From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Cultural regions of North American people at the time of European contact.
Early Indian languages in the US
Early Indian languages in Alaska
Ethnographers commonly classify indigenous peoples in the United States and Canada into ten geographical regions with shared cultural traits (called cultural areas).[1] The following list groups peoples by their region of origin, followed by the current location. See the individual article on each tribe or First Nation for a history of their movements. See the List of Native American Tribal Entities for the United States' official list of recognized Native American tribes. The regions are:
Canada, Greenland, and United States
Arctic
Subarctic
Distribution of Cree peoples
- Ahtna (Ahtena, Nabesna)
- Anishinaabe (see also Northeast Woodlands, Plains)
- Oji-Cree (Anishinini, Severn Ojibwa) Ontario, Manitoba
- Ojibwa (Chippewa, Ojibwe) Ontario, Manitoba, Minnesota
- Atikamekw
- Bearlake
- Chipewyan
- Cree
- Dakelh
- Deg Hit’an (Deg Xinag, Degexit’an, Kaiyuhkhotana)
- Dena’ina (Dialects: Outer Inlet, Upper Inlet, Iliama, Inland, Kachemak Bay, Kenai, Susitna River)
- Dunneza (Beaver)
- Gwich'in (Kutchin, Loucheaux)
- Hän
- Hare
- Holikachuk
- Innu
- Kaska (Nahane)
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California
- Achomawi (Pit River Indians)
- Ahwahnechee
- Antoniaño
- Atsugewi
- Bear River
- Cahuilla
- Campo
- Chemehuevi
- Chukchansi
- Chumash (Dialects: Roseño, Purisimeño, Barbareño, Inezeño, Ventureño, Obispeño, Santa Paula, Cruzeño, Emigdiano Allilik)
- Chilula
- Chimariko
- Costanoan - see Ohlone
- Cupeño
- Diegueño - see Kumeyaay
- Esselen
- Fernandeño - see Tataviam
- Gabrieliño - see Tongva
- Giamina
- Huchnom
- Hupa
- Ipai - see Kumeyaay
- Jamul
- Juaneño
- Kamia
- Karok
- Kato
- Kiliwa
- Kitanemuk
- Klamath
- Konkow - see Maidu
- Konomihu
- Kumeyaay (Diegueño)
- Lassik
- Luiseño
- Maidu
- Mattole
- Mesa Grande
- Migueleño
- Mission Indians
- Miwok (Me-wuk)
- Modoc, California, later Oregon and Oklahoma
- Mojave (Mohave, California and Arizona
- Monache
- Nakipa
- Niprise
- Nisenan
- Nomlaki
- Nongatl
- Ohlone (Divisions: Karkin, Ramaytush, Chochenyo, Tamyen, Awaswas, Chalon, Mutsun, Rumsen)
- Okwanuchu
- Paipai (Akwa'ala)
- Paiute (Northern, Southern), California and Nevada
- Patwin
- Pit River - see Achomawi
- Pomo
- Quechan (Yuma), southeastern California
- Rumsen - see Ohlone
- Salinan
- San Clemente
- San Nicolas
- Santa Catalina
- Serrano
- Shasta
- Sinkyone
- Suisunes
- Tache
- Tachi tribe
- Tataviam (Fernandeño)
- Tipai - see Kumeyaay
- Tolowa
- Tongva (Gabrieliño)
- Tsnungwe
- Tubatulabal
- Wai-lakki
- Wappo
- Washoe
- Whilkut
- Wintu
- Wintun
- Wiyot
- Yahi
- Yelamu
- Yana
- Yocha Dehe
- Yokuts
- Yuki (Ukomno'm)
- Yurok
- Abenaki
- Accohannock see Nanticoke
- Algonquian lower Saint Lawrence River
- Anishinaabe (Anishinape, Anicinape, Neshnabé, Nishnaabe) (see also Subarctic, Plains)
- Algonquin Quebec, Ontario
- Nipissing Ontario[2]
- Ojibwa, (Chippewa, Ojibwe) Ontario, Michigan, Minnesota, and Wisconsin[2]
- Ottawa, (Odawa), Ontario,[2] Michigan, later Oklahoma
- Potawatomi, Michigan,[2] Ontario, Indiana, Wisconsin, later Oklahoma
- Assateague, Maryland[3]
- Beothuk, Newfoundland[2]
- Choptank Indian Tribe, Maryland[3]
- Conoy, Virginia[3]
- Erie, Pennsylvania, New York[2]
- Etchemin Quebec (Maliseet)
- Fox, Michigan,[2] later Iowa, Oklahoma
- Hatteras
- Ho-Chunk, Wisconsin, later Nebraska
- Honniasont, Pennsylvania, Ohio, West Virginia
- Hopewell Ohio and Black River region
- Huron/Wyandot Ontario south of Georgian Bay, now Oklahoma and Wendake, Quebec
- Illinois, Illinois, Iowa, and Missouri[2]
- Miami, Illinois, Indiana, and Michigan,[2] later Oklahoma
- Peoria Illinois, later Oklahoma
- Wea
- Iroquois, Ontario, Quebec, and New York[2]
- Kickapoo, Michigan,[2] Illinois, Missouri, later Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Mexico
- Laurentian/St. Lawrence Iroquoians
- Lenni-Lenape Pennsylvania, Delaware, New Jersey, now Ontario and Oklahoma
- Maliseet, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Quebec, and Maine[2]
- Mascouten, Michigan[2]
- Massachusett, Massachusetts
- Mattaponi, Virginia[4]
- Menominee, Michigan and Wisconsin[2]
- Mingo, Pennsylvania, Ohio, West Virginia
- Mahican Confederacy, Connecticut, Massachusetts, New York, and Vermont[2]
- Massachusett, Massachusetts[6]
- Mi'kmaq (Micmac), New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Quebec[2]
- Mohegan, Connecticut
- Montauk, New York
- Nanticoke, Delaware and Maryland[2]
- Narragansett, Rhode Island
- Neutral, Ontario[2]
- Niantic, coastal Connecticut[6]
- Nipmuck, Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island[6]
- Ocaneechee, Virginia[7]
- Pamlico
- Pasquotank
- Passamaquoddy, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Quebec, and Maine[2]
- Patuxent, Maryland[3]
- Penobscot, Maine
- Pequot
- Petun, Ontario[2]
- Piscataway Indian Nation, Maryland[3]
- Pocumtuc, western Massachusetts[6]
- Pokanoket (Pokanoket Tribe of the Wampanoag Nation), Rhode Island and Massachusetts[6]
- Poospatuck, New York
- Potawatomi, Michigan
- Powhatan, Virginia[3]
- Quinnipiac Connecticut, eastern New York, northern New Jersey, Long Island
- Ramapough Mountain Indians, New Jersey
- Rappahannock, Virginia[4]
- Sauk, Michigan,[2] later Iowa, Oklahoma
- Schaghticoke, western Connecticut
- Secotan
- Shawnee Ohio,[2] West Virginia, Pennsylvania, later Oklahoma
- Shinnecock, Long Island, New York[6]
- Sissipahaw
- Souriquoian
- Susquehannock, Maryland and Pennsylvania[2]
- Tarrantine (Tarranteen), see Abenaki, Micmac
- Tauxenent, Virginia[4]
- Unquachog, Long Island, New York[6]
- Wampanoag, Massachusetts
- Wawenoc
- Wenro, New York[2]
- Wenrohronon, Pennsylvania and New York
- Wyandot, Huron, Ontario south of Georgian Bay, now Oklahoma and Wendake, Quebec
- Bannock, Idaho[8]
- Colorado River tribes
- Fremont culture (400 CE–1300 CE), Utah[10]
- Kawaiisu, southern inland California[8]
- Mono, southeastern California
- Northern Paiute, eastern California, Nevada, Oregon, southwestern Idaho[8]
- Owens Valley Paiute, California, Nevada[8]
- Shoshone (Shoshoni), Nevada, Idaho, California
- Western Shoshone, eastern California, Nevada, north Utah, southeastern Idaho[8]
- Duckwater Shoshone Tribe, Ely, Nevada
- Goshute, Nevada and Utah
- Te-Moak Tribe, made up of the Tonomudza band, Nevada
- Yomba Western Shoshone Tribe,Nevada
- Northern Shoshone, Idaho[8]
- Agaideka (Salmon Eaters), Snake River and Lemhi, Idaho[11]
- Kammedeka (Jackrabbit Eaters), Snake River, Idaho to the Great Salt Lake, Utah[11]
- Lemhi Shoshone, Lemhi River Valley, Idaho[11]
- Pohogwe (People of the Sagebrush Butte) or Fort Hall Shoshone, Idaho[11]
- Tukudeka (Mountain Sheep Eaters), central Idaho, southern Montana, and Yellowstone, Wyoming
- Yahandeka (Groundhog Eaters), Boise, Payette, and Weiser Rivers, Idaho[11]
- Eastern Shoshone, Wyoming[8]
- Timbisha or Panamint or Koso, southeastern California
- Ute, Colorado, Utah, northern New Mexico[8]
- Capote, southeastern Colorado and New Mexico[13]
- Moanunts, Salina, Utah[14]
- Muache, south and central Colorado[13]
- Pahvant, western Utah[14]
- Sanpits, central Utah[14]
- Timpanogots, north cenral Utah[14]
- Uintah, Utah[13]
- Uncompahgre or Taviwach, central and northern Colorado[13]
- Weeminuche, western Colorado, eastern Utah, northwestern New Mexico[13]
- White River Utes (Parusanuch and Yampa), Colorado and eastern Utah[13]
- Washo, Nevada and California
Plateau
- Cayuse, Oregon
- Celilo (Wayampam)
- Upper Chinookan (Dialects: Clackamas, Cascades, Hood River, Wasco-Wishram language, Kathlamet, Cathlamet, Multnomah)
- Columbian (Dialects: Wenatchee, Sinkayuse, Chelan)
- Coeur d'Alene, Idaho
- Colville, Washington
- Upper Cowlitz
- Flathead (Selisch or Salish), Idaho and Montana
- Klamath, Oregon
- Klickitat Tribe, Washington
- Kootenai/Ktunaxa, British Columbia, Montana, and Idaho
- Lower Snake (Chamnapam, Wauyukma, Naxiyampam)
- Modoc, California and Oregon
- Molala (Molale), Oregon
- Nez Perce, Idaho
- Nicola Athapaskans (extinct)
- Nicola people (confederacy)
- Nlaka'pamux, British Columbia, formerly known as the Thompson people
- Okanagan (Syilx), British Columbia and Washington
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- Palus (Palouse)
- Pend'Oreilles (Kalispel), Washington
- Rock Creek
- Sahaptin people
- Sanpoil (tribe)
- Secwepemc (Shuswap), British Columbia
- Sinixt (Lakes), British Columbia, Washington, Idaho
- Spokane, Washington
- St'at'imc (Lillooet)
- Tygh
- Tygh Valley
- Umatilla, Oregon
- Upper Nisqually (Mishalpan)
- Walla Walla, Oregon
- Wanapum
- Wasco-Wishram, Oregon
- Yakama, Washington
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Northwest Coast
- Ahantchuyuk - see Kalapuya
- Alsea
- Applegate
- Atfalati - see Kalapuya
- Bella Bella - see Heiltsuk
- Bella Coola - see Nuxalk
- Burrard - see Tsleil-waututh
- Calapooia - see Kalapuya
- Calapuya - see Kalapuya
- Central Kalapuya - see Kalapuya
- Chasta Costa - see Rogue River
- Chehalis (Upper and Lower) Washington
- Chehalis (BC), Fraser Valley
- Chemakum Washington (extinct)
- Chetco - see Tolowa
- Chinook Dialects: (Lower Chinook, Upper Chinook, Clackamas, Wasco)
- Clallam - see Klallam
- Clatsop
- Comox Vancouver Island/BC Georgia Strait
- Coos Hanis} Oregon
- Lower Coquille (Miluk) Oregon
- Upper Coquille
- Cowichan Southern Vancouver Island/Georgia Strait
- Lower Cowlitz Washington
- Duwamish Washington
- Eyak Alaska
- Galice
- Gitxsan, British Columbia
- Haida (Dialects: Kaigani, Skidegate, Masset) BC & Alaska
- Haisla BC North/Central Coast
- Heiltsuk BC Central Coast
- Hoh Washington
- Kalapuya (Calapooia, Calapuya)
- North Kalapuya
- Central Kalapuya
- South Kalapuya (Yonkalla, Yoncalla)
- Klallam (Clallam, Dialects: Klallam (Lower Elwha), S'Klallam (Jamestown), S'Klallam (Port Gamble))
- Klickitat
- Kwalhioqua
- Kwakwaka'wakw (Kwakiutl)
- Kwalhioqua
- Kwatami
- Lakmiut - see Kalapuya
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Plains
Main article:
Plains Indians
- Anishinaabe (Anishinape, Anicinape, Neshnabé, Nishnaabe) (see also Subarctic, Northeast Woodlands)
- Ojibwa (Chippewa, Ojibwe) Minnesota, North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, Saskatchewan, Manitoba
- Ottawa (Odawa) Oklahoma
- Potawatomi Kansas, Oklahoma
- Jicarilla Apache New Mexico
- Lipan Apache New Mexico, Texas
- Mescalero Apache New Mexico
- Plains Apache (Kiowa-Apache) Oklahoma
- Arapaho (Arapahoe, Arrapahoe) Oklahoma, Wyoming
- Arikara (Arikaree, Arikari, Ree) North Dakota
- Atsina (Gros Ventre) Montana
- Blackfoot
- Cheyenne Montana, Oklahoma
- Comanche Oklahoma
- Plains Cree Montana
- Crow (Absaroka, Apsáalooke) Montana
- Hasinai
- Hidatsa North Dakota
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- Iowa (Ioway) Kansas, Nebraska, Oklahoma
- Kaw (Kansa, Kanza) Oklahoma
- Kiowa Oklahoma
- Kitsai (Kichai) Oklahoma
- Mandan North Dakota
- Missouri (Missouria) Oklahoma
- Omaha Nebraska
- Osage Oklahoma
- Otoe (Oto) Oklahoma
- Pawnee (dialects: South Band, Skiri) Oklahoma
- Ponca Nebraska, Oklahoma
- Quapaw Oklahoma
- Sioux
- Dakota Minnesota, Montana, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota, Manitoba, Saskatchewan
- Lakota (Teton) Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Saskatchewan
- Stoney Alberta
- Assiniboine (Assiniboin) Montana, Saskatchewan (Fort Peck Indian Reservation is home to Assiniboine and Sioux)
- Tonkawa Oklahoma
- Tsuu T’ina (Sarcee, Sarsi, Tsuut’ina) Alberta
- Wichita (Affiliated Tribes − Wichita, Waco, Tawakoni, Keechi) Oklahoma
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- Abihka, Creek Confederacy, Alabama[15]
- Acolapissa (Colapissa), Louisiana and Mississippi[16]
- Ais, eastern coastal Florida[17]
- Alabama, Creek Confederacy, Alabama[15], southwestern Tennessee, northwestern Mississippi[16][18]
- Alafay (Alafia, Pojoy, Pohoy, Costas Alafeyes, Alafaya Costas), Florida[19]
- Amacano, Florida west coast[20]
- Apalachee, northwestern Florida[18]
- Apalachicola, Creek Confederacy, Alabama, Florida, Georgia and South Carolina[15]
- Atakapa (Attacapa), Louisiana west coast and Texas southwestern coast[18]
- Avoyel ("little Natchez"), Louisiana[16][21]
- Backhooks Nation (possibly Chuaque, Holpaos, Huaq, Nuaq, Pahoc, Pahor, Paor, Uca),[22] South Carolina
- Bayogoula, southeastern Louisiana[16][21]
- Biloxi, Mississippi[16][18]
- Boca Ratones, Florida
- Caddo Confederacy, Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, Texas[18][23]
- Adai (Adaizan, Adaizi, Adaise, Adahi, Adaes, Adees, Atayos), Louisiana and Texas[16]
- Cahinnio, southern Arkansas[23]
- Doustioni, north central Lousiana[23]
- Eyeish (Hais), eastern Texas[23]
- Hainai, eastern Texas[23]
- Hasinai, eastern Texas[23]
- Kadohadacho, northeastern Texas, southwestern Arkansas, northwestern Louisiana[23]
- Nabedache, eastern Texas[23]
- Nabiti, eastern Texas[23]
- Nacogdoche, eastern Texas[23]
- Nacono, eastern Texas[23]
- Nadaco, eastern Texas[23]
- Nanatsoho, northeastern Texas[23]
- Nasoni, eastern Texas[23]
- Natchitoches, Lower: central Louisiana, Upper: northeastern Texas[23]
- Neche, eastern Texas[23]
- Nechaui, eastern Texas[23]
- Ouachita, northern Louisiana[23]
- Tula, western Arkansas[23]
- Yatasi, northwestern Louisiana[23]
- Calusa, southwestern Florida[18][19]
- Cape Fear Indians, North Carolina southern coast[16]
- Catawba (Esaw, Usheree, Ushery, Yssa),[22] North Carolina, South Carolina[18]
- Chacato, Florida panhandle and southern Alabama[16]
- Chakchiuma, Alabama and Mississippi[18]
- Chatot (tribe) (Chacato, Chactoo), west Florida
- Chawasha (Washa), Louisiana[16]
- Cheraw (Chara, Charàh), North Carolina
- Cherokee, Georgia, North Carolina, western tip of South Carolina, Tennessee, Alabama, later Arkansas, Texas, Mexico, and Oklahoma[24]
- Chiaha, Creek Confederacy, Alabama[15]
- Chickahominy, Virginia[25]
- Chickamauga, band of Cherokees in Tennessee and Georgia
- Chickanee (Chiquini), North Carolina
- Chickasaw, Alabama and Mississippi,[18] later Oklahoma[24]
- Chicora, coastal South Carolina[21]
- Chine, Florida
- Chisca (Cisca), southwestern Virginia, northern Florida[21]
- Chitimacha, Louisiana[18]
- Choctaw, Mississippi, Alabama,[18] and parts of Louisiana; later Oklahoma[24]
- Chowanoc, North Carolina
- Creek, Florida, Georgia, southern Tennessee, Mississippi,[18] later Alabama, Oklahoma[24]
- Congaree (Canggaree), South Carolina[16][26]
- Coree, North Carolina[21]
- Coushatta, Louisiana and Texas
- Coharie, North Carolina
- Cusabo coastal South Carolina[18]
- Eno (people), North Carolina[16]
- Garza, Texas, northern Mexico
- Grigra (Gris), Mississippi[27]
- Guacata (Santalûces), eastern coastal Florida[19]
- Guacozo, Florida
- Guale (Cusabo, Iguaja, Ybaja), coastal Georgia[16][18]
- Guazoco, southwestern Florida coast[19]
- Hitchiti, Creek Confederacy, Georgia, Alabama, and Florida[16]
- Hooks Nation (possibly Chuaque, Huaq, Nuaq),[22] see Backhooks Nation
- Houma, Louisiana and Mississippi[18]
- Jaega, eastern coastal Florida[17]
- Jaupin (Weapemoc), North Carolina
- Jobe (Hobe), part of Jaega, Florida[19]
- Jororo, Florida interior[19]
- Keyauwee, North Carolina[16]
- Koasati, Tennessee[18]
- Koroa, Mississippi[16]
- Luca (tribe), southwestern Florida coast[19]
- Lumbee, North Carolina
- Machapunga, North Carolina
- Manahoac, Virginia[28]
- Mattaponi, Virginia
- Matecumbe (Matacumbêses, Matacumbe, Matacombe), Florida Keys[19]
- Mayaca (tribe), Florida[19]
- Mayaimi (Mayami), interior Florida[17]
- Mayajuaca, Florida
- Meherrin, Virginia,[25] North Carolina
- Mikasuki (Miccosukee), Florida
- Mobila (Mobile, Movila), northwestern Florida and southern Alabama[18]
- Mocoso, western Florida[17][19]
- Monacan, Virginia[21]
- Monyton (Monetons, Monekot, Moheton) (Siouan), West Virginia and Virginia
- Mougoulacha, Mississippi[21]
- Muscogee (Creek), Tennessee, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Florida, later Oklahoma
- Nahyssan, Virginia
- Naniaba, northwestern Florida and southern Alabama[18]
- Nansemond, Virginia[25]
- Natchez, Louisiana and Mississippi[18] later Oklahoma
- Neusiok (Newasiwac, Neuse River Indians), North Carolina[16]
- Nottaway, Virginia,[25] North Carolina
- Occaneechi (Siouan), Virginia[25][29]
- Oconee, Georgia, Florida
- Ofo, Arkansas and Mississippi[18], eastern Tennessee[16]
- Okchai (Ogchay), central Alabama[16]
- Okelousa, Louisiana[16]
- Opelousas, Louisiana[16]
- Osochee (Oswichee, Usachi, Oosécha), Creek Confederacy, Alabama[15][16]
- Pacara, Florida
- Pakana (Pacâni, Pagna, Pasquenan, Pak-ká-na, Pacanas), central Alabama[16], later Texas[21]
- Pamlico, North Carolina
- Pamunkey, Virginia[25]
- Pascagoula, Mississippi coast[21]
- Patiri, southeastern Texas
- Pee Dee (Pedee), South Carolina[16][30] and North Carolina
- Pensacola, Florida panhandle and southern Alabama[18]
- Potoskeet, North Carolina
- Quinipissa, southeastern Louisiana and Mississippi[15]
- Rappahannock Tribe, Virginia
- Saluda (Saludee, Saruti), South Carolina[16]
- Santee (Seretee, Sarati, Sati, Sattees), South Carolina (no relation to Santee Sioux), South Carolina[16]
- Santa Luces, Florida
- Saponi, North Carolina[31], Virginia[25]
- Saura North Carolina
- Sawokli (Sawakola, Sabacola, Sabacôla, Savacola), southern Alabama and Florida panhandle[16]
- Saxapahaw (Sissipahua, Shacioes), North Carolina[16]
- Seminole, Florida and Oklahoma[24]
- Sewee (Suye, Joye, Xoye, Soya), South Carolina coast[16]
- Shakori, North Carolina
- Shoccoree, North Carolina,[16] possibly Virginia
- Stegarake, Virginia[28]
- Stuckanox (Stukanox), Virginia[25]
- Sugeree (Sagarees, Sugaws, Sugar, Succa), North Carolina and South Carolina[16]
- Surruque, east central Florida[32]
- Suteree (Sitteree, Sutarees, Sataree), North Carolina
- Taensa, Mississippi[27]
- Talapoosa, Creek Confederacy, Alabama[15]
- Tawasa, Alabama[33]
- Tequesta, southeastern coastal Florida[16][19]
- Terocodame, Texas and Mexico
- Codam
- Hieroquodame
- Oodame
- Perocodame
- Teroodame
- Timucua, Florida and Georgia[16][18][19]
- Acuera, central Florida[34]
- Agua Fresca (or Aqua Dulce or Freshwater), interior northeast Florida[34]
- Arapaha, north central Florida and south central Georgia?[34]
- Cascangue, coastal southeast Georgia[34]
- Icafui (or Icafi), coastal southeast Georgia[34]
- Mocama (or Tacatacuru), coastal northeast Florida and coastal southeast Georgia[34]
- Northern Utina north central Florida[34]
- Ocale, central Florida[34]
- Oconi, interior southeast Georgia[34]
- Potano, north central Florida[34]
- Saturiwa, northeast Florida[34]
- Tucururu (or Tucuru), central? Florida[34]
- Yufera, coastal southeast Georgia[34]
- Yui (or Ibi), coastal southeast Georgia[34]
- Yustaga, north central Florida[34]
- Tiou (Tioux), Mississippi[26]
- Tocaste, Florida[19]
- Tocobaga, Florida[16][19]
- Tohomé, northwestern Florida and southern Alabama[18]
- Tomahitan, eastern Tennessee
- Topachula, Florida
- Tukabatchee (Tuk-ke-bat-che), Creek Confederacy, Alabama[15]
- Tuscarora, North Carolina, Virginia, later New York
- Tuskegee, see Creek
- Tutelo, Virginia[25][29]
- Tunica, Arkansas and Mississippi[18]
- Utiza, Florida[17]
- Uzita, Tampa Bay, Florida[35]
- Vicela, Florida[17]
- Viscaynos, Florida
- Waccamaw, South Carolina
- Wateree (Guatari, Watterees), North Carolina[16]
- Waxhaw (Waxsaws, Wisack, Wisacky, Weesock, Flathead), North Carolina and South Carolina[16][30]
- Westo, Virginia and South Carolina[21]
- Winyaw, South Carolina coast[16]
- Woccon, North Carolina[16][30]
- Yamasee, Florida, Georgia[21]
- Yazoo, southeastern tip of Arkansas, eastern Louisiana, Mississippi[16][36]
- Yuchi (Euchee), central Tennessee,[16][18] later Oklahoma
Southwest
- Ak Chin, Arizona
- Southern Athabaskan
- Chiricahua Apache, New Mexico and Oklahoma
- Jicarilla Apache, New Mexico
- Lipan Apache, Texas
- Mescalero Apache, New Mexico
- Navajo (Navaho, Diné), Arizona and New Mexico
- San Carlos Apache, Arizona
- Tonto Apache, Arizona
- Western Apache (Coyotero Apache), Arizona
- White Mountain Apache, Arizona
- Aranama (aka Hanáma, Hanáme, Chaimamé, Charinames, Xaranames, Taranames)
- Coahuiltecan, Texas, northern Mexico
- Cochimi, Baja California
- Cocopa, Arizona
- Comecrudo Texas, northern Mexico
- Cotoname (aka Carrizo de Camargo)
- Genízaro Arizona, New Mexico
- Halchidhoma, Arizona and California
- Hano, Arizona
- Hualapai, Arizona
- Havasupai, Arizona
- Hohokam, Arizona
- Jumano, Sonora, Mexico
- Karankawa, Texas
- Kavelchadhom
- Los Luceros
- Mamulique Texas, northern Mexico
- Maricopa, Arizona
- Mojave, Arizona, California, and Nevada
- Pima, Arizona
- Pima Bajo
- Piro
- Pueblo people, Arizona and New Mexico
- Qahatika
- Quechan (Yuma), Arizona and California
- Quems
- Solano
- Suma
- Tamique
- Toboso
- Tohono O'odham (Papago), Arizona and Mexico
- Ubate
- Walapai, Arizona
- Yaqui, Arizona
- Yavapai, (Mojave-Apache) see Yavapai-Apache Nation, Yavapai-Prescott Tribe Arizona (often confused with Tonto Apache and Mojave)
The indigenous peoples of Mexico, Central America and the Caribbean are generally classified by language, environment, and cultural similarities.
- Abipon (verdwenen)
- Angaite (Angate)
- Ayore (Morotoco, Moro, Zamuco)
- Chamacoco (Ishiro)
- Chané
- Chiquitano (Chiquito, Tarapecosi)
- Chorote
- Manjuy (Iyo'wujwa Chorote)
- Iyojwa'ja Chorote
- Chulupí (Chulupe, Nivaclé, Ashluslay, Guentusé)
- Guana (Kaskihá)
- Guaraní
- Bolivian Guarani
- Chiriguano
- Guarayo (East Bolivian Guarani)
- Chiripá (Tsiripá, Ava)
- Pai Tavytera (Pai, Montese, Ava)
- Tapieté (Ñandeva)
- Yuqui (Bia)
- Mbayá (Kadiweu, Caduveo, Guaycurú)
- Lengua (tribe) (Enxet)
- North Lengua (Eenthlit)
- South Lengua
- Lulé (Pelé, Tonocoté)
- Maca (Towolhi)
- Mocoví (Mocobí)
- Pilagá (Pilage Toba)
- Sanapana (Quiativis)
- Toba (Qom, Frentones)
- Vilela
- Wichí (Mataco)
- Araucanian (Mapuche)
- Chaná (extinct)
- Chandule (Chandri)
- Charrúa
- Chono (extinct)
- Comechingon (Henia-Camiare)
- Haush (Manek'enk, Mánekenk, Aush)
- Het (Querandí) (extinct)
- Chechehet
- Didiuhet
- Taluhet
- Huarpe (Warpes) (extinct)
- Allentiac (Alyentiyak)
- Millcayac (Milykayak)
- Oico
- Kaweshkar (Alacaluf, Halakwulup)
- Mbeguá (extinct)
- Minuane (extinct)
- Puelche (Guenaken, Pampa) (extinct)
- Tehuelche
- Künün-a-Güna (Gennakenk, Gennaken, Noordelijke Tehuelche)
- Küwach-a-Güna
- Mecharnúekenk
- Aónikenk (Zuidelijke Tehuelche)
- Selk'nam (Ona)
- Yamana or Yaghan
- Yaro (Jaro)
Languages
- See also: Category:Indigenous languages of the Americas
Indigenous languages of the Americas (or Amerindian Languages) are spoken by indigenous peoples from the southern tip of South America to Alaska and Greenland, encompassing the land masses which constitute the Americas. These indigenous languages consist of dozens of distinct language families as well as many language isolates and unclassified languages. Many proposals to group these into higher-level families have been made. According to UNESCO, most of the indigenous American languages in North America are critically endangered and many of them are already extinct.[37]
- (Spanish) Aridoamerican tribes by location
- (Spanish) Mesoamerican tribes by location
Genetic classification
A genetic tree showing the main
neighbour-joining relationships within Amerindian populations.
The haplogroup most commonly associated with Indigenous Amerindian genetics is Haplogroup Q1a3a (Y-DNA).[38] Y-DNA, like (mtDNA), differs from other nuclear chromosomes in that the majority of the Y chromosome is unique and does not recombine during meiosis. This has the effect that the historical pattern of mutations can easily be studied.[39] The pattern indicates Indigenous Amerindians experienced two very distinctive genetic episodes; first with the initial-peopling of the Americas, and secondly with European colonization of the Americas.[40][41] The former is the determinant factor for the number of gene lineages and founding haplotypes present in today's Indigenous Amerindian populations.[40]
Human settlement of the New World occurred in stages from the Bering sea coast line, with an initial 20,000-year layover on Beringia for the founding population.[42][43] The micro-satellite diversity and distributions of the Y lineage specific to South America indicates that certain Amerindian populations have been isolated since the initial colonization of the region..[44] The Na-Dené, Inuit and Indigenous Alaskan populations exhibit haplogroup Q (Y-DNA) mutations, however are distinct from other indigenous Amerindians with various mtDNA mutations.[45][46][47] This suggests that the earliest migrants into the northern extremes of North America and Greenland derived from later populations.[48]
Notes
- ^ "Culture Areas Index". the Canadian Museum of Civilization. http://www.civilization.ca/cmc/exhibitions/tresors/ethno/etb0170e.shtml.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag Sturtevant and Trigger, ix
- ^ a b c d e f Sturtevant and Trigger, 241
- ^ a b c Sturtevant and Trigger, 255
- ^ a b c d Sturtevant and Trigger, 198
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Sturtevant and Trigger, 161
- ^ Sturtevant and Trigger, 96
- ^ a b c d e f g h D'Azevedo, ix
- ^ a b c d e f g Pritzker, 230
- ^ D'Azevedo, 161-2
- ^ a b c d e D'Azevedo, 306
- ^ a b D'Azevedo, 335
- ^ a b c d e f D'Azevedo, 339
- ^ a b c d D'Azevedo, 340
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Sturtevant and Fogelson, 374
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am Sturtevant and Fogelson, 69
- ^ a b c d e f Sturtevant and Fogelson, 205
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y Sturtevant and Fogelson, ix
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Sturtevant and Fogelson, 214
- ^ Sturtevant and Fogelson, 673
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Sturtevant and Fogelson, 81-82
- ^ a b c Sturtevant and Fogelson, 315
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Sturtevant, 617
- ^ a b c d e Frank, Andrew K. Indian Removal. Oklahoma Historical Society's Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture. (retrieved 10 July 2009)
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Sturtevant and Fogelson, 293
- ^ a b Sturtevant and Fogelson, 188
- ^ a b Sturtevant and Fogelson, 598-9
- ^ a b Sturtevant and Fogelson, 290
- ^ a b Sturtevant and Fogelson, 291
- ^ a b c Sturtevant and Fogelson, 302
- ^ Haliwa-Saponi Tribe. (retrieved 10 July 2009)
- ^ Hahn 1993
- ^ Sturtevant and Fogelson, 78, 668
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Hahn 1996, 5-13
- ^ Hann 2003:11
- ^ Sturtevant and Fogelson, 190
- ^ Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (Ed.). (2005). Ethnologue: Languages of the world (15th ed.). Dallas, TX: SIL International. ISBN 1-55671-159-X. (Online version: http://www.ethnologue.com).
- ^ "Y-Chromosome Evidence for Differing Ancient Demographic Histories in the Americas" (pdf). Department of Biology, University College, London; Departamento de Gene´tica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Cientı´ficas, Caracas, Venezuela; Departamento de Gene´tica, Universidade Federal do Parana´, Curitiba, Brazil; 5Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque; 6Laboratorio de Gene´tica Humana, Universidad de los Andes, Bogota´; Victoria Hospital, Prince Albert, Canada; Subassembly of Medical Sciences, Mongolian Academy of Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia; Laboratorio de Gene´tica Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellı´n, Colombia; Universite´ de Montreal. University College London 73:524–539. 2003. http://www.ucl.ac.uk/tcga/tcgapdf/Bortolini-AJHG-03-YAmer.pdf. Retrieved 2010-01-22.
- ^ Orgel L (2004). "Prebiotic chemistry and the origin of the RNA world" (pdf). Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 39 (2): 99–123. doi:10.1080/10409230490460765. PMID 15217990. http://www.d.umn.edu/~pschoff/documents/OrgelRNAWorld.pdf. Retrieved 2010-01-19.
- ^ a b "Learn about Y-DNA Haplogroup Q" (Verbal tutorial possible). Genebase Systems. 2008. http://www.genebase.com/tutorial/item.php?tuId=16. Retrieved 2009-11-21. "Haplogroups are defined by unique mutation events such as single nucleotide polymorphisms, or SNPs. These SNPs mark the branch of a haplogroup, and indicate that all descendents of that haplogroup at one time shared a common ancestor. The Y-DNA SNP mutations were passed from father to son over thousands of years. Over time, additional SNPs occur within a haplogroup, leading to new lineages. These new lineages are considered subclades of the haplogroup. Each time a new mutation occurs, there is a new branch in the haplogroup, and therefore a new subclade. Haplogroup Q, possibly the youngest of the 20 Y-chromosome haplogroups, originated with the SNP mutation M242 in a man from Haplogroup P that likely lived in Siberia approximately 15,000 to 20,000 years before present"
- ^ Wells, Spencer; Read, Mark (Digitised online by Google books). The Journey of Man - A Genetic Odyssey. Random House. ISBN 0812971469. http://books.google.ca/books?id=WAsKm-_zu5sC&lpg=PP1&dq=The%20Journey%20of%20Man&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q=&f=false. Retrieved 2009-11-21.
- ^ First Americans Endured 20,000-Year Layover - Jennifer Viegas, Discovery News, http://dsc.discovery.com/news/2008/02/13/beringia-native-american.html, retrieved 2009-11-18, "Archaeological evidence, in fact, recognizes that people started to leave Beringia for the New World around 40,000 years ago, but rapid expansion into North America didn't occur until about 15,000 years ago, when the ice had literally broken" page 2
- ^ Than, Ker (2008). "New World Settlers Took 20,000-Year Pit Stop". National Geographic Society. http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2008/02/080214-america-layover.html. Retrieved 2010-01-23. "Over time descendants developed a unique culture—one that was different from the original migrants' way of life in Asia but which contained seeds of the new cultures that would eventually appear throughout the Americas"
- ^ "Summary of knowledge on the subclades of Haplogroup Q". Genebase Systems. 2009. http://64.40.115.138/file/lu/6/52235/NTIyMzV9K3szNTc2Nzc=.jpg?download=1. Retrieved 2009-11-22.
- ^ Ruhlen M (November 1998). "The origin of the Na-Dene". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 95 (23): 13994–6. PMID 9811914. PMC 25007. http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=9811914.
- ^ Zegura SL, Karafet TM, Zhivotovsky LA, Hammer MF (January 2004). "High-resolution SNPs and microsatellite haplotypes point to a single, recent entry of Native American Y chromosomes into the Americas". Molecular Biology and Evolution 21 (1): 164–75. doi:10.1093/molbev/msh009. PMID 14595095.
- ^ "mtDNA Variation among Greenland Eskimos. The Edge of the Beringian Expansion". Laboratory of Biological Anthropology, Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research,University of Cambridge, Cambridge, University of Hamburg, Hamburg. 2000. http://www.cell.com/AJHG/abstract/S0002-9297%2807%2963257-1. Retrieved 2009-11-22. "The relatively lower coalescence time of the entire haplogroup A2 including the shared sub-arctic branches A2b (Siberians and Inuit) and A2a (Eskimos and Na-Dené) is probably due to secondary expansions of haplogroup A2 from the Beringia area, which would have averaged the overall internal variation of haplogroup A2 in North America."
- ^ "Native American Mitochondrial DNA Analysis Indicates That the Amerind and the Nadene Populations Were Founded by Two Independent Migrations". Center for Genetics and Molecular Medicine and Departments of Biochemistry and Anthropology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia. Genetics Society of America. Vol 130, 153-162. http://www.genetics.org/cgi/content/abstract/130/1/153. Retrieved 2009-11-28. "The divergence time for the Nadene portion of the HaeIII np 663 lineage was about 6,000-10,000 years. Hence, the ancestral Nadene migrated from Asia independently and considerably more recently than the progenitors of the Amerinds"
References
- D'Azevedo, Warren L., Volume Editor. Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 11: Great Basin. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 1986. ISBN 978-0160045813.
- Hann, John H. "The Mayaca and Jororo and Missions to Them", in McEwan, Bonnie G. ed. The Spanish Missions of "La Florida". Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida. 1993. ISBN 0-8130-1232-5.
- Hahn, John H. A History of the Timucua Indians and Missions. Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida, 1996. ISBN 0-8130-1424-7.
- Hann, John H. (2003). Indians of Central and South Florida: 1513-1763. University Press of Florida. ISBN0-8130-2645-8
- Pritzker, Barry M. A Native American Encyclopedia: History, Culture, and Peoples. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000. ISBN 978-0195138771.
- Sturtevant, William C., general editor and Bruce G. Trigger, volume editor. Handbook of North American Indians: Northeast. Volume 15. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution, 1978. ASIN B000NOYRRA.
- Sturtevant, William C., general editor and Raymond D. Fogelson, volume editor. Handbook of North American Indians: Southeast. Volume 14. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution, 2004. ISBN 0-16-072300-0.
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