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Map of central Chichen Itza
.^ The name "Chichen Itza" means "at the mouth of the well at Itza".- Chichen Itza Maya Ruins 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC wyattsailing.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Chichen Itza, Mayan pyramid, Mexico .- Chichen itza Stock Photo Images. 733 Chichen itza royalty free pictures and photos available to download from over 100 stock photography brands. 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.fotosearch.com [Source type: General]
^ Chichen Itza in northern Yucatan.- ChichEn ItzA: Free Encyclopedia Articles at Questia.com Online Library 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.questia.com [Source type: Academic]
.^ Chichen Itza in northern Yucatan.- ChichEn ItzA: Free Encyclopedia Articles at Questia.com Online Library 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.questia.com [Source type: Academic]
^ Chichen Itza was a major regional focal point in the northern Maya lowlands from the Late Classic through the Terminal Classic and into the early portion of the Early Postclassic period.- Chichen Itza - Archiplanet 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.greatbuildings.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Chichen Itza was a major regional center in the northern Maya lowlands from the Late Classic through the Terminal Classic and into the early portion of the Early Postclassic period.- Chichen Itza Guide: List of Things to Do in Chichen Itza, Mexico - Hotels in Chichen Itza, Trips, Restaurants and Reviews - TripWiser: Social Trip Planner for Family Trips and Road Trips 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.tripwiser.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ The site exhibits a multitude of architectural styles, from what is called “Mexicanized” and reminiscent of styles seen in central Mexico to the Puuc style found among the Puuc Maya of the northern lowlands.- Chichen Itza - Archiplanet 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.greatbuildings.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Chichen Itza Guide: List of Things to Do in Chichen Itza, Mexico - Hotels in Chichen Itza, Trips, Restaurants and Reviews - TripWiser: Social Trip Planner for Family Trips and Road Trips 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.tripwiser.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Maya , central Yucatán, Mexico.- ChichEn ItzA: Free Encyclopedia Articles at Questia.com Online Library 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.questia.com [Source type: Academic]
^ It was, however, towards the end of the Late Classic and into the early part of the Terminal Classic that the site became a major regional capitol, centralizing and dominating political, sociocultural, economic, and ideological life in the northern Maya lowlands.- Chichen Itza Guide: List of Things to Do in Chichen Itza, Mexico - Hotels in Chichen Itza, Trips, Restaurants and Reviews - TripWiser: Social Trip Planner for Family Trips and Road Trips 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.tripwiser.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ The presence of central Mexican styles was once thought to have been representative of direct migration or even conquest from central Mexico, but most contemporary interpretations view the presence of these non-Maya styles more as the result of cultural diffusion .- Chichen Itza - Archiplanet 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.greatbuildings.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The presence of central Mexican styles was once thought to have been representative of direct migration or even conquest from central Mexico, but most contemporary interpretations view the presence of these non-Maya styles more as the result of cultural diffusion.- Chichen Itza Guide: List of Things to Do in Chichen Itza, Mexico - Hotels in Chichen Itza, Trips, Restaurants and Reviews - TripWiser: Social Trip Planner for Family Trips and Road Trips 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.tripwiser.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The Maya were an ancient civilization of southern Mexico and the Central American countries of Guatemala, Honduras Belize and El Salvador.- Chichen Itza Facts 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.sacredsites.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ The ruins of Chichen Itza are federal property, and the site’s stewardship is maintained by Mexico’s National Institute of Anthropology and History ( Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia , INAH).- Chichen Itza Guide: List of Things to Do in Chichen Itza, Mexico - Hotels in Chichen Itza, Trips, Restaurants and Reviews - TripWiser: Social Trip Planner for Family Trips and Road Trips 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.tripwiser.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The ruins of Chichen Itza are federal property, and the site’s stewardship is maintained by Mexico’s Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia ( National Institute of Anthropology and History , INAH).- Chichen Itza - Archiplanet 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.greatbuildings.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Mexico, Yucatan, Chichen Itza, pyramid .- Chichen itza Stock Photo Images. 733 Chichen itza royalty free pictures and photos available to download from over 100 stock photography brands. 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.fotosearch.com [Source type: General]
.^ The land under the monuments, however, is privately-owned by the Barbachano family.- Chichen Itza Guide: List of Things to Do in Chichen Itza, Mexico - Hotels in Chichen Itza, Trips, Restaurants and Reviews - TripWiser: Social Trip Planner for Family Trips and Road Trips 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.tripwiser.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The Barbachano family, however, privately owns the land under the monuments.- Chichen Itza Facts 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.sacredsites.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The land under the monuments, however, is privately-owned by the Barbachano family.Concerning the legal basis of the ownership of Chichen and other sites of patrimony, see Breglia (2006), in particular Chapter 3, "Chichen Itza, a Century of Privatization".- Chichen Itza - Archiplanet 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.greatbuildings.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[3]
Name and orthography
Feathered Serpent, bottom of "El Castillo" staircase
.^ Their city became known as Chichen Itza, which means "Mouth of the Well of the Itza".- Chichen Itza Facts 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.sacredsites.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The name "Chichen Itza" means "at the mouth of the well at Itza".- Chichen Itza Maya Ruins 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC wyattsailing.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The Maya name " Chich'en Itza " means "At the mouth of the well of the Itza."- Chichen Itza - Archiplanet 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.greatbuildings.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Chichen Itza Guide: List of Things to Do in Chichen Itza, Mexico - Hotels in Chichen Itza, Trips, Restaurants and Reviews - TripWiser: Social Trip Planner for Family Trips and Road Trips 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.tripwiser.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ This derives from chi , meaning "mouth" or "edge", and ch'en , meaning "well."- Chichen Itza Guide: List of Things to Do in Chichen Itza, Mexico - Hotels in Chichen Itza, Trips, Restaurants and Reviews - TripWiser: Social Trip Planner for Family Trips and Road Trips 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.tripwiser.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The name Chichén-Itzá is a Mayan word: CHI (mouth) CHEN (well) and ITZA (of the Itza tribe).- Chichen Itza | Yucatan Today 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC yucatantoday.com [Source type: General]
^ The name "Chichen Itza" means "at the mouth of the well at Itza".- Chichen Itza Maya Ruins 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC wyattsailing.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Itzá is the name of an ethnic-lineage group that gained political and economic dominance of the northern peninsula.- Chichen Itza - Archiplanet 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.greatbuildings.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Chichen Itza Guide: List of Things to Do in Chichen Itza, Mexico - Hotels in Chichen Itza, Trips, Restaurants and Reviews - TripWiser: Social Trip Planner for Family Trips and Road Trips 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.tripwiser.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ It was, however, towards the end of the Late Classic and into the early part of the Terminal Classic that the site became a major regional capitol, centralizing and dominating political, sociocultural, economic, and ideological life in the northern Maya lowlands.- Chichen Itza Guide: List of Things to Do in Chichen Itza, Mexico - Hotels in Chichen Itza, Trips, Restaurants and Reviews - TripWiser: Social Trip Planner for Family Trips and Road Trips 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.tripwiser.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ These lineages were essentially ethnic groups unto themselves, and individual personages were deemphasized in monumental inscriptions referring to them in deference to the group identity.- Chich�n Itz� Information 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC archive.cyark.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Its Maya name means "Mouth of the Well of the Itza", and it was the most important city of the Mayan culture between 750 and 1200 A.C. .- Chichén Itzá 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC tabblo.com [Source type: General]
^ It also has a Maya name, Chichanchob, which according to INAH may mean "small holes."- Chichen Itza - Archiplanet 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.greatbuildings.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The name is believed to have been derived from Maya words meaning "magic water" or possibly "wizard".- Chichen Itza Maya Ruins 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC wyattsailing.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Itzá in Spanish is often translated as "Brujas del Agua (Witches of Water)" but a more precise translation would be Magicians of Water.- Chichen Itza - Archiplanet 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.greatbuildings.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Chichen Itza Guide: List of Things to Do in Chichen Itza, Mexico - Hotels in Chichen Itza, Trips, Restaurants and Reviews - TripWiser: Social Trip Planner for Family Trips and Road Trips 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.tripwiser.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The name is often represented as Chichén Itzá in Spanish and when translated into other languages from Spanish to show that both parts of the name are stressed on their final syllables.- Chichen Itza - Archiplanet 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.greatbuildings.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Chichen Itza Guide: List of Things to Do in Chichen Itza, Mexico - Hotels in Chichen Itza, Trips, Restaurants and Reviews - TripWiser: Social Trip Planner for Family Trips and Road Trips 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.tripwiser.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ A more modern translation of Kukulkan (Quetzalcoatl) would be Nature.- Chichén Itzá on Flickr - Photo Sharing! 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.flickr.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[citation needed]
.^ The name is often represented as Chichén Itzá in Spanish and when translated into other languages from Spanish to show that both parts of the name are stressed on their final syllables.- Chichen Itza - Archiplanet 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.greatbuildings.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Chichen Itza Guide: List of Things to Do in Chichen Itza, Mexico - Hotels in Chichen Itza, Trips, Restaurants and Reviews - TripWiser: Social Trip Planner for Family Trips and Road Trips 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.tripwiser.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ An earlier name of the building, according to a translation of glyphs in the Casa Colorada, is Wa(k)wak Puh Ak Na, "the flat house with the excessive number of chambers,” and it was the home of the administrator of Chichén Itzá, kokom Yahawal Cho' K’ak’.- Chichen Itza - Archiplanet 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.greatbuildings.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Chichen Itza Guide: List of Things to Do in Chichen Itza, Mexico - Hotels in Chichen Itza, Trips, Restaurants and Reviews - TripWiser: Social Trip Planner for Family Trips and Road Trips 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.tripwiser.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Into Chichén Itzá's sacred well, mecca of countless pilgrimages from Central America and the Mexican plateau, were thrown jade and metal offerings.- ChichEn ItzA: Free Encyclopedia Articles at Questia.com Online Library 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.questia.com [Source type: Academic]
.^ Other references prefer to employ a more rigorous orthography in which the word is written according to Maya language, using Chich'en Itzá .- Chichen Itza Guide: List of Things to Do in Chichen Itza, Mexico - Hotels in Chichen Itza, Trips, Restaurants and Reviews - TripWiser: Social Trip Planner for Family Trips and Road Trips 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.tripwiser.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Other references prefer to employ a more rigorous orthography in which the word is written according to Maya language , using Chich'en Itzá (.- Chichen Itza - Archiplanet 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.greatbuildings.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ This is an indispensible book for anyone researching Chichén Itzá who is not reasonably familiar with the Náhuatl or Maya languages.- CHICHEN ITZA PATHFINDER 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.ils.unc.edu [Source type: Academic]
.^ This form preserves the phonemeic distinction between and, since the base word ch'en (which, however, does have a neutral tone vowel "e" in Maya and is not accented or stressed in Maya) begins with a glottalized affricate.- Chichen Itza Guide: List of Things to Do in Chichen Itza, Mexico - Hotels in Chichen Itza, Trips, Restaurants and Reviews - TripWiser: Social Trip Planner for Family Trips and Road Trips 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.tripwiser.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ This form preserves the phonemic distinction between ch' and ch, since the base word ch'e'en (which, however, does have a neutral tone vowel "e" in Maya and is not accented or stressed in Maya) begins with a glottalized affricate .- Chichen Itza - Archiplanet 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.greatbuildings.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Other references prefer to employ a more rigorous orthography in which the word is written according to Maya language, using Chich'en Itzá .- Chichen Itza Guide: List of Things to Do in Chichen Itza, Mexico - Hotels in Chichen Itza, Trips, Restaurants and Reviews - TripWiser: Social Trip Planner for Family Trips and Road Trips 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.tripwiser.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ The word "Itzá'" has a high rise final "a" that is followed by a glottal stop (indicated by the apostrophe).- Chichen Itza - Archiplanet 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.greatbuildings.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Chichen Itza Guide: List of Things to Do in Chichen Itza, Mexico - Hotels in Chichen Itza, Trips, Restaurants and Reviews - TripWiser: Social Trip Planner for Family Trips and Road Trips 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.tripwiser.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ There is evidence in the Books of the Chilam Balams that there was another, earlier name for this city prior to the arrival of the Itza hegemony in northern Yucatán.- Chichen Itza Guide: List of Things to Do in Chichen Itza, Mexico - Hotels in Chichen Itza, Trips, Restaurants and Reviews - TripWiser: Social Trip Planner for Family Trips and Road Trips 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.tripwiser.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ There is evidence in the Chilam Balam books that there was another, earlier name for this city prior to the arrival of the Itza hegemony in northern Yucatán.- Chichen Itza - Archiplanet 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.greatbuildings.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ In one chamber there are extensive carved hieroglyphs that mention rulers of Chichen Itza and possibly of the nearby city of Ek Balam, and contain a Maya date inscribed which correlates to 869 a.d.e., one of the oldest such dates found in all of Chichen Itza.- Chichen Itza - Archiplanet 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.greatbuildings.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ This name is difficult to define because of the absence of a single standard of orthography, but it is represented variously as Uuc Yabnal , Uuc Habnal , Uuc Hab Nal , or Uc Abnal .- Chichen Itza Guide: List of Things to Do in Chichen Itza, Mexico - Hotels in Chichen Itza, Trips, Restaurants and Reviews - TripWiser: Social Trip Planner for Family Trips and Road Trips 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.tripwiser.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ This name is difficult to define because of the absence of a single standard of orthography, but it is represented variously as Uuc Yabnal,Uuc Yabnal is variously translated as “Seven Great House”, per Richard N. Luxton (translator), The Book of Chumayel: The Counsel Book of the Yucatec Maya, 1539-1638 (Walnut Creek, Calif.: Aegean Park Press, 1996) 141 ISBN 0894122444 Uuc Hab Nal,Uuc Hab Nal is translated as “Seven Bushy Places” in Peter O. Koch, The Aztecs, the Conquistadors, and the Making of Mexican Culture (???: McFarland & Co., 2006) 19 ISBN 0786422521 or Uc Abnal.Uuc Yabnal becomes Uc Abnal, meaning the “Seven Abnals” or “Seven Lines of Abnal,” where Abnal is a family name, per Ralph L. Roys, The Book of Chilam Balam of Chumayel.- Chichen Itza - Archiplanet 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.greatbuildings.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[6] .^ While most sources agree the first word means seven, there is considerable debate as to the correct translation of the rest.- Chichen Itza - Archiplanet 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.greatbuildings.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Chichen Itza Guide: List of Things to Do in Chichen Itza, Mexico - Hotels in Chichen Itza, Trips, Restaurants and Reviews - TripWiser: Social Trip Planner for Family Trips and Road Trips 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.tripwiser.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Among the translations suggested are “Seven Bushes,” “Seven Great Houses,” or “Seven Lines of Abnal.”
History
.^ Northern Yucatan is arid, and the interior has no aboveground rivers.- Chichen Itza Facts 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.sacredsites.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Northern Yucatán is arid, and the rivers in the interior all run underground.- Chichen Itza - Archiplanet 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.greatbuildings.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ There are two large, natural sink holes, called cenotes, that could have provided plentiful water year round at Chichen, making it attractive for settlement.- Chichen Itza Guide: List of Things to Do in Chichen Itza, Mexico - Hotels in Chichen Itza, Trips, Restaurants and Reviews - TripWiser: Social Trip Planner for Family Trips and Road Trips 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.tripwiser.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The only sources of water are the natural sinkholes called cenotes.- Chichen Itza Facts 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.sacredsites.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Cenotes (or sink holes) are deep, underground pools of fresh water.- "chichen itza" - My Budget Travel - 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC mybt.budgettravel.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Of the two cenotes, the "Cenote Sagrado" or Sacred Cenote, is the more famous.- Chichen Itza Guide: List of Things to Do in Chichen Itza, Mexico - Hotels in Chichen Itza, Trips, Restaurants and Reviews - TripWiser: Social Trip Planner for Family Trips and Road Trips 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.tripwiser.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Of the two Chichen cenotes, the larger, the "Cenote Sagrado" or Sacred Cenote, is the more famous.- Chichen Itza Facts 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.sacredsites.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Of the two cenotes, the "Cenote Sagrado" (Sacred Cenote) is the more famous.- Chichen Itza Maya Ruins 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC wyattsailing.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ According to post-Conquest sources (both Maya and Spanish), the pre-Columbian Maya threw sacrificial objects and human beings into the cenote as a form of worship to Chaac, the Maya rain god.- Chichen Itza Facts 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.sacredsites.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ According to post-Conquest sources (Maya and Spanish), pre-Columbian Maya sacrificed objects and human beings into the cenote as a form of worship to the Maya rain god Chaac.- Chichen Itza Guide: List of Things to Do in Chichen Itza, Mexico - Hotels in Chichen Itza, Trips, Restaurants and Reviews - TripWiser: Social Trip Planner for Family Trips and Road Trips 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.tripwiser.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ INAH converted the cave into an underground museum, and the objects after being catalogued were returned to their original place so visitors can see them in situ .- Chichen Itza Guide: List of Things to Do in Chichen Itza, Mexico - Hotels in Chichen Itza, Trips, Restaurants and Reviews - TripWiser: Social Trip Planner for Family Trips and Road Trips 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.tripwiser.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Soon after, artifacts of gold, jade, pottery, incense, and precious ornaments were found.- Chichen Itza Maya Ruins 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC wyattsailing.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ American Consul Edward Herbert Thompson dredged the Cenote Sagrado from 1904 to 1910, and recovered artifacts of gold, jade, pottery, and incense, as well as human remains.- Chichen Itza Guide: List of Things to Do in Chichen Itza, Mexico - Hotels in Chichen Itza, Trips, Restaurants and Reviews - TripWiser: Social Trip Planner for Family Trips and Road Trips 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.tripwiser.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Edward Herbert Thompson dredged the Cenote Sagrado from 1904 to 1910, and recovered artifacts of gold , jade , pottery , and incense , as well as human remains.- Chichen Itza - Archiplanet 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.greatbuildings.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[7] .^ A recent study of human remains taken from the Cenote Sagrado found that they had wounds consistent with human sacrifice.- Chichen Itza Guide: List of Things to Do in Chichen Itza, Mexico - Hotels in Chichen Itza, Trips, Restaurants and Reviews - TripWiser: Social Trip Planner for Family Trips and Road Trips 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.tripwiser.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ When archaeologists dredged the Cenote of Sacrifice, they found various types of offerings, including jade carvings, pottery, gold and silver artifacts and even human skeletons.- Chichen Itza Facts 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.sacredsites.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ It is a low platform with a talud-tablero (slope-panel) type of base, and human remains, along with obsidian and shell offerings, were found interred within it.- Chich�n Itz� Information 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC archive.cyark.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[8]
Kukulcan's Jaguar Throne, interior temple of "El Castillo"
Ascendancy
.^ Chichen Itza rose to regional prominence towards the end of the Early Classic period (roughly 600 AD).- Chichen Itza - Archiplanet 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.greatbuildings.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Chichen Itza rose to regional prominence towards the end of the Early Classic period (or, roughly 600 AD).- Chichen Itza Guide: List of Things to Do in Chichen Itza, Mexico - Hotels in Chichen Itza, Trips, Restaurants and Reviews - TripWiser: Social Trip Planner for Family Trips and Road Trips 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.tripwiser.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ It was, however, towards the end of the Late Classic and into the early part of the Terminal Classic that the site became a major regional capitol, centralizing and dominating political, sociocultural, economic, and ideological life in the northern Maya lowlands.- Chichen Itza Guide: List of Things to Do in Chichen Itza, Mexico - Hotels in Chichen Itza, Trips, Restaurants and Reviews - TripWiser: Social Trip Planner for Family Trips and Road Trips 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.tripwiser.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ It was, however, towards the end of the Late Classic and into the early part of the Terminal Classic that the site became a major regional capitol, centralizing and dominating political, sociocultural, economic, and ideological life in the northern Maya lowlands.- Chichen Itza Guide: List of Things to Do in Chichen Itza, Mexico - Hotels in Chichen Itza, Trips, Restaurants and Reviews - TripWiser: Social Trip Planner for Family Trips and Road Trips 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.tripwiser.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Chichen Itza was a major regional focal point in the northern Maya lowlands from the Late Classic through the Terminal Classic and into the early portion of the Early Postclassic period.- Chichen Itza - Archiplanet 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.greatbuildings.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Chichen Itza was a major regional center in the northern Maya lowlands from the Late Classic through the Terminal Classic and into the early portion of the Early Postclassic period.- Chichen Itza Guide: List of Things to Do in Chichen Itza, Mexico - Hotels in Chichen Itza, Trips, Restaurants and Reviews - TripWiser: Social Trip Planner for Family Trips and Road Trips 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.tripwiser.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ The ascension of Chichen Itza roughly correlates with the decline and fragmentation of the major centers of the southern Maya lowlands, such as Tikal.- Chichen Itza Guide: List of Things to Do in Chichen Itza, Mexico - Hotels in Chichen Itza, Trips, Restaurants and Reviews - TripWiser: Social Trip Planner for Family Trips and Road Trips 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.tripwiser.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Chichen Itza was a major economic power in the northern Maya lowlands during its apogee.- Chichen Itza Guide: List of Things to Do in Chichen Itza, Mexico - Hotels in Chichen Itza, Trips, Restaurants and Reviews - TripWiser: Social Trip Planner for Family Trips and Road Trips 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.tripwiser.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Approximately 4 km west of the Chichen Itza archaeological zone are a network of sacred caves known as Balankanche , Balamka'anche' in Modern Maya).- Chichen Itza Guide: List of Things to Do in Chichen Itza, Mexico - Hotels in Chichen Itza, Trips, Restaurants and Reviews - TripWiser: Social Trip Planner for Family Trips and Road Trips 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.tripwiser.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Some ethnohistoric sources claim that in about 987 a Toltec king named Quetzalcoatl left the city of Tula in central Mexico and came to Chichen Itza with a large army.- Chichen Itza Facts 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.sacredsites.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ With the help of local Maya allies he captured the city and made it his new capital.- Chichen Itza Facts 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.sacredsites.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Some ethnohistoric sources claim that in about 987 a Toltec king named Topiltzin Ce Acatl Quetzalcoatl arrived here with an army from central Mexico, and (with local Maya allies) made Chichen Itza his capital, and a second Tula .- Chichen Itza - Archiplanet 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.greatbuildings.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ The art and architecture from this period shows an interesting mix of Maya and Toltec styles.- Chichen Itza - Archiplanet 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.greatbuildings.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Chichen Itza Guide: List of Things to Do in Chichen Itza, Mexico - Hotels in Chichen Itza, Trips, Restaurants and Reviews - TripWiser: Social Trip Planner for Family Trips and Road Trips 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.tripwiser.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The site exhibits a multitude of architectural styles, from what is called “Mexicanized” and reminiscent of styles seen in central Mexico to the Puuc style found among the Puuc Maya of the northern lowlands.- Chichen Itza - Archiplanet 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.greatbuildings.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Chichen Itza Guide: List of Things to Do in Chichen Itza, Mexico - Hotels in Chichen Itza, Trips, Restaurants and Reviews - TripWiser: Social Trip Planner for Family Trips and Road Trips 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.tripwiser.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The Toltec influences found in the art and architecture of certain areas of the great city were the result of the patronage of a cosmopolitan nobility involved in trade with the Toltecs and other Mesoamerican peoples.- Chichen Itza Facts 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.sacredsites.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ However, the recent re-dating of Chichen Itza's decline (see below) indicates that Chichen Itza is largely a Late/Terminal Classic site, while Tula remains an Early Postclassic site (thus reversing the direction of possible influence).- Chichen Itza - Archiplanet 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.greatbuildings.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Chichen Itza Guide: List of Things to Do in Chichen Itza, Mexico - Hotels in Chichen Itza, Trips, Restaurants and Reviews - TripWiser: Social Trip Planner for Family Trips and Road Trips 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.tripwiser.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Having arrived early I was able to see Chichen Itza with few tourists.- There is More to See: Days 32-36. Campeche, Merida, Chichen Itza, Valladolid, Chetumal - Page 8 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.ourmexico.com [Source type: General]
^ Chichen Itza Main Menu (this site) .- Chichen Itza: El Castillo, Pyramid of Kukulkan 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.world-mysteries.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Political organization
Columns in the Temple of a Thousand Warriors
.^ Several archaeologists in late 1980s suggested that unlike previous Maya polities of the Early Classic, Chichen Itza may not have been governed by an individual ruler or a single dynastic lineage .- Chichen Itza - Archiplanet 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.greatbuildings.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Unlike previous Maya polities of the Early Classic, Chichen Itza was not governed by an individual ruler or a single dynastic lineage.- Chichen Itza Guide: List of Things to Do in Chichen Itza, Mexico - Hotels in Chichen Itza, Trips, Restaurants and Reviews - TripWiser: Social Trip Planner for Family Trips and Road Trips 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.tripwiser.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Approximately 4 km west of the Chichen Itza archaeological zone are a network of sacred caves known as Balankanche , Balamka'anche' in Modern Maya).- Chichen Itza Guide: List of Things to Do in Chichen Itza, Mexico - Hotels in Chichen Itza, Trips, Restaurants and Reviews - TripWiser: Social Trip Planner for Family Trips and Road Trips 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.tripwiser.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Instead, the city’s political organization could have been structured by a " multepal " system, which is characterized as rulership through council composed of members of elite ruling lineages.David Freidel, “Yaxuna Archaeological Survey: A Report of the 1988 Field Season” (retrieved from the FAMSI--Foundation for the Advancement of Mesoamerican Studies—Web site Sept.- Chichen Itza - Archiplanet 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.greatbuildings.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The council was composed of members of elite ruling lineages.- Chichen Itza Guide: List of Things to Do in Chichen Itza, Mexico - Hotels in Chichen Itza, Trips, Restaurants and Reviews - TripWiser: Social Trip Planner for Family Trips and Road Trips 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.tripwiser.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Instead, according to Sharer and Traxler (2006:581), the city’s political organization was structured by a " multepal " system, which is characterized as rulership through council.- Chichen Itza Guide: List of Things to Do in Chichen Itza, Mexico - Hotels in Chichen Itza, Trips, Restaurants and Reviews - TripWiser: Social Trip Planner for Family Trips and Road Trips 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.tripwiser.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[9] .^ See also, Sharer and Traxler (2006:581) This theory was popular in the 1990s, but in recent years, the research that supported the concept of the "multepal" system has been called into question, if not discredited.- Chichen Itza - Archiplanet 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.greatbuildings.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ It was, however, towards the end of the Late Classic and into the early part of the Terminal Classic that the site became a major regional capitol, centralizing and dominating political, sociocultural, economic, and ideological life in the northern Maya lowlands.- Chichen Itza Guide: List of Things to Do in Chichen Itza, Mexico - Hotels in Chichen Itza, Trips, Restaurants and Reviews - TripWiser: Social Trip Planner for Family Trips and Road Trips 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.tripwiser.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ One thing that is clear is that a powerful new ideology emerged at Chichen in the mid-9th century, combining elements of the belief systems of Classic-period lowland Maya, the militarized Putun Maya from the Gulf Coast (including the Itza), traditional Yucatec Maya beliefs, and cosmological reciprocity with peoples from the Valley of Mexico.- Chich�n Itz� Information 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC archive.cyark.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The ascension of Chichen Itza roughly correlates with the decline and fragmentation of the major centers of the southern Maya lowlands, such as Tikal.- Chichen Itza Guide: List of Things to Do in Chichen Itza, Mexico - Hotels in Chichen Itza, Trips, Restaurants and Reviews - TripWiser: Social Trip Planner for Family Trips and Road Trips 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.tripwiser.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[10]
Economy
.^ Chichen Itza was a major economic power in the northern Maya lowlands during its apogee.- Chichen Itza - Archiplanet 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.greatbuildings.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Chichen Itza Guide: List of Things to Do in Chichen Itza, Mexico - Hotels in Chichen Itza, Trips, Restaurants and Reviews - TripWiser: Social Trip Planner for Family Trips and Road Trips 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.tripwiser.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Approximately 4 km west of the Chichen Itza archaeological zone are a network of sacred caves known as Balankanche , Balamka'anche' in Modern Maya).- Chichen Itza Guide: List of Things to Do in Chichen Itza, Mexico - Hotels in Chichen Itza, Trips, Restaurants and Reviews - TripWiser: Social Trip Planner for Family Trips and Road Trips 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.tripwiser.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ It was, however, towards the end of the Late Classic and into the early part of the Terminal Classic that the site became a major regional capitol, centralizing and dominating political, sociocultural, economic, and ideological life in the northern Maya lowlands.- Chichen Itza Guide: List of Things to Do in Chichen Itza, Mexico - Hotels in Chichen Itza, Trips, Restaurants and Reviews - TripWiser: Social Trip Planner for Family Trips and Road Trips 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.tripwiser.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Chichen Itza Main Menu (this site) .- Chichen Itza: El Castillo, Pyramid of Kukulkan 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.world-mysteries.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Participating in the water-borne circum-peninsular trade route through its port site of Isla Cerritos, Chichen Itza was able to obtain locally unavailable resources from distant areas such as central Mexico (obsidian) and southern Central America (gold).- Chichen Itza Guide: List of Things to Do in Chichen Itza, Mexico - Hotels in Chichen Itza, Trips, Restaurants and Reviews - TripWiser: Social Trip Planner for Family Trips and Road Trips 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.tripwiser.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Through these trade networks they were able to obtain resources from distant areas such as obsidian from central Mexico and gold from Central America.- Chichen Itza Facts 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.sacredsites.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Decline
.^ Approximately 4 km west of the Chichen Itza archaeological zone are a network of sacred caves known as Balankanche , Balamka'anche' in Modern Maya).- Chichen Itza Guide: List of Things to Do in Chichen Itza, Mexico - Hotels in Chichen Itza, Trips, Restaurants and Reviews - TripWiser: Social Trip Planner for Family Trips and Road Trips 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.tripwiser.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Attractions Details While Europe was still in the dark ages, the Maya civilization was mapping the heavens, inventing the calendar, and building great cities like Chichen Itza.- Chichen Itza, Attractions | BookIt.com ® Travel Guide 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.bookit.com [Source type: General]
^ Central America Chichen Itza Latin America Maya Mayan Mexico ancient column columns jungle jungles old rock rocks ruin ruins stone stones Comments .- stock.xchng - Pillar Detail, Chichén Itzá 5 (stock photo by bjearwicke) 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.sxc.hu [Source type: General]
.^ Hunac Ceel supposedly prophecized his own rise to power.- Chichen Itza - Archiplanet 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.greatbuildings.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ According to custom at the time, individuals thrown into the Cenote Sagrado were believed to have the power of prophecy if they survived.- Chichen Itza - Archiplanet 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.greatbuildings.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The Cenote Sagrado was a place of pilgrimage for ancient Maya people who, according to ethnohistoric sources, would conduct sacrifices during times of drought.- Chichen Itza - Archiplanet 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.greatbuildings.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ This cenote was a ritual Mecca, and was believed to hold supernatural powers.- CHICHEN ITZA PATHFINDER 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.ils.unc.edu [Source type: Academic]
.^ During one such ceremony, the chronicles state, there were no survivors, so Hunac Ceel leaped into the Cenote Sagrado, and when removed, prophecized his own ascension.- Chichen Itza - Archiplanet 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.greatbuildings.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The Cenote Sagrado was a place of pilgrimage for ancient Maya people who, according to ethnohistoric sources, would conduct sacrifices during times of drought.- Chichen Itza - Archiplanet 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.greatbuildings.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ There have been two later expeditions to recover artifacts from the Cenote Sagrado, in 1961 and 1967.- Chichen Itza - Archiplanet 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.greatbuildings.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ There are exellent photos of Chichén Itzá.- CHICHEN ITZA PATHFINDER 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.ils.unc.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ There is a brief mention of Chichén Itzá on page 130, along with geographical coordinates.- CHICHEN ITZA PATHFINDER 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.ils.unc.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ If this is true, then there is a large time gap between the fall of Chichen Itza and the rise to regional prominence of Mayapan, with archaeological research noting a surge in population and monumental construction projects during the mid-13th century in the latter city; evidence that is largely consistent with the ethnohistorical accounts.- Chich�n Itz� Information 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC archive.cyark.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Archaeological data now indicates that Chichen Itza fell by around AD 1000.- Chichen Itza Facts 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.sacredsites.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ If this is true, then there is a large time gap between the fall of Chichen Itza and the rise to regional prominence of Mayapan, with archaeological research noting a surge in population and monumental construction projects during the mid-13th century in the latter city; evidence that is largely consistent with the ethnohistorical accounts.- Chich�n Itz� Information 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC archive.cyark.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Cleared and restored, Chichen Itza now stands as one of the greatest cities and centers for technological achievement of the pre-Columbian Americas.- Chich�n Itz� Information 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC archive.cyark.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[12] .^ Ongoing research at the site of Mayapan may help resolve this chronological conundrum.- Chichen Itza - Archiplanet 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.greatbuildings.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ While Chichén Itzá “collapsed” (meaning elite activities ceased and the site rapidly depopulated) it does not appear to have been completely abandoned.- Chichen Itza - Archiplanet 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.greatbuildings.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ This Mexican site is great for photos of Chichén Itzá.- CHICHEN ITZA PATHFINDER 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.ils.unc.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ Several photos, and an excellent, simplified site plan of Chichén Itzá.- CHICHEN ITZA PATHFINDER 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.ils.unc.edu [Source type: Academic]
.^ The Sacred Cenote, however, remained a place of pilgrimage.- Chichen Itza Guide: List of Things to Do in Chichen Itza, Mexico - Hotels in Chichen Itza, Trips, Restaurants and Reviews - TripWiser: Social Trip Planner for Family Trips and Road Trips 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.tripwiser.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ According to post-Conquest sources, both Spanish and Maya, the Cenote Sagrado remained a place of pilgrimage.- Chichen Itza - Archiplanet 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.greatbuildings.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The Cenote Sagrado was a place of pilgrimage for ancient Maya people who, according to ethnohistoric sources, would conduct sacrifices during times of drought.- Chichen Itza - Archiplanet 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.greatbuildings.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Spanish arrival
.^ In 1526 Spanish Conquistador Francisco de Montejo (a veteran of the Grijalva and Cortés expeditions) successfully petitioned the King of Spain for a charter to conquer Yucatán.- Chichen Itza - Archiplanet 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.greatbuildings.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ In 1531 Spanish Conquistador Francisco de Montejo claimed Chichén Itzá and intended to make it the capital of Spanish Yucatán, but after a few months a native Maya revolt drove Montejo and his forces from the land.- Chichen Itza Guide: List of Things to Do in Chichen Itza, Mexico - Hotels in Chichen Itza, Trips, Restaurants and Reviews - TripWiser: Social Trip Planner for Family Trips and Road Trips 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.tripwiser.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ In the mid-16th century, the conquistador Francisco de Montejo used the site as his headquarters in his attempt to conquer the Yucatn peninsula.- Playa del Carmen - Mayan Ruins Of Chichen Itza 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.playa.info [Source type: General]
.^ His first campaign in 1527, which covered much of the Yucatán peninsula, decimated his forces but ended with the establishment of a small fort at Xaman Ha' , south of what is today Cancún .- Chichen Itza - Archiplanet 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.greatbuildings.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Montejo returned to Yucatán in 1531 with reinforcements and took
Campeche on the west coast.
.^ He sent his son, Francisco Montejo The Younger, in late 1532 to conquer the interior of the Yucatán Peninsula from the north.- Chichen Itza - Archiplanet 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.greatbuildings.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Montejo eventually returned to Yucatán and conquered the peninsula.- Chichen Itza - Archiplanet 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.greatbuildings.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ In 1526 Spanish Conquistador Francisco de Montejo (a veteran of the Grijalva and Cortés expeditions) successfully petitioned the King of Spain for a charter to conquer Yucatán.- Chichen Itza - Archiplanet 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.greatbuildings.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ The objective from the beginning was to go to Chichén Itzá and establish a capital.- Chichen Itza - Archiplanet 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.greatbuildings.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[13]
.^ Montejo the Younger eventually arrived at Chichen Itza, which he renamed Ciudad Real.- Chichen Itza - Archiplanet 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.greatbuildings.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Here's the original: Here is Dudedeer's visit to Chichen Itza He had a good time but was really tired after climbing all those stairs.- Chichen Itza - Playfish - Forum 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC forum.playfish.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Having arrived early I was able to see Chichen Itza with few tourists.- There is More to See: Days 32-36. Campeche, Merida, Chichen Itza, Valladolid, Chetumal - Page 8 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.ourmexico.com [Source type: General]
.^ At first he encountered no resistance, and set about dividing the lands around the city and awarding them to his soldiers.- Chichen Itza - Archiplanet 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.greatbuildings.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ The Maya became more hostile over time, and eventually they laid siege to the Spanish, cutting off their supply line to the coast, and forcing them to barricade themselves among the ruins of ancient city.- Chichen Itza - Archiplanet 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.greatbuildings.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ In the caves, a large selection of ancient pottery and idols may be seen still in the positions where they were left in pre-Columbian times.- Chichen Itza - Archiplanet 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.greatbuildings.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Chichen Itza Guide: List of Things to Do in Chichen Itza, Mexico - Hotels in Chichen Itza, Trips, Restaurants and Reviews - TripWiser: Social Trip Planner for Family Trips and Road Trips 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.tripwiser.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ While these cities did not cease to function as major centers overnight, nor were they all abandoned at the same time, a gradual exodus of people trickled out from the densely-populated central lowland area to other cities, such as those along the Gulf coasts and in the ancient Maya heartland in the volcanic highlands to the south.- Chich�n Itz� Information 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC archive.cyark.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Months passed, but no reinforcements arrived.- Chichen Itza - Archiplanet 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.greatbuildings.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Montejo the Younger attempted an all out assault against the Maya and lost 150 of his remaining forces.- Chichen Itza - Archiplanet 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.greatbuildings.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ He was forced to abandon Chichén Itzá in 1534 under cover of darkness.- Chichen Itza - Archiplanet 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.greatbuildings.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ While Chichén Itzá “collapsed” (meaning elite activities ceased and the site rapidly depopulated) it does not appear to have been completely abandoned.- Chichen Itza - Archiplanet 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.greatbuildings.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ To find sources on Chichén Itzá, you need to look in the subject index for each volume under "Chichén Itzá"; the indices are not cumulative.- CHICHEN ITZA PATHFINDER 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.ils.unc.edu [Source type: Academic]
.^ By 1535, all Spanish had been driven from the Yucatán Peninsula.Robert S. Chamberlain, The Conquest and Colonization of Yucatán 1517-1550 (Washington D.C.: Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1948) 132-149 .- Chichen Itza - Archiplanet 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.greatbuildings.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[14]
.^ Montejo eventually returned to Yucatán and conquered the peninsula.- Chichen Itza - Archiplanet 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.greatbuildings.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ In 1526 Spanish Conquistador Francisco de Montejo (a veteran of the Grijalva and Cortés expeditions) successfully petitioned the King of Spain for a charter to conquer Yucatán.- Chichen Itza - Archiplanet 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.greatbuildings.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ In the mid-16th century, the conquistador Francisco de Montejo used the site as his headquarters in his attempt to conquer the Yucatn peninsula.- Playa del Carmen - Mayan Ruins Of Chichen Itza 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.playa.info [Source type: General]
.^ The Spanish crown later issued a land grant that included Chichen Itza and by 1588 it was a working cattle ranch.Lisa Breglia, Monumental Ambivalence: The Politics of Heritage (Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press, 2006) 67 .- Chichen Itza - Archiplanet 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.greatbuildings.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ In 1944, Barbachano Peon purchased all of the Hacienda Chichén, including Chichen Itza, from the heirs of Edward Thompson.- Chichen Itza - Archiplanet 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.greatbuildings.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Chichen Itza Guide: List of Things to Do in Chichen Itza, Mexico - Hotels in Chichen Itza, Trips, Restaurants and Reviews - TripWiser: Social Trip Planner for Family Trips and Road Trips 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.tripwiser.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ They urged Governor Felipe Carrillo Puerto to build roads to the more famous monuments, including Chichen Itza.- Chichen Itza - Archiplanet 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.greatbuildings.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Chichen Itza Guide: List of Things to Do in Chichen Itza, Mexico - Hotels in Chichen Itza, Trips, Restaurants and Reviews - TripWiser: Social Trip Planner for Family Trips and Road Trips 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.tripwiser.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[15]
Site description
High-resolution photo showing the restored sides of El Castillo
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Great Ballcourt (interior)
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Templo de los Guerreros (Temple of the Warriors)
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"La Iglesia" in Las Monjas complex of buildings.
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.^ (January-February 2002) 80-87 contains many fine stone buildings in various states of preservation, and many have been restored.- Chichen Itza - Archiplanet 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.greatbuildings.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ While the Casa Colorada is in a good state of preservation, other buildings in the group, with one exception, are decrepit mounds.- Chichen Itza - Archiplanet 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.greatbuildings.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ This site provides an excellent overview of the many aspects of Mayan life, and contains a general discussion of archaeology and anthropology in the Americas, which includes the Maya, Aztecs and Inca.- CHICHEN ITZA PATHFINDER 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.ils.unc.edu [Source type: Academic]
.^ The buildings are connected by a dense network of formerly paved roads, called sacbeob .From , meaning "white way/road”.- Chichen Itza - Archiplanet 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.greatbuildings.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[17] .^ Archaeologists have found almost 100 sacbeob criss-crossing the site, and extending in all directions from the city."Almost a Hundred Sacbeob Led to Chichen Itza," INAH Web site, http://dti.inah.gob.mx/index.php?option=com_content&task=blogsection&id=39&Itemid=150 , recovered 10 October 2008 .- Chichen Itza - Archiplanet 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.greatbuildings.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[18]
.^ The buildings of Chichén Itza are grouped in a series of architectonic sets, and each set was at one time separated from the other by a series of low walls.- Chichen Itza - Archiplanet 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.greatbuildings.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ While the Casa Colorada is in a good state of preservation, other buildings in the group, with one exception, are decrepit mounds.- Chichen Itza - Archiplanet 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.greatbuildings.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ South of Las Monjas, in an area known as Chichén Viejo (Old Chichén) and only open to archaeologists, are several other complexes, such as the Group of the Initial Series, Group of the Lintels, and Group of the Old Castle.- Chichen Itza - Archiplanet 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.greatbuildings.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ At the same time, the Mexican government excavated and restored El Castillo and the Great Ball Court.- Chichen Itza - Archiplanet 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.greatbuildings.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Chichen Itza Guide: List of Things to Do in Chichen Itza, Mexico - Hotels in Chichen Itza, Trips, Restaurants and Reviews - TripWiser: Social Trip Planner for Family Trips and Road Trips 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.tripwiser.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Next to El Castillo are a series of platforms.- Chichen Itza - Archiplanet 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.greatbuildings.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ This central plaza is essentially an immense platform defined by three great building complexes surrounding it: El Castillo, the Great Ballcourt, and the Temple of the Warriors.- Chich�n Itz� Information 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC archive.cyark.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ South of Las Monjas, in an area known as Chichén Viejo (Old Chichén) and only open to archaeologists, are several other complexes, such as the Group of the Initial Series, Group of the Lintels, and Group of the Old Castle.- Chichen Itza - Archiplanet 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.greatbuildings.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ INAH has conducted an ongoing effort to excavate and restore other monuments in the archaeological zone, including the Ossario, Akab D’zib, and several buildings in Chichén Viejo (Old Chichen).- Chichen Itza - Archiplanet 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.greatbuildings.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ South of the Ossario Group is another small platform that has several structures that are among the oldest in the Chichen Itza archaeological zone.- Chichen Itza - Archiplanet 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.greatbuildings.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Great North Platform
El Castillo
.^ Dominating the center of Chichén is the Temple of Kukulkan (the Maya name for Quetzalcoatl), often referred to as "El Castillo" (the castle).- Chichen Itza Guide: List of Things to Do in Chichen Itza, Mexico - Hotels in Chichen Itza, Trips, Restaurants and Reviews - TripWiser: Social Trip Planner for Family Trips and Road Trips 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.tripwiser.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Dominating the center of Chichén is the Temple of Kukulkan (the Maya name for Quetzalcoatl ), often referred to as "El Castillo" (the castle).- Chichen Itza - Archiplanet 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.greatbuildings.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Kukulkan is a Mayan deity whose name shares the same root as the Mayan word for "quetzal" and who is often depicted with the bird on his back.- Chichen Itza: El Castillo, Pyramid of Kukulkan 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.world-mysteries.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ This step pyramid has a ground plan of square terraces with stairways up each of the 4 sides to the temple on top.- Chichen Itza Guide: List of Things to Do in Chichen Itza, Mexico - Hotels in Chichen Itza, Trips, Restaurants and Reviews - TripWiser: Social Trip Planner for Family Trips and Road Trips 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.tripwiser.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ This step pyramid has a ground plan of square terraces with stairways up each of the four sides to the temple on top.- Chichen Itza - Archiplanet 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.greatbuildings.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Today several thousand show up to see the light-and-shadow effect on the Temple of Kukulcan in which the feathered serpent god supposedly can be seen to crawl down the side of the pyramid.- Chichen Itza Guide: List of Things to Do in Chichen Itza, Mexico - Hotels in Chichen Itza, Trips, Restaurants and Reviews - TripWiser: Social Trip Planner for Family Trips and Road Trips 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.tripwiser.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ On the Spring and Fall equinox, at the rising and setting of the sun, the corner of the structure casts a shadow in the shape of a plumed serpent - Kukulcan, or Quetzalcoatl - along the side of the North staircase.- Chichen Itza Guide: List of Things to Do in Chichen Itza, Mexico - Hotels in Chichen Itza, Trips, Restaurants and Reviews - TripWiser: Social Trip Planner for Family Trips and Road Trips 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.tripwiser.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ On the Spring and Autumn equinox , at the rising and setting of the sun, the corner of the structure casts a shadow in the shape of a plumed serpent - Kukulcan, or Quetzalcoatl - along the west side of the north staircase.- Chichen Itza - Archiplanet 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.greatbuildings.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Today several thousand show up to see the light-and-shadow effect on the Temple of Kukulcan in which the feathered serpent god supposedly can be seen to crawl down the side of the pyramid.- Chichen Itza Guide: List of Things to Do in Chichen Itza, Mexico - Hotels in Chichen Itza, Trips, Restaurants and Reviews - TripWiser: Social Trip Planner for Family Trips and Road Trips 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.tripwiser.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ On these two annual occasions, the shadows from the corner tiers slither down the northern side of the pyramid with the sun's movement to the serpent's head at the base.- Chichen Itza - Archiplanet 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.greatbuildings.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ On these two days, the shadows from the corner tiers slither down the northern side of the pyramid with the sun's movement.- Chichen Itza Guide: List of Things to Do in Chichen Itza, Mexico - Hotels in Chichen Itza, Trips, Restaurants and Reviews - TripWiser: Social Trip Planner for Family Trips and Road Trips 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.tripwiser.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ On the sides of the staircases are stone balusters, and at the base of the north staircase rest two enormous snake heads which represent the Maya deity Kukulcan, 'the feathered serpent.- Chichen Itza Hotels, Chichen Itza Tourism, Chichen Itza Tours reservation Mexico 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC chichenitzamexico.info [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Mesoamerican cultures periodically built larger pyramids atop older ones, and this is one such example.- Chichen Itza - Archiplanet 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.greatbuildings.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Chichen Itza Guide: List of Things to Do in Chichen Itza, Mexico - Hotels in Chichen Itza, Trips, Restaurants and Reviews - TripWiser: Social Trip Planner for Family Trips and Road Trips 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.tripwiser.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ There was never a permanent structure built atop the Platform of the Eagles and it was likely used for public address or performances of some sort, such as dance or sacrifice.- Chich�n Itz� Information 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC archive.cyark.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ In the mid 1930s, the Mexican government sponsored an excavation into El Castillo.- Chichen Itza Guide: List of Things to Do in Chichen Itza, Mexico - Hotels in Chichen Itza, Trips, Restaurants and Reviews - TripWiser: Social Trip Planner for Family Trips and Road Trips 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.tripwiser.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ In the mid 1930s, the Mexican government sponsored an excavation of El Castillo.- Chichen Itza - Archiplanet 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.greatbuildings.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The Mexican government excavated a tunnel from the base of the north staircase, up the earlier pyramid’s stairway to the hidden temple, and opened it to tourists.- Chichen Itza - Archiplanet 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.greatbuildings.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Chichen Itza Guide: List of Things to Do in Chichen Itza, Mexico - Hotels in Chichen Itza, Trips, Restaurants and Reviews - TripWiser: Social Trip Planner for Family Trips and Road Trips 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.tripwiser.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ After several false starts, they discovered a staircase under the north side of the pyramid.- Chichen Itza - Archiplanet 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.greatbuildings.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Chichen Itza Guide: List of Things to Do in Chichen Itza, Mexico - Hotels in Chichen Itza, Trips, Restaurants and Reviews - TripWiser: Social Trip Planner for Family Trips and Road Trips 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.tripwiser.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The Mexican government excavated a tunnel from the base of the north staircase, up the earlier pyramid’s stairway to the hidden temple, and opened it to tourists.- Chichen Itza - Archiplanet 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.greatbuildings.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Chichen Itza Guide: List of Things to Do in Chichen Itza, Mexico - Hotels in Chichen Itza, Trips, Restaurants and Reviews - TripWiser: Social Trip Planner for Family Trips and Road Trips 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.tripwiser.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Also known as the El Castillo (The Castle) and Quetzalcoatl, Kukulkan Pyramid has staircases on all four sides.- Chichen Itza: El Castillo, Pyramid of Kukulkan 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.world-mysteries.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ By digging from the top, they found another temple buried below the current one.- Chichen Itza - Archiplanet 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.greatbuildings.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Chichen Itza Guide: List of Things to Do in Chichen Itza, Mexico - Hotels in Chichen Itza, Trips, Restaurants and Reviews - TripWiser: Social Trip Planner for Family Trips and Road Trips 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.tripwiser.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ There is a temple on top, but unlike El Castillo, at the center is an opening into the pyramid which leads to a natural cave below.- Chichen Itza - Archiplanet 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.greatbuildings.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The height to the top platform is 24 m, the temple adding another 6 m.- Chichen Itza: El Castillo, Pyramid of Kukulkan 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.world-mysteries.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Inside the temple chamber was a Chac Mool statue and a throne in the shape of Jaguar, painted red and with spots made of inlaid jade.- Chichen Itza - Archiplanet 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.greatbuildings.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Inside the temple chamber was a Chac Mool statue and a throne in the shape of jaguar, painted red with spots made of inlaid jade.- Chichen Itza Guide: List of Things to Do in Chichen Itza, Mexico - Hotels in Chichen Itza, Trips, Restaurants and Reviews - TripWiser: Social Trip Planner for Family Trips and Road Trips 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.tripwiser.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ In the entrance to the Lower Temple of the Jaguar , which opens behind the ball court, is another Jaguar throne, similar to the one in the inner temple of El Castillo, except that it is well worn and missing paint or other decoration.- Chichen Itza - Archiplanet 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.greatbuildings.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ The Mexican government excavated a tunnel from the base of the north staircase, up the earlier pyramid’s stairway to the hidden temple, and opened it to tourists.- Chichen Itza - Archiplanet 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.greatbuildings.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Chichen Itza Guide: List of Things to Do in Chichen Itza, Mexico - Hotels in Chichen Itza, Trips, Restaurants and Reviews - TripWiser: Social Trip Planner for Family Trips and Road Trips 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.tripwiser.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ In the mid 1930s, the Mexican government sponsored an excavation into El Castillo.- Chichen Itza Guide: List of Things to Do in Chichen Itza, Mexico - Hotels in Chichen Itza, Trips, Restaurants and Reviews - TripWiser: Social Trip Planner for Family Trips and Road Trips 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.tripwiser.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ At the top of the stairway on the pyramid’s summit (and leading towards the entrance of the pyramid’s temple) is a Chac Mool.- Chichen Itza Guide: List of Things to Do in Chichen Itza, Mexico - Hotels in Chichen Itza, Trips, Restaurants and Reviews - TripWiser: Social Trip Planner for Family Trips and Road Trips 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.tripwiser.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ In 2006, INAH closed the throne room to the public.- Chichen Itza - Archiplanet 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.greatbuildings.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Chichen Itza Guide: List of Things to Do in Chichen Itza, Mexico - Hotels in Chichen Itza, Trips, Restaurants and Reviews - TripWiser: Social Trip Planner for Family Trips and Road Trips 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.tripwiser.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ This includes El Castillo, which was closed after a tourist fell to her death in 2006, and which also recently saw the closure of its Jaguar Throne room in 2007.- Chich�n Itz� Information 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC archive.cyark.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Over the past several years, INAH, which manages the site, has been closing monuments to public access.- Chichen Itza - Archiplanet 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.greatbuildings.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Chichen Itza Guide: List of Things to Do in Chichen Itza, Mexico - Hotels in Chichen Itza, Trips, Restaurants and Reviews - TripWiser: Social Trip Planner for Family Trips and Road Trips 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.tripwiser.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Great Ball Court
.^ Archaeologists have identified several courts for playing the Mesoamerican ballgame in Chichén, but the Great Ball Court about to the north-west of the Castillo is by far the most impressive.- Chichen Itza - Archiplanet 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.greatbuildings.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Archaeologists have identified seven courts for playing the Mesoamerican ballgame in Chichén, but the Great Ball Court about 150 meters to the north-west of the Castillo is by far the most impressive.- Chichen Itza Guide: List of Things to Do in Chichen Itza, Mexico - Hotels in Chichen Itza, Trips, Restaurants and Reviews - TripWiser: Social Trip Planner for Family Trips and Road Trips 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.tripwiser.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Climb the famous Castillo and visit the largest Mayan ball court in existence.- Chichen Itza, Attractions | BookIt.com ® Travel Guide 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.bookit.com [Source type: General]
.^ It is the largest ball court in ancient Mesoamerica.- Chichen Itza - Archiplanet 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.greatbuildings.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Chichen Itza Guide: List of Things to Do in Chichen Itza, Mexico - Hotels in Chichen Itza, Trips, Restaurants and Reviews - TripWiser: Social Trip Planner for Family Trips and Road Trips 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.tripwiser.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Climb the famous Castillo and visit the largest Mayan ball court in existence.- Chichen Itza, Attractions | BookIt.com ® Travel Guide 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.bookit.com [Source type: General]
^ To the plaza's west side is the Great Ball Court, the largest in all of Mesoamerica at 154.8 meters in length and bounded by walls reaching over 9 meters in height.- Chich�n Itz� Information 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC archive.cyark.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ It measures 166 by 68 meters (545 by 232 feet).- Chichen Itza Guide: List of Things to Do in Chichen Itza, Mexico - Hotels in Chichen Itza, Trips, Restaurants and Reviews - TripWiser: Social Trip Planner for Family Trips and Road Trips 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.tripwiser.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ The imposing walls are 12 meters high, and in the center, high up on each of the long walls, are rings carved with intertwining serpents.- Chichen Itza Guide: List of Things to Do in Chichen Itza, Mexico - Hotels in Chichen Itza, Trips, Restaurants and Reviews - TripWiser: Social Trip Planner for Family Trips and Road Trips 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.tripwiser.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ This small masonry building has detailed bas relief carving on the inner walls, including a center figure that has carving under his chin that resembles facial hair.- Chichen Itza Guide: List of Things to Do in Chichen Itza, Mexico - Hotels in Chichen Itza, Trips, Restaurants and Reviews - TripWiser: Social Trip Planner for Family Trips and Road Trips 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.tripwiser.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The imposing walls are high, and in the center, high up on each of the long walls, are rings carved with intertwining serpents.A popular explanation is that the objective of the game was to pass a ball through one of the rings, however in other, smaller ball courts there is no ring, only a post.- Chichen Itza - Archiplanet 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.greatbuildings.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[19]
.^ At the base of the high interior walls are slanted benches with sculpted panels of teams of ball players.- Chichen Itza - Archiplanet 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.greatbuildings.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Chichen Itza Guide: List of Things to Do in Chichen Itza, Mexico - Hotels in Chichen Itza, Trips, Restaurants and Reviews - TripWiser: Social Trip Planner for Family Trips and Road Trips 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.tripwiser.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ This temple, located to the southern end of the Great Ball Court opposite the Temple of the Bearded Man, contains the bases of six large round columns and surrounding walls.- Chich�n Itz� Information 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC archive.cyark.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ In one panel, one of the players has been decapitated and from the wound emits seven streams of blood; six become wriggling serpents and the center becomes a winding plant.- Chichen Itza - Archiplanet 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.greatbuildings.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ At one end of the Great Ball Court is the North Temple , popularly called the Temple of the Bearded Man .- Chichen Itza - Archiplanet 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.greatbuildings.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ In the entrance to the Lower Temple of the Jaguar , which opens behind the ball court, is another Jaguar throne, similar to the one in the inner temple of El Castillo, except that it is well worn and missing paint or other decoration.- Chichen Itza - Archiplanet 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.greatbuildings.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ There are black and white photos of the Caracol, Castillo, Chac Mool, Temple of the Warriors, Temple of Jaguars, and the Ball Court.- CHICHEN ITZA PATHFINDER 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.ils.unc.edu [Source type: Academic]
.^ This small masonry building has detailed bas relief carving on the inner walls, including a center figure that has carving under his chin that resembles facial hair.Cirerol Sansores (1948, pp.94–96).- Chichen Itza - Archiplanet 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.greatbuildings.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The door opens into a small chamber and on the opposite wall is another doorway, above which on the lintel are intricately carved glyphs—the “mysterious” or “obscure” writing that gives the building its name today.- Chichen Itza - Archiplanet 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.greatbuildings.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ There are also numerous columns with rich, bas-relief carvings of some 40 personages.- Chichen Itza - Archiplanet 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.greatbuildings.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[20] .^ At the south end is another, much bigger temple, but in ruins.- Chichen Itza - Archiplanet 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.greatbuildings.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ His first campaign in 1527, which covered much of the Yucatán peninsula, decimated his forces but ended with the establishment of a small fort at Xaman Ha' , south of what is today Cancún .- Chichen Itza - Archiplanet 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.greatbuildings.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Built into the east wall are the Temples of the Jaguar .- Chichen Itza - Archiplanet 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.greatbuildings.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The Temple of the Jaguars, located in the southeast wall of the Great Ball Court, has two distinct levels.- Chich�n Itz� Information 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC archive.cyark.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ The Upper Temple of the Jaguar overlooks the ball court and has an entrance guarded by two, large columns carved in the familiar feathered serpent motif.- Chichen Itza - Archiplanet 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.greatbuildings.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ In the entrance to the Lower Temple of the Jaguar , which opens behind the ball court, is another Jaguar throne, similar to the one in the inner temple of El Castillo, except that it is well worn and missing paint or other decoration.- Chichen Itza - Archiplanet 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.greatbuildings.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Two huge columns carved as feathered serpents flank the portico, heads on the platform, open mouths facing outward over the Ball Court below.- Chich�n Itz� Information 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC archive.cyark.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Inside there is a large mural, much destroyed, which depicts a battle scene.- Chichen Itza - Archiplanet 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.greatbuildings.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ In the entrance to the Lower Temple of the Jaguar , which opens behind the ball court, is another Jaguar throne, similar to the one in the inner temple of El Castillo, except that it is well worn and missing paint or other decoration.- Chichen Itza - Archiplanet 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.greatbuildings.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ There are black and white photos of the Caracol, Castillo, Chac Mool, Temple of the Warriors, Temple of Jaguars, and the Ball Court.- CHICHEN ITZA PATHFINDER 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.ils.unc.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ In 2007, Chichen Itza's El Castillo was named one of the New Seven Wonders of the World after a worldwide vote.- Chichen Itza - Archiplanet 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.greatbuildings.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ The outer columns and the walls inside the temple are covered with elaborate bas-relief carvings.- Chichen Itza - Archiplanet 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.greatbuildings.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ This small masonry building has detailed bas relief carving on the inner walls, including a center figure that has carving under his chin that resembles facial hair.Cirerol Sansores (1948, pp.94–96).- Chichen Itza - Archiplanet 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.greatbuildings.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The northeast column temple also covers a small marvel of engineering, a channel that funnels all the rainwater from the complex some away to a rejollada, a former cenote.- Chichen Itza - Archiplanet 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.greatbuildings.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Tzompantli
.^ Of all the monuments, the Tzompantli is the closest to what one would find in the Mexican Plateau .- Chichen Itza - Archiplanet 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.greatbuildings.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ "All it would take is one person in 1,000 years to notice that when you shorten the staircase tread, the pitch of the tone rises."- Chichen Itza: El Castillo, Pyramid of Kukulkan 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.world-mysteries.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ This monument, a low, flat platform, is surrounded with carved depictions of human skulls.- Chichen Itza - Archiplanet 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.greatbuildings.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ It is a low platform with a talud-tablero (slope-panel) type of base, and human remains, along with obsidian and shell offerings, were found interred within it.- Chich�n Itz� Information 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC archive.cyark.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ At the pyramid's base, the Temple of the Warriors is surrounded to the west and south by 200 round and square columns adorned with bas-relief carvings depicting individual warriors.- Chich�n Itz� Information 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC archive.cyark.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Platform of the Eagles and the Jaguars
.^ Next to El Castillo are a series of platforms.- Chichen Itza - Archiplanet 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.greatbuildings.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Between the Xtoloc temple and the Ossario are several aligned structures: Platform of Venus (which is similar in design to the structure of the same name next to El Castillo), Platform of the Tombs , and a small, round structure that is unnamed.- Chichen Itza - Archiplanet 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.greatbuildings.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ To the east of El Castillo are a series of buildings, the northernmost is the Temple of the Tables.- Chichen Itza - Archiplanet 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.greatbuildings.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ The Platform of the Eagles and the Jaguars is built in a combination Maya and Toltec styles.- Chichen Itza - Archiplanet 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.greatbuildings.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The art and architecture from this period shows an interesting mix of Maya and Toltec styles.- Chichen Itza - Archiplanet 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.greatbuildings.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ There was never a permanent structure built atop the Platform of the Eagles and it was likely used for public address or performances of some sort, such as dance or sacrifice.- Chich�n Itz� Information 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC archive.cyark.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Each side has a staircase to the top.- Chichen Itza - Archiplanet 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.greatbuildings.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Carved into the sides are panels depicting Harpy Eagles and Jaguars consuming what appear to be human hearts.- Chichen Itza - Archiplanet 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.greatbuildings.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Other carved motifs include one of an eagle eating a human heart, a strongly Mexican-identified icon.- Chich�n Itz� Information 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC archive.cyark.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Feathered serpents are carved into the sides of the stairway, and carved motifs on and around it are reminiscent of those at the Temple of the Warriors and Venus Platforms.- Chich�n Itz� Information 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC archive.cyark.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Platform of Venus
.^ This platform is dedicated to the planet Venus .- Chichen Itza - Archiplanet 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.greatbuildings.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ In its interior archaeologists discovered a collection of large cones carved out of stone, the purpose of which is unknown.- Chichen Itza - Archiplanet 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.greatbuildings.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Next to El Castillo are a series of platforms.- Chichen Itza - Archiplanet 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.greatbuildings.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ This platform is placed between El Castillo and the Cenote Sagrado.- Chichen Itza - Archiplanet 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.greatbuildings.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Between the Xtoloc temple and the Ossario are several aligned structures: Platform of Venus (which is similar in design to the structure of the same name next to El Castillo), Platform of the Tombs , and a small, round structure that is unnamed.- Chichen Itza - Archiplanet 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.greatbuildings.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Sacbe Number One
.^ This sacbe , which leads to the Cenote Sagrado, is the largest and most elaborate at Chichen Itza.- Chichen Itza - Archiplanet 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.greatbuildings.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Getting There Road: As one of the most popular Mayan ruins in Mexico, regular buses and taxis run to the Chichen-Itza.- Vernal Equinox | Chichen-Itza Events | World Events Guide 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.worldeventsguide.com [Source type: News]
^ Outside the Ossario Platform is this recently restored temple which overlooks the other large cenote at Chichen Itza, named after the Maya word for iguana, "Xtoloc."- Chichen Itza - Archiplanet 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.greatbuildings.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ This “white road” is long with an average width of .- Chichen Itza - Archiplanet 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.greatbuildings.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ It begins at a low wall a few metres from the Platform of Venus.- Chichen Itza - Archiplanet 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.greatbuildings.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ According to archaeologists there once was an extensive building with columns at the beginning of the road.- Chichen Itza - Archiplanet 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.greatbuildings.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ South of the Ossario, at the boundary of the platform, there are two small buildings that archaeologists believe were residences for important personages.- Chichen Itza - Archiplanet 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.greatbuildings.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Cenote Sagrado
Main article:
Sacred CenoteThe
Yucatán Peninsula is a
limestone plain, with no rivers or streams.
.^ The area that is currently open to the public consists of 17 erections including some that have only been partially restored, and two cenotes (water-filled limestone sinkholes).- Chichen Itza Hotels, Chichen Itza Tourism, Chichen Itza Tours reservation Mexico 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC chichenitzamexico.info [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The Xtoloc Cenote is the second-largest Cenote (sinkhole) found at Chichen Itza, after the Sacred Cenote, and was likely used as a primary water source.- Chich�n Itz� Information 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC archive.cyark.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Cenotes are natural wells, sink holes that have fallen in and exposed underground rivers, a main source of water for the Mayans.- There is More to See: Days 32-36. Campeche, Merida, Chichen Itza, Valladolid, Chetumal - Page 8 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.ourmexico.com [Source type: General]
.^ One of the most impressive is the Cenote Sagrado, which is in diameter, and sheer cliffs that drop to the water table some below.- Chichen Itza - Archiplanet 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.greatbuildings.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The area that is currently open to the public consists of 17 erections including some that have only been partially restored, and two cenotes (water-filled limestone sinkholes).- Chichen Itza Hotels, Chichen Itza Tourism, Chichen Itza Tours reservation Mexico 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC chichenitzamexico.info [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The ancient Mayas artificially rounded this natural Cenote to 285 feet in diameter with a 60 foot-drop from rim to water level; from there, the depth of the water reaches a maximum of approximately 40 feet.- Chich�n Itz� Information 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC archive.cyark.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ The ancient origin of these ceremonies was confirmed by later archaeological excavations of the well's bottom sediments, investigations that also confirmed Spanish accounts of occasional human sacrifice carried out during times of drought.- Chich�n Itz� Information 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC archive.cyark.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ According to legend, Quetzalcoatl, described as light-skinned and bearded, would return one day to rule over his people and destroy his enemies (Tezcatlipoca).- Chichen Itza: El Castillo, Pyramid of Kukulkan 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.world-mysteries.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ In ancient Maya belief systems, a cave (Gruta) is a sacred place.- Chich�n Itz� Information 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC archive.cyark.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ The ancient origin of these ceremonies was confirmed by later archaeological excavations of the well's bottom sediments, investigations that also confirmed Spanish accounts of occasional human sacrifice carried out during times of drought.- Chich�n Itz� Information 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC archive.cyark.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Artifacts from the Cenote of Sacrifice, Chichén Itzá, Yucatan: Textiles, Basketry, Stone, Bone, Shell, Ceramics, Wood, Copal, Rubber, Organic Materials, and Mammalian Remains.- CHICHEN ITZA PATHFINDER 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.ils.unc.edu [Source type: Academic]
Temple of the Tables
.^ Also known as 'El Castillo' because of its dominating size, the Mayan Kukulcan pyramid in the Yucatan peninsula is the largest Mayan temple in Mexico.- Vernal Equinox | Chichen-Itza Events | World Events Guide 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.worldeventsguide.com [Source type: News]
^ Dominating the center of Chichen is the Temple of Kukulcan (the Maya name for Quetzalcoatl), often referred to as "El Castillo" (the castle).- Chichén Itzá on Flickr - Photo Sharing! 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.flickr.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Here you have a picture of the main building in the Mayan ceremonial center of Chichen Itza, it is known as El Castillo.- Chichén Itzá on Flickr - Photo Sharing! 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.flickr.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Its name comes from a series of altars at the top of the structure that are supported by small carved figures of men with upraised arms, called “atlantes.”
Detail of Temple of the Warriors showing Chac Mool
Temple of the Warriors
.^ This central plaza is essentially an immense platform defined by three great building complexes surrounding it: El Castillo, the Great Ballcourt, and the Temple of the Warriors.- Chich�n Itz� Information 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC archive.cyark.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ It is topped a large square temple and was formerly roofed by a vault that was supported by carved columns within its outer walls.- Chich�n Itz� Information 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC archive.cyark.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The Temple of the Warriors is a four-platform structure, a three-tiered step pyramid with a single stairway to the west facing the Great Plaza.- Chich�n Itz� Information 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC archive.cyark.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ The author opines that consistency in the form of basic building types and groupings indicate a common cultural root with very little regional or local variation.- CHICHEN ITZA PATHFINDER 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.ils.unc.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ He reigned for decades and built the Toltec capital of Tula.- Chichen Itza: El Castillo, Pyramid of Kukulkan 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.world-mysteries.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ This temple is very similar in design to the Temple of the Warriors in the Toltec city of Tula, over 1000 kilometers away in the northern Valley of Mexico.- Chich�n Itz� Information 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC archive.cyark.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ The one at Chichen Itza, however, was constructed on a larger scale.- Chichen Itza - Archiplanet 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.greatbuildings.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ In 2007, Chichen Itza's El Castillo was named one of the New Seven Wonders of the World after a worldwide vote.- Chichen Itza - Archiplanet 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.greatbuildings.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Also visible just to the right of the illuminated serpent head is the entrance to the inner antechamber and the smaller structure over which the larger one was constructed.- Chichen Itza: El Castillo, Pyramid of Kukulkan 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.world-mysteries.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ There are black and white photos of the Caracol, Castillo, Chac Mool, Temple of the Warriors, Temple of Jaguars, and the Ball Court.- CHICHEN ITZA PATHFINDER 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.ils.unc.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ The Temple of the Warriors is a four-platform structure, a three-tiered step pyramid with a single stairway to the west facing the Great Plaza.- Chich�n Itz� Information 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC archive.cyark.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Next to the entrance were two statutes, St. Francis and Chac-Mool, the Mayan god of rain.- There is More to See: Days 32-36. Campeche, Merida, Chichen Itza, Valladolid, Chetumal - Page 8 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.ourmexico.com [Source type: General]
This temple encases or entombs a former structure called The Temple of the Chac Mool.
.^ The archeological expedition and restoration of this building was done by the Carnegie Institute of Washington from 1925-1928.- Chichen Itza - Archiplanet 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.greatbuildings.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ A key member of this restoration was Earl H. Morris who published the work from this expedition in two volumes entitled Temple of the Warriors .- Chichen Itza - Archiplanet 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.greatbuildings.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Robert S. Chamberlain, The Conquest and Colonization of Yucatán 1517-1550 (Washington D.C.: Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1948) 19-20, 64, 97, 134-135 .- Chichen Itza - Archiplanet 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.greatbuildings.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Group of a Thousand Columns
.^ Along the south wall of the Temple of Warriors are a series of what are today exposed columns, although when the city was inhabited these would have supported an extensive roof system.- Chichen Itza - Archiplanet 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.greatbuildings.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The Temple of the Warriors complex consists of a large stepped pyramid fronted and flanked by rows of carved columns depicting warriors.- Chichen Itza - Archiplanet 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.greatbuildings.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The columns are in three distinct sections: an east group, that extends the lines of the front of the Temple of Warriors; a north group, which runs along the south wall of the Temple of Warriors and contains pillars with carvings of soldiers in bas-relief; and a northeast group, which was apparently formed a small temple at the southeast corner of the Temple of Warriors, which contains a rectangular decorated with carvings of people or gods, as well as animals and serpents.- Chichen Itza - Archiplanet 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.greatbuildings.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ There is an in-depth section on Chichén Itzá and the impact of the Toltec invasion, along with maps and photos of Chichén Itzá's temples, and codices.- CHICHEN ITZA PATHFINDER 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.ils.unc.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ This article is a discussion of the significance of the Mayan calendar in relation to the appearance of the serpent-god Kulkulcán in the form of a shadow slithering down the slide of the Temple of Kulkulcán during the solstices/equinoxes.- CHICHEN ITZA PATHFINDER 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.ils.unc.edu [Source type: Academic]
.^ The northeast column temple also covers a small marvel of engineering, a channel that funnels all the rainwater from the complex some away to a rejollada, a former cenote.- Chichen Itza - Archiplanet 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.greatbuildings.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The Temple of the Warriors complex consists of a large stepped pyramid fronted and flanked by rows of carved columns depicting warriors.- Chichen Itza - Archiplanet 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.greatbuildings.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ There are also numerous columns with rich, bas-relief carvings of some 40 personages.- Chichen Itza - Archiplanet 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.greatbuildings.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ To the south of the Group of a Thousand Columns is a group of three, smaller, interconnected buildings.- Chichen Itza - Archiplanet 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.greatbuildings.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ South of the North Group is a smaller platform that has many important structures, several of which appear to be oriented toward the second largest cenote at Chichen Itza, Xtoloc.- Chichen Itza - Archiplanet 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.greatbuildings.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Group of a Thousand Columns .- Chichen Itza - Archiplanet 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.greatbuildings.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ The Temple of the Carved Columns is a small elegant building that consists of a front gallery with an inner corridor that leads to an altar with a Chac Mool.- Chichen Itza - Archiplanet 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.greatbuildings.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ This small masonry building has detailed bas relief carving on the inner walls, including a center figure that has carving under his chin that resembles facial hair.Cirerol Sansores (1948, pp.94–96).- Chichen Itza - Archiplanet 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.greatbuildings.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ There are black and white photos of the Caracol, Castillo, Chac Mool, Temple of the Warriors, Temple of Jaguars, and the Ball Court.- CHICHEN ITZA PATHFINDER 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.ils.unc.edu [Source type: Academic]
.^ There are also numerous columns with rich, bas-relief carvings of some 40 personages.- Chichen Itza - Archiplanet 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.greatbuildings.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The outer columns and the walls inside the temple are covered with elaborate bas-relief carvings.- Chichen Itza - Archiplanet 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.greatbuildings.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
The
Temple of the Small Tables which has an exterior motif of x’s and o’s.
.^ And the Palace of Ahau Balam Kauil (also known as Thompson’s Temple ), a small building with two levels that has friezes depicting Jaguars ( balam in Maya) as well as glyphs of the Maya god Kahuil.- Chichen Itza - Archiplanet 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.greatbuildings.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The Upper Temple of the Jaguar overlooks the ball court and has an entrance guarded by two, large columns carved in the familiar feathered serpent motif.- Chichen Itza - Archiplanet 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.greatbuildings.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ South of the Ossario, at the boundary of the platform, there are two small buildings that archaeologists believe were residences for important personages.- Chichen Itza - Archiplanet 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.greatbuildings.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Steam Bath
.^ This unique building has three parts: a waiting gallery, a water bath, and a steam chamber that operated by means of heated stones.- Chichen Itza - Archiplanet 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.greatbuildings.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
El Mercado
.^ Among the colossal structures that make up the city of Chichen Itza , the temple of Kukulcan stands out and is the tallest and the most complex of the buildings.- Chichen Itza Hotels, Chichen Itza Tourism, Chichen Itza Tours reservation Mexico 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC chichenitzamexico.info [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
It is so named for the shelf of stone that surrounds a large gallery and patio that early explorers theorized was used to display wares as in a marketplace. Today, archaeologists believe that its purpose was more ceremonial than commerce.
Ossario Group
South of the North Group is a smaller platform that has many important structures, several of which appear to be oriented toward the second largest cenote at Chichen Itza, Xtoloc.
Ossario
.^ The main pyramid is called “El Castillo” and there is a smaller pyramid inside it.- Chichen Itza - Mexico Travel - Mexico Tourism | Travel & Places 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC ayushveda.com [Source type: News]
^ In 1975 we scaled El Castillo the famous four-sided, 91-step pyramid.- There is More to See: Days 32-36. Campeche, Merida, Chichen Itza, Valladolid, Chetumal - Page 8 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.ourmexico.com [Source type: General]
Like its larger neighbor, it has four sides with staircases on each side.
.^ There are black and white photos of the Caracol, Castillo, Chac Mool, Temple of the Warriors, Temple of Jaguars, and the Ball Court.- CHICHEN ITZA PATHFINDER 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.ils.unc.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ In 1975 we scaled El Castillo the famous four-sided, 91-step pyramid.- There is More to See: Days 32-36. Campeche, Merida, Chichen Itza, Valladolid, Chetumal - Page 8 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.ourmexico.com [Source type: General]
.^ Thompson, the American consul to Mérida, Mexico, in the early 1900's, was one of the most instrumental historians who excavated Chichén Itzá, and interpreted the artifacts and architecture.- CHICHEN ITZA PATHFINDER 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.ils.unc.edu [Source type: Academic]
Temple of Xtoloc
.^ Attractions Details While Europe was still in the dark ages, the Maya civilization was mapping the heavens, inventing the calendar, and building great cities like Chichen Itza.- Chichen Itza, Attractions | BookIt.com ® Travel Guide 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.bookit.com [Source type: General]
^ Read all reviews » ADVERTISEMENT Photos from other travelers Chichen Itza Photo by: Janet L, United States of America .- Chichen Itza Day Trip from Cancun, Cancun Day Trips | Viator.com 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.viator.com [Source type: General]
^ H. K, United States of America, November 2009 What are other travelers saying about the Chichen Itza Day Trip from Cancun?- Chichen Itza Day Trip from Cancun, Cancun Day Trips | Viator.com 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.viator.com [Source type: General]
The temple contains a series of pilasters carved with images of people, as well as representations of plants, birds and mythological scenes.
.^ Also known as El Castillo, The Castle, is a four-sided structure with stepped sides and a flat top surmounted by chambers.- Chichen Itza Hotels, Chichen Itza Tourism, Chichen Itza Tours reservation Mexico 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC chichenitzamexico.info [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
These three structures were constructed in a row extending from the Ossario. Beyond them the Ossario platform terminates in a wall, which contains an opening to a sacbe that runs several hundred feet to the Xtoloc temple.
House of the Metates and House of the Mestizas
South of the Ossario, at the boundary of the platform, there are two small buildings that archaeologists believe were residences for important personages.
The Casa Colorada Group
.^ Amazing, I thought, 500 small businesses lining the footpaths of Chichen Itza and threatened by store sales.- There is More to See: Days 32-36. Campeche, Merida, Chichen Itza, Valladolid, Chetumal - Page 8 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.ourmexico.com [Source type: General]
^ In fact, I empty of my shoulder bag into another plastic bag to reduce weight and bulk as I visit Chichen Itza.- There is More to See: Days 32-36. Campeche, Merida, Chichen Itza, Valladolid, Chetumal - Page 8 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.ourmexico.com [Source type: General]
Casa Colorada
.^ Attractions Details While Europe was still in the dark ages, the Maya civilization was mapping the heavens, inventing the calendar, and building great cities like Chichen Itza.- Chichen Itza, Attractions | BookIt.com ® Travel Guide 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.bookit.com [Source type: General]
It also has a Maya name, Chichanchob, which according to INAH may mean "small holes."
.^ Attractions Details While Europe was still in the dark ages, the Maya civilization was mapping the heavens, inventing the calendar, and building great cities like Chichen Itza.- Chichen Itza, Attractions | BookIt.com ® Travel Guide 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.bookit.com [Source type: General]
^ You can also stay overnight in Chichen Itza village where there are good hotels.- Chichen Itza - Mexico Travel - Mexico Tourism | Travel & Places 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC ayushveda.com [Source type: News]
^ The words Chichen and Itza are from the Mayan language and mean “Chi” – mouth, “Chen” – well and “Itza’ was the tribe which lived there.- Chichen Itza - Mexico Travel - Mexico Tourism | Travel & Places 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC ayushveda.com [Source type: News]
In 2009, INAH restored a small ball court that adjoined the back wall of the Casa Colorada.
[22]The House of the Deer
While the Casa Colorada is in a good state of preservation, other buildings in the group, with one exception, are decrepit mounds. One building is half standing, named Casa del Venado (House of the Deer). The origin of the name is unknown, as there are no representations of deer or other animals on the building.
Central Group
Las Monjas
.^ Attractions Details While Europe was still in the dark ages, the Maya civilization was mapping the heavens, inventing the calendar, and building great cities like Chichen Itza.- Chichen Itza, Attractions | BookIt.com ® Travel Guide 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.bookit.com [Source type: General]
^ Chichen Itza - Guides, hotels, attractions and more - TripSpot.com .- Chichen Itza - Guides, hotels, attractions and more - TripSpot.com 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.tripspot.com [Source type: News]
^ Campeche, Merida, Chichen Itza, Valladolid, Chetumal - Page 8 There is More to See: Days 32-36.- There is More to See: Days 32-36. Campeche, Merida, Chichen Itza, Valladolid, Chetumal - Page 8 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.ourmexico.com [Source type: General]
The Spanish nicknamed this complex
Las Monjas ("The Nuns" or "The Nunnery") but was actually a governmental palace. Just to the east is a small temple (nicknamed
La Iglesia, "The Church") decorated with elaborate masks of the rain god
Chaac.
El Caracol
To the north of
Las Monjas is a cockeyed, round building on a large square platform. It's nicknamed
El Caracol ("the snail") because of the stone spiral staircase inside. The structure with its unusual placement on the platform and its round shape (the others are rectangular, in keeping with Maya practice), is theorized to have been a proto-observatory with doors and windows aligned to astronomical events, specifically around the path of Venus as it traverses the heavens.
[23]Akab Dzib
Located to the east of the Caracol, Akab Dzib means, in Maya, "Dark (in the "Mysterious" sense) Writing."
.^ Thompson acquired the abandoned hacienda of Chichén Itzá and made it his home.- CHICHEN ITZA PATHFINDER 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.ils.unc.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ This web site is informative, and contains professional-quality photography of buildings at Chichén Itzá.- CHICHEN ITZA PATHFINDER 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.ils.unc.edu [Source type: Academic]
[24] INAH completed a restoration of the building in 2007. It is relatively short, only 6 metres (20 ft) high, and is 50 metres (160 ft) in length and 15 metres (49 ft) wide. The long, western-facing facade has seven doorways. The eastern facade has only four doorways, broken by a large staircase that leads to the roof. This apparently was the front of the structure, and looks out over what is today a steep, but dry, cenote. The southern end of the building has one entrance. The door opens into a small chamber and on the opposite wall is another doorway, above which on the lintel are intricately carved glyphs—the “mysterious” or “obscure” writing that gives the building its name today. Under the lintel in the door jamb is another carved panel of a seated figure surrounded by more glyphs. Inside one of the chambers, near the ceiling, is a painted hand print.
Old Chichen
"Old Chichen" is the nickname for a group of structures to the south of the central site. It includes the Initial Series Group, the Phallic Temple, the Platform of the Great Turtle, the Temple of the Owls, and the Temple of the Monkeys.
Other structures
.^ In fact, I empty of my shoulder bag into another plastic bag to reduce weight and bulk as I visit Chichen Itza.- There is More to See: Days 32-36. Campeche, Merida, Chichen Itza, Valladolid, Chetumal - Page 8 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.ourmexico.com [Source type: General]
^ World Heritage Site - Documents on the Pre-Hispanic City of Chichen-Itza.- Chichen Itza - Guides, hotels, attractions and more - TripSpot.com 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.tripspot.com [Source type: News]
Caves of Balankanche
Composite
Laser scan image of Chichen Itza's Cave of Balankanche, showing how the shape of its great
limestone column is strongly evocative of the
World Tree in Maya mythological belief systems.
Photo of the great
limestone column in the Cave of Balankanche, surrounded by
Tlaloc-themed incense burners
.^ Attractions Details While Europe was still in the dark ages, the Maya civilization was mapping the heavens, inventing the calendar, and building great cities like Chichen Itza.- Chichen Itza, Attractions | BookIt.com ® Travel Guide 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.bookit.com [Source type: General]
^ In fact, I empty of my shoulder bag into another plastic bag to reduce weight and bulk as I visit Chichen Itza.- There is More to See: Days 32-36. Campeche, Merida, Chichen Itza, Valladolid, Chetumal - Page 8 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.ourmexico.com [Source type: General]
.^ Facts and Artifacts of Ancient Middle America: A Glossary of Terms and Words Used in the Archaeology and Art History of Pre-Columbian Mexico and Central America.- CHICHEN ITZA PATHFINDER 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.ils.unc.edu [Source type: Academic]
The location of the cave has been well known in modern times. Edward Thompson and
Alfred Tozzer visited it in 1905. A.S. Pearse and a team of biologists explored the cave in 1932 and 1936. E. Wyllys Andrews IV also explored the cave in the 1930s. Edwin Shook and R.E. Smith explored the cave on behalf of the
Carnegie Institution in 1954, and dug several trenches to recover potsherds and other artifacts. Shook determined that the cave had been inhabited over a long period, at least from the Preclassic to the post-conquest era.
[25]On 15 September 1959, José Humberto Gómez, a local guide, discovered a false wall in the cave.
.^ Hammocks, masks, carved wood and mosaic stone, jewelry, silver and beads of jade and amber are for sale.- There is More to See: Days 32-36. Campeche, Merida, Chichen Itza, Valladolid, Chetumal - Page 8 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.ourmexico.com [Source type: General]
INAH converted the cave into an underground museum, and the objects after being catalogued were returned to their original place so visitors can see them
in situ.
[26]Archaeological investigations
.^ Product Details Traveler Reviews Traveler Photos Find more experiences like this » 5 photos of Chichen Itza Day Trip from Cancun .- Photos of Chichen Itza Day Trip from Cancun in Cancun | Viator.com 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.viator.com [Source type: General]
^ H. K, United States of America, November 2009 What are other travelers saying about the Chichen Itza Day Trip from Cancun?- Photos of Chichen Itza Day Trip from Cancun in Cancun | Viator.com 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.viator.com [Source type: General]
.^ There is a detailed map of Mayan cities, including Chichén Itzá.- CHICHEN ITZA PATHFINDER 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.ils.unc.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ This work is an excellent starting point for understanding the Maya and Chichén Itzá.- CHICHEN ITZA PATHFINDER 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.ils.unc.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ This is an indispensible book for anyone researching Chichén Itzá who is not reasonably familiar with the Náhuatl or Maya languages.- CHICHEN ITZA PATHFINDER 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.ils.unc.edu [Source type: Academic]
The book prompted other explorations of the city.
.^ The Temple of the Warriors: The Adventure of Exploring and Restoring a Masterpiece of Native American Architecture in the Ruined Maya City of Chichén Itzá, Yucatan .- CHICHEN ITZA PATHFINDER 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.ils.unc.edu [Source type: Academic]
In 1875,
Augustus Le Plongeon and his wife
Alice Dixon Le Plongeon visited Chichén, and excavated a statue of a figure on its back, knees drawn up, upper torso raised on its elbows with a plate on its stomach. Augustus Le Plongeon called it “Chaacmol” (later renamed “
Chac Mool,” which has been the term to describe all types of this statuary found in Mesoamerica).
.^ Several photos, and an excellent, simplified site plan of Chichén Itzá.- CHICHEN ITZA PATHFINDER 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.ils.unc.edu [Source type: Academic]
.^ Chichen Itza Day Trip from Cancun My Bookings .- Chichen Itza Day Trip from Cancun, Cancun Day Trips | Viator.com 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.viator.com [Source type: General]
.^ Thompson, the American consul to Mérida, Mexico, in the early 1900's, was one of the most instrumental historians who excavated Chichén Itzá, and interpreted the artifacts and architecture.- CHICHEN ITZA PATHFINDER 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.ils.unc.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ Thompson acquired the abandoned hacienda of Chichén Itzá and made it his home.- CHICHEN ITZA PATHFINDER 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.ils.unc.edu [Source type: Academic]
For 30 years, Thompson explored the ancient city. His discoveries included the earliest dated carving upon a lintel in the Temple of the Initial Series and the excavation of several graves in the Ossario (High Priest’s Temple).
.^ First-hand narrative account by the archaeologist Morris Halstead (husband of Ann A. Morris) of the excavation of Chichén Itzá in 1925, including the dredging of the sacred cenote and the artifacts recovered.- CHICHEN ITZA PATHFINDER 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.ils.unc.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ Map on page 172 s hows Chichén Itzá's location within the Maya empire and pre-Columbian Mesoamerica.- CHICHEN ITZA PATHFINDER 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.ils.unc.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ See "Pre-Columbian History" section (page 71) for a concise overview of the early civilizations in Mexico, including the Maya.- CHICHEN ITZA PATHFINDER 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.ils.unc.edu [Source type: Academic]
.^ Cambridge, MA: Peabody Museum of Archeology and Ethnology, Harvard Univ.; Distributed by Harvard Univ.- CHICHEN ITZA PATHFINDER 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.ils.unc.edu [Source type: Academic]
.^ Attractions Details While Europe was still in the dark ages, the Maya civilization was mapping the heavens, inventing the calendar, and building great cities like Chichen Itza.- Chichen Itza, Attractions | BookIt.com ® Travel Guide 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.bookit.com [Source type: General]
^ First-hand account of one of the earliest excavations at Chichén Itzá funded by the Carnegie Institute.- CHICHEN ITZA PATHFINDER 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.ils.unc.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ During your stay in Cancun, you simply must take the opportunity to visit Chichen Itza, the most important archaeological zone in Yucatan.- Chichen Itza Day Trip from Cancun, Cancun Day Trips | Viator.com 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.viator.com [Source type: General]
.^ There are black and white photos of the Caracol, Castillo, Chac Mool, Temple of the Warriors, Temple of Jaguars, and the Ball Court.- CHICHEN ITZA PATHFINDER 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.ils.unc.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ The Temple of the Warriors: The Adventure of Exploring and Restoring a Masterpiece of Native American Architecture in the Ruined Maya City of Chichén Itzá, Yucatan .- CHICHEN ITZA PATHFINDER 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.ils.unc.edu [Source type: Academic]
.^ Climb the famous Castillo and visit the largest Mayan ball court in existence.- Chichen Itza, Attractions | BookIt.com ® Travel Guide 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.bookit.com [Source type: General]
^ There are black and white photos of the Caracol, Castillo, Chac Mool, Temple of the Warriors, Temple of Jaguars, and the Ball Court.- CHICHEN ITZA PATHFINDER 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.ils.unc.edu [Source type: Academic]
Excavations next to El Castillo began in 2009
In 1926, the Mexican government charged Edward Thompson with theft, claiming he stole the artifacts from the Cenote Sagrado and smuggled them out of the country. The government seized the Hacienda Chichén. Thompson, who was in the United States at the time, never returned to Yucatán.
.^ Attractions Details While Europe was still in the dark ages, the Maya civilization was mapping the heavens, inventing the calendar, and building great cities like Chichen Itza.- Chichen Itza, Attractions | BookIt.com ® Travel Guide 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.bookit.com [Source type: General]
^ This is an indispensible book for anyone researching Chichén Itzá who is not reasonably familiar with the Náhuatl or Maya languages.- CHICHEN ITZA PATHFINDER 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.ils.unc.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ HLAS is an annual series, published since 1935, and is a bibliography of scholarly books and journal articles concerning Latin America.- CHICHEN ITZA PATHFINDER 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.ils.unc.edu [Source type: Academic]
The Thompsons sold the hacienda to tourism pioneer Fernando Barbachano Peon, and his heirs own the property today.
[27]There have been two later expeditions to recover artifacts from the Cenote Sagrado, in 1961 and 1967. The first was sponsored by the National Geographic, and the second by private interests. Both projects were supervised by Mexico's
National Institute of Anthropology and History (INAH). INAH has conducted an ongoing effort to excavate and restore other monuments in the archaeological zone, including the Ossario, Akab D’zib, and several buildings in Chichén Viejo (Old Chichen).
In 2009, to investigate construction that predated El Castillo, archaeologists began excavations adjacent to El Castillo.
Tourism
Video tour of the main sights of Chichen Itza
Tourism has been a factor at Chichen Itza for more than a century.
John Lloyd Stephens, who popularized the Maya Yucatán in the public’s imagination with his book
Incidents of Travel in Yucatan, inspired many to make a pilgrimage to Chichén Itzá. Even before the book was published, Benjamin Norman and Baron
Emanuel von Friedrichsthal traveled to Chichen after meeting Stephens, and both published the results of what they found.
.^ Attractions Details While Europe was still in the dark ages, the Maya civilization was mapping the heavens, inventing the calendar, and building great cities like Chichen Itza.- Chichen Itza, Attractions | BookIt.com ® Travel Guide 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.bookit.com [Source type: General]
[28]After Edward Thompson in 1894 purchased the Hacienda Chichén, which included Chichen Itza, he received a constant stream of visitors. In 1910 he announced his intention to construct a hotel on his property, but abandoned those plans, probably because of the Mexican Revolution.
In the early 1920s, a group of Yucatecans, led by writer/photographer Francisco Gomez Rul, began working toward expanding tourism to Yucatán.
.^ Attractions Details While Europe was still in the dark ages, the Maya civilization was mapping the heavens, inventing the calendar, and building great cities like Chichen Itza.- Chichen Itza, Attractions | BookIt.com ® Travel Guide 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.bookit.com [Source type: General]
^ Product Details Traveler Reviews Traveler Photos Find more experiences like this » 5 photos of Chichen Itza Day Trip from Cancun .- Photos of Chichen Itza Day Trip from Cancun in Cancun | Viator.com 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.viator.com [Source type: General]
In 1923, Governor Carrillo Puerto officially opened the highway to Chichen Itza. Gomez Rul published one of the first guidebooks to Yucatán and the ruins.
Gomez Rul's son-in-law, Fernando Barbachano Peon (a grandnephew of former Yucatán Governor
Miguel Barbachano), started Yucatán’s first official tourism business in the early 1920s. He began by meeting passengers that arrived by steamship to Progreso, the port north of Merida, and persuading them to spend a week in Yucatán, after which they would catch the next steamship to their next destination. In his first year Barbachano Peon reportedly was only able to convince seven passengers to leave the ship and join him on a tour. In the mid-1920s Barbachano Peon persuaded Edward Thompson to sell 5 acres (20,000 m
2) next to Chichen for a hotel. In 1930, the Mayaland Hotel opened, just north of the Hacienda Chichén, which had been taken over by the Carnegie Institution.
[29]In 1944, Barbachano Peon purchased all of the Hacienda Chichén, including Chichen Itza, from the heirs of Edward Thompson.
[27] .^ You can also stay overnight in Chichen Itza village where there are good hotels.- Chichen Itza - Mexico Travel - Mexico Tourism | Travel & Places 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC ayushveda.com [Source type: News]
In 1972, Mexico enacted the Ley Federal Sobre Monumentos y Zonas Arqueológicas, Artísticas e Históricas (Federal Law over Monuments and Archeological, Artistic and Historic Sites) that put all the nation's pre-Columbian monuments, including those at Chichen Itza, under federal ownership.
[30] There were now hundreds, if not thousands, of visitors every year to Chichen Itza, and more were expected with the development of the
Cancún resort area to the east.
Serpent visible during the spring equinox
In the 1980s, Chichen Itza began to receive an influx of visitors on the day of the
spring equinox.
.^ Attempt to climb the most famous and visited structure on the site, "The Castle" or "Temple of Kukulcan", a magnificent 70 feet (10m) high pyramid.
^ According to tradition, it is visited twice a year by the Mayan god who manifested himself in the form of a serpent of light and descends from the main stairway.
[31].^ World Heritage sites .- Chichen Itza - Mexico Travel - Mexico Tourism | Travel & Places 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC ayushveda.com [Source type: News]
^ UNESCO world heritage site .- Chichen Itza - Mexico Travel - Mexico Tourism | Travel & Places 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC ayushveda.com [Source type: News]
^ Attempt to climb the most famous and visited structure on the site, "The Castle" or "Temple of Kukulcan", a magnificent 70 feet (10m) high pyramid.
[32] .^ Explore the most important archaeological zone and ancient capital of the Mayan Empire on a full day guided tour from Cancun.- Chichen Itza Day Trip from Cancun, Cancun Day Trips | Viator.com 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.viator.com [Source type: General]
^ You are here: Viator Tours > North America > Mexico > Cancun Tours > Day Trips & Excursions .- Chichen Itza Day Trip from Cancun, Cancun Day Trips | Viator.com 10 February 2010 13:18 UTC www.viator.com [Source type: General]
.^ Located some 126 miles, 2 1/2 hours from Cancun, Chichen Itza, one of the new Seven Wonders of the World, was the most important and advanced ceremonial and religious center in Mesoamerica.
Despite the fact that the vote was sponsored by a commercial enterprise, and that its methodology was criticized, the vote was embraced by government and tourism officials in Mexico who project that as a result of the publicity the number of tourists expected to visit Chichen will double by 2012.
[33] The ensuing publicity re-ignited debate in Mexico over the ownership of the site, with some representatives of the government such as the secretary of the parliamentary culture committee, Jose Alfonso Suarez del Real, calling for the land to be put in public ownership, by
expropriation if necessary.
[34]
Over the past several years, INAH, which manages the site, has been closing monuments to public access. While visitors can walk around them, they can no longer climb them or go inside their chambers. The most recent was El Castillo, which was closed after a San Diego, Calif., woman fell to her death in 2006.
[35]Photo gallery
Composite Laser scan plan image of Chichen Itza's El Caracol from above, showing directional orientations and interior layout.
|
Photo of El Caracol, observatory of Chichen Itza
|
Temple of the Warriors in 1986. Note that the Temple of the Big Tables, immediately to the left, was unrestored at that time.
|
Stone Ring located 9 m (30 ft) above the floor of the Great Ballcourt, Chichen Itza
|
|
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Venus Platform in the Great Plaza, Chichen Itza.
|
See also
Notes
- ^ See also "Chichén Itzá". English Pronunciation Guide to the Names of People, Places, and Stuff. Inogolo. http://inogolo.com/pronunciation/d1123/Chichen_Itza. Retrieved 2007-11-21.
- ^ Barrera Vásquez et al., 1980, Cordemex dictionary
- ^ Concerning the legal basis of the ownership of Chichen and other sites of patrimony, see Breglia (2006), in particular Chapter 3, "Chichen Itza, a Century of Privatization". Regarding ongoing conflicts over the ownership of Chichen Itza, see Castañeda (2005).
- ^ Uuc Yabnal is variously translated as “Seven Great House”, per Richard N. Luxton (translator), The Book of Chumayel: The Counsel Book of the Yucatec Maya, 1539-1638 (Walnut Creek, Calif.: Aegean Park Press, 1996) 141 ISBN 0894122444
- ^ Uuc Hab Nal is translated as “Seven Bushy Places” in Peter O. Koch, The Aztecs, the Conquistadors, and the Making of Mexican Culture (???: McFarland & Co., 2006) 19 ISBN 0786422521
- ^ Uuc Yabnal becomes Uc Abnal, meaning the “Seven Abnals” or “Seven Lines of Abnal,” where Abnal is a family name, per Ralph L. Roys, The Book of Chilam Balam of Chumayel. (Norman, Okla.: University of Oklahoma Press, Norman. 1967) 133n7
- ^ Coggins (1992).
- ^ Anda Alanís (2007)
- ^ David Freidel, “Yaxuna Archaeological Survey: A Report of the 1988 Field Season” (retrieved from the FAMSI--Foundation for the Advancement of Mesoamerican Studies—Web site Sept. 20, 2008, www.famsi.org/research/freidel/1988Freidel.pdf) 6. See also, Sharer and Traxler (2006:581)
- ^ See Jeff Karl Kowalski, Cynthia Kristan-Graham (editors), Twin Tollans: Chichén Itzá, Tula, and the Epiclassic to Early Postclassic Mesoamerican World: Washington D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks, 2007) 166-7 ISBN 0884023230
- ^ J. Eric S. Thompson, The Rise and Fall of Maya Civilization (Norman, Okla.: University of Oklahoma Press, 1954, 1966) 137 ISBN 0806103019
- ^ For summation of this re-dating proposal, see in particular Andrews et al. (2003).
- ^ Robert S. Chamberlain, The Conquest and Colonization of Yucatán 1517-1550 (Washington D.C.: Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1948) 19-20, 64, 97, 134-135
- ^ Robert S. Chamberlain, The Conquest and Colonization of Yucatán 1517-1550 (Washington D.C.: Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1948) 132-149
- ^ Lisa Breglia, Monumental Ambivalence: The Politics of Heritage (Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press, 2006) 67
- ^ Unless otherwise noted, information in this section was drawn from "Chichen Itza, Yucatan" by Olgo Cano, Arqueologia Mexicana, Vol. 9 No. 53 (January-February 2002) 80-87
- ^ From Mayan: sakb'e, meaning "white way/road”. Plural form is sacbeob (or in modern Maya orthography, sakb'eob').
- ^ "Almost a Hundred Sacbeob Led to Chichen Itza," INAH Web site, http://dti.inah.gob.mx/index.php?option=com_content&task=blogsection&id=39&Itemid=150, recovered 10 October 2008
- ^ A popular explanation is that the objective of the game was to pass a ball through one of the rings, however in other, smaller ball courts there is no ring, only a post.
- ^ Cirerol Sansores (1948, pp.94–96).
- ^ Tozzer, Alfred Marston; Glover Morrill Allen (1910). Animal figures in the Maya codices. The Museum. pp. 334–336. http://books.google.com/books?id=nFoTAAAAYAAJ&source=gbs_navlinks_s.
- ^ Steven M. Fry, "The Casa Colorada Ball Court: INAH Turns Mounds into Monuments," retrieved from http://www.americanegypt.com/feature/casacolorada.htm on 3 Dec. 2009
- ^ Aveni (1997, pp.135–138)
- ^ Voss and Kremer (2000)
- ^ Andrews IV (1960, pp.28–31).
- ^ Andrews IV (1970).
- ^ a b Usborne (2007).
- ^ See entry, "Friedrichsthal, Baron Emanuel von", in Palmquist & Kailbourn (2000, p.252.
- ^ Madeira (1931, pp. 108-9)
- ^ Breglia (2006, pp.45–46).
- ^ See Quetzil Castaneda (1996) In The Museum of Maya Culture (University of Minnesota Press) for a book length study of tourism at Chichen, including a chapter on the equinox ritual. For a 90 minute ethnographic documentary of new age spiritualism at the Equinox see Jeff Himpele and Castaneda (1997)[Incidents of Travel in Chichen Itza] (Documentary Educational Resources).
- ^ "Compendio Estadistico del Turismo en Mexico 2006," Secretaria de Turismo, Mexico City, D.F.
- ^ ”Chichen Itza podria duplicar visitants en 5 anos si es declarada maravilla,” EFE news service, June 29, 2007. Figure is attributed to Francisco Lopez Mena, director of Consejo de Promocion Turistica de Mexico (CPTM).
- ^ Usborne (2007)
- ^ Diario de Yucatán, "Fin a una exención para los mexicanos: Pagarán el día del equinoccio en la zona arqueológica"3 March 2006.
References
- Andrews, Anthony P.; E. Wyllys Andrews V, and Fernando Robles Castellanos (January 2003). "The Northern Maya Collapse and its Aftermath". Ancient Mesoamerica (New York: Cambridge University Press) 14 (1): 151–156. doi:10.1017/S095653610314103X. ISSN 0956-5361. OCLC 88518111.
- Andrews, E. Wyllys, IV (1961). "Excavations at the Gruta De Balankanche, 1959 (Appendix)". Preliminary Report on the 1959-60 Field Season National Geographic Society — Tulane University Dzibilchaltun Program: with grants in aid from National Science Foundation and American Philosophical Society. Middle American Research Institute Miscellaneous Series No 11. New Orleans: Middle American Research Institute, Tulane University. pp. 28–31. ISBN 0-939238-66-7. OCLC 5628735.
- Andrews, E. Wyllys, IV (1970). Balancanche: Throne of the Tiger Priest. Middle American Research Institute Publication No 32. New Orleans: Middle American Research Institute, Tulane University. ISBN 0-939238-36-5. OCLC 639140.
- Anda Alanís, Guillermo de (2007). "Sacrifice and Ritual Body Mutilation in Postclassical Maya Society: Taphonomy of the Human Remains from Chichén Itzá's Cenote Sagrado". in Vera Tiesler and Andrea Cucina (eds.). New Perspectives on Human Sacrifice and Ritual Body Treatments in Ancient Maya Society. Interdisciplinary Contributions to Archaeology. Michael Jochim (series ed.). New York: Springer Verlag. pp. 190–208. ISSN 1568-2722. ISBN 978-0-387-48871-4. OCLC 81452956.
- Aveni, Anthony F. (1997). Stairways to the Stars: Skywatching in Three Great Ancient Cultures. New York: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-471-15942-5. OCLC 35559005.
- Barrera Vásquez, Alfredo; Juan Ramón Bastarrachea Manzano and William Brito Sansores (eds.) (1980). Diccionario maya Cordemex: maya-español, español-maya. with collaborations by Refugio Vermont Salas, David Dzul Góngora, and Domingo Dzul Poot. Mérida, Mexico: Ediciones Cordemex. OCLC 7550928. (Spanish) (Yukatek Maya)
- Beyer, Hermann (1937) (PDF Reprint). Studies on the Inscriptions of Chichen Itza. Contributions to American Archaeology, No.21. Washington D.C.: Carnegie Institution of Washington. OCLC 3143732. http://www.elasticcreative.com/stream/meso/CAA21/chapter1.pdf. Retrieved 2007-11-22.
- Breglia, Lisa (2006). Monumental Ambivalence: The Politics of Heritage. Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0-292-71427-4. OCLC 68416845.
- Castañeda, Quetzil E. (1996). .^ Destinations :: North America :: Mexico :: Explore Mexico :: The Yucatán :: Central Yucatán: the great Maya sites :: Chichén Itzá .
Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 0-816-62672-3. OCLC 34191010.
- Castañeda, Quetzil E. (May 2005). "On the Tourism Wars of Yucatán: Tíich’, the Maya Presentation of Heritage" (Reprinted online as "Tourism “Wars” in the Yucatán", AN Commentaries). Anthropology News (Arlington, VA: American Anthropological Association) 46 (5): pp.8–9. ISSN 1541-6151. OCLC 42453678. http://www.aaanet.org/press/an/infocus/Heritage_In_Focus/Castaneda.htm. Retrieved 2007-11-22.
- Charnay, Désiré (1886). "Reis naar Yucatán" (Project Gutenberg etext reproduction [#13346]). De Aarde en haar Volken, 1886. Haarlem, Netherlands: Kruseman & Tjeenk Willink. OCLC 12339106. http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/13346. Retrieved 2007-11-23. (Dutch)
- Charnay, Désiré (1887). Ancient Cities of the New World: Being Voyages and Explorations in Mexico and Central America from 1857-1882. J. Gonino and Helen S. Conant (trans.). New York: Harper & Brothers. OCLC 2364125.
- Cirerol Sansores, Manuel (1948). "Chi Cheen Itsa": Archaeological Paradise of America. Mérida, Mexico: Talleres Graficos del Sudeste. OCLC 18029834.
- Coe, Michael D. (1987). The Maya (4th edition (revised) ed.). London; New York: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 0-500-27455-X. OCLC 15895415.
- Coggins, Clemency Chase (1992). Artifacts from the Cenote of Sacrifice, Chichén Itzá, Yucatán: Textiles, Basketry, Stone, Bone, Shell, Ceramics, Wood, Copal, Rubber, Other Organic Materials, and Mammalian Remains. Cambridge, MA: Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University; distributed by Harvard University Press. ISBN 0873656946. OCLC 26913402.
- Colas, Pierre R.; and Alexander Voss (2006). "A Game of Life and Death — The Maya Ball Game". in Nikolai Grube (ed.). Maya: Divine Kings of the Rain Forest. Eva Eggebrecht and Matthias Seidel (assistant eds.). Cologne, Germany: Könemann. pp. 186–191. ISBN 978-3-8331-1957-6. OCLC 71165439.
- Cucina, Andrea; and Vera Tiesler (2007). "New perspectives on human sacrifice and postsacrifical body treatments in ancient Maya society: Introduction". in Vera Tiesler and Andrea Cucina (eds.). New Perspectives on Human Sacrifice and Ritual Body Treatments in Ancient Maya Society. Interdisciplinary Contributions to Archaeology. Michael Jochim (series ed.). New York: Springer. pp. 1–13. ISSN 1568-2722. ISBN 978-0-387-48871-4. OCLC 81452956.
- Demarest, Arthur (2004). Ancient Maya: The Rise and Fall of a Rainforest Civilization. Case Studies in Early Societies, No. 3. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-59224-0. OCLC 51438896.
- Himpele, Jeffrey D. and Quetzil E. Castañeda (Filmmakers and Producers). (1997). Incidents of Travel in Chichén Itzá: A Visual Ethnography. [Documentary (VHS and DVD)]. Watertown, MA: Documentary Educational Resources. OCLC 38165182. http://www2.hawaii.edu/~quetzil/uhm2001/Incidents_Equinox.html.
- Jacobs, James Q. (1999). "Mesoamerican Archaeoastronomy: A Review of Contemporary Understandings of Prehispanic Astronomic Knowledge". Mesoamerican Web Ring. jqjacobs.net. http://www.jqjacobs.net/mesoamerica/meso_astro.html. Retrieved 2007-11-23.
- Madeira, Percy (1931). "An Aerial Expedition to Central America". Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania.
- Masson, Marilyn (2006). "The Dynamics of Maturing Statehood in Postclassic Maya Civilization". in Nikolai Grube (ed.). Maya: Divine Kings of the Rain Forest. Eva Eggebrecht and Matthias Seidel (assistant eds.). Cologne, Germany: Könemann. pp. 340–353. ISBN 978-3-8331-1957-6. OCLC 71165439.
- Palmquist, Peter E.; and Thomas R. Kailbourn (2000). Pioneer Photographers of the Far West: A Biographical Dictionary, 1840-1865. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-3883-1. OCLC 44089346.
- Pérez de Lara, Jorge (n.d.). "A Tour of Chichen Itza with a Brief History of the Site and its Archaeology". Mesoweb. http://www.mesoweb.com/chichen/features/tour/index.html. Retrieved 2007-11-23.
- Perry, Richard D. (ed.) (2001). Exploring Yucatan: A Traveler's Anthology. Santa Barbara, CA: Espadaña Press. ISBN 0-9620811-4-0. OCLC 48261466.
- Schele, Linda; and David Freidel (1990). A Forest of Kings: The Untold Story of the Ancient Maya (Reprint ed.). New York: Harper Perennial. ISBN 0-688-11204-8. OCLC 145324300.
- Usborne, David (2007-11-07). "Mexican standoff: the battle of Chichen Itza". The Independent (Independent News & Media). http://news.independent.co.uk/world/americas/article3135400.ece. Retrieved 2007-11-09.
- Voss, Alexander W.; and H. Juergen Kremer (2000). "K'ak'-u-pakal, Hun-pik-tok' and the Kokom: The Political Organization of Chichén Itzá". in Pierre Robert Colas (ed.) (PDF). The Sacred and the Profane: Architecture and Identity in the Maya Lowlands (proceedings of the 3rd European Maya Conference). 3rd European Maya Conference, University of Hamburg, November 1998. Markt Schwaben, Germany: Verlag Anton Saurwein. ISBN 3-931-41904-5 OCLC 47871840. http://ecoyuc.com.mx/articles.php?task=detail&aid=1.
Further reading
- Chichen Itza was popularized by American John Lloyd Stephens in Incidents of Travel in Yucatan, (two volumes, 1843)
- Holmes, Archæological Studies in Ancient Cities of Mexico, (Chicago, 1895)
- Spinden, Maya Art, (Cambridge, 1912)
- Coggins & Shane, "Cenote Of Sacrifice", (U. of Texas, 1984) very scarce.
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