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The Chipewyan
(Denésoliné or
Dënesųłiné) are a Dene Aboriginal
people in Canada, whose ancestors were the Taltheilei. There are
approximately 11,000 Chipewyan living in the Canadian Arctic regions around Hudson Bay, including Manitoba and the Northwest Territories, as well as
northern parts of Alberta
and Saskatchewan.
Present-day bands exist in:
- Alberta: Fort Chipewyan First Nation, Fort McKay First Nation, Janvier, Fort McMurray First Nation,
Cold
Lake
- Manitoba: Barren Lands, Churchill, Sayisi Dene, Northlands
- Northwest Territories: Fort Resolution/Deninu Kue First Nation,
Smiths Landing, Lutsel K'e
- Saskatchewan: Buffalo River, Black
Lake, Clearwater River, English River, Font du Lac River, Lac la
Hache, Stoney Rapids, Turnor Lake, Patuanak[1][2]
Ethnography
Historically, the Denesuline were allied to some degree with the
southerly Cree, and warred against
Inuit and other Dene peoples to the north of Chipewyan lands.
An important historic Denesuline is Thanadelthur ("Marten
Jumping"), a young woman who early in the 18th century helped her
people to establish peace with the Cree, and to get involved with
the fur trade (Steckley 1999).
The Sayisi Dene
of northern Manitoba are a Chipewyan band notable for hunting
migratory caribou. They were historically located at Little Duck
Lake, and known as the "Duck Lake Dene". In 1956, government
relocated them to the port of Churchill on the shore of Hudson Bay
and a small village north of Churchill called North Knife River,
joining other Chipewyan Dene, and becoming members of "Fort
Churchill Dene Chipewyan Band". In the 1970s, the "Duck Lake Dene"
opted for self-reliance, a return to caribou hunting, and relocated
to Tadoule Lake, Manitoba, legally
becoming "Sayisi Dene First Nation (Tadoule Lake, Manitoba)" in the
1990s.[3]
Language
Denesuline (Chipewyan) speak the Dene Suline language, of the Athabaskan linguistic group. Dene Suline is
spoken by those First Nations members whose name for
themselves is a cognate of the word Dene ("people"):
Denésoliné (or Dënesųłiné).
The name Chipewyan is, like many people of the Canadian
prairies, of Algonquian origin. It is derived
from the Plains Cree name for them,
Cīpwayān (ᒌᐘᔮᐣ), "pointed skin", from
cīpwāw (ᒌᐚᐤ), "to be pointed"; and wayān
(ᐘᔮᐣ), "skin" or "hide" - a reference to the cut and style
of Chipewyan parkas.[4] Many
Chipewyan believe that the name is derogatory.
Despite the superficial similarity of the names, the Chipewyan
are not related to the Chippewa (Ojibwa) people.
Notes
Further
reading
- Athabasca Chipewyan First Nation. Footprints on the Land:
Tracing the Path of the Athabasca Chipewyan First Nation. Fort
Chipewyan, Alta: Athabasca Chipewyan First Nation, 2003. ISBN
0973329300
- Birket-Smith, Kaj. Contributions to Chipewyan
Ethnology. Copenhagen: Gyldendal, 1930.
- Bone, Robert M., Earl N. Shannon, and Stewart Raby. The
Chipewyan of the Stony Rapids Region; A Study of Their Changing
World with Special Attention Focused Upon Caribou. Mawdsley
memoir, 1. Saskatoon: Institute for Northern Studies, University of
Saskatchewan, 1973. ISBN 0888800037
- Bussidor, Ila, Usten Bilgen-Reinart. "Night Spirits: The Story
of the Relocation of the Sayisi Dene." University of Manitoba
Press, March 16, 2000. (Memoir of a Dene Woman's experiences in
Churchill, Manitoba.)
- Clayton-Gouthro, Cecile M. Patterns in Transition: Moccasin
Production and Ornamentation of the Janvier Band Chipewyan.
Mercury series. Hull, Quebec: Canadian Museum of Civilization,
1994. ISBN 0660140233
- Cook, Eung-Do. 2006. The Patterns of Consonantal
Acquisition and Change in Chipewyan (Dene Suline).
International Journal of American Linguistics. 72, no. 2: 236.
- Dramer, Kim, and Frank W. Porter. The Chipewyan. New
York: Chelsea House, 1996. ISBN 1555461395
- Elford, Leon W., and Marjorie Elford. English-Chipewyan
Dictionary. Prince Albert, Sask: Northern Canada Evangelical
Mission, 1981.
- Goddard, Pliny Earle. Texts and Analysis of Cold Lake
Dialect, Chipewyan. Anthropological papers of the American
Museum of Natural History, v. 10, pt. 1-2. New York: Published by
order of the Trustees [of the American Museum of Natural History],
1912.
- Grant, J. C. Boileau. Anthropometry of the Chipewyan and
Cree Indians of the Neighbourhood of Lake Athabaska. Ottawa:
F.A. Acland, printer, 1930.
- Human Relations Area Files, inc. Chipewyan ND07. EHRAF
collection of ethnography. New Haven, Conn: Human Relations Area
Files, 2001.
- Irimoto, Takashi. Chipewyan Ecology: Group Structure and
Caribou Hunting System. Senri ethnological studies, no. 8.
Suita, Osaka, Japan: National Museum of Ethnology, 1981.
- Li, Fang-kuei, and Ronald Scollon. Chipewyan Texts.
Nankang, Taipei: Institute of History and Philology, Academia
Sinica, 1976.
- Lowie, Robert Harry. Chipewyan Tales. New York: The
Trustees, 1912.
- Paul, Simon. Introductory Chipewyan: Basic Vocabulary.
Saskatoon: Indian and Northern Education, University of
Saskatchewan, 1972.
- Scollon, Ronald, and Suzanne B. K. Scollon. Linguistic
Convergence: An Ethnography of Speaking at Fort Chipewyan,
Alberta. New York: Academic Press, 1979. ISBN 0126333807
- Shapiro, Harry L. The Alaskan Eskimo; A Study of the
Relationship between the Eskimo and the Chipewyan Indians of
Central Canada. New York: American Museum of Natural History,
1931.
- Sharp, Henry S. Chipewyan Marriage. Mercury series.
Ottawa: National Museum of Canada, 1979.
- Sharp, Henry S. The Transformation of Bigfoot: Maleness,
Power, and Belief Among the Chipewyan. Smithsonian series in
ethnographic inquiry. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution
Press, 1988. ISBN 0874748488
- VanStone, James W. The Changing Culture of the Snowdrift
Chipewyan. Ottawa: [Queen's Printer], 1965.
- Wilhelm, Andrea. Telicity and Durativity: A Study of Aspect
in Dëne Sųłiné (Chipewyan) and German. New York: Routledge,
2007. ISBN 0415976456
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