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Cotopaxi
Cotopaxi seen from the high plain (3.700 + m.) of the Cotopaxi National Park
Elevation	5,897 m (19,347 ft)
Prominence	2,403 m (7,884 ft) [1]
Listing	Ultra
Location
Location	Ecuador
Range	Andes
Coordinates	0°40′50″S 78°26′16″W / 0.68056°S 78.43778°W / -0.68056; -78.43778
Geology
Type	Stratovolcano
Volcanic arc/belt	North Volcanic Zone
Last eruption	1940
Climbing
First ascent	1872-11-28 by Wilhelm Reiss and Ángel Escobar
Easiest route	North side: Glacier/Snow Climb (Grade F)

Volcano has an inner crater inside the outer crater. Colors show elevations. Courtesy of NASA^[2]

Cotopaxi is a stratovolcano in the Andes Mountains, located about 45 kilometres ( 28 mi ) south of Quito, Ecuador, South America.^[3] It is the second highest summit in the country, reaching a height of 5,897 m (19,347 ft)

Cotopaxi has an almost symmetrical cone that rises from a highland plain of about 3,800 metres (12,500 ft), with a width at its base of about 23 kilometres (14 mi).^[4] It has one of the few equatorial glaciers in the world, which starts at the height of 5,000 metres (16,400 ft). The mountain is clearly visible on the skyline from Quito.^[3] It is part of the chain of volcanoes around the Pacific plate known as the Pacific Ring of Fire.

The volcano is the subject of 1855 and 1862 paintings by Frederic Edwin Church.

History of volcano

Cotopaxi means "Smooth Neck of the Moon". The mountain was honored as a "Sacred Mountain" by local Andean Indians even prior to the beginning of Inca domination in the 15th century. It was worshiped as “rain sender”, that served as the guarantor of the land's fertility and at the same time it's summit was revered as a place where gods lived.

The first European, who tried to climb the mountain was Alexander von Humboldt in 1802, however he only reached a height of about 4500 m. In 1858 Moritz Wagner investigated the mountain, but he also could not reach summit. On November 27, 1872, geologist Wilhelm Rajss finally reached the summit of Cotopaxi.

In 1873 it was summited by Moritz Alfons Shtjubel (Moritz Alphons Stübel), then in 1880 by Edward Whymper. Painters Rudolf Reschreiter and Hans Meyer reached the summit in 1903 and many of Reschreiter's paintings feature a view of Cotopaxi.

Today, mountain guide companies offer regular guided climbs of the mountain. These involve driving to a height of 4300 m. At 4800 m is the Jose Ribas mountain hut, where climbers can spend the night and from which their summit bid begins.

Volcanic activity

Cotopaxi is one of the highest active volcanoes in the world. However, claims that Cotopaxi is the highest active volcano in the world are incorrect. Llullaillaco volcano is considerably higher and is definitely in an active phase, having erupted as recently as 1877.^[5] Ojos del Salado is higher still, and there are indications near its summit of recent activity, although its remoteness precludes a definitive statement as to whether it is currently active.

There have been more than 50 eruptions of Cotopaxi since 1738. Numerous valleys formed by lahars (mudflows) surround the volcano. This poses a high risk to the local population, their settlements and fields.

Cotopaxi's most violent eruptions in historical times occurred in the years 1744, 1768, and 1877. In the 1877 eruption pyroclastic flows descended all sides of the mountain, with lahars traveling more than 100 km into the Pacific Ocean and western Amazon basin draining the valley.^[6] There was a major eruption in 1903 through 1904, and some minor activity in 1942 as well as 1975 but it did not produce any major events. In the most recent case, fumarolic activities and sulfuric emissions increased and ice around the inside and on the southeastern side of the cone started to melt.

The main danger of a huge eruption of Cotopaxi would be the flow of ice from its glacier. If there were to be a very large explosion, it would destroy most of the settlements within the valley in the suburban area of Quito (pop. more than 1,000,000).^[7] Another city which would be in great danger is Latacunga which is located in the south valley. In 1744 and 1768 an eruption destroyed the colonial town of Latacunga.

Climbing

Climbing Cotopaxi is alpine F/PD grade, and relatively popular, with sometimes 100 climbers attempting it on weekends.^[8] It is normally done from the mountain hut at 4800m on north side, without any intermediate camps. A 4WD track goes up from the national park entrance to 4600m altitude, just below the hut. Adventure tourism operators in Quito offer mountain biking tours from that point downhill along the track.

In Art

A traditional Tigua painting with Cotopaxi centered in the background.

"Cotopaxi" by Frederic Edwin Church, 1862.

Cotopaxi is commonly depicted in the traditional paintings of the indigenous people of Tigua as the volcano holds significant cultural value.^[9]

Etymology

In Carib Cotopaxi means King Of Death. In Cayapa it means Burning Collar, and in Quechua it means Mass of Fire.

Panoramic view of crater	Shadow of summit, as approaching summit early morning in July 1999	Map showing the location of Cotopaxi and other volcanoes in Ecuador	Cotopaxi as seen from the Corazón
Cotopaxi as seen from Illiniza	The José Rivas mountain refuge sits at the foot of one of the few equatorial glaciers in the world

See also

• List of volcanoes in Ecuador
• List of volcanic eruptions by death toll

References

(translated from Spanish Wikipedia)

From Wikitravel

Parque Nacional Cotopaxi is in the central Andes of Ecuador, about 50 km southeast of central Quito.

Cotopaxi, the central feature of the national park, is nearly 5,900 m in height and is one of the highest active volcanoes on earth, although its present activity is limited to a few steam fumaroles. The landscape of the park is typical of recently active volcanic areas, and there are several peaks in the protected zone well over 4,000 m in altitude.

Flora and fauna

With most of the park well above 3,500 m in altitude, the vegetation is typical of the tropical high Andes with scrubby woodlands in protected valley areas and open grasslands covering the lower slopes of Cotopaxi and other peaks. The landscape of the Paramo is an important feature of the park, a natual water filtering system for the streams coming off Cotopaxi's glacial areas. That water is an important part of Quito's water supply.

A number of rare Andean species are protected in the park including infrequently seen condors, spectacled bear, and brocket deer along with more commonly viewed foxes, white tail deer and rabbits.

Climate

Although Cotopaxi is only about 100 km south of the equator, its climate is dictated by altitude and there is perpetual snow about 4,500 m. In the more popular areas of the park, the highest temperatures rarely exceed 20 degrees, and night temperatures fall below freezing. The rainy seas on is Summer, late December to March, although rain is possible at other times as well.

Get in

Cotopaxi is accessible by car from the Ecuadorian capital Quito, and other parts, too.

Fees/Permits

In 2008 entrance to the park is US$10. Additional fees are charged to ascend Cotopaxi, and guides are required.

Do

The beautiful landscape that the andean region has.

Eat

You can eat at the lodge on the hike up Cotopaxi.

Sleep

There is a hostel an hour's drive away called Secret Garden - Cotopaxi. Cost is $25/per person per night in a dorm. Includes three meals. Private room is $30/per person per night, based on two people. Private bath and toilet. Contact Secret Garden in Quito.

Lodging

Inside the park there are refugios for climbers, but most lodging is outside the park limits, and some visitors come on day trips out from Quito. All inclusive lodging is available at several quite luxurious haciendas near the park limits, for example Hacienda el Porvenir, while cheaper lodging is available in the small towns close to the park. There is a working hacienda on the east side of the park that offers campsites (firepit, running water, bathroom) as well as individual rooms. See www.haciendayanahurco.com. For climbers, the Tambopaxi Lodge offers a comfortable place to stay (about $19/night) and access to the refugio. Meals are expensive. See www.tambopaxi.com.

Camping

Parque Nacional Cotopaxi has several camping sites without facilities, and camping is also possible at the Area Nacional de Recreacion el Boliche on the western edge of the park.

From LoveToKnow 1911

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