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.^ When captured by Mehmet the Conqueror; the city became the capital of the Ottoman Empire, assuming its present name, Istanbul (1453 A.D.) .- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
The earliest official document
hitherto discovered relating to the Jews of Constantinople dates
from 390. A decree of that year (Feb. 23) bearing the successive
signatures of the emperors Valentinian II., Theodosius, and
Arcadius, exempted the Jewish and Samaritan ship- and cargo-owners
from sharing the burdens of the society known in that city as the
"Navicularii" ("Codex Theodosianus," xiii. 5, 18). Other decrees in
favor of the Jews were issued during the reign of Arcadius.
Theodosius II. was the first Byzantine emperor to curtail the
civil rights of the Jews.
.^ The oldest recorded bridge in Istanbul was built over the Golden Horn in 1453 during the Turkish siege of the city.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ To circumvent this he built a road of greased logs across Galata on the north side of the Golden Horn, and rolled his ships across.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ On its hilltop site overlooking the Golden Horn and the district of Galata, the Bosphorus and its Asian shore, the Marmara Sea and its islands, Topkapi Palace guards over one of the most remarkable collections of royal treasure in the world.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
Hitherto they had occupied in the city itself a
special quarter known as the "copper market," where they had their
synagogue, which was later converted into the Church of the Holy
Mother. Instead of being included in the jurisdiction of the
municipal authorities, the Jews were placed by Theodosius under
that of a special strategus. According to Ibn Verga ("Shebeṭ
Yehudah," p. 40), the expulsion from the city proper was really a
measure of clemency on the part of Theodosius, who had previously
subjected the Jews to more rigorous persecutions in order to force
them to embrace Christianity. This statement has, however, no
historical basis, as such action was contrary to the policy of
Theodosius, who in 412 forbade the disturbance of Jewish services
and the appropriation of Jewish synagogues (compare "Novellæ
Theod." title iii.).
It was Justinian I. (527-565) who first interfered with the
religious customs of the Jews, forbidding them to celebrate the
Passover before the Christian Easter. It is said that during his
reign the holy vessels of the Temple were brought by Belisarius to
Constantinople; but on the remark of a Jew that they would bring
misfortune to Constantinople as they had done to Rome and Carthage,
they were returned to Jerusalem.
.^ And there is no one who does not get excited and get up to dance.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
It seems, however, that the Constantinople
Jews found protectors in the persons of Heraclius' wife, the
empress Martina, and her son Heracleonas; for the historian
Nicephorus records that, emboldened by their influence, the Jews on
one occasion stormed the Church of St. Sophia.
The Iconoclasts.
.^ The Fall of Constantinople was the conquest of that Greek city by the Ottoman Empire Mehmed II, on Tuesday, May 29, 1453.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ Fearing the ever-expanding Ottoman Empire, the Venetians had fortified Famagusta, Nicosia, and Kyrenia, but most other cities were easy prey.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ What I mean to say in the book is that in the past there was the large Ottoman Empire, and this city was a metropolis like New York, Paris or Berlin.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
Indeed, during the reign
of Leo the Isaurian—as well as later under Basil I.—it actually
ceased to exist, the Jews having been forced either to emigrate or
to embrace Christianity. But the Byzantine capital, the greatest
commercial center of that time, had such attractions for the Jews
that the slightest relaxation in the persecutions brought thither
masses of new settlers. No wonder, therefore, that it became the
center of Judaism as soon as Leo VI. (886-911) had restored
religious freedom to the Jews; although their social condition
continued to be intolerable. Benjamin of Tudela, who visited
Constantinople in 1176, gives the following account of the Jews
there:
Benjamin of Tudela's
Account.
.^ As a city surrounded by sea Istanbul has many headlands, some remote and deserted with no buildings but a lighthouse, others lively and crowded.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
.^ Mehmed II planned to attack the Theodosian Walls, the intricate series of walls and ditches protecting Constantinople from an attack from the west, the only part of the city not surrounded by water.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ This bridge has not only been a means of getting from one side of the waterway to the other, but like a fellow citizen has had symbolic and spiritual significance in people's lives.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
.^ In his forty-five-year professional career he composed more than one hundred songs and made more than two hundred recordings.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
The
principal Rabbinites, who are learned in the Law, are Rabbi R.
Abatlion, R. Obadiah, R. Aaron Kustipo, R. Joseph Sargeno, and R.
Eliakim the Elder.
.^ It is possible to ski throughout the winter here, while many others come just to enjoy the scenery of coniferous forests, streams, waterfalls and lakes.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ Some glow in the light of history, their stories continually retold over the centuries, others lie in its shadow, even their names forgotten, listening silently.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ As a city surrounded by sea Istanbul has many headlands, some remote and deserted with no buildings but a lighthouse, others lively and crowded.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
This
state is very burdensome to them; and the hatred against them is
enhanced by the practise of the tanners, who pour out their filthy
water in the streets and even before the very doors of the Jews,
who, being thus defiled, become objects of hatred to the Greeks.
Their yoke is severely felt by the Jews, both good and bad: they
are exposed to beatings in the streets, and must submit to all
sorts of harsh treatment. But the Jews are rich, good, benevolent,
and religious men, who bear the misfortunes of exile with humility.
The quarter inhabited by the Jews is called Pera."
The king referred to by Benjamin was Manuel Comnenus (1143-80),
who—probably owing to the influence of Solomon ha-Miẓri—placed the
Jews of Constantinople again under the jurisdiction of the
municipal authorities.
Under the Turks.
.^ On the morning of May 29 the attack began.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ The Fall of Constantinople was the conquest of that Greek city by the Ottoman Empire Mehmed II, on Tuesday, May 29, 1453.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ It was at the walls around this gate that the 53 day Turkish siege, which ended on 29 May 1453, was concentrated; and which received the heaviest bombardment.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
Mohammed the Conqueror (1451-81),
on entering his new capital, granted to the Jews equal rights with
all his non-Mussulman subjects, assigning to their chief rabbi a
seat in the divan next to the spiritual chief of the Greek Church.
Foreign Jews were invited to settle in the suburb of Haskeui, where
building sites were gratuitously divided among the newcomers. Two
Jews, Ḥakim Ya'aḳub and Moses Hamon, were elevated to high official
positions: the former being appointed minister of finance; the
latter, physician to the sovereign.
The sixteenth century was the golden age of the Jewish community
of Constantinople.
.^ Many of these works of art bear the monograms of sultans such as Ahmed III, Mahmud II, Abdülmecid and Abdülaziz.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
Moreover, thousands of wealthy Maranos, who had
been persecuted in Italy and Portugal, sought refuge in
Constantinople, where they resumed their former religion.
.^ DiLrUbA 16-03-2007, 10:41 24 Eyll 1566 II. Selim tahta kt.- Tarihte Bug�n [Arşiv] - Her�eyde biraz 2de1 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC www.2de1.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
According to Stephan Gerlach
("Tagebuch," p.
.^ Sometimes there are so many people who get up to dance ciftetelli that they, women and men, dance all together by forming a chain with handkerchiefs folded between their fingers.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ Ekrem Bey, who grew up in his father Recai Efendi’s yalý at Vaniköy, was very pleased with his new yali but was unable to reside there for long.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ And there is no one who does not get excited and get up to dance.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
Influential Jews.
.^ Although this distinction between Alevilik and Bektaşilik is prominent in the historiography of the field, many Turkish scholars tend to conflate the two groups.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ Sultan Süleyman the Magnificient (1520-1566) took only his wife Hürrem Sultan and some women-in-waiting to this palace, the complete transferral of the harem from the Old Palace taking place during the reign of Murad III (1574-1595).- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
In addition to Joseph Nassi, Duke of Naxos, who
held a high office, a physician named Solomon ben Nathan Ashkenazi,
a native of Poland, held, about 1580, the office of ambassador at
Venice. A Jewess named Esther Kiera, widow of Elijah Chendali, was
powerful at court, being the favorite of the sultana Baffa, wife of
Murad III. No less prosperous was the material condition of the
community. The wholesale trade, customs dues, shipping, and coinage
were mainly in Jewish hands.
.^ During the seventeenth century, the grand viziers acquired an official residence in the compound that housed government ministries in Constantinople.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
Many easily
earned a livelihood by teaching languages and by acting as
interpreters, as is attested by Petrus della Valle, who himself
learned foreign languages from a Jew at Constantinople ("Viaggi de
Pietro della Valle," i. 71
et seq.).
Shabbethai Ẓebi.
.^ In the 19th century, however, the city's large foreign expatriate community took to calling the old city Stamboul.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
The ever-growing weakness of the
sultans and the increase of the religious fanaticism of the
Mussulmans made the Jews the prey of the soldiery, who often set
fire to the Jewish quarters in order to plunder during the
confusion. Another factor which contributed largely to the
intellectual and material ruin of the prosperous community was the
Shabbethai Ẓebi agitation. The scenes of disorder of which
Constantinople became the theater during the pseudo-Messiah's stay
in the city, alienated from the Jews the good will of the sultan,
who saw in the movement not a purely religious manifestation, but a
rebellion against his authority. Further, their affairs being
neglected during the years of this Messianic chimera, the Jews were
supplanted everywhere by the Greeks and Armenians; and they had
neither the courage nor the power to regain their former position.
.^ In the Eastern Roman Empire, fish was the dietary staple for all the people living along the Bosphorus.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ Before these were introduced the musician obtained the notes he desired by pressing on the strings with the nail of his left thumb, making it a far more difficult instrument to play.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
Misery and ignorance went hand in hand, and annihilated all
energy and enterprise in this once industrious and rich population.
.^ Most of the silverware on exhibit today consists of gifts presented to the sultans by members of the dynasty, statesmen, officers of the court and wealthy citizens on such occasions as religious feast days or accession ceremonies, and as gifts from foreign monarchs presented by ambassadors.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
An endeavor to raise the material and intellectual condition of
the community was undertaken with some success in the second half
of the nineteenth century, first by Albert Cohn, who in 1854
founded at Constantinople a school patterned after European
institutions, and then by the Alliance Israélite Universelle
through the numerous institutions which it established there for
the instruction of young people.
In 1853 two Jews of Constantinople, Behar Effendi Ashkenazi and
David Effendi Cremona, were appointed by 'Abd al-'Aziz members of
the council of state; and in 1876 both of them were nominated
senators by Sultan 'Abd al-Ḥamid.
Literary Productions.
.^ Recent research has shown that the name 'Istanbul' was used if not during the Byzantine period, at least during the 11th century and that the Turks knew the city by this name.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
The Karaites, however, displayed
some scientific activity, and counted among their number prominent
men like Judah ben Elijah Ḥadassi (1150), author of "Eshkol
ha-Kofer"; Aaron ben Joseph ha-Rofe (1290), author of the "Kelil
Yofi" and "Sefer ha-Mibḥar"; Aaron ben Elijah of Nicomedia, author
of "Eẓ Ḥayyim" (1346).
.^ The tomb room, which is under the sarcophagus stone in the crown hall on the first floor of the mausoleum, is done in a mixed style based on Seljuk Turkish and Ottoman Turkish architecture.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
Mohammed the
Conqueror followed the custom established by his predecessors in
nominating a ḥakam bashi, or grand rabbi, chosen from the Rabbinite
Jews. Sambari (Neubauer, "Medieval Jewish Chronicles," i. 153)
gives the names of the rabbis of Constantinople who officiated from
1453 to 1672 as follows:
Rabbis.
.^ Tam o kendi işlerine koyulmuşken ben de 22:00’den sonra yazmaya başlıyorum" diyor.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
.^ Many of these works of art bear the monograms of sultans such as Ahmed III, Mahmud II, Abdülmecid and Abdülaziz.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ These wars were the predecessor for the many future conflicts over the next century between the two Empires.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
The
characteristic feature of that period was the scientific
intercourse between the Karaites and the Rabbinites.
.^ Some sources attribute the invention of the kanun to the renowned Islamic scholar Farabi, who lived in Turkistan in the 10th century.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
A
series of brilliant writers and scientists, such as the Bashyaẓis,
Caleb Afendopolo, Abraham Bali, Moses Bagi, and Joseph Rabizi,
arose within it and became illustrious in various branches of
knowledge.
Printing-Offices.
The impetus to learning was much furthered by the establishment
in Constantinople of Hebrew printing-offices, the first of which
was opened in 1503 by David Naḥmias and his son. In 1530 the
renowned printer Gerson Soncino established another; and a third
was opened in 1560 by the Ya'abeẓ family. Authors who could not
afford to publish their works found at Constantinople Mæcenates who
were willing to defray the necessary expenses. Thus Esther Kiera
paid the cost of publication of the "Sefer ha-Yuḥasin" of Zacuto in
1566; Nathan Ashkenazi, the son of the ambassador, published at his
own expense the responsa of Moses Alshech. In 1579 the duchess
Regina Nassi established a printing-office in her palace at
Belvedere, where authors without means were sure of assistance. See
Constantinople (Typography).
The retrogression in the political and economic conditions of
the community extended to the literary movement.
.^ Recent research has shown that the name 'Istanbul' was used if not during the Byzantine period, at least during the 11th century and that the Turks knew the city by this name.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ During the seventeenth century, the grand viziers acquired an official residence in the compound that housed government ministries in Constantinople.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ Efforts by the Porte to reform the administration of the empire were continual during the nineteenth century; similar efforts by local authorities on Cyprus failed, as did those of the Porte.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
The rabbis of
this period were:
Abraham Rozanes (c. 1727); Samuel Moohas (1790);
Abraham Levy (1835-36); Samuel Ḥayyim (1836-39); Moses Fresco,
called "Rab ha-Zaḳen" (1839-41); Jacob Behar David (1841-54);
Ḥayyim Cohen, called "Rab Cahana" (1854-60); Jacob Abigdor
(1860-63); Yaḳir Geron, called "Rab Preciado" (1863-72); Moses
Halevy (1872).
The leading rabbinical writers of this period were:
Abraham Soncino (1703); Eliezer ben Sanche (1720); Elijah
Alfandari (1720); Tobias Cohen (1729); Jacob Kuli (1733); Elijah
Palombo (1804); Moses Fresco and Abraham Abigdor (1827); Raphael
Shacky (1839); Jacob Rofe (1849); Solomon Ḳimḥi (1862); Joseph
Alfandari (1868); Ḥayyim Menahem Frangi and Hezekiah Medini (still
living in 1902).
In 1853 Leo Ḥayyim de Castro founded the first Jewish periodical
in Judæo-Spanish, entitled "Or Yisrael; ô La Luz de Israel," which
was followed by "Jornal Israelit" (1860); "Sefat Emet, õ El Luzero"
(1867); "Sharkiye" (The Orient), in Turkish, with Hebrew characters
(1869); "El Tiempo" (1871); "El Sol" (1879); "El Radio de Luz"
(1885); "El Amigo de la Familla" (1886); and "El Telegrafo." Of
these papers two only are still in existence; viz., "El Telegrafo,"
a daily, and "El Tiempo," a biweekly.
There are about 55,000 Jews in a total population of 1,000,000,
distributed in the following quarters: Haskeui, 20,000; Balata,
15,000; Ortakeui, 7,000; Kuskunjuk and Daghamam, near Scutari,
6,000; Pera and Galata, 5,000; Stambul, around the Sublime Porte,
and Maḥmud Pasha, 1,000; various suburbs along the
Bosporus—Arnaut-Keui, Pasha Bagtche, and Buyukdere—300; Haidar
Pasha and Kadi Keui, 700. Ritually they are divided into three
classes; viz., Sephardim numbering 51,000; Ashkenazim, 3,000; and
Karaites, 500.
Population and
Constitution.
In conformity with the "Constitution of the Jewish Nation"
granted to them in 1865 by the Ottoman government, the Jews of
Constantinople are governed by a ḥakam bashi, or chief rabbi, and
two assemblies, the civic communal council, Mejlis Jasmani, and the
spiritual council, Mejlis Ruḥani, each council being elected for
three years by an assembly of notables. The former numbers among
its members the majority of the Jewish officials employed by the
government; while the latter is composed exclusively of rabbis well
versed in the Talmud. The Jewish settlement in each quarter has in
addition a spiritual leader, who is consulted on all sorts of
religious questions, and who presides at the administrative council
of every synagogue. In every quarter there is a Jew bearing the
title "Kehaya," whose duty it is to notify the city government of
Jewish births, deaths, and transfers of real estate.
Rabbinical Courts.
.^ In the first step, the forested areas that make up 65% of the region have been taken under state protection and all the buildings painted in pastel colors.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ The victory over the Turks, however, came too late to help Cyprus, and the island remained under Ottoman rule for the next three centuries.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
The rabbinical court ofBalata has at its disposal a prison called
"Ḥakan Khane."
The annual budget of the consistory amounts to 111,692 francs,
being revenue from the tax on meat, cheese, wine, brandy, and
unleavened bread, from a poll-tax paid by the rich notables, and
from taxes on marriage certificates, passports, and transfers of
real estate.
There are in Constantinople 40 synagogues and 4 batte midrashim.
None of the synagogues is very old, all having been burned down and
rebuilt. Those of Istipol and of Galata seem to be the oldest.
.^ When captured by Mehmet the Conqueror; the city became the capital of the Ottoman Empire, assuming its present name, Istanbul (1453 A.D.) .- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
Other synagogues, notably that of the Exile
("Gerush"), were built after 1492 by Spanish exiles and others.
.^ Setting this value higher
; only wastes RAM and screws up your broadcast when more people connect
; than you can support.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
In 1898 a Jewish seminary was
founded under the direction of Abraham Danon.
.^ From 1950 to 1953 he studied Decorative Arts in Istanbul at the Fine Arts Academy, while launching his musical career.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
The community possesses the following twelve benevolent
agencies:
Benevolent Institutions.
.^ SPECIAL BATH DAYS Although baths served society as a whole, men and women came to bathe at separate times.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
.^ The Karagöz shadow play spread from Istanbul to other regions of the empire, and was reintroduced into its original home of Egypt, where it won fresh popularity in its new Turkish guise and until recently was performed in Turkish under the name Aragöz.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ Keroessa's son, Byzas the Megarian, in time became the founder of Byzantium and named the Golden Horn (Chyrsokeras) after his mother.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ It was known as the Cisr-i Cedid or New Bridge to distinguish it from the earlier bridge further up the Golden Horn, which became known as the Cisr-i Atik or Old Bridge.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
There is also a
ḥebra ḳaddisha in each quarter.
Present Conditions.
The majority of the Jews of Constantinople are poor, and are
engaged in petty trade, in pedling, or as porters, fishermen, and
boatmen. A small industry peculiar to the Jews is the cutting of
cigarette-paper. Still, there are among them rich wholesale
merchants and bankers of the second or third rank. A dozen Jewish
banks are connected with the stock exchange of Galata. At Pera four
or five large Jewish houses manufacture novelties known as
"articles de Paris." The principal houses for ready-made clothing
are conducted exclusively by Jews from Vienna. A Jew from Salonica
named Modiano owns the glass-works at Pasha-Bagtche, the only one
of its kind, which furnishes glass to the whole of Turkey.
.^ The many silversmiths, goldsmiths and jewellers at the palace were members of the palace guild of craftsmen, the ehl-i hiref.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
Through the Alliance Israélite Universelle, Jewish
young men are taught various trades, as carpentery, turning,
goldsmithery, cabinet-making, type-setting, upholstery, etc. But
the Alliance prefers to have them employed as secretaries or
accountants in European companies: banks (Ottoman Bank, Crédit
Lyonnais), insurance societies, water-works, gas companies,
wharves, etc.
A number of Jews are employed in the government offices.
.^ Eventually, the Byzantines captured and tortured an important Turkish engineer, who revealed the location of all the Turkish mines, which were then destroyed.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ He was celebrated as the "Sun" of classical Turkish music, and affectionately called "Pasha" by all.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ Your books have been translated into thirty languages, and read all over the world.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
Elias Cohen (known as "Elias
Pasha") is physician to the sultan.
Jews are found in the civil list of the ministry of public
instruction and in consular offices.
.^ What I mean to say in the book is that in the past there was the large Ottoman Empire, and this city was a metropolis like New York, Paris or Berlin.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ As a city surrounded by sea Istanbul has many headlands, some remote and deserted with no buildings but a lighthouse, others lively and crowded.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ In an orgy of victory on the day that the city fell--September 9, 1570--20,000 Nicosians were put to death, and every church, public building, and palace was looted.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
See Byzantine Empire.
Bibliography: For the Byzantine period: Cousin, Histoire de
Constantinople, 1685; Dropeyron, L'Empereur
Heraclius, 1869; Le Beau, Histoire du Bas-Empire,
1819-20; Hertzberg, Gesch. der Byzantiner und des Asmanischen
Reiches, 1883. For the Turkish period: Hammer-Purgstall,
Gesch. der Asmanischen Reiche, 1827; Schudt, Jüdische
Merckwürdigkeiten, 1715, i. 203 et seq.; Baudin,
Les Juifs à Constantinople, 1878; Grätz. Gesch.
viii. 204, ix. 29, x. 190; Schacky, in Archives
Israélites, liv. 341 et seq.; Franco, Histoire
des Israélites en Turquie, 1897.
—Typography:
In the year 1503 David Naḥmias, a descendant of an old Spanish
family, established, in conjunction with his son Samuel, the first
printing-office in Constantinople. According to Steinschneider, the
first work published by the Naḥmias firm was the Ṭur, of which
edition only one copy, now in the Oppenheim collection (No. 521 F)
in the Bodleian Library, is extant. At the death of David Naḥmias
in 1511, the press fell under the direction of Samuel, in
conjunction with Astruc of Toulon and Judah ben Joseph Sasson.
Together with Samuel Rikonim, Astruc of Toulon established, in the
same year, an independent press, from which, however, the former
withdrew two years later. Astruc continued the office until
1513.
In 1518 another printing-office, in existence only five years,
was established by Solomon ben Mazzal-Ṭob. About the same time new
presses were established by Joseph ben Ajid al-Ḳabiẓi, Yom-Ṭob
Sichri ben Raphael, and Moses ben Samuel Facilino. In 1526 the
well-known printer Gerson Soncino entered the field.
.^ Many travellers who passed through the Seljuk lands beginning in the 12th century mention the extraordinarily beautiful carpets woven there.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ But there was a mournfulness about the city that later on became associated with the disintegration of our family.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ And there is no one who does not get excited and get up to dance.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
Printing was then carried
on at Belvedere, where the widow of Joseph, Duke of Naxos, had
established presses. In 1593 these presses were transferred to Kura
Chesme, a village near Constantinople.
.^ My book concerns the last two centuries, from the 1850s, when Flaubert and Gautier came, to the end of the of the 20th century.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
The
leading printers of the eighteenth century (some books appearing at
Ortakoï, a suburb) were Jona Ashkenazi (with Naphtali ben Azriel)
and his son Nissim Ashkenazi.
.^ Recent research has shown that the name 'Istanbul' was used if not during the Byzantine period, at least during the 11th century and that the Turks knew the city by this name.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ During the period of Ottoman domination, Cyprus had been a backwater of the empire, but in the nineteenth century it again drew the attention of West European powers.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ Travel accounts and documents attest to the beautiful and valuable carpets woven in Seljuk Anatolia, and the carpet was an important Anatolian export in the period of Principalities that followed.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
.^ We cannot close without quoting a few lines from this narrative, which goes on for several days: "There must have been storks at the fortress now.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
1503. Arba' Ṭurim.
1505. I. Abravanel's "Rosh Amanah."
1505. Torah, Megillot, and Hafṭarot.
1505. I. Abravanel's "Zebaḥ Pesaḥ." etc.
1505. I. Abravanel's commentary to Abot.
1506. David ibn Yaḥya's "Leshon Limmudim."
1509. Maimonides' "Mishneh Torah."
1509. Alfasi.
1510. (?) "Hanhagat ha-Deber."
1510. (?) Isaac of Corbeil's "'Ammude Golah."
1510. Yosippon.
1510. Naḥmanides' "Hassagot."
1510. Abraham Levi ha-Zaḳen's "Mashre Ḳiṭrin."
1510. Joshua Levi's "Halikot Olam" and Samuel ha-Nagid's
"Mebo."
1510. Siddur Romania. See "Zeit. für Hebr. Bibl.," iii. 72.
1511. Jonah Gherondi's "Sha'are ha-Tesbubah."
1511. Nathan b. Jehiel's "'Aruk ha-Ḳaẓer."
1511. Collection of Talmudic Haggadot.
1511. "Haggadot ha-Talmud."
1511. Jehiel b. Yekutiel's "Bet Middot."
1512. (?) Midrash Mishle.
1512. "Bereshit Rabbah."
1512. Midrash Tillim.
1513. Abudirham.
1513. D. Ḳimḥi's "Shorashim."
1514. Baḥya's "Shulḥan Arba'."
1514. Pirḳe R. Eliezer.
1514. I. Aboab's "Menorat ha-Ma'or."
1514. Naḥmanides' "Perush ha-Torah."
1514. Jacob b. Asher's "Perush ha-Torah."
1514. Abr. ibn Ezra's "Perush ha-Torah."
1514. Abraham Sabah's "Zeror ha-Mor."
1515. Jacob b. Asher's "Ḳiẓẓur Pisḳe ha-Rosh."
1515. "Petaḥ Debarai."
1515. Solomon ibn Gabirol's "Azharot."
1515. Baḥya's "Kad ha-Ḳemaḥ."
1515. Mekilta.
1515. Samson of Chinon's "Sefer Keritut."
1515. Makir's "Abḳat Rokel."
1516. Solomon b. Adret's "Teshubot."
1516. (?) Abr. Ḥayyun's "Amarot Ṭehorot."
1516. "Halakot Pesuḳot."
1516. Torah, without vowels.
1516. Seder 'Olam.
1516. Abraham Zacuto's "Sodot."
1516. Moses' Midrash, "Eldad ha-Dani," etc.
1516. Benveniste's "Meliẓat le-Maskil."
1516. Yeruḥam b. Meshullam's "Toledot Adam we-Ḥawwah."
1516. (?) "Sefer ha-Yashar."
1517. Maimonides' "Sefer ha-Miẓwot."
1517. (?) "Mishpeṭe ha-Ḥerem."
1517. "Dine de Garme."
1517. "Pirḳe Ḥallah."
1517. "Hilkot Ṭerefot."
1517. Elisha b. Abraham's "Magen Dawid."
1517. Midrash Shemu'el.
1517. Asher b. Jehiel's "Teshubot."
1517. Baḥya's "Perush ha-Torah."
1518. (?) Solomon Almoli's "Pitron Ḥalomot."
1518. Esther, with commentary of Isaac Arama.
1518. Isaac Caro's "Toledot Yiẓaḳ."
1518. Abr. b. Ḥisdai's "Ben ha-Melek."
1518. (?) Solomon Halevy's "'Abodat ha-Lewi."
1518. Naḥmanides' "Torat ha-Adam," "Sha'ar ha-Gemul."
1519. (?) "Otiyyot Shel R. Akiba."
1519. Ben Sira, Midrash Wayasha', etc.
1519. Abr. Yarḥi's "Sefer ha-Manhig."
1519. Solomon Almoli's "Halikot Sheba."
1519. Kol Bo.
1519. David b. Yaḥya's "Leshon Limmudim."
1520. Joshua ibn Shu'aib's "Derashot."
1520. Midrash Ḥamesh Megillot.
1520. Joseph Bekor Shor's "Perush ha-Torah" (?).
1520. (?) I. Campanton's "Darke ha-Talmud."
1520. (?) Moses ibn Ḥabib's "Marpe Lashon."
1520. Elijah Mizraẓi's Tosafot to "Semag."
1520 (1540?). Maimonides' "Teshubot Sha'alot Iggeret."
1521. Abr. Bibago's "Derek Emunah."
1522. Torah, with commentary, etc.
1522. Midrash Tanḥuma.
1525. I. Aboab's "Bi'ur Perush ha-Rambam."
1529. Abr. ibn Ezra's "Yesod Mora."
1530. Abr. ibn Ezra's "Safah Berurah."
1530. Sefer Tefillot.
1530. Elijah Bashyaẓi's "Aderet Eliyahu."
1530. Judah Bolat's "Kelal Ḳaẓer."
1530. Sol. Almoli's "Me'assef le-Kol ha-Maḥanot."
1532. Hai Gaon's "Musar Haskel" and Ezobi's "Ḳa'arat Kesef."
1532. Almoli's "Sha'ar Adonai he-Ḥadash."
1533. Jos. Ya'beẓ's "Ḥasde Adonai."
1534. El. Mizraḥi's "Sefer ha-Mispar."
1534. D. Ḳimḥi's "Miklol."
1535. Imm. b. Solomon's "Maḥberot."
1536. David Vidal's "Keter Kehunnah."
1536. Jehiel b. Ruben's "'Eser Yeri'ot."
1536. Judah Khalas's "Sefer ha-Musar."
1537. David Kohen's "Teshubot."
1538. I. Aboab's "Nehar Pishon."
1539. Abr. Shalom's "Neweh Shalom."
1539. Jacob B. Asher's Arba' Ṭurim.
1539. Jacob of Illesca's "Imre No'am."
1540. Al-Ḥarizi's "Taḥkemoni."
1543. Judah ben Isaac's "Milḥemet ha-Ḥokmah weha-'Osher."
1543. Judah ben Isaac's "Minḥat Yehudah Sone ha-Nashim."
1544. Gedaliah ben Yaḥya's "Shib'ah 'Enayim."
1546. Barfat's "Teshubot."
1546. "Torat Adonai" (polyglot).
1547. Moses of Coucy's "Miẓwot Gadol."
1548. Nissim Gerundi's "She'elot u-Teshubot."
1549. Solomon ben Melek's "Miklol Yofl."
1550. Baḥya's "Ḥobot ha-Lebabot."
1553. Isaac ben Reuben's "Sha'are Dura" or "Sefer
ha-She'arim."
1559. Elijah Mizraḥi's "She'elot u-Teshubot."
1560. Judah Zarḳo's "Leḥem Yehudah."
1560. (?) Judah Nathan Provençal's "Or 'Olam."
1561. Solomon Alḳabeẓ's "Shoresh Yishai" (on Ruth).
1562. Saadia's "Ha-Emunot weha-De'ot."
1565. Naashon of Babylon's "Re'umah."
1565. (?) Isaac Arama's "Yad Abshalom" (on Proverbs).
1566. Joseph ibn Leb's "She'elot u-Teshubot."
1566. M. Zacuto's "Sefer ha-Yuḥasin."
1567. Moses ben Ḥayyim's "Ner Miẓwah."
1567. Simeon ben Ẓemaḥ's "Yesha' Elohim."
1570. Joseph Ḥayyim's "Mille de-Abot."
1572. (?) Mattathiah Zacuto's "Zebaḥ Todah."
1573. Joseph Nasi's "Ben Porat Yosef."
1575. "She'elot u-Teshubot ha-Geonim."
1575. Moses Najara's "Leḳaḥ Ṭob."
1575. Samuel Aripol's "Leb Ḥakam."
1576. David Messer Leon's "Tehillah le-Dawid."
1576. Eliezer Ashkenazi's "Meḳor Baruk."
1577. Isaac Onḳeneira's "Ayummah ka-Nidgalot."
1578. Al-Ḥarizi's "Taḥkemoni."
1581. Judah Chelebi's "Sha'are Yehudah."
1581. Aaron ben Joseph's "Kelil Yofl."
1583. Isaac Ya'abeẓ's "Ḥasde Abot."
1585. (?) Isaac ibn Latif's "Perush 'al Ḳohelet."
1585. Aaron Abraham's "Iggeret ha-Ṭe'amim."
1586. Ḳohelet, with commentary by Samuel Aripol.
1593. Moses Alshech's "Torat Mosheh."
.^ During the seventeenth century, the grand viziers acquired an official residence in the compound that housed government ministries in Constantinople.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ Efforts by the Porte to reform the administration of the empire were continual during the nineteenth century; similar efforts by local authorities on Cyprus failed, as did those of the Porte.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ During the period of Ottoman domination, Cyprus had been a backwater of the empire, but in the nineteenth century it again drew the attention of West European powers.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
But a very large number of books in Judæo-Spanish, and not
a few journals, have been issued, a list of the latter being given
in the article Constantinople. Karaite books have been published in
the nineteenth century by Irab Oglu & Sons.
Bibliography: Cassel and Steinschneider, Jüdische
Typographie, in Ersch and Gruber, Encyc. section ii.,
part 28, pp. 37-40, 63.
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