice. The Leviticus Holiness code, for example, specifically excludes eunuchs or any males with defective genitals from the priesthood, just as castrated animals are excluded from sacrifice.

In China, to become a servant of the emperor, men had to be castrated. This would prevent them from having sons or having affairs with royal concubines. Eunuchs in China have been known to usurp power in many eras of Chinese history, most notably in the Later Han, late Tang and late Ming Dynasties. There are similar recorded Middle Eastern events.

Reasons

Medical

Testicular cancer is generally treated by surgical removal of the cancerous testicle(s) (orchidectomy), often followed by radiation or chemotherapy. Unless both testicles are cancerous, only one is removed.

As punishment

Edward Gibbon's famous work Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire reports castration of defeated foes at the hands of the Normans. Castration has also been used in modern conflicts, as the Janjaweed militiamen currently (as of 2005) attacking citizens of the Darfur region in Sudan, often castrating villagers and leaving them to bleed to death [3].

For religious reasons

In Europe, when females were not permitted to sing in church or cathedral choirs in the Roman Catholic Church, boys were sometimes castrated to prevent their voices breaking at puberty and to develop a special high voice. The first documents mentioning castrati are Italian church records from the 1550s.[4]

Miscellaneous

  • Orthodox Judaism forbids the castration of either humans or animals. Castrated animals are deemed unfit for sacrifice in the Temple; Castrated men are deemed unfit for the priesthood.
  • Castration is used as a treatment for prostate cancer.[1]
  • Some parasitic nematodes chemically castrate their hosts, see microphallus.

Other pages

Other websites

On religious castration

  • Susan Elliott, Cutting Too Close for Comfort: Paul's Letter to the Galatians in Its Anatolian Cultic Context Reviews in Review of Biblical Literature [2]

Notes

  1. ↑ also: gelding, neutering, orchiectomy, orchidectomy, and oophorectomy
  2. ↑ "On Target, July 27 2003". On Target (newsletter). Target Health, Inc.. 2003-07-27. http://www.targethealth.com/ontarget/2003/07272003.htm. Retrieved 2007-04-30.  Section II: HISTORY OF MEDICINE
  3. ↑ In Darfur, My Camera Was Not Nearly Enough
  4. ↑ John Rosselli, "Castrato" article in The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, 2001.
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