From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| Christopher Columbus |
| . |
| Born |
c.1451
Genoa, Italy (though disputed) |
| Died |
.^ DIED May 20, 1506, Valladolid, Spain, age-related.
^ When he died on May 20, 1506, Columbus believed himself to have been martyred by his king and queen, stripped of the dignity, recognition, and wealth he deserved for his exploits.- Imagining Christopher Columbus 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC hss.fullerton.edu [Source type: General]
^ Christopher Columbus died on May 20, 1506 in Valladolid, Spain of age-related causes.
55)
Valladolid, Castile |
| Nationality |
Genoese (though disputed) |
| Other names |
Genoese: Christoffa Corombo
Italian: Cristoforo Colombo
Catalan: Cristòfor Colom
Spanish: Cristóbal Colón
Portuguese: Cristóvão Colombo
Latin: Christophorus Columbus |
| Occupation |
Maritime explorer for the Crown of Castile |
| Title |
Admiral of the Ocean Sea; Viceroy and Governor of the Indies |
| Religion |
Roman Catholic |
| Spouse(s) |
Filipa Moniz (c. 1476-1485) |
| Children |
Diego
Fernando |
| Relatives |
Giovanni Pellegrino, Giacomo and Bartolomeo Columbus (brothers) |
| Signature
|
Christopher Columbus (c.
.^ It was the first place permanently colonized by Europeans in the Western Hemisphere.- Columbus, The Original American Hero 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.ahealedplanet.net [Source type: Original source]
- Columbus:
The Original American Hero 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC globalization.icaap.org [Source type: Original source]
^ This invaluable guide to navigation was used by Columbus on his voyage across the Atlantic.- Was Christopher Columbus a Jew? | Bloggish | Jewish Journal 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.jewishjournal.com [Source type: General]
^ When he died on May 20, 1506, Columbus believed himself to have been martyred by his king and queen, stripped of the dignity, recognition, and wealth he deserved for his exploits.- Imagining Christopher Columbus 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC hss.fullerton.edu [Source type: General]
With his four voyages of exploration and several attempts at establishing a settlement on the island of
Hispaniola, all funded by
Isabella I of Castile, he initiated the process of
Spanish colonization which foreshadowed general
European colonization of the "
New World".
.^ For the first European to land in America was Leif Ericson, a Viking seaman from Greenland (see Ericson).- Daily Kos: Christopher Columbus & His Crimes Against Humanity (Edited) 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
^ One of the first skirmishes between native Americans and Europeans since the time of the Vikings [17] took place when Columbus's men rescued two boys who had just been castrated by their captors.- What is Christopher Columbus? 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC ipedia.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ While Columbus' calculations underestimated the circumference of the Earth and the distance from the Canary Islands to Japan by the standards of his peers as well as in fact, almost all Europeans held the mistaken opinion that the aquatic expanse between Europe and Asia was uninterrupted.- What is Christopher Columbus? 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC ipedia.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Hero worship of Columbus perhaps reached its zenith around 1892, the 400th anniversary of his first arrival in the Americas.- Was Christopher Columbus a Jew? | Bloggish | Jewish Journal 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.jewishjournal.com [Source type: General]
^ American Indian activist Mike Anderson says, "There was a culture here and there were people and there were governments here prior to the arrival of Columbus."- The Crimes of Christopher Columbus 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.freerepublic.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ It was, however, Columbus’s voyage that marked the beginning of the European colonization of the Americas, and that linked Eurasia and Africa to the Americas.- Was Christopher Columbus a Jew? | Bloggish | Jewish Journal 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.jewishjournal.com [Source type: General]
.^ We gather from the present act only one new element for our analysis, viz., the name of Christopher Columbus's mother.- From THE DISCOVERY OF NORTH AMERICA 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.millersville.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ The name Christopher Columbus is the Anglicization of the Latin Christophorus Columbus .- What is Christopher Columbus? 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC ipedia.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ On November 3 , 1493 , Columbus sighted a rugged island that he named Dominica (Latin for Sunday); later that day, he landed at Marie-Galante , which he named Santa Maria la Galante.- What is Christopher Columbus? 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC ipedia.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ The 15 th century was a dynamic century, a century of change.
^ For Christian Spain, the conquest of Granada was the most important event in the 15 th century.
^ See also: Origin theories of Christopher Columbus#Language Although Genoese documents have been found about a weaver named Colombo, some letters which are said to have been written by Columbus are written in a nonstandard form of Spanish mixed with Portuguese or Catalan phonetics.- What is Christopher Columbus? 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC ipedia.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Cristoforo Colombo in his mama’s Italian.- The Trial of Christopher Columbus 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC red-coral.net [Source type: Original source]
^ Secular humanism is the name of the game, and that also means no special place can be afforded to any Italian/Spanish explorers.- The Last Psychiatrist: Christopher Columbus Was Wrong 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC thelastpsychiatrist.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The Spanish names of the sovereigns were Fernando and Isabel, and Columbus’ Spanish name was Cristóbal Colón, but I will use their anglicized names in this essay.- Columbus:
The Original American Hero 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC globalization.icaap.org [Source type: Original source]
.^ Nevertheless, Columbus's voyage came at a critical time of growing national imperialism and economic competition between developing nation states seeking wealth from the establishment of trade routes and colonies .- What is Christopher Columbus? 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC ipedia.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ There the royal couple heard the brothers' pleas; restored their freedom and their wealth; and, after much persuasion, agreed to fund Columbus' fourth voyage.- What is Christopher Columbus? 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC ipedia.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ He was indeed motivated by "greed" in the sense that he sought material wealth through commonly undertaken means - exploration and establishment of new maritime trade routes, conquest and pillage of weaker societies, and enslavement of indigenous peoples.- Daily Kos: Christopher Columbus & His Crimes Against Humanity (Edited) 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
In this
sociopolitical climate, Columbus's far-fetched scheme won the attention of
Isabella I of Castile.
.^ Ferdinand believed, and correctly so, that Columbus' estimate on how far the Orient was westward from Spain was ridiculously underestimated.- The Crimes of Christopher Columbus 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.freerepublic.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The king’s experts believed that the route would be longer than Columbus thought (the actual distance is even longer than the Portuguese believed), and denied Columbus’s request.- Was Christopher Columbus a Jew? | Bloggish | Jewish Journal 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.jewishjournal.com [Source type: General]
^ Moreover, Columbus believed one degree represented a shorter distance on the earth's surface than was commonly held.- What is Christopher Columbus? 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC ipedia.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ He was simply an Italian entrepreneur looking for a lucrative trade route, not some fiendish Eichmann prototype.- Daily Kos: Christopher Columbus & His Crimes Against Humanity (Edited) 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ Exactly which island in the Bahamas this corresponds to is an unresolved topic; prime candidates are Samana Cay , Plana Cays , or San Salvador Island (named San Salvador in 1925 in the belief that it was Columbus's San Salvador).- What is Christopher Columbus? 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC ipedia.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ On the third day Columbus took six or seven Indians as guides upon his departure from San Salvador and reconnoitered three other islands in the Bahamas.
^ Columbus called the island (in what is now The Bahamas ) San Salvador , although the natives called it Guanahani .- What is Christopher Columbus? 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC ipedia.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Mistaking the lands he encountered for the
East Indies, he referred to the inhabitants as "indios".
.^ Log of October 11-12, 1492.- Columbus, The Original American Hero 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.ahealedplanet.net [Source type: Original source]
- Columbus:
The Original American Hero 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC globalization.icaap.org [Source type: Original source]
^ The Admiral had landed in Spain on November 7, 1504, and at the time of his writing to Oderico on December 27, over fifty days had lapsed.- Christopher Columbus'Origin 12 September 2009 0:00 UTC www.geocities.com [Source type: Original source]
- From THE DISCOVERY OF NORTH AMERICA 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.millersville.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ A mere three days into his gold quest, on October 14 th , Columbus made clear what he thought of the natives' military might.- Columbus, The Original American Hero 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.ahealedplanet.net [Source type: Original source]
In the
United States it is observed annually on the second Monday in October.
Early life
.^ This is the Genoese deed from which it can be argued that Christopher Columbus was born in 1451.- Christopher Columbus'Origin 12 September 2009 0:00 UTC www.geocities.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Childhood and Early Years Though biographical facts on Columbus vary from author to author, there is general agreement among most scholars that Cristoforo Colombo was born in Genoa between August 25 and October 31, 1451; that his father was Domenico Colombo, a wool weaver who was also involved in local politics; and that his mother was Suzanna Fontanarossa, daughter of a wool weaver.
^ These revealing deeds (most of which were discovered in the 19th century) pertaining to a Colombo family were selected among thousands of such documents and construed by scholars to constitute proof that Columbus was a Colombo born in Genoa or nearby between August 26 and October 30, 1451.- Christopher Columbus'Origin 12 September 2009 0:00 UTC www.geocities.com [Source type: Original source]
[4] .^ His father was Domenico Colombo , a middle-class wool weaver working between Genoa and Savona .- What is Christopher Columbus? 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC ipedia.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Childhood and Early Years Though biographical facts on Columbus vary from author to author, there is general agreement among most scholars that Cristoforo Colombo was born in Genoa between August 25 and October 31, 1451; that his father was Domenico Colombo, a wool weaver who was also involved in local politics; and that his mother was Suzanna Fontanarossa, daughter of a wool weaver.
^ Giacomo Calvi., reveals a 19-year old Christopher stipulating a compromise for a debt incurred by him and his father Domenico Colombo.- Christopher Columbus'Origin 12 September 2009 0:00 UTC www.geocities.com [Source type: Original source]
- From THE DISCOVERY OF NORTH AMERICA 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.millersville.edu [Source type: Original source]
.^ It follows, then, that the two abovementioned children are to be identified only as sons of Susanna Fontanarossa, although their mother was, at the time of this deed, married to Domenico Colombo.- Christopher Columbus'Origin 12 September 2009 0:00 UTC www.geocities.com [Source type: Original source]
- From THE DISCOVERY OF NORTH AMERICA 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.millersville.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ Now Casoni throws the genealogical bombshell: the mother was named Susanna Fontanarossa, and she was born in Saulo Luogo near Nervi.- Christopher Columbus'Origin 12 September 2009 0:00 UTC www.geocities.com [Source type: Original source]
- From THE DISCOVERY OF NORTH AMERICA 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.millersville.edu [Source type: Original source]
.^ Bartolomeo, Giovanni Pellegrino and Giacomo were his brothers.- What is Christopher Columbus? 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC ipedia.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Christopher had 3 younger brothers, Bartolomeo, Giovanni Pellegrino, and Giacomo, and a sister, Bianchinetta.- Was Christopher Columbus a Jew? | Bloggish | Jewish Journal 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.jewishjournal.com [Source type: General]
^ He had three brothers, Bartolomeo, Giacomo, Giovanni-Pellegrino, and a sister, Bianchettina, who married Giacomo Bavarello.- Christopher Columbus'Origin 12 September 2009 0:00 UTC www.geocities.com [Source type: Original source]
- From THE DISCOVERY OF NORTH AMERICA 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.millersville.edu [Source type: Original source]
.^ Bartolomeo worked in a cartography workshop in Lisbon for at least part of his adulthood.- What is Christopher Columbus? 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC ipedia.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Columbus’ brother Bartolomeo worked as a mapmaker in Lisbon.- Was Christopher Columbus a Jew? | Bloggish | Jewish Journal 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.jewishjournal.com [Source type: General]
^ Soon Columbus brother Bartolomeo would be in Lisbon, as well, working as a mapmaker and studying geography.
[5]
.^ Cuneo (probably Columbus close friend, maybe from childhood) wrote the first recorded account of sexual relations between Europeans and natives.- Columbus, The Original American Hero 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.ahealedplanet.net [Source type: Original source]
^ For all of Columbus’ rhetoric, conversion apparently was never implemented on Española, except when they began enslaving the natives in the “encomienda” program.- Columbus:
The Original American Hero 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC globalization.icaap.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Cuneo (probably Columbus’ close friend, maybe from childhood) wrote the first recorded account of sexual relations between Europeans and natives.- Columbus:
The Original American Hero 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC globalization.icaap.org [Source type: Original source]
.^ The entire family moved to Savona, west of Genoa, in 1470.
^ One intriguing aspect of the curate's Historia is that he is the only contemporary historian who ever mentioned Columbus's age.- Christopher Columbus'Origin 12 September 2009 0:00 UTC www.geocities.com [Source type: Original source]
- From THE DISCOVERY OF NORTH AMERICA 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.millersville.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ The latter two historiographers were in possession of Columbus' writings; they were in close personal contact with him and members of his family.- Christopher Columbus'Origin 12 September 2009 0:00 UTC www.geocities.com [Source type: Original source]
- From THE DISCOVERY OF NORTH AMERICA 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.millersville.edu [Source type: Original source]
.^ In the same year, Columbus was on a Genoese ship hired in the service of René I of Anjou to support his attempt to conquer the Kingdom of Naples .- What is Christopher Columbus? 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC ipedia.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Only two of the Genoese vessels escaped, and one of these two was the ship which carried Columbus.- Christopher Columbus, Complete by Filson Young - Full Text Free Book (Part 1/8) 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.fullbooks.com [Source type: Original source]
^ That year, on the evening of August 3, Columbus left from Palos with three ships, the Santa Maria, Niña and Pinta.- Was Christopher Columbus a Jew? | Bloggish | Jewish Journal 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.jewishjournal.com [Source type: General]
.^ In 1473 Columbus began his apprenticeship as business agent for the important Centurione, Di Negro and Spinola families of Genoa.- What is Christopher Columbus? 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC ipedia.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Columbus and his family have been found in the "Archivio di Stato" (national record office) of Genoa, Italy.- What is Christopher Columbus? 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC ipedia.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ As Genoa retreated to the background so did his association with his familys wool weaving business.
.^ In 1474 Columbus was hired as an ordinary sailor on a Mediterranean ship bound for Chios in the Aegean Sea.
.^ In May 1476, he took part in an armed convoy sent by Genoa to carry a valuable cargo to northern Europe.- What is Christopher Columbus? 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC ipedia.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ He docked in Bristol, Galway, in Ireland and very likely, in 1477 he was in Iceland.- What is Christopher Columbus? 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC ipedia.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Columbus’ brother Bartolomeo worked as a mapmaker in Lisbon.- Was Christopher Columbus a Jew? | Bloggish | Jewish Journal 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.jewishjournal.com [Source type: General]
^ In 1479 Columbus reached his brother Bartolomeo in Lisbon , keeping on trading for the Centurione family.- What is Christopher Columbus? 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC ipedia.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Without going into details, it was in either Puerto Santo or in Lisbon that he met his future wife, Doña Filipa de Perestrelo y Moniz, daughter of Bartholomeu Perestrello of Italian origin from Piacenza who had been the Captain or Governor of Puerto Santo.- Christopher Columbus'Origin 12 September 2009 0:00 UTC www.geocities.com [Source type: Original source]
- From THE DISCOVERY OF NORTH AMERICA 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.millersville.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ Philippa Moniz Perestrello was the daughter of Bartolomeo Perestrello, who had been appointed hereditary governor of the island of Porto Santo on its colonisation by Prince Henry in 1425 and who had died there in 1457.- Christopher Columbus, Complete by Filson Young - Full Text Free Book (Part 1/8) 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.fullbooks.com [Source type: Original source]
^ He held that Columbus' mother-in-law was the daughter of Vasco Martins Moniz and the granddaughter of Henry Moniz, military governor of Silves.- Christopher Columbus' family and his Perestrello and Moniz in-laws. 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.wolcottfamily.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ In 1481, his son, Diego was born.- What is Christopher Columbus? 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC ipedia.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Their son Diego was born in 1480, and Felipa died in 1485.- Was Christopher Columbus a Jew? | Bloggish | Jewish Journal 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.jewishjournal.com [Source type: General]
^ He may also have been the namesake for Columbus' son, Diego.- Christopher Columbus' family and his Perestrello and Moniz in-laws. 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.wolcottfamily.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ When he died on May 20, 1506, Columbus believed himself to have been martyred by his king and queen, stripped of the dignity, recognition, and wealth he deserved for his exploits.- Imagining Christopher Columbus 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC hss.fullerton.edu [Source type: General]
^ Caonabo, Lord of the House of Gold, fiercest and bravest of them all, who first realised that the Spaniards were enemies to the native peace, after languishing in prison in the house of Columbus at Isabella for some time, had died in captivity during the voyage to Spain.- Christopher Columbus, Complete by Filson Young - Full Text Free Book (Part 7/8) 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC www.fullbooks.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Tradition holds that Columbus moved to Seville in 1485, and between May of 1486 and September of 1487 he was maintained at the expense of the queen.
.^ Accompanied by his brother Bartolomeo and his 13-year-old son Fernando , he left Cádiz, Spain, on May 11 , 1502 , with the ships Capitana , Gallega , Vizcaína and Santiago de Palos .- What is Christopher Columbus? 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC ipedia.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Gerolamo Ventimiglia, indicated that a Christopher Columbus of an unnamed father declared to be at that time a citizen of Genoa "approximately" 27 years old.- Christopher Columbus'Origin 12 September 2009 0:00 UTC www.geocities.com [Source type: Original source]
- From THE DISCOVERY OF NORTH AMERICA 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.millersville.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ At dawn, Columbus and his armed Spaniards went ashore, unfurled their flags, planted a cross, and claimed the land in the name of the king and queen of Spain.- Columbus, The Original American Hero 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.ahealedplanet.net [Source type: Original source]
[7]
Voyages
Navigation plans
Voyages of Christopher Columbus
"Columbus map", drawn ca. 1490 in
Lisbon workshop of Bartolomeo and Christopher Columbus
[8]
Columbus's geographical concepts
.^ Didn't take me long to find sources stating that Europe new it was round.- The Last Psychiatrist: Christopher Columbus Was Wrong 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC thelastpsychiatrist.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ There were butts of Malmsey from Candia; aloes and cassia and spices from Socotra; rhubarb from Persia; silk from India; wool from Damascus, raw wool also from Calais and Norwich.- Christopher Columbus, Complete by Filson Young - Full Text Free Book (Part 1/8) 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.fullbooks.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ With the Fall of Constantinople to the Muslims in 1453, the land route to Asia became more difficult.- What is Christopher Columbus? 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC ipedia.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ He directed his course more southward than before, owing to reports of a great land lying west and south of the Antilles and his belief that it was the continent of Asia .- CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Christopher Columbus 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.newadvent.org [Source type: Original source]
.^ By the 1480s, Columbus had developed a plan to travel to the Indies (then roughly meaning all of south and east Asia) by sailing west across the Atlantic, rather than by going south and east around Africa.- Was Christopher Columbus a Jew? | Bloggish | Jewish Journal 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.jewishjournal.com [Source type: General]
^ The mindset and ruthlessness and religious re-invention all built up in the "reconquista" which also coincided with their newly developed deep ocean sailing technology which was partly driven by the loss of direct cheaper contact with the overland trade to the east and China when the Turkish conquest of Constantinople occurred.- Daily Kos: Christopher Columbus & His Crimes Against Humanity (Edited) 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
^ But after a public hearing, the Council denied the request on the ground that it was too expensive, that Columbus was only a "visionary" and wrong about distances and measurements, that there was only worthless rocky points for land to the west, and that such a plan was contrary to Portugals commitment to finding an eastward route to Asia by traveling around Africa.
.^ Washington Irving published a mammoth and hugely popular biography of Columbus in 1828, where he invented, among other myths, the story of Columbus proving that the world was not flat.- Columbus, The Original American Hero 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.ahealedplanet.net [Source type: Original source]
- Columbus:
The Original American Hero 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC globalization.icaap.org [Source type: Original source]
^ There is no evidence that Columbus thought that Indians were congenitally or racially inferior to Europeans.- The Crimes of Christopher Columbus 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.freerepublic.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Columbus claimed the reward for himself, because the night land was sighted he thought he earlier saw a light in the West.- Columbus:
The Original American Hero 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC globalization.icaap.org [Source type: Original source]
[9] .^ In fact, that the Earth is spherical was evident to most people of his time, especially other sailors and navigators.- Was Christopher Columbus a Jew? | Bloggish | Jewish Journal 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.jewishjournal.com [Source type: General]
.^ The belief that the Earth was spherical was already widespread.
^ In fact, that the Earth is spherical was evident to most people of his time, especially other sailors and navigators.- Was Christopher Columbus a Jew? | Bloggish | Jewish Journal 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.jewishjournal.com [Source type: General]
^ A conscious knowledge of the world as a whole had been a part of human thought for many hundreds of years; and the sphericity of the earth had been a theory in the sixth century before Christ.- Christopher Columbus, Complete by Filson Young - Full Text Free Book (Part 1/8) 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.fullbooks.com [Source type: Original source]
[10] .^ Marcello Staglieno states, for example, that Giacomo, being at the time (i.e., 1473) less than 18 years old, was not yet of legal age.- Christopher Columbus'Origin 12 September 2009 0:00 UTC www.geocities.com [Source type: Original source]
- From THE DISCOVERY OF NORTH AMERICA 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.millersville.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ In fact, that the Earth is spherical was evident to most people of his time, especially other sailors and navigators.- Was Christopher Columbus a Jew? | Bloggish | Jewish Journal 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.jewishjournal.com [Source type: General]
^ Contrast the above phenomenon with the Middle Ages, a time during which there was no mechanism for disseminating new, uncensored, and raw information.
.^ Columbus idea of sailing west to get to the east was not original with him, nor did he ever claim that it was.
^ COLUMBUS I did it for your own good.- The Trial of Christopher Columbus 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC red-coral.net [Source type: Original source]
^ Eratosthenes calculated the diameter to 10% accuracy back in 200 BC. Ptolemy (0 AD?) knew it was round, but thought the sun (another sphere) revolved around it.- The Last Psychiatrist: Christopher Columbus Was Wrong 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC thelastpsychiatrist.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Most Europeans accepted Ptolemy’s claim that the terrestrial landmass (for Europeans of the time, Eurasia and Africa) occupied 180 degrees of the terrestrial sphere, leaving 180 degrees of water (in fact, it occupies about 120 degrees, leaving 240 degrees unaccounted for at that time).- Was Christopher Columbus a Jew? | Bloggish | Jewish Journal 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.jewishjournal.com [Source type: General]
^ But after a public hearing, the Council denied the request on the ground that it was too expensive, that Columbus was only a "visionary" and wrong about distances and measurements, that there was only worthless rocky points for land to the west, and that such a plan was contrary to Portugals commitment to finding an eastward route to Asia by traveling around Africa.
^ Across the planet, the cultures that had been isolated from the Asia/Europe/Africa pathogens had a disastrous time when first exposed to them, whether they lived in Iceland, Australia, the South Pacific, Hawaii, or the New World.- Columbus, The Original American Hero 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.ahealedplanet.net [Source type: Original source]
- Columbus:
The Original American Hero 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC globalization.icaap.org [Source type: Original source]
.^ By this date, Columbus had enough cosmographical knowledge to build a globe and send it to the famed Florentine for his opinion on the idea of reaching Asia by navigating the Ocean Sea westward.- Christopher Columbus'Origin 12 September 2009 0:00 UTC www.geocities.com [Source type: Original source]
- From THE DISCOVERY OF NORTH AMERICA 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.millersville.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ By 1501, here Columbus writes, he had been navigating for forty years which, if factual, would indicate that he first went to sea in 1461.- Christopher Columbus'Origin 12 September 2009 0:00 UTC www.geocities.com [Source type: Original source]
- From THE DISCOVERY OF NORTH AMERICA 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.millersville.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ Before Columbus, tribes had a shared responsibility, for lack of a better way to put it, to the land.- Daily Kos: Christopher Columbus & His Crimes Against Humanity (Edited) 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
[12]
.^ Columbus accepted the calculations of d’Ailly, that the land-mass occupied 225 degrees, leaving only 135 degrees of water.- Was Christopher Columbus a Jew? | Bloggish | Jewish Journal 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.jewishjournal.com [Source type: General]
^ Moreover, Columbus believed that one degree actually covered less space on the earth’s surface than commonly believed.- Was Christopher Columbus a Jew? | Bloggish | Jewish Journal 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.jewishjournal.com [Source type: General]
^ Some historians believe that in these waters off the coast of Africa and the nearby Canary Islands, Columbus observed for himself the ocean phenomenon known as the Canary Current.
.^ Moreover, Columbus believed that one degree actually covered less space on the earth’s surface than commonly believed.- Was Christopher Columbus a Jew? | Bloggish | Jewish Journal 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.jewishjournal.com [Source type: General]
^ What they had in many cases represented the store of years, and in all but one or two favoured districts it was quite impossible for them to keep up the amount of the tribute.- Christopher Columbus, Complete by Filson Young - Full Text Free Book (Part 5/8) 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC www.fullbooks.com [Source type: Original source]
^ While Columbus had always given the conversion of non-believers as one reason for his explorations, he grew increasingly religious in his later years.- Was Christopher Columbus a Jew? | Bloggish | Jewish Journal 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.jewishjournal.com [Source type: General]
.^ Finally, Columbus read maps as if the distances were calculated in Roman miles (5,000 feet) rather than nautical miles (6,082.66 feet at the equator).- Was Christopher Columbus a Jew? | Bloggish | Jewish Journal 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.jewishjournal.com [Source type: General]
.^ Columbus concluded that the distance from the Canary Islands to Japan was 2,700 miles.- Was Christopher Columbus a Jew? | Bloggish | Jewish Journal 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.jewishjournal.com [Source type: General]
^ Finally, Columbus read maps as if the distances were calculated in Roman miles (5,000 feet) rather than nautical miles (6,082.66 feet at the equator).- Was Christopher Columbus a Jew? | Bloggish | Jewish Journal 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.jewishjournal.com [Source type: General]
^ In fact, the distance is about 13,000 miles, and most European sailors and navigators concluded that the Indies were too far away to make his plan worth considering.- Was Christopher Columbus a Jew? | Bloggish | Jewish Journal 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.jewishjournal.com [Source type: General]
.^ Earlier in the year Columbus did find his first real riches on Hispaniola.
^ To: cyborg What did Columbus have to say about his discovery of America?- The Crimes of Christopher Columbus 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.freerepublic.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Despite such extreme measures, Columbus did not manage to obtain much gold.- Was Christopher Columbus a Jew? | Bloggish | Jewish Journal 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.jewishjournal.com [Source type: General]
.^ Columbus concluded that the distance from the Canary Islands to Japan was 2,700 miles.- Was Christopher Columbus a Jew? | Bloggish | Jewish Journal 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.jewishjournal.com [Source type: General]
^ But Bede, in the eighth century, established it finally as a part of human knowledge that the earth and all the heavenly bodies were spheres, and after that the fact was not again seriously disputed.- Christopher Columbus, Complete by Filson Young - Full Text Free Book (Part 1/8) 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.fullbooks.com [Source type: Original source]
^ D.W.]--in the second century the philosopher Crates had constructed a rude sort of globe, on which were marked the known kingdoms of the earth, and some also unknown.- Christopher Columbus, Complete by Filson Young - Full Text Free Book (Part 1/8) 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.fullbooks.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ Columbus now began to be bewildered, for he discovered that the water over the ship's side was fresh water, and he could not make out where it came from.- Christopher Columbus, Complete by Filson Young - Full Text Free Book (Part 5/8) 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC www.fullbooks.com [Source type: Original source]
^ My research of 15th and 16th century Genoese annalists (apart from Giustiniani, Gallo, and Senarega) has yielded no results either.- Christopher Columbus'Origin 12 September 2009 0:00 UTC www.geocities.com [Source type: Original source]
- From THE DISCOVERY OF NORTH AMERICA 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.millersville.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ Columbus picked the new site, yet the harbor was poor and there was no fresh water nearby, among other problems.- Columbus, The Original American Hero 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.ahealedplanet.net [Source type: Original source]
- Columbus:
The Original American Hero 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC globalization.icaap.org [Source type: Original source]
.^ By this date, Columbus had enough cosmographical knowledge to build a globe and send it to the famed Florentine for his opinion on the idea of reaching Asia by navigating the Ocean Sea westward.- Christopher Columbus'Origin 12 September 2009 0:00 UTC www.geocities.com [Source type: Original source]
- From THE DISCOVERY OF NORTH AMERICA 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.millersville.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ In fact, that the Earth is spherical was evident to most people of his time, especially other sailors and navigators.- Was Christopher Columbus a Jew? | Bloggish | Jewish Journal 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.jewishjournal.com [Source type: General]
^ There are even speculations today that people might have migrated to Asia and Europe from North America long ago.- Columbus:
The Original American Hero 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC globalization.icaap.org [Source type: Original source]
.^ Only the Iberian kingdoms of Portugal and Spain in the western Mediterranean were having success in their wars against the Muslims.
^ To the Europeans of this age, all land east of the Indus River was the Indies. Because he believed he had reached the Indies, Columbus named the people Indians. Other contemporary adventurers, however, were not convinced that this was part of the Old World.
^ While others who had accompanied the Catholic monarchs were rejoicing as they watched the symbols of sovereignty pass to the Christians, Columbus sat dejected.
Columbus promised such an advantage.
.^ Columbus concluded that the distance from the Canary Islands to Japan was 2,700 miles.- Was Christopher Columbus a Jew? | Bloggish | Jewish Journal 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.jewishjournal.com [Source type: General]
^ The fact that Europeans brought the deadly diseases with them, through ship rats who found their way to the indigenous tribes for example, is well established.- Daily Kos: Christopher Columbus & His Crimes Against Humanity 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Columbus is celebrated, but only because his "discovery" changed the relationship between the New World and Europe.- Daily Kos: Christopher Columbus & His Crimes Against Humanity (Edited) 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
[citation needed]
.^ Their world was about as close to earthly paradise as human existence has ever come, a fact that was not lost on Columbus, as he often remarked upon it in his log.- Columbus, The Original American Hero 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.ahealedplanet.net [Source type: Original source]
- Columbus:
The Original American Hero 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC globalization.icaap.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Columbus began to understand a little of the political order there, and discovered men called caciques were leaders of some sort.- Columbus:
The Original American Hero 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC globalization.icaap.org [Source type: Original source]
^ There were even plans to erect a statue of Columbus, hundreds of feet tall.- Columbus, The Original American Hero 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.ahealedplanet.net [Source type: Original source]
- Columbus:
The Original American Hero 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC globalization.icaap.org [Source type: Original source]
.^ He first sailed to the Canary Islands, where he stayed for a month, and then he started the five week voyage across the ocean.- Was Christopher Columbus a Jew? | Bloggish | Jewish Journal 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.jewishjournal.com [Source type: General]
^ That year, on the evening of August 3, Columbus left from Palos with three ships, the Santa Maria, Niña and Pinta.- Was Christopher Columbus a Jew? | Bloggish | Jewish Journal 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.jewishjournal.com [Source type: General]
^ The first, owned by Cristóbal Quintero, was called the Pinta ; the second, owned by Juan Niño, was officially named the Santa Clara but known as the Niña .
.^ When Columbus sailed back to Spain, he gave the men at the fort several admonitions, which amounted to behaving themselves around their native hosts and finding the gold.- Columbus:
The Original American Hero 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC globalization.icaap.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Their six days' sojourn amid the Queen's Gardens, then, was not a great success; and as soon as they were able they set sail again, standing eastward when the wind permitted them.- Christopher Columbus, Complete by Filson Young - Full Text Free Book (Part 7/8) 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC www.fullbooks.com [Source type: Original source]
^ But there was no food there, and as his ships were settling deeper and deeper in the water he had to make sail again and drive eastwards as far as Puerto Santa Gloria, now called Don Christopher's Cove.- Christopher Columbus, Complete by Filson Young - Full Text Free Book (Part 7/8) 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC www.fullbooks.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ Columbus sold the western voyages on the premise that the return on investment would be great.- Columbus, The Original American Hero 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.ahealedplanet.net [Source type: Original source]
- Columbus:
The Original American Hero 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC globalization.icaap.org [Source type: Original source]
^ On March 10, 1496, Columbus had no choice but to return home hoping to preempt any royal inquiries into the complaints of the settlers.
^ The Bahamas, where Columbus first made landfall in the Western Hemisphere, [49] was the home of perhaps a half million happy people.- Columbus, The Original American Hero 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.ahealedplanet.net [Source type: Original source]
[13] .^ Columbus was amazed at how helpful the natives were, and in his log he assured his king and queen that “not even a shoe string (more literally “lace point,” used to secure shoes and clothes - ed.- Columbus:
The Original American Hero 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC globalization.icaap.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Tales from American history : containing the principal facts in the life of Christopher Columbus : for the use of young persons / by the author of American popular lessons.
^ Their world was about as close to earthly paradise as human existence has ever come, a fact that was not lost on Columbus, as he often remarked upon it in his log.- Columbus, The Original American Hero 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.ahealedplanet.net [Source type: Original source]
- Columbus:
The Original American Hero 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC globalization.icaap.org [Source type: Original source]
[14][15]
Funding campaign
.^ Columbus first presented his plan to the court of Portugal in 1485.- Was Christopher Columbus a Jew? | Bloggish | Jewish Journal 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.jewishjournal.com [Source type: General]
^ In May, 1505, King Ferdinand finally granted Columbus an audience in which the discoverer was allowed to present his claims to the titles and the riches of the Indies.
^ In summary, this brief letter informs Colón that the King is willing to re-examine his plans and that he can go back to Portugal without fear of being persecuted by the law.- Christopher Columbus'Origin 12 September 2009 0:00 UTC www.geocities.com [Source type: Original source]
- From THE DISCOVERY OF NORTH AMERICA 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.millersville.edu [Source type: Original source]
.^ In May, 1505, King Ferdinand finally granted Columbus an audience in which the discoverer was allowed to present his claims to the titles and the riches of the Indies.
^ While Columbus had always given the conversion of non-believers as one reason for his explorations, he grew increasingly religious in his later years.- Was Christopher Columbus a Jew? | Bloggish | Jewish Journal 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.jewishjournal.com [Source type: General]
^ Tortuous sailing condition and incredible storms along the coast took their toll on both the ships and on Columbus.
.^ What seems to be the greatest injustice of all is that the new lands that the Great Navigator, Admiral of the Ocean Seas, Governor and Viceroy discovered were never given his name.
^ His request for payment (one-tenth of all riches from the Indies and the rank of Admiral of the Ocean, Viceroy and Governor of the Indies) caused the sovereigns to flatly refuse the project.
^ According to these capitulations, Columbus would gain the titles of Admiral of the Ocean Sea, Viceroy and Governor General of all lands that he would discover, and take for himself to use as he wishes ten percent of whatever would be acquired overseas, whether pearls, precious stones, gold, silver, spices or any other merchandise.- Christopher Columbus'Origin 12 September 2009 0:00 UTC www.geocities.com [Source type: Original source]
- From THE DISCOVERY OF NORTH AMERICA 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.millersville.edu [Source type: Original source]
.^ Vezinho, who was later to convert to Christianity, headed a committee of savants and experts on nautical matters chosen to consider Columbus’s proposed expedition of discovery.- Was Christopher Columbus a Jew? | Bloggish | Jewish Journal 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.jewishjournal.com [Source type: General]
.^ Finally, Columbus read maps as if the distances were calculated in Roman miles (5,000 feet) rather than nautical miles (6,082.66 feet at the equator).- Was Christopher Columbus a Jew? | Bloggish | Jewish Journal 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.jewishjournal.com [Source type: General]
^ In fact, the distance is about 13,000 miles, and most European sailors and navigators concluded that the Indies were too far away to make his plan worth considering.- Was Christopher Columbus a Jew? | Bloggish | Jewish Journal 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.jewishjournal.com [Source type: General]
^ Dead reckoning is sailing without any landmarks, and estimating how many miles you traveled by simply watching the water go by.- Columbus, The Original American Hero 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.ahealedplanet.net [Source type: Original source]
- Columbus:
The Original American Hero 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC globalization.icaap.org [Source type: Original source]
[12]
.^ A number of returned settlers and friars lobbied against Columbus at the Spanish court, accusing him of mismanagement.- Was Christopher Columbus a Jew? | Bloggish | Jewish Journal 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.jewishjournal.com [Source type: General]
^ When, some years later, word reached him that Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand had once again rejected Columbus’s project and had sent him on his way, Santangel immediately requested and received an audience with Her Majesty.- Was Christopher Columbus a Jew? | Bloggish | Jewish Journal 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.jewishjournal.com [Source type: General]
^ As backing from royal courts in Portugal, France and England fell through, Columbus took his young son and moved to Spain in 1485.
.^ Under the tutelage of Prince Henry (later to be given the sobriquet, or nickname, "the Navigator"), who established a school for navigators in southern Portugal, the Portuguese began the exploration of the Western coast of Africa in hopes of finding passage around the tip of Africa.
^ This prize would elude the Portuguese until a generation after Henry's death in 1460. Not until 1488 when Bartolomeu Dias returned home after a 16-month voyage did the Portuguese know for sure that a trip around the tip of Africa was feasible.
^ Dias had been commissioned in August of 1487 to discover the tip of Africa, but when he failed to return after a year, King John was ready to reconsider Columbus Enterprise of the Indies. There is no evidence that Columbus ever made the trip, but in December, 1488, Dias finally returned after 16 months at sea to report that he had rounded the tip of Africa.
.^ They no longer needed a westward route to Asia.
^ CHAPTER VII ADVENTURES BODILY AND SPIRITUAL Columbus had not been long in Portugal before he was off again to sea, this time on a longer voyage than any he had yet undertaken.- Christopher Columbus, Complete by Filson Young - Full Text Free Book (Part 1/8) 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.fullbooks.com [Source type: Original source]
^ His own voyage ought to have taken far longer than theirs; they had now been nine weeks at sea, and there was nothing to account for their long delay.- Christopher Columbus, Complete by Filson Young - Full Text Free Book (Part 5/8) 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC www.fullbooks.com [Source type: Original source]
Columbus travelled from Portugal to both
Genoa and
Venice, but he received encouragement from neither.
.^ Even Columbus remarked that more than 80% of the native population alive in 1500 died by 1504 (see Sauer, The Early Spanish Main , p.- Columbus, The Original American Hero 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.ahealedplanet.net [Source type: Original source]
^ Columbus claimed governorship of the new territories (by prior agreement with the Spanish monarchs) and made several more journeys across the Atlantic.- Was Christopher Columbus a Jew? | Bloggish | Jewish Journal 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.jewishjournal.com [Source type: General]
^ He may actually have been there when Columbus arrived, but it was more probable that Columbus, the pioneer of the family, seeing a better field for his brother's talent in Lisbon than in Genoa, sent for him when he himself was established there.- Christopher Columbus, Complete by Filson Young - Full Text Free Book (Part 1/8) 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.fullbooks.com [Source type: Original source]
After much carefully considered hesitation Henry's invitation came, too late. Columbus had already committed himself to Spain.
.^ The last of the Moorish rulers was expelled from the Iberian peninsula in the reconquista of 1492 when Ferdinand and Isabella, Los Reyes Catolicos (The Catholic Monarchs), expelled the last of the Moorish rulers, Boabdil of Granada, from the peninsula, uniting most of what is now Spain.- The Crimes of Christopher Columbus 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.freerepublic.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The Spanish king and queen, Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile had just conquered Granada, the last Muslim stronghold on the Iberian peninsula, and they received Colombus in Cordoba, Spain (in the kings’ Alcazar) and they agreed to have an expedition sent out to the West.- Was Christopher Columbus a Jew? | Bloggish | Jewish Journal 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.jewishjournal.com [Source type: General]
^ Along with a number of other influential Jews, Senior had played a key role in arranging the marriage of Isabella to Ferdinand of Aragon.- Was Christopher Columbus a Jew? | Bloggish | Jewish Journal 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.jewishjournal.com [Source type: General]
.^ In May, 1505, King Ferdinand finally granted Columbus an audience in which the discoverer was allowed to present his claims to the titles and the riches of the Indies.
^ What I have presented here is not controversial to those who have studied Columbus.- Columbus:
The Original American Hero 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC globalization.icaap.org [Source type: Original source]
^ On August 11th Columbus turned east again after having given up the attempt to find a passage to the north round Paria.- Christopher Columbus, Complete by Filson Young - Full Text Free Book (Part 5/8) 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC www.fullbooks.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ Columbus then tried to get backing from Spain.- Was Christopher Columbus a Jew? | Bloggish | Jewish Journal 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.jewishjournal.com [Source type: General]
^ COLUMBUS Oh yes, Don Diego reported some problem, but those stories are much exaggerated.- The Trial of Christopher Columbus 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC red-coral.net [Source type: Original source]
^ In February of 1494, Columbus hurriedly sent back to Spain the expeditions first dividends: slaves and gold.- Columbus, The Original American Hero 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.ahealedplanet.net [Source type: Original source]
They pronounced the idea impractical, and advised their Royal Highnesses to pass on the proposed venture.
.^ After the wedding of Prince Juan in March 1497, when Queen Isabella had more time to give to external affairs, the promise to Columbus was again remembered, and his position was considered in detail.- Christopher Columbus, Complete by Filson Young - Full Text Free Book (Part 5/8) 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC www.fullbooks.com [Source type: Original source]
^ News of the serious illness of Queen Isabella had evidently reached Columbus, and was the chief topic of public interest.- Christopher Columbus, Complete by Filson Young - Full Text Free Book (Part 7/8) 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC www.fullbooks.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand were not entirely convinced by Columbus’s presentation but agreed to submit his project to a commission of scholars.- Was Christopher Columbus a Jew? | Bloggish | Jewish Journal 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.jewishjournal.com [Source type: General]
Detail of the Columbus monument in
Madrid (1885).
.^ In all his voluminous writings, letters, memoirs, and journals, Columbus never once mentions his wife.- Christopher Columbus, Complete by Filson Young - Full Text Free Book (Part 1/8) 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.fullbooks.com [Source type: Original source]
^ It certainly seems clear from all of the above statements that Columbus intended to emphasize the fact he had been born in the city of Genoa and not in the Republic of Genoa or somewhere else.- Christopher Columbus'Origin 12 September 2009 0:00 UTC www.geocities.com [Source type: Original source]
- From THE DISCOVERY OF NORTH AMERICA 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.millersville.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ Columbus had evidently received the news from a public source, and felt mortified that Diego should not have written him a special letter.- Christopher Columbus, Complete by Filson Young - Full Text Free Book (Part 7/8) 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC www.fullbooks.com [Source type: Original source]
[16]
.^ After several years of lobbying at the Spanish court he was finally successful in 1492.- Was Christopher Columbus a Jew? | Bloggish | Jewish Journal 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.jewishjournal.com [Source type: General]
^ It was Pérez who introduced Columbus to the court of Ferdinand and Isabella.
^ The Spanish king and queen, Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile had just conquered Granada, the last Muslim stronghold on the Iberian peninsula, and they received Colombus in Cordoba, Spain (in the kings’ Alcazar) and they agreed to have an expedition sent out to the West.- Was Christopher Columbus a Jew? | Bloggish | Jewish Journal 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.jewishjournal.com [Source type: General]
.^ It appeared that Columbus and his men were looking for a reason to make an example out of some natives, and found the opportunity just as they were leaving town.- Columbus, The Original American Hero 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.ahealedplanet.net [Source type: Original source]
^ Leaving his brother Diego behind as governor of La Isabella contributed to Columbus problems with the settlers.
^ It looked more like Columbus and his men were looking for a reason to make an example out of some natives, and found the opportunity just as they were "leaving town."- Columbus:
The Original American Hero 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC globalization.icaap.org [Source type: Original source]
Isabella then sent a royal guard to fetch him and Ferdinand later claimed credit for being "the principal cause why those islands were discovered".
.^ Columbus was about a century and a half later.- Daily Kos: Christopher Columbus & His Crimes Against Humanity 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
^ About half of the financing was to come from private investors, which Columbus had already lined up.- Was Christopher Columbus a Jew? | Bloggish | Jewish Journal 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.jewishjournal.com [Source type: General]
^ Their world was about as close to earthly paradise as human existence has ever come, a fact that was not lost on Columbus, as he often remarked upon it in his log.- Columbus, The Original American Hero 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.ahealedplanet.net [Source type: Original source]
- Columbus:
The Original American Hero 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC globalization.icaap.org [Source type: Original source]
.^ Invited to the royal camp as the monarchs prepared for their final battle with the Muslims in Granada, the future discoverer made his final presentation.
^ The major financiers were two court officials – both Jewish conversos – Louis de Santangel, chancellor of the royal household, and Gabriel Sanchez, treasurer of Aragon.- Was Christopher Columbus a Jew? | Bloggish | Jewish Journal 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.jewishjournal.com [Source type: General]
^ Some carried out administrative functions such as treasurers, chamberlains, and captains of the guard in the various royal households.- Christopher Columbus' family and his Perestrello and Moniz in-laws. 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.wolcottfamily.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ Columbus was made Admiral of the High Seas and granted an inheritable governorship to the new territories he would discover, as well as a portion of all profits.- Was Christopher Columbus a Jew? | Bloggish | Jewish Journal 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.jewishjournal.com [Source type: General]
^ Columbus made four trips in all, amid storms, threatened mutinies, and, on the third trip, envious palace hangers-on had him put in chains.- The Crimes of Christopher Columbus 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.freerepublic.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Columbus made sure the Spaniards would be on their best behavior for those initial encounters.- Columbus, The Original American Hero 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.ahealedplanet.net [Source type: Original source]
.^ It can be assumed also that Cristoforo later on became generally recognized as the son of Domenico Colombo, as indeed the two witnesses in the deed testified to the best of their knowledge.- Christopher Columbus'Origin 12 September 2009 0:00 UTC www.geocities.com [Source type: Original source]
- From THE DISCOVERY OF NORTH AMERICA 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.millersville.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ At a time when it was generally expected that sons follow their fathers in the family business, it was, nevertheless, natural for them to turn to the seas for a career.
^ And return I did, ten months later, with a great fleet of seventeen ships, twelve hundred men, and my brothers Bartolome and Diego.- The Trial of Christopher Columbus 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC red-coral.net [Source type: Original source]
.^ He also carried letters of credence from Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand.- Was Christopher Columbus a Jew? | Bloggish | Jewish Journal 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.jewishjournal.com [Source type: General]
^ Discovered: New painting of Columbus.- Was Christopher Columbus a Jew? | Bloggish | Jewish Journal 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.jewishjournal.com [Source type: General]
^ Many of the Spanish settlers of the new colony were discontent, having been misled by Columbus about the supposedly bountiful riches of the new world.- Was Christopher Columbus a Jew? | Bloggish | Jewish Journal 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.jewishjournal.com [Source type: General]
.^ What seems to be the greatest injustice of all is that the new lands that the Great Navigator, Admiral of the Ocean Seas, Governor and Viceroy discovered were never given his name.
^ According to these capitulations, Columbus would gain the titles of Admiral of the Ocean Sea, Viceroy and Governor General of all lands that he would discover, and take for himself to use as he wishes ten percent of whatever would be acquired overseas, whether pearls, precious stones, gold, silver, spices or any other merchandise.- Christopher Columbus'Origin 12 September 2009 0:00 UTC www.geocities.com [Source type: Original source]
- From THE DISCOVERY OF NORTH AMERICA 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.millersville.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ In 1991, the National Education Association weighed in against the Admiral of the Ocean Seas, urging its members at a national conference to promote the new multiculturalist party line that Columbus was a mass murderer and criminal.- The Crimes of Christopher Columbus 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.freerepublic.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Contingents of sailor-historians have worshipped Columbus as one of history’s great navigators, and have engaged in senseless debates regarding where Columbus first landed in the New World.- Columbus:
The Original American Hero 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC globalization.icaap.org [Source type: Original source]
^ He bore himself with intolerable arrogance and insolence, discharging one of Columbus's personal bodyguard on the ground that no one should hold any office on the island except with his consent.- Christopher Columbus, Complete by Filson Young - Full Text Free Book (Part 5/8) 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC www.fullbooks.com [Source type: Original source]
^ The rest I was going to let go, but there was such a hue and cry from the colonists, that I had to let each one choose a few Indians for personal servants.- The Trial of Christopher Columbus 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC red-coral.net [Source type: Original source]
.^ In his later years Columbus demanded that the Spanish Crown give him 10% of all profits made in the new lands, pursuant to earlier agreements.- Was Christopher Columbus a Jew? | Bloggish | Jewish Journal 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.jewishjournal.com [Source type: General]
^ Fuentes isn't asking us to forget the past; nor is he asking us to deny Christopher Columbus; he is merely asking us to imagine a new Christopher Columbus and with him and his sister to discover and create a new world.- Imagining Christopher Columbus 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC hss.fullerton.edu [Source type: General]
^ All the early chroniclers of the New World’s invasion remarked on how thickly populated the lands were.- Columbus:
The Original American Hero 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC globalization.icaap.org [Source type: Original source]
.^ Not, indeed, a very attractive or inspiring figure of a man; not the man whose company one would likely have sought very much, or whose conversation one would have found very interesting.- Christopher Columbus, Complete by Filson Young - Full Text Free Book (Part 1/8) 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.fullbooks.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Enslavement of the natives had not been one of the stated goals of this expedition and it was offensive to the queen; yet Columbus justified Indian enslavement on the grounds that it would be profitable.
^ To end the rebellion the Viceroy had to agree to the demand of the rebels that each one receive a plot of land and the Indians who lived on it.
Columbus was later arrested in 1500 and supplanted from these posts.
.^ His son Fernando, age 14, and brother Bartolomeo accompanied Columbus on this fourth and final voyage.
^ Both Father las Casas, who wrote The History of the Indies , and his son Fernando indicate that there had been correspondence between Columbus and Toscanelli.
^ Letter written by CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS to DON DIEGO, his Son, December 1, 1504.- Christopher Columbus, Complete by Filson Young - Full Text Free Book (Part 7/8) 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC www.fullbooks.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ A number of returned settlers and friars lobbied against Columbus at the Spanish court, accusing him of mismanagement.- Was Christopher Columbus a Jew? | Bloggish | Jewish Journal 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.jewishjournal.com [Source type: General]
^ The uncompromising determination of "Baltasar Colón" (so named in the court papers) must have appeared to many as a character trait that could only belong to a reincarnated Christopher Columbus.- Christopher Columbus'Origin 12 September 2009 0:00 UTC www.geocities.com [Source type: Original source]
- From THE DISCOVERY OF NORTH AMERICA 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.millersville.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ "It would be well for Carbajal and Jeronimo--[Jeronimo de Aguero, a landowner in Espanola and a friend of Columbus]--to be at the-Court at this time, and talk of our affairs with these Lords and with the Secretary.- Christopher Columbus, Complete by Filson Young - Full Text Free Book (Part 7/8) 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC www.fullbooks.com [Source type: Original source]
The family had some success in their first litigation, as a judgment of 1511 confirmed Diego's position as Viceroy, but reduced his powers. Diego resumed litigation in 1512, which lasted until 1536, and further disputes continued until 1790.
[17]First voyage
- First voyage
|
.^ Before his departure on his first voyage of discovery there is absolutely no temporary record of him except a few dates in notarial registers.- Christopher Columbus, Complete by Filson Young - Full Text Free Book (Part 1/8) 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.fullbooks.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Its mission was to return to La Navidad in Hispaniola to relieve the men left behind from the first voyage, settle more colonists on the islands, and conquer other islands to be discovered.
^ A peasant woman, she was introduced to Columbus by a relative, Diego de Arana, an officer on Columbus first voyage.
|
|
|
|
|
Captain's Ensign of Columbus's Ships
|
|
.^ Columbus sailed on August 3, 1492.- Was Christopher Columbus a Jew? | Bloggish | Jewish Journal 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.jewishjournal.com [Source type: General]
^ One of Columbus first stops in Spain was the monastery La Rábida at Palos de la Frontera.
^ That year, on the evening of August 3, Columbus left from Palos with three ships, the Santa Maria, Niña and Pinta.- Was Christopher Columbus a Jew? | Bloggish | Jewish Journal 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.jewishjournal.com [Source type: General]
[18] .^ The third ship, Columbus' flagship (a small round ship with a large hold, most likely a nao ), was owned by Juan de la Cosa and called the Santa María .
^ Juan de Coloma, a royal secretary, had a hand in drawing up the contract between Columbus and the Catholic monarchs.- Was Christopher Columbus a Jew? | Bloggish | Jewish Journal 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.jewishjournal.com [Source type: General]
^ At Valladolid, Las Casas argued against Juan Gineas de Sepualveda, another theologian, that Indians were human beings.- The Crimes of Christopher Columbus 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.freerepublic.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ In 1494, the Spaniards invaded the Canaries’ largest island, Tenerife, for the first time.- Columbus:
The Original American Hero 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC globalization.icaap.org [Source type: Original source]
^ After a southern passage to the Canary Islands where the Niña had her sails replaced with square rigging and the Pintas rudder was repaired, the voyagers departed the known world on the 6 th of September, 1492.
^ From these three captains, after giving them full sailing directions for reaching Espanola, Columbus parted company off the island of Ferro.- Christopher Columbus, Complete by Filson Young - Full Text Free Book (Part 5/8) 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC www.fullbooks.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ He who had so often occupied himself in ports and harbours with the fitting out of ships and preparations for a voyage now completed at San Domingo the simple preparations for the last voyage he was to take.- Christopher Columbus, Complete by Filson Young - Full Text Free Book (Part 7/8) 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC www.fullbooks.com [Source type: Original source]
^ (French) (as Editor) Le Tour du Monde; À travers la Perse Orientale Journal des voyages et des voyageurs; 2e Sem.- Browse By Author: C - Project Gutenberg 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.gutenberg.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Tradition has it that Christopher Colón arrived in Spain at Palos de La Frontera on board a ship with his son Diego, then about five years old.- Christopher Columbus'Origin 12 September 2009 0:00 UTC www.geocities.com [Source type: Original source]
- From THE DISCOVERY OF NORTH AMERICA 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.millersville.edu [Source type: Original source]
.^ Log of October 11-12, 1492.- Columbus, The Original American Hero 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.ahealedplanet.net [Source type: Original source]
- Columbus:
The Original American Hero 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC globalization.icaap.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Two hour past midnight on the morning of October 12 a lookout named Rodrígo de Triana (sometimes called Juan Rodríguez Bermejo), on the Pinta , cried out Tierra!
^ There is still much discussion about which island he reached, but at least it is quite certain that it was one of the Bahamas (landing was on October 12, 1492).- Was Christopher Columbus a Jew? | Bloggish | Jewish Journal 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.jewishjournal.com [Source type: General]
[19] .^ Instead of searching for provisions while Columbus was off exploring other islands, the men left behind raided native villages in search of riches.
^ Columbus began calling himself the Christ-bearer right after the first voyage, but the tally for Columbus' reign was: native deaths = millions; native conversions = zero.- Columbus:
The Original American Hero 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC globalization.icaap.org [Source type: Original source]
^ OJEDA It could also apply to gold mining, which Columbus has kept as his personal monopoly until now, with the result that little gold has been mined and the island's resources are still not fully explored.- The Trial of Christopher Columbus 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC red-coral.net [Source type: Original source]
.^ He saw another peak of the mainland to the northwest, which was the peninsula of Paria, and to which Columbus, taking it to be another island, gave the name of Isla de Gracia.- Christopher Columbus, Complete by Filson Young - Full Text Free Book (Part 5/8) 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC www.fullbooks.com [Source type: Original source]
^ A happy sailor sighted a West Indian island and on October 12, in the name of his sponsors, Columbus claimed the real estate for Spain.- The Crimes of Christopher Columbus 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.freerepublic.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ On the third day Columbus took six or seven Indians as guides upon his departure from San Salvador and reconnoitered three other islands in the Bahamas.
.^ The Native Americans he encountered, the Taíno or Arawak, were peaceful and friendly.- Was Christopher Columbus a Jew? | Bloggish | Jewish Journal 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.jewishjournal.com [Source type: General]
^ Columbus admitted that no fort was necessary among such friendly and peaceful people, but he could not put aside his European conditioning.- Columbus, The Original American Hero 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.ahealedplanet.net [Source type: Original source]
- Columbus:
The Original American Hero 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC globalization.icaap.org [Source type: Original source]
.^ Log of October 11-12, 1492.- Columbus, The Original American Hero 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.ahealedplanet.net [Source type: Original source]
- Columbus:
The Original American Hero 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC globalization.icaap.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Columbus wrote of savage cannibals, people with an eye in the middle of their forehead (log entries of November 4 th and 23 rd , 1492), and dog-like noses that drink the blood of their victims after cutting their throats and castrating them (log entry of November 4 th , 1492).- Columbus, The Original American Hero 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.ahealedplanet.net [Source type: Original source]
^ They called themselves Taínos, which in their language means something like (smugly) "the Good People".- The Trial of Christopher Columbus 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC red-coral.net [Source type: Original source]
I believe that people from the mainland come here to take them as slaves.
.^ As slaves in Spain they would more quickly become Christians and learn the skills of civilization than if they stayed here.- The Trial of Christopher Columbus 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC red-coral.net [Source type: Original source]
.^ Week followed week, and they made very poor progress.- Christopher Columbus, Complete by Filson Young - Full Text Free Book (Part 5/8) 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC www.fullbooks.com [Source type: Original source]
^ No historian has yet made this point (that I am aware of), but as the Spaniards made many unsubstantiated accusations of native cannibalism, they ate human-fed dogs.- Columbus, The Original American Hero 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.ahealedplanet.net [Source type: Original source]
^ The Spanish colony, moreover, seemed to have made something of a hero of Columbus during his long absence, and they received him with enthusiasm.- Christopher Columbus, Complete by Filson Young - Full Text Free Book (Part 7/8) 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC www.fullbooks.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ May our Lord have you in His keeping.- Christopher Columbus, Complete by Filson Young - Full Text Free Book (Part 7/8) 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC www.fullbooks.com [Source type: Original source]
^ OJEDA I reckon they can do whatever they choose to, seeing as they're the ones giving the orders and we're the ones taking them, don't you think, Admiral?- The Trial of Christopher Columbus 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC red-coral.net [Source type: Original source]
^ May our Lord have you in His Holy keeping.- Christopher Columbus, Complete by Filson Young - Full Text Free Book (Part 7/8) 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC www.fullbooks.com [Source type: Original source]
[20] .^ His log informed his king and queen that “with 50 men you could subject every one and make them do what you wished.” .- Columbus:
The Original American Hero 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC globalization.icaap.org [Source type: Original source]
[21] .^ On this first voyage, Columbus also explored the northeast coast of Cuba (landed on October 28) and the northern coast of Hispaniola.- Was Christopher Columbus a Jew? | Bloggish | Jewish Journal 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.jewishjournal.com [Source type: General]
^ After sailing along the coast of Cuba, asking about gold and riches, Columbus reached the island that he named La Isla Espaola, on December 6, 1492.- Columbus, The Original American Hero 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.ahealedplanet.net [Source type: Original source]
^ After sailing along the coast of Cuba, asking about gold and riches, Columbus reached the island that he named La Isla Española, on December 6, 1492.- Columbus:
The Original American Hero 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC globalization.icaap.org [Source type: Original source]
.^ Here the Santa Maria ran aground and had to be abandoned.- Was Christopher Columbus a Jew? | Bloggish | Jewish Journal 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.jewishjournal.com [Source type: General]
^ What were three of the motivations that led him to set sail on August 3, 1492 on the Pinta, the Nina, and the Santa Maria from the "Southern Spanish port of Palos?"- Daily Kos: Christopher Columbus & His Crimes Against Humanity (Edited) 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
^ On December 25, 1492, with Columbus aboard, the Santa Maria ran aground at night while a boy was steering.- Columbus, The Original American Hero 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.ahealedplanet.net [Source type: Original source]
- Columbus:
The Original American Hero 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC globalization.icaap.org [Source type: Original source]
.^ Presiding over the southwestern region, known as Xaragu, was Anacaona, the highly respected widow of Caonab, the cacique who received the gift of those shiny manacles.- Columbus, The Original American Hero 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.ahealedplanet.net [Source type: Original source]
^ After buying some bows and arrows from the natives, Columbus men tried buying more, as Columbus instructed them to.- Columbus, The Original American Hero 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.ahealedplanet.net [Source type: Original source]
^ One anecdote which was funny, in a sick way, was how Columbus men captured an uncooperative cacique, Caonab, who Columbus said was the principal king of the island.- Columbus, The Original American Hero 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.ahealedplanet.net [Source type: Original source]
.^ Columbus founded the settlement La Navidad and left 39 men.- Was Christopher Columbus a Jew? | Bloggish | Jewish Journal 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.jewishjournal.com [Source type: General]
^ Columbus made it a policy not to allow his men to leave the ships unchaperoned, because they robbed and raped with abandon when left on their own.- Columbus, The Original American Hero 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.ahealedplanet.net [Source type: Original source]
- Columbus:
The Original American Hero 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC globalization.icaap.org [Source type: Original source]
^ It must have been a very humiliating circumstance to Columbus that in the preparations which he was now (February 1498) making for the equipment of his new expedition a great difficulty was found in procuring ships and men.- Christopher Columbus, Complete by Filson Young - Full Text Free Book (Part 5/8) 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC www.fullbooks.com [Source type: Original source]
[22] .^ Twenty-six natives survived the trip back to the Spain.- Columbus, The Original American Hero 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.ahealedplanet.net [Source type: Original source]
- Columbus:
The Original American Hero 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC globalization.icaap.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Columbus then tried to get backing from Spain.- Was Christopher Columbus a Jew? | Bloggish | Jewish Journal 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.jewishjournal.com [Source type: General]
^ As a consequence, he kidnapped some of the Tainos and took them back to Spain.- Daily Kos: Christopher Columbus & His Crimes Against Humanity 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
- Daily Kos: Christopher Columbus & His Crimes Against Humanity (Edited) 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ In only eight years we've caused the deaths of tens of thousands of Indians.- The Trial of Christopher Columbus 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC red-coral.net [Source type: Original source]
^ No historian has yet made this point (that I am aware of), but as the Spaniards made many unsubstantiated accusations of native cannibalism, they ate human-fed dogs.- Columbus, The Original American Hero 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.ahealedplanet.net [Source type: Original source]
^ They duly arrived on the evening appointed; not the caciques alone, but large numbers of the native population, well prepared for whatever might take place.- Christopher Columbus, Complete by Filson Young - Full Text Free Book (Part 7/8) 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC www.fullbooks.com [Source type: Original source]
[19]
.^ Columbus made four trips in all, amid storms, threatened mutinies, and, on the third trip, envious palace hangers-on had him put in chains.- The Crimes of Christopher Columbus 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.freerepublic.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ It strains credibility to think that Columbus, just as he was heading back to Spain, received his first hostile response, especially if one reads the accounts of it.- Columbus, The Original American Hero 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.ahealedplanet.net [Source type: Original source]
- Columbus:
The Original American Hero 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC globalization.icaap.org [Source type: Original source]
^ The Spanish force was divided into three main divisions, under the command of Christopher and Bartholomew Columbus and Ojeda respectively.- Christopher Columbus, Complete by Filson Young - Full Text Free Book (Part 5/8) 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC www.fullbooks.com [Source type: Original source]
He anchored next to the King's harbor patrol ship on 4 March 1493 in Portugal.
.^ In point of historical fact, there were and still are available more letters written in vulgar Italian or Genoese than one would wish to read.- Christopher Columbus'Origin 12 September 2009 0:00 UTC www.geocities.com [Source type: Original source]
- From THE DISCOVERY OF NORTH AMERICA 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.millersville.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ Tibet, with one of the planet's most inhospitable climates, is ten times more densely populated than that.- Columbus, The Original American Hero 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.ahealedplanet.net [Source type: Original source]
- Columbus:
The Original American Hero 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC globalization.icaap.org [Source type: Original source]
^ The religious beliefs of Apocalyptic Christianity were yet another one of Columbus' motivations for setting sail; consequently, it was the most illogical motivation he possessed.- Daily Kos: Christopher Columbus & His Crimes Against Humanity (Edited) 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ Word of his discovery of new lands rapidly spread throughout Europe.- Was Christopher Columbus a Jew? | Bloggish | Jewish Journal 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.jewishjournal.com [Source type: General]
^ Within a year, the Latin translation ran through nine editions, thus spreading the news of the New World throughout Europe.- Was Christopher Columbus a Jew? | Bloggish | Jewish Journal 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.jewishjournal.com [Source type: General]
^ The standard sequence of events was going ashore to new land, claiming it for Spain, planting a cross, and asking where the gold was.- Columbus:
The Original American Hero 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC globalization.icaap.org [Source type: Original source]
.^ He was named Admiral of the Ocean Sea, cut in on 10% of the New Worlds loot, and a second voyage was immediately planned.- Columbus, The Original American Hero 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.ahealedplanet.net [Source type: Original source]
^ It's a great policy, and am glad to see President Bush going back to historical ideas in the modern world ;0) .- The Crimes of Christopher Columbus 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.freerepublic.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Columbus made four voyages to the New World.- Columbus, The Original American Hero 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.ahealedplanet.net [Source type: Original source]
- Columbus:
The Original American Hero 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC globalization.icaap.org [Source type: Original source]
.^ Columbus began calling himself the Christ-bearer right after the first voyage, but the tally for Columbus' reign was: native deaths = millions; native conversions = zero.- Columbus:
The Original American Hero 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC globalization.icaap.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Peter Moniz da Silva was also a member of the royal council of King John III, who came to the throne in 1521, and was given royal grants in 1523.- Christopher Columbus' family and his Perestrello and Moniz in-laws. 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.wolcottfamily.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Some years later, at the urging of his son, Joseph, he settled in Venice, where he served as a diplomat for the republic until his death in 1508.- Was Christopher Columbus a Jew? | Bloggish | Jewish Journal 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.jewishjournal.com [Source type: General]
[23][24]
Second voyage
.^ He left for his second voyage (1493-1496) on September 24 1493, with 17 ships carrying supplies and about 1200 men to assist in the subjugation of the Taíno and the colonization of the region.- Was Christopher Columbus a Jew? | Bloggish | Jewish Journal 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.jewishjournal.com [Source type: General]
^ Because their largest ship was destroyed, Columbus left behind about 40 Spaniards and they built a fort from the ships timbers.- Columbus, The Original American Hero 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.ahealedplanet.net [Source type: Original source]
^ Every Taino over 14 years of age was to give a hawk’s bell (about the size of a thimble) of gold to the rulers (Columbus and his men) every three months.- Columbus:
The Original American Hero 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC globalization.icaap.org [Source type: Original source]
The colonists included priests, farmers, and soldiers. This was part of a new policy - not just exploitation, but settlement and conversion of the natives to Christianity.
[25] .^ He laid his course more southerly than on his first voyage, first sighting Dominica, which is quite rugged, so he turned north, discovering and naming Guadeloupe, Montserrat, Antigua, and Nevis in the Lesser Antilles, landing on them and claiming them for Spain as he did the Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico.- Was Christopher Columbus a Jew? | Bloggish | Jewish Journal 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.jewishjournal.com [Source type: General]
^ On October 15th the ships anchored at an island where the natives “let us go anywhere we desired and gave us anything we asked.” After staying a couple of hours and determining there was no gold, they prepared to leave.- Columbus:
The Original American Hero 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC globalization.icaap.org [Source type: Original source]
^ In 1494, the Spaniards invaded the Canaries’ largest island, Tenerife, for the first time.- Columbus:
The Original American Hero 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC globalization.icaap.org [Source type: Original source]
.^ He laid his course more southerly than on his first voyage, first sighting Dominica, which is quite rugged, so he turned north, discovering and naming Guadeloupe, Montserrat, Antigua, and Nevis in the Lesser Antilles, landing on them and claiming them for Spain as he did the Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico.- Was Christopher Columbus a Jew? | Bloggish | Jewish Journal 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.jewishjournal.com [Source type: General]
^ The Admiral had landed in Spain on November 7, 1504, and at the time of his writing to Oderico on December 27, over fifty days had lapsed.- Christopher Columbus'Origin 12 September 2009 0:00 UTC www.geocities.com [Source type: Original source]
- From THE DISCOVERY OF NORTH AMERICA 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.millersville.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ The point being, like the Santa Claus fable, I think it's appropriate to teach children that Columbus discovered the New World and that's why we celebrate this day and later on they'll learn that he was a genocidal bastard.- Daily Kos: Christopher Columbus & His Crimes Against Humanity (Edited) 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
After sailing past
Les Saintes (Los Santos, The Saints), he arrived at
Guadeloupe Santa María de Guadalupe de Extremadura, after the image of the Virgin Mary venerated at the Spanish monastery of Villuercas, in
Guadalupe (Spain), which he explored between 4 November and 10 November 1493.
.^ The main point of this theory is that Columbus never said he was from Genoa but from the Republic of Genoa.- Was Christopher Columbus a Jew? | Bloggish | Jewish Journal 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.jewishjournal.com [Source type: General]
^ While I was in the boat I captured a very beautiful Carib woman the said Lord Admiral gave to me, and with whom, having taken her into my cabin, she being naked according to their custom, I conceived desire to take pleasure.- Columbus, The Original American Hero 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.ahealedplanet.net [Source type: Original source]
- Columbus:
The Original American Hero 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC globalization.icaap.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Whether by provident design or, more likely, by accident, the treasure of Europe that Columbus had transported to the Indies but never successfully delivered had remained the safest, the most secure cargo of all the many voyages since.- Imagining Christopher Columbus 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC hss.fullerton.edu [Source type: General]
[26] .^ He saw another peak of the mainland to the northwest, which was the peninsula of Paria, and to which Columbus, taking it to be another island, gave the name of Isla de Gracia.- Christopher Columbus, Complete by Filson Young - Full Text Free Book (Part 5/8) 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC www.fullbooks.com [Source type: Original source]
^ A happy sailor sighted a West Indian island and on October 12, in the name of his sponsors, Columbus claimed the real estate for Spain.- The Crimes of Christopher Columbus 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.freerepublic.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ After sailing along the coast of Cuba, asking about gold and riches, Columbus reached the island that he named La Isla Espaola, on December 6, 1492.- Columbus, The Original American Hero 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.ahealedplanet.net [Source type: Original source]
to honor Michele da Cuneo, his friend from Savona."
[27]
The exact course of his voyage through the
Lesser Antilles is debated, but it seems likely that he turned north, sighting and naming several islands, including
Montserrat (for Santa Maria de Montserrate, after the Blessed Virgin of the
Monastery of Montserrat, which is located on the Mountain of Montserrat, in Catalonia, Spain),
Antigua (after a church in
Seville, Spain, called Santa Maria la Antigua, meaning "Old St. Mary's"),
Redonda (for Santa Maria la Redonda, Spanish for "round", owing to the island's shape),
Nevis (derived from the Spanish, Nuestra Señora de las Nieves, meaning "Our Lady of the Snows", because Columbus thought the clouds over Nevis Peak made the island resemble a snow-capped mountain),
Saint Kitts (for
St. Christopher, patron of sailors and travelers),
Sint Eustatius (for the early Roman martyr,
St. Eustachius),
Saba (also for St. Christopher?),
Saint Martin (San Martin), and
Saint Croix (from the Spanish
Santa Cruz, meaning "
Holy Cross").
.^ He was vicar of the parish of Camara de Lobos on the island of Madeira prior to 1473, and in that year exchanged parishes with Stephen Vaz, vicar of San Miguel in Azores.- Christopher Columbus' family and his Perestrello and Moniz in-laws. 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.wolcottfamily.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Here we will use the English equivalents for many common foreign given names; John for Joao and Juan, Peter for Pedro and Pierre, etc.- Christopher Columbus' family and his Perestrello and Moniz in-laws. 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.wolcottfamily.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Vida de Cristóbal Colón / Bartolomé de las Casas ; sobre la edición de André Saint-Lu de Historia de las Indias.
.^ The natives fled at the attack by Columbus men.- Columbus, The Original American Hero 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.ahealedplanet.net [Source type: Original source]
^ The natives fled at the attack by Columbus' men.- Columbus:
The Original American Hero 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC globalization.icaap.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Later Columbus was stranded on Jamaica for a year; he sent two men by canoe to get help from Hispaniola; in the meantime, he impressed the local population by correctly predicting an eclipse of the moon.- Was Christopher Columbus a Jew? | Bloggish | Jewish Journal 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.jewishjournal.com [Source type: General]
.^ On this first voyage, Columbus also explored the northeast coast of Cuba (landed on October 28) and the northern coast of Hispaniola.- Was Christopher Columbus a Jew? | Bloggish | Jewish Journal 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.jewishjournal.com [Source type: General]
^ Route of Columbus along the north coast of Haiti and the site of Navidad / Samuel Eliot Morison .
^ Caonabo, Lord of the House of Gold, fiercest and bravest of them all, who first realised that the Spaniards were enemies to the native peace, after languishing in prison in the house of Columbus at Isabella for some time, had died in captivity during the voyage to Spain.- Christopher Columbus, Complete by Filson Young - Full Text Free Book (Part 7/8) 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC www.fullbooks.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ Columbus founded the settlement La Navidad and left 39 men.- Was Christopher Columbus a Jew? | Bloggish | Jewish Journal 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.jewishjournal.com [Source type: General]
^ In addition to Luis de Santangel, Alfonso de la Caballeria, and Juan Sanchez, two other individuals merit attention as supporters of Columbus at the Spanish court.- Was Christopher Columbus a Jew? | Bloggish | Jewish Journal 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.jewishjournal.com [Source type: General]
^ Colón pudo no volver : la fundación de La Navidad / Demetrio Ramos.
.^ Many of the Spanish settlers of the new colony were discontent, having been misled by Columbus about the supposedly bountiful riches of the new world.- Was Christopher Columbus a Jew? | Bloggish | Jewish Journal 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.jewishjournal.com [Source type: General]
^ Debate has raged for centuries regarding where Columbus first landed in the New World.- Columbus:
The Original American Hero 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC globalization.icaap.org [Source type: Original source]
^ European diseases had already killed countless natives, but 1518 saw the first recorded epidemic of smallpox in the New World.- Columbus, The Original American Hero 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.ahealedplanet.net [Source type: Original source]
.^ CAONABO looks much younger than when we saw him in prison, and ANACAONA is more mature than when we saw her at COLUMBUS’first landing.- The Trial of Christopher Columbus 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC red-coral.net [Source type: Original source]
^ You're not accusing Columbus of keeping more than his ten percent of the take, are you?- The Trial of Christopher Columbus 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC red-coral.net [Source type: Original source]
^ Columbus seems to imply that it was) and at this time, an investor could not find a more secure place in the world than in that bank.- Christopher Columbus'Origin 12 September 2009 0:00 UTC www.geocities.com [Source type: Original source]
- From THE DISCOVERY OF NORTH AMERICA 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.millersville.edu [Source type: Original source]
.^ He established a new settlement at Isabella, on the north coast of Hispaniola where gold had first been discovered; it was a poor location and the settlement was short-lived.- Was Christopher Columbus a Jew? | Bloggish | Jewish Journal 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.jewishjournal.com [Source type: General]
He left Hispaniola on 24 April 1494, arrived at
Cuba (naming it Juana) on 30 April.
.^ He explored the south coast of Cuba but did not round the western end, thus convincing himself that it was a peninsula rather than an island, and discovered Jamaica.- Was Christopher Columbus a Jew? | Bloggish | Jewish Journal 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.jewishjournal.com [Source type: General]
^ He stood to the south-east, and reached the Isle of Pines, to which he gave the name of Evangelista, where the water-casks were filled, and from there he tried to sail back to the east.- Christopher Columbus, Complete by Filson Young - Full Text Free Book (Part 5/8) 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC www.fullbooks.com [Source type: Original source]
^ He also undertook several voyages to the western coast of Africa and the island of Puerto Santo.- From THE DISCOVERY OF NORTH AMERICA 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.millersville.edu [Source type: Original source]
.^ Help finally arrived, and he returned to Spain in 1504.- Was Christopher Columbus a Jew? | Bloggish | Jewish Journal 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.jewishjournal.com [Source type: General]
^ After two years of practical confinement in Spain, which would have sufficed to demoralize anyone else, he finally sailed away on May 30, 1498, engaged in a new mission which on August 1 would result in the discovery of an entire new continent: South America.- Christopher Columbus'Origin 12 September 2009 0:00 UTC www.geocities.com [Source type: Original source]
- From THE DISCOVERY OF NORTH AMERICA 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.millersville.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ On Guadeloupe, Columbus may have rescued Taino women the Caribs had "bride captured, and returned them home (although Cuneo wrote that they were sent to Spain as a "sample").- Columbus, The Original American Hero 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.ahealedplanet.net [Source type: Original source]
Third voyage
.^ Story of the discovery of the new world by Columbus.
^ It was brought to the New World from Spain by Christopher Columbus, later shipped to the rest of Europe.- Daily Kos: Christopher Columbus & His Crimes Against Humanity 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Angel Rosenblat, the leading minimalist scholar on the pre-contact population of the New World, believes the count of one million was more Columbus hyperbole.- Columbus:
The Original American Hero 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC globalization.icaap.org [Source type: Original source]
.^ To the credit of the Spanish, there were at least some who lamented the slaughter of the natives, the priest Bartolomé Las Casas most prominent among them.- Columbus:
The Original American Hero 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC globalization.icaap.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Colón y Las Casas : poder y contrapoder en la filosofía de la historia latinoamericana / Joaquín Sánchez Macgrégor.
^ Casas, Bartolomé de las, 1474-1566 .
.^ Isabel Perestrelo, married Peter Correa de Cunha, governor of Porto Santo from 1459 to 1473, and in 1485 captain of the island of Terciera in the Azores.- Christopher Columbus' family and his Perestrello and Moniz in-laws. 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.wolcottfamily.com [Source type: Original source]
^ He was appointed Governor of Porto Santo in 1473, and married Guiomar Vaz, daughter, or possibly a granddaughter of, Tristan Vaz Teixeira, first governor of Machico on the island of Madeira.- Christopher Columbus' family and his Perestrello and Moniz in-laws. 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.wolcottfamily.com [Source type: Original source]
^ In 1446, he was granted a charter as hereditary governor of the island of Porto Santo, in which document he is called "a gentleman of my house" by Prince Henry.- Christopher Columbus' family and his Perestrello and Moniz in-laws. 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.wolcottfamily.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ In 1494, the Spaniards invaded the Canaries’ largest island, Tenerife, for the first time.- Columbus:
The Original American Hero 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC globalization.icaap.org [Source type: Original source]
^ From these three captains, after giving them full sailing directions for reaching Espanola, Columbus parted company off the island of Ferro.- Christopher Columbus, Complete by Filson Young - Full Text Free Book (Part 5/8) 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC www.fullbooks.com [Source type: Original source]
^ That he should have made an exact landfall and sailed into the Bay of Isabella, never having been there before, was a certificate of the highest skill in navigation.- Christopher Columbus, Complete by Filson Young - Full Text Free Book (Part 5/8) 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC www.fullbooks.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ He therefore sailed due south until he once more sighted the beautiful northern coast of that island, following it to the west and landing, as his custom was, whenever he saw a good harbour or anchorage.- Christopher Columbus, Complete by Filson Young - Full Text Free Book (Part 5/8) 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC www.fullbooks.com [Source type: Original source]
^ After sailing along the coast of Cuba, asking about gold and riches, Columbus reached the island that he named La Isla Espaola, on December 6, 1492.- Columbus, The Original American Hero 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.ahealedplanet.net [Source type: Original source]
^ The land seen was the low coast to the west of the Orinoco, and thinking that it was an island he gave it the name of Isla Sancta.- Christopher Columbus, Complete by Filson Young - Full Text Free Book (Part 5/8) 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC www.fullbooks.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ He sailed north past the mouths of the Amazon and Orinoco through the Gulf of Paria, and reached Espanola in June 1500.- Christopher Columbus, Complete by Filson Young - Full Text Free Book (Part 5/8) 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC www.fullbooks.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ This time he discovered the island of Trinidad (July 31) and the mainland of South America, including the Orinoco River, before returning to Hispaniola.- Was Christopher Columbus a Jew? | Bloggish | Jewish Journal 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.jewishjournal.com [Source type: General]
^ Taino is a name given to the Arawakan people of the Greater Antilles, related to their mainland cousins in South America, from where they originally emigrated.- Columbus, The Original American Hero 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.ahealedplanet.net [Source type: Original source]
- Columbus:
The Original American Hero 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC globalization.icaap.org [Source type: Original source]
.^ Once outside they bore away to the northward, sighting the islands of Tobago and Grenada and, turning westward again, came to the islands of Cubagua and Margarita, where three pounds of pearls were bartered from the natives.- Christopher Columbus, Complete by Filson Young - Full Text Free Book (Part 5/8) 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC www.fullbooks.com [Source type: Original source]
^ After sailing along the coast of Cuba, asking about gold and riches, Columbus reached the island that he named La Isla Espaola, on December 6, 1492.- Columbus, The Original American Hero 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.ahealedplanet.net [Source type: Original source]
^ After sailing along the coast of Cuba, asking about gold and riches, Columbus reached the island that he named La Isla Española, on December 6, 1492.- Columbus:
The Original American Hero 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC globalization.icaap.org [Source type: Original source]
.^ Americans about this new world.- Daily Kos: Christopher Columbus & His Crimes Against Humanity 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Story of the discovery of the new world by Columbus.
^ In the novel, a rich and greedy man involves a North American Indian professor and her poet lover, her troubled son, and their baby daughter in the search for the fabled crown which Columbus reportedly brought to the New World.- Imagining Christopher Columbus 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC hss.fullerton.edu [Source type: General]
.^ Here we will use the English equivalents for many common foreign given names; John for Joao and Juan, Peter for Pedro and Pierre, etc.- Christopher Columbus' family and his Perestrello and Moniz in-laws. 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.wolcottfamily.com [Source type: Original source]
^ In August, 1498, this entry appears in his Journal : (note the use of third person; this section comes from the abstract of las Casas) .- Imagining Christopher Columbus 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC hss.fullerton.edu [Source type: General]
^ Here is my plan: you have a good canoe; why should some one not go over to Espanola in it and send back a ship for us?"- Christopher Columbus, Complete by Filson Young - Full Text Free Book (Part 7/8) 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC www.fullbooks.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ It appeared that Columbus and his men were looking for a reason to make an example out of some natives, and found the opportunity just as they were leaving town.- Columbus, The Original American Hero 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.ahealedplanet.net [Source type: Original source]
^ It looked more like Columbus and his men were looking for a reason to make an example out of some natives, and found the opportunity just as they were "leaving town."- Columbus:
The Original American Hero 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC globalization.icaap.org [Source type: Original source]
^ It is sometimes claimed that the reason Columbus had a hard time receiving support for this plan was that Europeans believed in a flat earth.- Was Christopher Columbus a Jew? | Bloggish | Jewish Journal 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.jewishjournal.com [Source type: General]
[29]
He had some of his crew hanged for disobeying him.
.^ A number of returned settlers and friars lobbied against Columbus at the Spanish court, accusing him of mismanagement.- Was Christopher Columbus a Jew? | Bloggish | Jewish Journal 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.jewishjournal.com [Source type: General]
^ Many of the Spanish settlers of the new colony were discontent, having been misled by Columbus about the supposedly bountiful riches of the new world.- Was Christopher Columbus a Jew? | Bloggish | Jewish Journal 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.jewishjournal.com [Source type: General]
^ Don Isaac ben Judah Abravanel ( 1437 - 1508 ) a close associate of Senior, was another supporter of Columbus at the Spanish court.- Was Christopher Columbus a Jew? | Bloggish | Jewish Journal 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.jewishjournal.com [Source type: General]
On his return he was arrested for a period (see Governorship and arrest section below).
Fourth voyage
Before leaving for his fourth voyage, Columbus wrote a letter to the Governors of the Bank of St. George, Genoa, dated at Seville, 2 April 1502.
[30] He wrote "Although my body is here my heart is always near you."
[31].^ He was shipwrecked on his fourth voyage, and the natives of Jamaica fed the surviving crewmembers for a year, while Columbus’ men had a mutiny and not only killed each other but natives.- Columbus:
The Original American Hero 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC globalization.icaap.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Columbus made four voyages to the New World.- Columbus, The Original American Hero 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.ahealedplanet.net [Source type: Original source]
- Columbus:
The Original American Hero 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC globalization.icaap.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Columbus, the story of Don Cristóbal Colón, Admiral of the Ocean / and his four voyages westward to the Indies, according to contemporary sources, retold and illustrated by Björn Landström.
.^ From these deeds, one can establish, with a reasonable degree of certainty, that a Christopher, son of a Domenico Colombo, was indeed born in Genoa or nearby in the year 1451.- Christopher Columbus'Origin 12 September 2009 0:00 UTC www.geocities.com [Source type: Original source]
- From THE DISCOVERY OF NORTH AMERICA 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.millersville.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ He left Cadiz with four small and wormeaten caravels on May 11, 1502.- Christopher Columbus'Origin 12 September 2009 0:00 UTC www.geocities.com [Source type: Original source]
- From THE DISCOVERY OF NORTH AMERICA 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.millersville.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ Sancho's family fled to Spain in May of 1483, where his father died later the same year.- Christopher Columbus' family and his Perestrello and Moniz in-laws. 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.wolcottfamily.com [Source type: Original source]
He sailed to
Arzila on the Moroccan coast to rescue
Portuguese soldiers whom he had heard were under siege by the
Moors. On June 15, they landed at Carbet on the island of
Martinique (
Martinica). A
hurricane was brewing, so he continued on, hoping to find shelter on
Hispaniola.
.^ The caravel which broke her mast in starting from Santo Domingo has arrived in the Algarves.- Christopher Columbus, Complete by Filson Young - Full Text Free Book (Part 7/8) 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC www.fullbooks.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Nevertheless, Don Luis sailed for Santo Domingo to assume his new role.- Christopher Columbus'Origin 12 September 2009 0:00 UTC www.geocities.com [Source type: Original source]
- From THE DISCOVERY OF NORTH AMERICA 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.millersville.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ Even after his death, his travels continued: first interred in Valladolid and then in Seville, the will of his son Diego, who had been governor of Hispaniola, had the corpse transferred to Santo Domingo in 1542.- Was Christopher Columbus a Jew? | Bloggish | Jewish Journal 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.jewishjournal.com [Source type: General]
.^ On June 21st, when he sailed from Gomera, he divided his fleet of six vessels into two squadrons.- Christopher Columbus, Complete by Filson Young - Full Text Free Book (Part 5/8) 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC www.fullbooks.com [Source type: Original source]
^ What Cortes and Pizarro sailed into was quite another matter from the island peoples Columbus knew.- The Crimes of Christopher Columbus 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.freerepublic.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Just as the ships were all ready to sail, one of the hurricanes which occur periodically in the West Indies burst upon the island, lashing the sea into a wall of advancing foam that destroyed everything before it.- Christopher Columbus, Complete by Filson Young - Full Text Free Book (Part 5/8) 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC www.fullbooks.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ He was shipwrecked on his fourth voyage, and the natives of Jamaica fed the surviving crewmembers for a year, while Columbus' men had a mutiny and not only killed each other, but natives.- Columbus, The Original American Hero 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.ahealedplanet.net [Source type: Original source]
^ He was shipwrecked on his fourth voyage, and the natives of Jamaica fed the surviving crewmembers for a year, while Columbus’ men had a mutiny and not only killed each other but natives.- Columbus:
The Original American Hero 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC globalization.icaap.org [Source type: Original source]
^ His ship was attacked near Cape S. Vicente, was on fire and sinking, but Columbus survived by swimming to shore, later reaching Lisbon.- Christopher Columbus'Origin 12 September 2009 0:00 UTC www.geocities.com [Source type: Original source]
- From THE DISCOVERY OF NORTH AMERICA 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.millersville.edu [Source type: Original source]
.^ Columbus eventually fell out of favor with the Crown, and Francisco de Bobadilla and Nicolás de Ovando succeeded Columbus as the governor of Española in 1500 and 1501.- Columbus:
The Original American Hero 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC globalization.icaap.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Columbus eventually fell out of favor with the Crown, and Francisco de Bobadilla and Nicols de Ovando succeeded Columbus as the governor of Espaola in 1500 and 1501.- Columbus, The Original American Hero 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.ahealedplanet.net [Source type: Original source]
^ And no sooner had they anchored than a hurricane came on, and brought up a sea so heavy that the Admiral was convinced that his ships could not live within it.- Christopher Columbus, Complete by Filson Young - Full Text Free Book (Part 7/8) 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC www.fullbooks.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ In one of many ironies of the New Worlds discovery, the second voyage first made landfall at Guadeloupe (after a brief stop for Columbus to claim Martinique).- Columbus, The Original American Hero 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.ahealedplanet.net [Source type: Original source]
^ After sailing along the coast of Cuba, asking about gold and riches, Columbus reached the island that he named La Isla Espaola, on December 6, 1492.- Columbus, The Original American Hero 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.ahealedplanet.net [Source type: Original source]
^ Columbus sailed to Cuba and Jamaica - killing natives, enjoying a hearty welcome, or both - and he was always searching for gold.- Columbus:
The Original American Hero 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC globalization.icaap.org [Source type: Original source]
.^ He made friends here with a powerful cacique named Amerro, from whom he bought a large canoe, and paid for it with some of the clothing off his back.- Christopher Columbus, Complete by Filson Young - Full Text Free Book (Part 7/8) 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC www.fullbooks.com [Source type: Original source]
On 14 August he landed on the American mainland at Puerto Castilla, near
Trujillo, Honduras. He spent two months exploring the coasts of Honduras,
Nicaragua, and
Costa Rica, before arriving in Almirante Bay,
Panama on 16 October.
.^ It appeared that Columbus and his men were looking for a reason to make an example out of some natives, and found the opportunity just as they were leaving town.- Columbus, The Original American Hero 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.ahealedplanet.net [Source type: Original source]
^ It looked more like Columbus and his men were looking for a reason to make an example out of some natives, and found the opportunity just as they were "leaving town."- Columbus:
The Original American Hero 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC globalization.icaap.org [Source type: Original source]
In his journal Columbus writes,
.^ He said afterwards to Mendez that it was the happiest day of his life, for that he had never hoped to leave the place alive.- Christopher Columbus, Complete by Filson Young - Full Text Free Book (Part 7/8) 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC www.fullbooks.com [Source type: Original source]
Eyes never beheld the sea so angry, so high, so covered with foam.
.^ It was only when news came that a fleet of caravels was expected from Spain that Ovando could no longer prevent Mendez from going to San Domingo and, purchasing one of them.- Christopher Columbus, Complete by Filson Young - Full Text Free Book (Part 7/8) 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC www.fullbooks.com [Source type: Original source]
^ One would have thought that Mendez now had enough of canoe voyages, but he had no sooner got back than he offered to set out again, only stipulating that an armed force should march along the coast by land to secure his safety until he could stand across to Espanola.- Christopher Columbus, Complete by Filson Young - Full Text Free Book (Part 7/8) 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC www.fullbooks.com [Source type: Original source]
^ We need only follow the career of Porras and his deserters for the present far enough to see them safely off the premises and out of the way of the Admiral and our narrative.- Christopher Columbus, Complete by Filson Young - Full Text Free Book (Part 7/8) 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC www.fullbooks.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ Like this one he should have read more.- Daily Kos: Christopher Columbus & His Crimes Against Humanity 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
^ For his greed for gold could be coldly construed as a more practical reason, except for all of the Indigenous People he would in the future have to exterminate to get it, which he probably did not yet know of at the time.- Daily Kos: Christopher Columbus & His Crimes Against Humanity (Edited) 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
^ For his greed for gold could be coldly construed as a more practical reason, except for all of the Indigenous People he would in the future have to exterminate to get it, which he probally did not yet know of at the time.- Daily Kos: Christopher Columbus & His Crimes Against Humanity 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ The Indians had never heard anything like it, and were all awe-struck by its magical sound.- The Trial of Christopher Columbus 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC red-coral.net [Source type: Original source]
^ Of Espanola and Paria and all the other lands I never think without the tears falling from my eyes; I believe that the example of these ought to serve for the others."- Christopher Columbus, Complete by Filson Young - Full Text Free Book (Part 7/8) 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC www.fullbooks.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ It appeared that Columbus and his men were looking for a reason to make an example out of some natives, and found the opportunity just as they were leaving town.- Columbus, The Original American Hero 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.ahealedplanet.net [Source type: Original source]
^ It looked more like Columbus and his men were looking for a reason to make an example out of some natives, and found the opportunity just as they were "leaving town."- Columbus:
The Original American Hero 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC globalization.icaap.org [Source type: Original source]
[32]
.^ A mere three days into his gold quest, on October 14 th , Columbus made clear what he thought of the natives' military might.- Columbus, The Original American Hero 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.ahealedplanet.net [Source type: Original source]
^ In Columbus’ log of December 26, 1492, he made clear his purpose for the journey: to find enough gold to finance another Crusade to conquer Jerusalem.- Columbus:
The Original American Hero 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC globalization.icaap.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Columbus sailed to Cuba and Jamaica - killing natives, enjoying a hearty welcome, or both - and he always searched for gold.- Columbus, The Original American Hero 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.ahealedplanet.net [Source type: Original source]
After much exploration, in January 1503 he established a garrison at the mouth of the Rio Belen. On 6 April one of the ships became stranded in the river. At the same time, the garrison was attacked, and the other ships were damaged (Shipworms also damaged the ships in tropical waters.
[33]). Columbus left for Hispaniola on 16 April heading north.
.^ After sailing along the coast of Cuba, asking about gold and riches, Columbus reached the island that he named La Isla Espaola, on December 6, 1492.- Columbus, The Original American Hero 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.ahealedplanet.net [Source type: Original source]
^ After sailing along the coast of Cuba, asking about gold and riches, Columbus reached the island that he named La Isla Española, on December 6, 1492.- Columbus:
The Original American Hero 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC globalization.icaap.org [Source type: Original source]
His ships next sustained more damage in a storm off the coast of Cuba. Unable to travel farther, on 25 June 1503, they were beached in
St. Ann's Bay, Jamaica.
.^ Every Taino over 14 years of age was to give a hawk’s bell (about the size of a thimble) of gold to the rulers (Columbus and his men) every three months.- Columbus:
The Original American Hero 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC globalization.icaap.org [Source type: Original source]
^ He was shipwrecked on his fourth voyage, and the natives of Jamaica fed the surviving crewmembers for a year, while Columbus’ men had a mutiny and not only killed each other but natives.- Columbus:
The Original American Hero 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC globalization.icaap.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Every Taino over 14 years of age was to give a hawks bell (about the size of a thimble) of gold to the rulers (Columbus and his men) every three months.- Columbus, The Original American Hero 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.ahealedplanet.net [Source type: Original source]
.^ S. .S.A.S. XMY Xpo FERENS." Diego Mendez found some one among the Spaniards to accompany him, but his name is not recorded.- Christopher Columbus, Complete by Filson Young - Full Text Free Book (Part 7/8) 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC www.fullbooks.com [Source type: Original source]
^ While they were busy with their trial Diego Mendez managed to escape, got back to the canoe, and worked his way back in it alone to the harbour where the Spaniards were encamped.- Christopher Columbus, Complete by Filson Young - Full Text Free Book (Part 7/8) 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC www.fullbooks.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Mendez, therefore, left his friends to enjoy some little repose before continuing their journey to San Domingo, and, taking six natives of Espanola to row his canoe; set off along the coast towards the capital.- Christopher Columbus, Complete by Filson Young - Full Text Free Book (Part 7/8) 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC www.fullbooks.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ Columbus made four trips in all, amid storms, threatened mutinies, and, on the third trip, envious palace hangers-on had him put in chains.- The Crimes of Christopher Columbus 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.freerepublic.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Ovando had indeed lost all but the outer semblance of a man; the soul or animating part of him had entirely gone to corruption.- Christopher Columbus, Complete by Filson Young - Full Text Free Book (Part 7/8) 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC www.fullbooks.com [Source type: Original source]
^ They had been ransacking the island before then, but when Columbus was sick it was a free for all.- Columbus, The Original American Hero 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.ahealedplanet.net [Source type: Original source]
- Columbus:
The Original American Hero 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC globalization.icaap.org [Source type: Original source]
.^ The natives fled at the attack by Columbus men.- Columbus, The Original American Hero 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.ahealedplanet.net [Source type: Original source]
^ The natives fled at the attack by Columbus' men.- Columbus:
The Original American Hero 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC globalization.icaap.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Columbus indicated to the local natives that his captives were with him because they had harmed him, but that ruse probably did not work very well.- Columbus:
The Original American Hero 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC globalization.icaap.org [Source type: Original source]
[34] .^ The Admiral had landed in Spain on November 7, 1504, and at the time of his writing to Oderico on December 27, over fifty days had lapsed.- Christopher Columbus'Origin 12 September 2009 0:00 UTC www.geocities.com [Source type: Original source]
- From THE DISCOVERY OF NORTH AMERICA 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.millersville.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ On November 28th they arrived at the fort, looking for those 40 men left behind near the friendly village of Guacanagarí.- Columbus:
The Original American Hero 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC globalization.icaap.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Letter written by CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS to DON DIEGO, November 28, 1504.- Christopher Columbus, Complete by Filson Young - Full Text Free Book (Part 7/8) 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC www.fullbooks.com [Source type: Original source]
Governorship and arrest
.^ Public inquiry into the conduct and actions of Don Christopher Columbus, in his capacity as Governor of the Indies and Viceroy of the King and Queen.- The Trial of Christopher Columbus 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC red-coral.net [Source type: Original source]
Columbus was physically and mentally exhausted; his body was wracked by
arthritis and his eyes by
ophthalmia.
.^ ESPINOZA The king sent him as the Royal Inquisitor.- The Trial of Christopher Columbus 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC red-coral.net [Source type: Original source]
^ With only two ships left, I decided to leave a colony here, and return to Spain for reinforcements.- The Trial of Christopher Columbus 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC red-coral.net [Source type: Original source]
^ After being put on display at Columbus’ “royal palace,” he was shipped to Spain with his fancy jewelry.- Columbus:
The Original American Hero 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC globalization.icaap.org [Source type: Original source]
.^ Cordova, Spain, illegitimate son by Beatrice de Aranha, page at court 1492, accompanied Columbus on his 4 th voyage, author of a biography of his fathers life, d.- Christopher Columbus' family and his Perestrello and Moniz in-laws. 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.wolcottfamily.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Columbus eventually fell out of favor with the Crown, and Francisco de Bobadilla and Nicolás de Ovando succeeded Columbus as the governor of Española in 1500 and 1501.- Columbus:
The Original American Hero 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC globalization.icaap.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Columbus eventually fell out of favor with the Crown, and Francisco de Bobadilla and Nicols de Ovando succeeded Columbus as the governor of Espaola in 1500 and 1501.- Columbus, The Original American Hero 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.ahealedplanet.net [Source type: Original source]
.^ BOBADILLA All three brothers share this mansion?- The Trial of Christopher Columbus 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC red-coral.net [Source type: Original source]
^ COLUMBUS (winces) Bobadilla is not Governor!- The Trial of Christopher Columbus 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC red-coral.net [Source type: Original source]
^ I left my brothers in charge in Santo Domingo, and I proceeded to set up a base camp seventy miles inland, at Fort Concepción.- The Trial of Christopher Columbus 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC red-coral.net [Source type: Original source]
.^ One intriguing aspect of the curate's Historia is that he is the only contemporary historian who ever mentioned Columbus's age.- From THE DISCOVERY OF NORTH AMERICA 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.millersville.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ What I have presented here is not controversial to those who have studied Columbus.- Columbus:
The Original American Hero 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC globalization.icaap.org [Source type: Original source]
^ As it was, those who remained witnessed with no very cheerful emotions the departure of their companions, and even in some cases fell to tears and lamentations.- Christopher Columbus, Complete by Filson Young - Full Text Free Book (Part 7/8) 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC www.fullbooks.com [Source type: Original source]
[35][36]
.^ Columbus made it a policy not to allow his men to leave the ships unchaperoned, because they robbed and raped with abandon when left on their own.- Columbus, The Original American Hero 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.ahealedplanet.net [Source type: Original source]
- Columbus:
The Original American Hero 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC globalization.icaap.org [Source type: Original source]
^ CAONABO No one can free me without the key to these chains.- The Trial of Christopher Columbus 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC red-coral.net [Source type: Original source]
^ On Guadeloupe, Columbus may have rescued Taino women the Caribs had "bride captured, and returned them home (although Cuneo wrote that they were sent to Spain as a "sample").- Columbus, The Original American Hero 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.ahealedplanet.net [Source type: Original source]
He was 53 years old.
.^ In February of 1494, Columbus hurriedly sent back to Spain the expeditions first dividends: slaves and gold.- Columbus, The Original American Hero 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.ahealedplanet.net [Source type: Original source]
^ A happy sailor sighted a West Indian island and on October 12, in the name of his sponsors, Columbus claimed the real estate for Spain.- The Crimes of Christopher Columbus 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.freerepublic.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The colonists were outraged and tried getting the priest sent back to Spain.- Columbus:
The Original American Hero 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC globalization.icaap.org [Source type: Original source]
Once in Cádiz, a grieving Columbus wrote to a friend at court:
It is now seventeen years since I came to serve these princes with the Enterprise of the Indies.
.^ Indeed the first thing we notice when we study other cultures is that without exception they reject the cultural relativism that is a uniquely Western ideology.- The Crimes of Christopher Columbus 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.freerepublic.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Nevertheless I persisted therein...
.^ CAONABO looks much younger than when we saw him in prison, and ANACAONA is more mature than when we saw her at COLUMBUS’first landing.- The Trial of Christopher Columbus 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC red-coral.net [Source type: Original source]
^ Columbus seems to imply that it was) and at this time, an investor could not find a more secure place in the world than in that bank.- Christopher Columbus'Origin 12 September 2009 0:00 UTC www.geocities.com [Source type: Original source]
- From THE DISCOVERY OF NORTH AMERICA 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.millersville.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ In point of historical fact, there were and still are available more letters written in vulgar Italian or Genoese than one would wish to read.- Christopher Columbus'Origin 12 September 2009 0:00 UTC www.geocities.com [Source type: Original source]
- From THE DISCOVERY OF NORTH AMERICA 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.millersville.edu [Source type: Original source]
In seven years I, by the divine will, made that conquest. At a time when I was entitled to expect rewards and retirement, I was incontinently arrested and sent home loaded with chains...
.^ The focus was all on the Spaniards and their awe of the new land, taking possession of it in the name of the King and Queen, the glory, etc.- Columbus, The Original American Hero 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.ahealedplanet.net [Source type: Original source]
- Columbus:
The Original American Hero 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC globalization.icaap.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Multiculturalists who wish to take non-Western cultures seriously must take seriously their repudiation of relativism.- The Crimes of Christopher Columbus 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.freerepublic.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Christopher Columbus: "Gold is most excellent; gold is treasure, and he who possesses it does all he wishes to in this world."- Daily Kos: Christopher Columbus & His Crimes Against Humanity (Edited) 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ ANACAONA My father says they are the sky people from Turey, those who came to visit us many generations past, and have come again.- The Trial of Christopher Columbus 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC red-coral.net [Source type: Original source]
^ Peter was also called "my singer" by King John III, who came to the throne in 1521.- Christopher Columbus' family and his Perestrello and Moniz in-laws. 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.wolcottfamily.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Bernaldez seems to have been a graceful confident to whom Columbus revealed in detail some of the most interesting aspects of his actions in the New World.- Christopher Columbus'Origin 12 September 2009 0:00 UTC www.geocities.com [Source type: Original source]
- From THE DISCOVERY OF NORTH AMERICA 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.millersville.edu [Source type: Original source]
now at the end of my days have been despoiled of my honor and my property without cause, wherein is neither justice nor mercy.
[38]
.^ The Trial of Christopher Columbus THE TRIAL OF CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS A Drama by John Curl A recreation of events that took place on the island of Haiti (Hispaniola) in the year 1500.- The Trial of Christopher Columbus 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC red-coral.net [Source type: Original source]
^ THE TRIAL OF CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS ACT I SCENE: A dungeon.- The Trial of Christopher Columbus 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC red-coral.net [Source type: Original source]
[29]
.^ Before he met with Ferdinand and Isabella, Columbus drafted a memorial regarding future colonization plans for the new lands.- Columbus:
The Original American Hero 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC globalization.icaap.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Before he met with Ferdinand and Isabella, Columbus drafted a memorial regarding future colonization plans.- Columbus, The Original American Hero 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.ahealedplanet.net [Source type: Original source]
.^ At dawn, Columbus and his armed Spaniards went ashore, unfurled their flags, planted a cross, and claimed the land in the name of the king and queen of Spain.- Columbus, The Original American Hero 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.ahealedplanet.net [Source type: Original source]
^ At dawn Columbus and his armed Spaniards went ashore, unfurled their flags, planted a cross, and claimed the land in the name of the king and queen of Spain.- Columbus:
The Original American Hero 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC globalization.icaap.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Columbus was amazed at the natives helpfulness, and assured his king and queen that not even a shoe string [more literally "lace point," used to secure shoes and clothes - Ed.- Columbus, The Original American Hero 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.ahealedplanet.net [Source type: Original source]
.^ He was shipwrecked on his fourth voyage, and the natives of Jamaica fed the surviving crewmembers for a year, while Columbus’ men had a mutiny and not only killed each other but natives.- Columbus:
The Original American Hero 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC globalization.icaap.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Casas on Columbus : background and the second and fourth voyages / Nigel Griffin, editor and translator ; introduction by Anthony Pagden.
^ There are easily sufficient funds to pay all salaries due in the Royal Colonial Service, which have been withheld unlawfully and under false pretenses.- The Trial of Christopher Columbus 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC red-coral.net [Source type: Original source]
But the door was firmly shut on Columbus's role as governor.
.^ Columbus eventually fell out of favor with the Crown, and Francisco de Bobadilla and Nicolás de Ovando succeeded Columbus as the governor of Española in 1500 and 1501.- Columbus:
The Original American Hero 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC globalization.icaap.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Columbus eventually fell out of favor with the Crown, and Francisco de Bobadilla and Nicols de Ovando succeeded Columbus as the governor of Espaola in 1500 and 1501.- Columbus, The Original American Hero 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.ahealedplanet.net [Source type: Original source]
Later life
.^ Angel Rosenblat, the leading minimalist scholar on the pre-contact population of the New World, believes the count of one million was more Columbus hyperbole.- Columbus:
The Original American Hero 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC globalization.icaap.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Fifteen years later, the town of Cogoleto revived its own claim as the birthplace of Columbus.- Christopher Columbus'Origin 12 September 2009 0:00 UTC www.geocities.com [Source type: Original source]
- From THE DISCOVERY OF NORTH AMERICA 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.millersville.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ From these deeds, one can establish, with a reasonable degree of certainty, that a Christopher, son of a Domenico Colombo, was indeed born in Genoa or nearby in the year 1451.- Christopher Columbus'Origin 12 September 2009 0:00 UTC www.geocities.com [Source type: Original source]
- From THE DISCOVERY OF NORTH AMERICA 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.millersville.edu [Source type: Original source]
.^ COLUMBUS (to OJEDA) Give him the whip.- The Trial of Christopher Columbus 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC red-coral.net [Source type: Original source]
^ Columbus made four trips in all, amid storms, threatened mutinies, and, on the third trip, envious palace hangers-on had him put in chains.- The Crimes of Christopher Columbus 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.freerepublic.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ He died with his children, servants, and a few comrades around him (Sale, 214), but his death went unnoticed and officially unrecorded until ten years later.- Imagining Christopher Columbus 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC hss.fullerton.edu [Source type: General]
Because he had been relieved of his duties as governor, the crown did not feel bound by these contracts, and his demands were rejected. After his death, his family sued in the
pleitos colombinos for part of the profits from trade with America.
.^ When he died on May 20, 1506, Columbus believed himself to have been martyred by his king and queen, stripped of the dignity, recognition, and wealth he deserved for his exploits.- Imagining Christopher Columbus 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC hss.fullerton.edu [Source type: General]
^ When Columbus sailed back to Spain, he gave the men at the fort several admonitions, which amounted to behaving themselves around their native hosts and finding the gold.- Columbus:
The Original American Hero 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC globalization.icaap.org [Source type: Original source]
^ My interpretation of the letter may reveal also the quincentennial question of whether when the great discoverer died on May 20, 1506, he was rich or poor.- Christopher Columbus'Origin 12 September 2009 0:00 UTC www.geocities.com [Source type: Original source]
- From THE DISCOVERY OF NORTH AMERICA 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.millersville.edu [Source type: Original source]
At his death, he was still convinced that his journeys had been along the east coast of Asia.
.^ These conclusions as well as his own further studies were published in the Miscellanea Storica-Atti della Societa' Ligure di Storia Patria, vol.- Christopher Columbus'Origin 12 September 2009 0:00 UTC www.geocities.com [Source type: Original source]
- From THE DISCOVERY OF NORTH AMERICA 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.millersville.edu [Source type: Original source]
.^ Imagine this concession from the discoverer's own son who, during the Admiral's last two-year voyage, had shared situations of life and death with him.- Christopher Columbus'Origin 12 September 2009 0:00 UTC www.geocities.com [Source type: Original source]
- From THE DISCOVERY OF NORTH AMERICA 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.millersville.edu [Source type: Original source]
[39]
.^ He may also have been the namesake for Columbus' son, Diego.- Christopher Columbus' family and his Perestrello and Moniz in-laws. 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.wolcottfamily.com [Source type: Original source]
^ The two Diego Moniz who lived in Columbus' time, for example, are generally called, Diego Moniz, treasurer to Prince Ferdinand, and Diego Moniz, military governor of Silves, while Vasco Gil Moniz and Vasco Martins Moniz are usually called by their full names in order to distinguish between them.- Christopher Columbus' family and his Perestrello and Moniz in-laws. 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.wolcottfamily.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Cordova, Spain, illegitimate son by Beatrice de Aranha, page at court 1492, accompanied Columbus on his 4 th voyage, author of a biography of his fathers life, d.- Christopher Columbus' family and his Perestrello and Moniz in-laws. 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.wolcottfamily.com [Source type: Original source]
In 1542 the remains were transferred to
Santo Domingo, in eastern Hispaniola.
.^ When in 1795 (with the Treaty of Basel), the Spanish part of the island was surrendered to France of Napoleon, the remains of the First Admiral were pompously transferred to the Cathedral of Havana, Cuba.- Christopher Columbus'Origin 12 September 2009 0:00 UTC www.geocities.com [Source type: Original source]
- From THE DISCOVERY OF NORTH AMERICA 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.millersville.edu [Source type: Original source]
.^ Spanish American Literature since Independence .- Imagining Christopher Columbus 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC hss.fullerton.edu [Source type: General]
^ With the independence of Cuba in 1898, the presumed remains of the discoverer were transported to Spain where they were reinterred once more in the Monastery of the "Cartuja de La Cuevas" in Seville where they still rest today.- Christopher Columbus'Origin 12 September 2009 0:00 UTC www.geocities.com [Source type: Original source]
- From THE DISCOVERY OF NORTH AMERICA 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.millersville.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ The few remaining natives were to be freed and moved into villages to live somewhat like they had before Columbus arrived.- Columbus:
The Original American Hero 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC globalization.icaap.org [Source type: Original source]
However, a lead box bearing an inscription identifying "Don Christopher Columbus" and containing bone fragments and a bullet was discovered at
Santo Domingo in 1877.
.^ The few remaining natives were to be freed and moved into villages to live somewhat like they had before Columbus arrived.- Columbus:
The Original American Hero 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC globalization.icaap.org [Source type: Original source]
^ When in 1795 (with the Treaty of Basel), the Spanish part of the island was surrendered to France of Napoleon, the remains of the First Admiral were pompously transferred to the Cathedral of Havana, Cuba.- Christopher Columbus'Origin 12 September 2009 0:00 UTC www.geocities.com [Source type: Original source]
- From THE DISCOVERY OF NORTH AMERICA 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.millersville.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ The few remaining natives were to be freed and moved into villages to live somewhat as they had before Columbus arrived.- Columbus, The Original American Hero 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.ahealedplanet.net [Source type: Original source]
The results are not conclusive.
.^ I make this observation because misinformed writers have suggested that the Admiral did not write in Italian since Italian could not be understood on paper.- Christopher Columbus'Origin 12 September 2009 0:00 UTC www.geocities.com [Source type: Original source]
- From THE DISCOVERY OF NORTH AMERICA 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.millersville.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ The uncompromising determination of "Baltasar Colón" (so named in the court papers) must have appeared to many as a character trait that could only belong to a reincarnated Christopher Columbus.- Christopher Columbus'Origin 12 September 2009 0:00 UTC www.geocities.com [Source type: Original source]
- From THE DISCOVERY OF NORTH AMERICA 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.millersville.edu [Source type: Original source]
[41] DNA extraction proved difficult; only a few limited fragments of
mitochondrial DNA could be isolated.
.^ FRIAR MONTESINOS These people have no idea of what's yours or mine; they give freely of all they have.- The Trial of Christopher Columbus 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC red-coral.net [Source type: Original source]
^ On Guadeloupe, Columbus may have rescued Taino women the Caribs had "bride captured, and returned them home (although Cuneo wrote that they were sent to Spain as a "sample").- Columbus, The Original American Hero 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.ahealedplanet.net [Source type: Original source]
^ ESPINOZA COLUMBUS wasn't giving out enough food to keep a body alive.- The Trial of Christopher Columbus 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC red-coral.net [Source type: Original source]
[42][43] .^ COLUMBUS There they are again, those moans.- The Trial of Christopher Columbus 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC red-coral.net [Source type: Original source]
^ Las Casas admired Columbus, and probably could not conceive of freeing his slaves, and it probably was not practical anyway, since there were no "free Indians" living near the white man in those days.- Columbus:
The Original American Hero 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC globalization.icaap.org [Source type: Original source]
^ I know, because I was there when I was young, in Santo Domingo, Columbus' capital, on the Caribbean island of Española, called Haiti by the natives.- The Trial of Christopher Columbus 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC red-coral.net [Source type: Original source]
The location of the Dominican remains is in "
the Colombus Lighthouse" or Faro a Colón which is in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic.
Legacy
.^ Columbus indicated to the local natives that his captives were with him because they had harmed him, but that ruse probably did not work very well.- Columbus:
The Original American Hero 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC globalization.icaap.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Franklin is saying, in other words, if the barbarians can work out their problems and form a union, surely we civilized people can do as well.- The Crimes of Christopher Columbus 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.freerepublic.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Bigelow uses Columbus, His Enterprise as a textbook for his class, and the students then studied history textbooks and critiqued their highly slanted presentations of the New World’s “discovery.” The people being discovered may as well have not existed as far as the textbooks went.- Columbus:
The Original American Hero 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC globalization.icaap.org [Source type: Original source]
.^ There is no grater villain for multiculturalists than Christopher Columbus, who introduced Western Christian Civilization to the Americas.- The Crimes of Christopher Columbus 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.freerepublic.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Ferdinand Columbus claim that Bartholomew was one of the discoverers of Porto Santo in 1418 is contradicted by the historian, Zurara, who says that Perestrelo first went there when the island was being settled in the 1430s.- Christopher Columbus' family and his Perestrello and Moniz in-laws. 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.wolcottfamily.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Contingents of sailor-historians have worshipped Columbus as one of history’s great navigators, and have engaged in senseless debates regarding where Columbus first landed in the New World.- Columbus:
The Original American Hero 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC globalization.icaap.org [Source type: Original source]
^ It was flimsy evidence, but Columbus claimed the reward, stealing it from the sailor who first sighted land.- Columbus:
The Original American Hero 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC globalization.icaap.org [Source type: Original source]
[44] The popular idea that he was first person to envision a rounded earth is false.
.^ By the time ancient Greece was falling under the control of Rome, in North America the Adena Culture already had been flourishing for a thousand years.- Daily Kos: Christopher Columbus & His Crimes Against Humanity (Edited) 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ Journals and other documents on the life and voyages of Christopher Columbus.
^ Life and voyages of Christopher Columbus : to which are added those of his companions / by Washington Irving.
^ History of the life and voyages of Christopher Columbus / by Washington Irving ; in four volumes.
More contentious was the size of the earth, and whether it was possible in practical terms to cross such a vast body of water.
.^ The voyages of Columbus and of John Cabot, ed.
^ To emphasize the heroism of Columbus and his successors as navigators, and to de-emphasize their genocide, is not a technical necessity but an ideological choice.- Columbus:
The Original American Hero 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC globalization.icaap.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Why do we celebrate Columbus Day in the United States?- Columbus:
The Original American Hero 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC globalization.icaap.org [Source type: Original source]
Veneration of Columbus in America dates back to colonial times.
.^ In the family tree of Christopher, according to Isnardi, a name for the discoverer's mother appears for the first time: .- From THE DISCOVERY OF NORTH AMERICA 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.millersville.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ To my knowledge, the first 19th century publication which appeared in print was the work (already examined) of Galleani Napione (Giovanni Francesco, Count of "Cocconato and Passareto").- Christopher Columbus'Origin 12 September 2009 0:00 UTC www.geocities.com [Source type: Original source]
- From THE DISCOVERY OF NORTH AMERICA 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.millersville.edu [Source type: Original source]
[46] .^ Americans about this new world.- Daily Kos: Christopher Columbus & His Crimes Against Humanity 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Story of the discovery of the new world by Columbus.
^ In the novel, a rich and greedy man involves a North American Indian professor and her poet lover, her troubled son, and their baby daughter in the search for the fabled crown which Columbus reportedly brought to the New World.- Imagining Christopher Columbus 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC hss.fullerton.edu [Source type: General]
In 1812, the name
'Columbus' was given to the newly founded capitol of Ohio.
.^ Cities, streets, a river and other places are named for him.- Columbus, The Original American Hero 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.ahealedplanet.net [Source type: Original source]
^ Sheridan Square in the West Village of New York City is named for the general and his statue is displayed nearby in Christopher Street Park.- Daily Kos: Christopher Columbus & His Crimes Against Humanity 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Surnames had only come into general use in Portugal during the 15th century, and many people still followed the old system of using their father's first name as their last.- Christopher Columbus' family and his Perestrello and Moniz in-laws. 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.wolcottfamily.com [Source type: Original source]
Outside the United States the name was used in 1819 for the
Gran Colombia, a precursor of the modern
Republic of Colombia.
.^ Admiral) called himself "Colón."- From THE DISCOVERY OF NORTH AMERICA 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.millersville.edu [Source type: Original source]
[47][48]
Portrait of Christopher Columbus juxtaposed with his three ships
.^ Personal narrative of the first voyage of Columbus to America.
^ America celebrates Columbus Day because Columbus was a "winner."- Columbus, The Original American Hero 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.ahealedplanet.net [Source type: Original source]
^ Life of Columbus, the discoverer of America [electronic resource] : to which are added the lives of other celebrated navigators.
.^ The past is present in Latin America; the past is past in the United States."- Imagining Christopher Columbus 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC hss.fullerton.edu [Source type: General]
^ By the same token, however, I also find that if it wasn't for him and his voyages, there probably never would have been a United States of America - the greatest nation on Earth - and the world would be a far worse place without the U.S. It's a difficult question.- The Crimes of Christopher Columbus 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.freerepublic.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The part of America called the United States had been not only a haven for the oppressed but an example to the world.- The Crimes of Christopher Columbus 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.freerepublic.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Sheridan Square in the West Village of New York City is named for the general and his statue is displayed nearby in Christopher Street Park.- Daily Kos: Christopher Columbus & His Crimes Against Humanity 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Sheridan County, Montana, Sheridan County, Wyoming, and Sheridan County, Kansas, are named for him, as are the cities of Sheridan, Montana (in Madison County) Sheridan, Wyoming, Sheridan, Arkansas, and Sheridan, Oregon.- Daily Kos: Christopher Columbus & His Crimes Against Humanity 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Sheridan Circle[52] and Sheridan Street[53] in Washington, D.C., are also named for him.- Daily Kos: Christopher Columbus & His Crimes Against Humanity 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ For all his adventures, Columbus died in bed in 1506, in Spain, surrounded by his family, friends and his seven servants, a man rich from the plunder of the New World.- Columbus:
The Original American Hero 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC globalization.icaap.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Sancho's family fled to Spain in May of 1483, where his father died later the same year.- Christopher Columbus' family and his Perestrello and Moniz in-laws. 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.wolcottfamily.com [Source type: Original source]
^ It is generally accepted that Columbus moved from Portugal to Spain at the end of 1484 or in the first half of 1485.- Christopher Columbus'Origin 12 September 2009 0:00 UTC www.geocities.com [Source type: Original source]
- From THE DISCOVERY OF NORTH AMERICA 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.millersville.edu [Source type: Original source]
.^ Recommended by: snakelass , realalaskan , yaque There are a number of factors to consider, including that their technology, including military technology, was not all that advanced over the First Peoples.- Daily Kos: Christopher Columbus & His Crimes Against Humanity (Edited) 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Four voyages of Columbus : a history in eight documents, including five by Christopher Columbus, in the original Spanish, with English translations / translated and edited with introduction and notes by Cecil Jane.
^ Admiral of the Ocean Sea, baptized for the patron of travelers, Saint Christopher, the Christ Bearer.- The Trial of Christopher Columbus 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC red-coral.net [Source type: Original source]
.^ COLUMBUS Oh yes, Don Diego reported some problem, but those stories are much exaggerated.- The Trial of Christopher Columbus 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC red-coral.net [Source type: Original source]
^ After buying some bows and arrows from the natives, Columbus men tried buying more, as Columbus instructed them to.- Columbus, The Original American Hero 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.ahealedplanet.net [Source type: Original source]
^ CAONABO looks much younger than when we saw him in prison, and ANACAONA is more mature than when we saw her at COLUMBUS’first landing.- The Trial of Christopher Columbus 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC red-coral.net [Source type: Original source]
[49][50][51] .^ Columbus designed a tribute system.- Columbus, The Original American Hero 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.ahealedplanet.net [Source type: Original source]
- Columbus:
The Original American Hero 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC globalization.icaap.org [Source type: Original source]
^ A mere three days into his gold quest, on October 14 th , Columbus made clear what he thought of the natives' military might.- Columbus, The Original American Hero 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.ahealedplanet.net [Source type: Original source]
^ Columbus indicated to the local natives that his captives were with him because they had harmed him, but that ruse probably did not work very well.- Columbus:
The Original American Hero 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC globalization.icaap.org [Source type: Original source]
.^ I explained to my son, who is part Native American, that Columbus was not a great guy--that he never discovered America, he enslaved people, and treated them badly.- Daily Kos: Christopher Columbus & His Crimes Against Humanity (Edited) 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Espaola was the center of that island civilization, and a people known today as the Taino dominated it.- Columbus, The Original American Hero 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.ahealedplanet.net [Source type: Original source]
^ Columbus inferred from native gestures that natives from other islands enslaved them.- Columbus, The Original American Hero 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.ahealedplanet.net [Source type: Original source]
.^ Fernandez de Oviedo y Valdes, Gonzalo, 1478-1557.
^ It is futile to apply today's moral standards to Columbus's deeds of five hundred years ago.- Imagining Christopher Columbus 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC hss.fullerton.edu [Source type: General]
^ Warfare, forced labor, starvation and disease reduced Hispaniola's Taino population (estimated at one million to two million in 1492) to extinction within 30 years.- Daily Kos: Christopher Columbus & His Crimes Against Humanity (Edited) 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
[53] .^ Only fifteen years after "discovery," the Spanish were taking accurate head counts of the remaining natives.- Columbus:
The Original American Hero 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC globalization.icaap.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Only fifteen years after discovery, the Spanish were taking accurate head counts of the remaining natives.- Columbus, The Original American Hero 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.ahealedplanet.net [Source type: Original source]
.^ One European was wounded and later died.- Columbus, The Original American Hero 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.ahealedplanet.net [Source type: Original source]
- Columbus:
The Original American Hero 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC globalization.icaap.org [Source type: Original source]
^ These personal idiosyncracies surface in his surviving writings as well as in the descriptions and analyses of him reflected in the works of many people who knew him personally.- Christopher Columbus'Origin 12 September 2009 0:00 UTC www.geocities.com [Source type: Original source]
- From THE DISCOVERY OF NORTH AMERICA 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.millersville.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ Columbus indicated to the local natives that his captives were with him because they had harmed him, but that ruse probably did not work very well.- Columbus:
The Original American Hero 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC globalization.icaap.org [Source type: Original source]
Physical appearance
.^ There is no grater villain for multiculturalists than Christopher Columbus, who introduced Western Christian Civilization to the Americas.- The Crimes of Christopher Columbus 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.freerepublic.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ This letter clearly indicates that the Genoese had accepted Cogoleto as the true birthplace of Christopher Columbus; therefore, one concludes, in 1586 the Genoese as yet had found no documentation whatsoever to assert their claim that Genoa was the actual birthplace: .- From THE DISCOVERY OF NORTH AMERICA 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.millersville.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ Now add to this difficulty the fact that no record exists indicating that Christopher, after he had left Genoa, ever called himself Colombo or Columbus.- Christopher Columbus'Origin 12 September 2009 0:00 UTC www.geocities.com [Source type: Original source]
- From THE DISCOVERY OF NORTH AMERICA 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.millersville.edu [Source type: Original source]
[54] .^ We don’t question the facts, we just absorb information that is handed to us because we trust the role models that are handing it out.”[ 59 ] As James Loewen remarks in his seminal Lies my Teacher Told Me , the real hero in American history textbooks is America itself.- Columbus:
The Original American Hero 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC globalization.icaap.org [Source type: Original source]
^ As James Loewen remarked in his seminal Lies my Teacher Told Me , the real hero in American history textbooks is America itself.- Columbus, The Original American Hero 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.ahealedplanet.net [Source type: Original source]
[55]
Sometime between 1505 and 1536,
Alejo Fernández painted an altarpiece,
The Virgin of the Navigators, that includes a depiction of Columbus.
.^ Truth about Columbus and the discovery of America.
^ This novel is about the future discovery of America.- Imagining Christopher Columbus 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC hss.fullerton.edu [Source type: General]
^ In any event, whether Christopher reached Portugal in 1470 as an experienced sailor or in 1476 as a representative of a Genoese merchant house, he was to remain there until 1485.- Christopher Columbus'Origin 12 September 2009 0:00 UTC www.geocities.com [Source type: Original source]
- From THE DISCOVERY OF NORTH AMERICA 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.millersville.edu [Source type: Original source]
[56][57].^ According to an official at the 1893 Columbian Exhibition in Chicago, Columbus’ likeness was second place to Jesus in how often it has been produced.- Columbus:
The Original American Hero 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC globalization.icaap.org [Source type: Original source]
^ The 1893 Exposition was a huge event that attracted 24 million visitors, for the largest event attendance in world history to that time.- Columbus, The Original American Hero 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.ahealedplanet.net [Source type: Original source]
^ Bernaldez seems to have been a graceful confident to whom Columbus revealed in detail some of the most interesting aspects of his actions in the New World.- Christopher Columbus'Origin 12 September 2009 0:00 UTC www.geocities.com [Source type: Original source]
- From THE DISCOVERY OF NORTH AMERICA 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.millersville.edu [Source type: Original source]
[58] .^ These personal idiosyncracies surface in his surviving writings as well as in the descriptions and analyses of him reflected in the works of many people who knew him personally.- Christopher Columbus'Origin 12 September 2009 0:00 UTC www.geocities.com [Source type: Original source]
- From THE DISCOVERY OF NORTH AMERICA 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.millersville.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ The latter two historiographers were in possession of Columbus' writings; they were in close personal contact with him and members of his family.- Christopher Columbus'Origin 12 September 2009 0:00 UTC www.geocities.com [Source type: Original source]
- From THE DISCOVERY OF NORTH AMERICA 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.millersville.edu [Source type: Original source]
.^ Tales from American history : containing the principal facts in the life of Christopher Columbus : for the use of young persons / by the author of American popular lessons.
^ Bigelow uses Columbus, His Enterprise as a textbook for his class, and the students then studied history textbooks and critiqued their highly slanted presentations of the New World's "discovery."- Columbus, The Original American Hero 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.ahealedplanet.net [Source type: Original source]
^ Modern scholarship does not take the heroic image of Columbus seriously, and yet the "revisionists" are taken to task for their critiques of Columbus image and other popular myths.- Columbus, The Original American Hero 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.ahealedplanet.net [Source type: Original source]
.^ Cuneo (probably Columbus close friend, maybe from childhood) wrote the first recorded account of sexual relations between Europeans and natives.- Columbus, The Original American Hero 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.ahealedplanet.net [Source type: Original source]
^ After buying some bows and arrows from the natives, Columbus men tried buying more, as Columbus instructed them to.- Columbus, The Original American Hero 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.ahealedplanet.net [Source type: Original source]
^ Descriptions such as Comas, typical of the European perspective, said far more about Europeans than the natives.- Columbus, The Original American Hero 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.ahealedplanet.net [Source type: Original source]
[60]
Popular culture
.^ Columbus was an important historical figure who changed history but who was also not really in control of what happened after his voyages of discovery or had any understanding of what would end up happening.- Daily Kos: Christopher Columbus & His Crimes Against Humanity (Edited) 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ Because their largest ship was destroyed, Columbus left behind about 40 Spaniards and they built a fort from the ships timbers.- Columbus, The Original American Hero 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.ahealedplanet.net [Source type: Original source]
^ Every Taino over 14 years of age was to give a hawk’s bell (about the size of a thimble) of gold to the rulers (Columbus and his men) every three months.- Columbus:
The Original American Hero 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC globalization.icaap.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Every Taino over 14 years of age was to give a hawks bell (about the size of a thimble) of gold to the rulers (Columbus and his men) every three months.- Columbus, The Original American Hero 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.ahealedplanet.net [Source type: Original source]
In 1997 Fo was awarded the
Nobel Prize in Literature.
.^ Columbus letter of 1493; a facsimile of the copy in the William L. Clements library, with a new translation into English by Frank E. Robbins.
^ Bearslayer A free translation from the unrhymed Latvian into English heroic verse (English) (as Translator) Crosby, Ernest Howard, 1856-1907 .- Browse By Author: C - Project Gutenberg 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.gutenberg.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Columbus letter of 1493; a facsimile of the copy in the William L. Clements Library, with a new translation into English by Frank E. Robbins.
[61]
In 1991, author
Salman Rushdie published a fictional representation of Columbus in
The New Yorker, "Christopher Columbus and Queen Isabella of Spain Consummate Their Relationship, Santa Fe, January, 1492".
[62].^ Tales from American history : containing the principal facts in the life of Christopher Columbus : for the use of young persons / by the author of American popular lessons.
^ History of the voyages of Christopher Columbus [microform] : and the discovery of America, and the West-Indies.
^ Life and voyages of Christopher Columbus : to which are added those of his companions / by Washington Irving.
.^ Columbus’ hagiographers again have a difficult time explaining such behaviour, which was possibly to fulfill royal objectives to search for Asia.- Columbus:
The Original American Hero 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC globalization.icaap.org [Source type: Original source]
^ For some time in 1497, Columbus was the guest of one of his few remaining friends, Andres Bernaldez, the curate of the Royal Palaces.- Christopher Columbus'Origin 12 September 2009 0:00 UTC www.geocities.com [Source type: Original source]
- From THE DISCOVERY OF NORTH AMERICA 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.millersville.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ Columbus hagiographers again have a difficult time explaining such behavior, which was possibly to fulfill royal objectives to search for Asia.- Columbus, The Original American Hero 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.ahealedplanet.net [Source type: Original source]
.^ Written during his fourth and final voyage to the New World, in a letter to the King and Queen.- Columbus, The Original American Hero 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.ahealedplanet.net [Source type: Original source]
^ Americans about this new world.- Daily Kos: Christopher Columbus & His Crimes Against Humanity 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Columbus made four voyages to the New World.- Columbus, The Original American Hero 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.ahealedplanet.net [Source type: Original source]
- Columbus:
The Original American Hero 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC globalization.icaap.org [Source type: Original source]
Columbus has also been portrayed in cinema and television, including mini-series, films and cartoons. Most notably, he was portrayed by
Gérard Depardieu in the 1992 film by
Ridley Scott,
1492: Conquest of Paradise.
.^ I think the latter best reflects Columbus's personal view of Apocalyptic Christianity.- Daily Kos: Christopher Columbus & His Crimes Against Humanity 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
- Daily Kos: Christopher Columbus & His Crimes Against Humanity (Edited) 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
^ It strains credibility to think that Columbus, just as he was heading back to Spain, received his first hostile response, especially if one reads the accounts of it.- Columbus, The Original American Hero 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.ahealedplanet.net [Source type: Original source]
- Columbus:
The Original American Hero 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC globalization.icaap.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Tags: Christopher Columbus , Genocide , Native American Holocaust , Slavery , teaching ( all tags ) :: Previous Tag Versions .- Daily Kos: Christopher Columbus & His Crimes Against Humanity (Edited) 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ History of the voyages of Christopher Columbus [microform] : and the discovery of America, and the West-Indies.
^ (Fuson, The Log of Christopher Columbus, page 29, and his sentiment is held by many others.- Columbus:
The Original American Hero 2 February 2010 15:015 UTC globalization.icaap.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Christopher Columbus, myth, metaphor, and metamorphosis in the Atlantic world, 1492-1992 / Franklin W. Knight.
.^ Christopher Columbus, a Greek nobleman; a disquisition concerning the origin and early life of the great discoverer and a refutation of the charges against him which have appeared in certain recent publications, by Seraphim G. Canoutas.
^ In Lisbon, Columbus met his younger brother Bartolome' Colón who, like Christopher, had a great inclination for cartography.- Christopher Columbus'Origin 12 September 2009 0:00 UTC www.geocities.com [Source type: Original source]
- From THE DISCOVERY OF NORTH AMERICA 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.millersville.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ The Colombo of Cogoleto (Christopher Columbus) who is so great in Spain, as you know, has among other things ordered in his testament, according to our understanding, that in his memory a house (?- From THE DISCOVERY OF NORTH AMERICA 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.millersville.edu [Source type: Original source]
[63]
Notes
- ^ "Parks Canada — L'Anse aux Meadows National Historic Site of Canada". Pc.gc.ca. 2009-04-24. http://www.pc.gc.ca/lhn-nhs/nl/meadows/index_e.asp. Retrieved 2009-07-29.
- ^ Rime diverse, Pavia, 1595, p.117
- ^ Ra Gerusalemme deliverâ, Genoa, 1755, XV-32
- ^ Phillips, William D., and Carla Rahn Phillips. The Worlds of Christopher Columbus. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992. Page 9.
"Even with less than a complete record, however, scholars can state with assurance that Columbus was born in the republic of Genoa in northern Italy, although perhaps not in the city itself, and that his family made a living in the wool business as weavers and merchants...The two main early biographies of Columbus have been taken as literal truth by hundreds of writers, in large part because they were written by individual closely connected to Columbus or his writings. ...Both biographies have serious shortcomings as evidence."
- ^ Encyclopedia Britannica, 1993 ed., Vol. 16, pp. 605ff / Morison, Christopher Columbus, 1955 ed., pp. 14ff
- ^ "It is most probable that Columbus visited Bristol, where he was introduced to English commerce with Iceland." Bedini, Silvio A. and David Buisseret (1992). The Christopher Columbus encyclopedia, Volume 1, University of Michigan press, republished by Simon & Schuster, ISBN 0131426702, p. 175
- ^ "Christopher Columbus Biography Page 2". Columbus-day.123holiday.net. http://columbus-day.123holiday.net/christopher_columbus_2.html. Retrieved 2009-07-29.
- ^ "Marco Polo et le Livre des Merveilles", ISBN 9782354040079 p.37
- ^ Boller, Paul F (1995). Not So!:Popular Myths about America from Columbus to Clinton. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195091861.
- ^ Russell, Jeffrey Burton 1991. Inventing the Flat Earth. Columbus and modern historians, Praeger, New York, Westport, London 1991;
Zinn, Howard 1980. A People's History of the United States, HarperCollins 2001. p.2
- ^ a b Sagan, Carl. Cosmos; the mean circumference of the Earth is 40,041.47 km.
- ^ a b Morison, Samuel Eliot, Admiral of the Ocean Sea: The Life of Christopher Columbus Boston, 1942
- ^ "The First Voyage Log". http://www.columbusnavigation.com/v1a.shtml. Retrieved 2008-04-18.
- ^ "Christopher Columbus and the Spanish Empire". http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/eurvoya/columbus.html. Retrieved 2008-04-18.
- ^ "Trade Winds and the Hadley Cell". http://earthguide.ucsd.edu/virtualmuseum/climatechange1/08_1.shtml. Retrieved 2008-04-18.
- ^ Durant, Will "The Story of Civilization" vol. vi, "The Reformation". Chapter XIII, page 260.
- ^ Mark McDonald, "Ferdinand Columbus, Renaissance Collector (1488-1539)", 2005, British Museum Press, ISBN 9780714126449
- ^ The Original Nina The Columbus Foundation
- ^ a b Clements R. Markham, ed. The Journal of Christopher Columbus (During His First Voyage). ASIN B000I1OMXM.
- ^ Robert H. Fuson, ed The Log of Christopher Columbus, Tab Books, 1992, International Marine Publishing, ISBN 0-87742-316-4
- ^ "Columbus Day sparks debate over explorer's legacy". http://media.www.michigandaily.com/media/storage/paper851/news/2004/10/12/News/Columbus.Day.Sparks.Debate.Over.Explorers.Legacy-1425748.shtml.
- ^ Maclean, Frances (January 2008). "The Lost Fort of Columbus". Smithsonian Magazine. http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history-archaeology/fort-of-columbus-200801.html. Retrieved 2008-01-24.
- ^ CBC News Staff (January 2008). "Study traces origins of syphilis in Europe to New World". http://www.cbc.ca/health/story/2008/01/14/syphilis-columbus.html. Retrieved 2008-01-15.
- ^ Harper, Kristin, et al. (January 2008). "On the Origin of the Treponematoses: A Phylogenetic Approach". http://www.plosntds.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pntd.0000148. Retrieved 2008-01-21.
- ^ Baccus, M. Kazim Utilization, Misuse, and Development of Human Resources in the Early West Ind Colonies Wilfrid Laurier University Press (2 Jan 2000) ISBN: 978-0889209824 pp.6-7
- ^ Felipe Fernández-Armesto, Columbus, Oxford Univ. Press, (1991) pp. 103-104
- ^ Paolo Emilio Taviani, Columbus the Great Adventure, Orion Books, New York (1991) p. 185
- ^ Phillips, Jr., William D. & Carla Rahn Phillips (1992). The Worlds of Christopher Columbus. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521350976.
- ^ a b Who really sailed the ocean blue in 1492?, Christian Science Monitor, 17 October 2006
- ^ 'Letter from Christopher Columbus to the Governors of the Bank of St. George, Genoa. Dated at Seville, April 2nd, 1502'
- ^ [1]
- ^ Morison, Samuel Eliot,Admiral of the Ocean Sea: A Life of Christopher Columbus, Boston, 1942, page 617.
- ^ The History Channel. Columbus: The Lost Voyage.
- ^ Samuel Eliot Morison, Admiral of the Ocean Sea: A Life of Christopher Columbus, 1942, pp. 653–54. Samuel Eliot Morison, Christopher Columbus, Mariner, 1955, pp. 184-92.
- ^ Giles Tremlett (2006-08-07). "Lost document reveals Columbus as tyrant of the Caribbean". The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/spain/article/0,,1838823,00.html?gusrc=rss&feed=12. Retrieved 2006-10-10.
- ^ Bobadilla's 48-page report—derived from the testimonies of 23 people who had seen or heard about the treatment meted out by Columbus and his brothers—had originally been lost for centuries, but was rediscovered in 2005 in the Spanish archives in Valladolid. It contained an account of Columbus's seven-year reign as the first Governor of the Indies.
- ^ The Brooklyn Museum catalogue notes that the most likely source for Leutze's trio of Columbus paintings is Washington Irving’s best-selling Life and Voyages of Columbus (1828).
- ^ Samuel Eliot Morison, Admiral of the Ocean Sea: A Life of Christopher Columbus, p. 576.
- ^ "Cause of the death of Columbus (in Spanish)". Eluniversal.com.mx. http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/408828.html. Retrieved 2009-07-29.
- ^ "''Cristóbal Colón: traslación de sus restos mortales a la ciudad de Sevilla'' at Fundación Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes". Cervantesvirtual.com. http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/12368307610158273876213/p0000001.htm. Retrieved 2009-07-29.
- ^ Giles Tremlett, Young bones lay Columbus myth to rest, The Guardian, August 11, 2004
- ^ Lorenzi, Rossella (October 6, 2004). "DNA Suggests Columbus Remains in Spain". Discovery News. http://dsc.discovery.com/news/briefs/20041004/columbus.html. Retrieved 2006-10-11.
- ^ DNA verifies Columbus’ remains in Spain, Associated Press, May 19, 2006
- ^ Dugard, Martin. The Last Voyage of Columbus. Little, Brown and Company: New York, 2005.
- ^ Russell, Jeffrey B.. "The Myth of the Flat Earth". American Scientific Affiliation. http://www.asa3.org/ASA/topics/history/1997Russell.html. Retrieved 2007-03-14.
- ^ The Gentleman's Magazine, Vol. 8, June 1738, p. 285
- ^ "Plaza Colón" (in Spanish). http://www.mayaguezpr.gov/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=191&Itemid=163. Retrieved 2009-07-27.
- ^ Rigau, Jorge (2009). Puerto Rico Then and Now. San Diego, California: Thunder Bay Press. pp. 74–75.
- ^ "Christopher Columbus and the Indians by Howard Zinn". Newhumanist.com. http://www.newhumanist.com/md2.html. Retrieved 2008-09-05.
- ^ "Jack Weatherford, Examining the reputation of Christopher Columbus". Hartford-hwp.com. 2001-04-20. http://www.hartford-hwp.com/Taino/docs/columbus.html. Retrieved 2009-07-29.
- ^ "Pre-Columbian Hispaniola — Arawak/Taino Indians". Hartford-hwp.com. 2001-09-15. http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/43a/100.html. Retrieved 2009-07-29.
- ^ Alfred W. Crosby, The Columbian Exchange, Westport,1972, p. 39, 47.
- ^ Alfred Crosby, The Columbian Exchange (Westport, 1972) p. 45.
- ^ Alden, Henry Mills. Harper's New Monthly Magazine. Volume 84, Issues 499-504. Published by Harper & Brothers, 1892. Originally from Harvard University. Digitized on December 16, 2008. 732. Retrieved on September 8, 2009. 'Major, Int. Letters of Columbus, ixxxviii., says "Not one of the so-called portraits of Columbus is unquestionably authentic." They differ from each other, and cannot represent the same person.'
- ^ Loewen, James W. Lies My Teacher Told Me. 1st Touchstone ed, Simon & Schuster, 1996. ISBN 0684818868. 55.
- ^ John Noble, Susan Forsyth, Vesna Maric, Paula Hardy. Andalucía. Lonely Planet, 2007, p. 100
- ^ Linda Biesele Hall, Teresa Eckmann. Mary, mother and warrior, University of Texas Press, 2004, p. 46
- ^ Morison, Samuel Eliot Admiral of the Ocean Sea: A Life of Christopher Columbus, pg. 47-48, Boston 1942.
- ^ Bartolomé de Las Casas, Historia de las Indias, ed. Agustín Millares Carlo, 3 vols. (Mexico City, 1951), book 1, chapter 2, 1:29. The Spanish word garzos is now usually translated as "light blue," but it seems to have connoted light grey-green or hazel eyes to Columbus's contemporaries. The word rubio can mean "blonde," "fair," or "ruddy." The Worlds of Christopher Columbus by William D. & Carla Rahn Phillips, pg. 282.
- ^ "DNA Tests on the bones of Christopher Columbus's bones, on his relatives and on Genoese and Catalin claimaints". http://www.christopher-columbus.eu/dna-tests.htm. Retrieved 2009-02-09.
- ^ "Dario Fo Archives online". http://www.oocities.com/dariofoarchive/isabella.html. Retrieved 2009-10-12.
- ^ The New Yorker, 17 June 1991, p. 32.
- ^ Civilization Revolution: Great People "CivFanatics" Retrieved on 4th September 2009
References
.^ He was shipwrecked on his fourth voyage, and the natives of Jamaica fed the surviving crewmembers for a year, while Columbus' men had a mutiny and not only killed each other, but natives.- Columbus, The Original American Hero 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.ahealedplanet.net [Source type: Original source]
^ See Fernando Coln, The Life of the Admiral Christopher Columbus , Benjamin Keen, translator, pp.- Columbus, The Original American Hero 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.ahealedplanet.net [Source type: Original source]
^ Second, Columbus has several stops along the way (actually the four voyages), some of which tempt him to end his quest.- Imagining Christopher Columbus 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC hss.fullerton.edu [Source type: General]
.^ The challenge was accepted by scholars who also taught at Berkeley, most notably Carl Sauer, Sherburne Cook and Woodrow Borah.- Columbus, The Original American Hero 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.ahealedplanet.net [Source type: Original source]
.^ See Fernando Coln, The Life of the Admiral Christopher Columbus , Benjamin Keen, translator, pp.- Columbus, The Original American Hero 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.ahealedplanet.net [Source type: Original source]
^ In that spirit, this essay will investigate the feat of Christopher Columbus, the original American hero.- Columbus, The Original American Hero 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.ahealedplanet.net [Source type: Original source]
^ See the scholarly edition of The Book of Prophecies by Roberto Rusconi, translated by Blair Sullivan, University of California Press, Berkeley, 1997.- Columbus, The Original American Hero 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.ahealedplanet.net [Source type: Original source]
.^ See Fernando Coln, The Life of the Admiral Christopher Columbus , Benjamin Keen, translator, pp.- Columbus, The Original American Hero 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.ahealedplanet.net [Source type: Original source]
^ Don Diego Colón, the Second Admiral of the Ocean Sea, son of Christopher, had died in 1526.- Christopher Columbus'Origin 12 September 2009 0:00 UTC www.geocities.com [Source type: Original source]
- From THE DISCOVERY OF NORTH AMERICA 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.millersville.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ See Fernando Coln, The Life of the Admiral Christopher Columbus , Benjamin Keen, translator, p.- Columbus, The Original American Hero 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.ahealedplanet.net [Source type: Original source]
.^ See Fernando Coln, The Life of the Admiral Christopher Columbus , Benjamin Keen, translator, pp.- Columbus, The Original American Hero 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.ahealedplanet.net [Source type: Original source]
^ See Sale, The Conquest of Paradise , p.- Columbus, The Original American Hero 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.ahealedplanet.net [Source type: Original source]
^ From this marriage in 1479 or 1480, Diego Colón was born, the future Second Admiral of the Ocean Sea.- Christopher Columbus'Origin 12 September 2009 0:00 UTC www.geocities.com [Source type: Original source]
- From THE DISCOVERY OF NORTH AMERICA 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.millersville.edu [Source type: Original source]
.^ New York: Random House, 1983.- Imagining Christopher Columbus 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC hss.fullerton.edu [Source type: General]
^ If there is a core of nobility to Columbus, a part of the man uncolored by his deeds and their consequences good or bad, it is the part of him that searched for a new route, a new way.- Imagining Christopher Columbus 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC hss.fullerton.edu [Source type: General]
^ Consider the following quote from his Christopher Columbus and the Bank of Saint George, New York, 1888, p.- Christopher Columbus'Origin 12 September 2009 0:00 UTC www.geocities.com [Source type: Original source]
- From THE DISCOVERY OF NORTH AMERICA 19 January 2010 9:49 UTC www.millersville.edu [Source type: Original source]
New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
External links
.
The Letter of Columbus to Luis de Sant Angel Announcing His Discovery
Columbus Navigation
Christopher Columbus at Find a Grave
The Eclipse That Saved Columbus Science News October 7, 2006
Images of Christopher Columbus and His Voyages Selections from the Collections of the Library of Congress
| Persondata |
| NAME |
Columbus, Christopher |
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES |
Cristoforo Colombo, Cristóbal Colón |
| SHORT DESCRIPTION |
navigator and an admiral for the Crown of Castile |
| DATE OF BIRTH |
c. 1451 |
| PLACE OF BIRTH |
Genoa |
| DATE OF DEATH |
20 May 1506 |
| PLACE OF DEATH |
Valladolid, Spain |
"Columbus, Christopher". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.^ 
Top topics
Wikis
Quiz
Facts
Map
Misc
Search
