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Nerve: Cranial nerves
Inferior view of the brain and brain stem showing cranial nerves. An unlabelled version is here
Latin nervus cranialis (plural: nervi craniales)

Cranial nerves are nerves that emerge directly from the brain stem, in contrast to spinal nerves which emerge from segments of the spinal cord.

Contents

Origin and function

Cranial nerves in non-human vertebrates

Human cranial nerves are nerves evolutionarily homologous to those found in many other vertebrates. Cranial nerves XI and XII evolved in the common ancestor to amniotes (non-amphibian tetrapods) thus totaling twelve pairs. These characters are synapomorphies for their respective clades. In some primitive cartilaginous fishes, such as the spiny dogfish or mud shark (Squalus acanthias), there is a terminal nerve numbered zero (as it exits the brain before the traditionally designated first cranial nerve).

List of cranial nerves

# Name Sensory,
Motor
or Both		 Origin Nuclei Function
I Olfactory nerve Purely Sensory Anterior olfactory nucleus Transmits the sense of smell; Located in olfactory foramina of ethmoid
II Optic nerve Purely Sensory Ganglion cells of retina[1] Transmits visual information to the brain; Located in optic canal
III Oculomotor nerve Mainly Motor Midbrain Oculomotor nucleus, Edinger-Westphal nucleus Innervates levator palpebrae superioris, superior rectus, medial rectus, inferior rectus, and inferior oblique, which collectively perform most eye movements; Located in superior orbital fissure
IV Trochlear nerve Mainly Motor Midbrain Trochlear nucleus Innervates the superior oblique muscle, which depresses, rotates laterally (around the optic axis), and intorts the eyeball; Located in superior orbital fissure
V Trigeminal nerve Both Sensory and Motor Pons Principal sensory trigeminal nucleus, Spinal trigeminal nucleus, Mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus, Trigeminal motor nucleus Receives sensation from the face and innervates the muscles of mastication; Located in superior orbital fissure (ophthalmic nerve - V1), foramen rotundum (maxillary nerve - V2), and foramen ovale (mandibular nerve - V3)
VI Abducens nerve Mainly Motor Posterior margin of Pons Abducens nucleus Innervates the lateral rectus, which abducts the eye; Located in superior orbital fissure
VII Facial nerve Both Sensory and Motor Pons (cerebellopontine angle) above olive Facial nucleus, Solitary nucleus, Superior salivary nucleus Provides motor innervation to the muscles of facial expression, posterior belly of the digastric muscle, and stapedius muscle, receives the special sense of taste from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue, and provides secretomotor innervation to the salivary glands (except parotid) and the lacrimal gland; Located and runs through internal acoustic canal to facial canal and exits at stylomastoid foramen
VIII Vestibulocochlear nerve (or auditory-vestibular nerve or statoacoustic nerve) Mostly sensory Lateral to CN VII (cerebellopontine angle) Vestibular nuclei, Cochlear nuclei Senses sound, rotation and gravity (essential for balance & movement). More specifically. the vestibular branch carries impulses for equilibrium and the cochlear branch carries impulses for hearing.; Located in internal acoustic canal
IX Glossopharyngeal nerve Both Sensory and Motor Medulla Nucleus ambiguus, Inferior salivary nucleus, Solitary nucleus Receives taste from the posterior 1/3 of the tongue, provides secretomotor innervation to the parotid gland, and provides motor innervation to the stylopharyngeus (essential for tactile, pain, and thermal sensation)[citation needed]. Some sensation is also relayed to the brain from the palatine tonsils. Sensation is relayed to opposite thalamus and some hypothalamic nuclei. Located in jugular foramen
X Vagus nerve Both Sensory and Motor Posterolateral sulcus of Medulla Nucleus ambiguus, Dorsal motor vagal nucleus, Solitary nucleus Supplies branchiomotor innervation to most laryngeal and all pharyngeal muscles (except the stylopharyngeus, which is innervated by the glossopharyngeal); provides parasympathetic fibers to nearly all thoracic and abdominal viscera down to the splenic flexure; and receives the special sense of taste from the epiglottis. A major function: controls muscles for voice and resonance and the soft palate. Symptoms of damage: dysphagia (swallowing problems), velopharyngeal insufficiency. Located in jugular foramen
XI Accessory nerve (or cranial accessory nerve or spinal accessory nerve) Mainly Motor Cranial and Spinal Roots Nucleus ambiguus, Spinal accessory nucleus Controls sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles, overlaps with functions of the vagus. Examples of symptoms of damage: inability to shrug, weak head movement; Located in jugular foramen
XII Hypoglossal nerve Mainly Motor Medulla Hypoglossal nucleus Provides motor innervation to the muscles of the tongue (except for the palatoglossus, which is innervated by the vagus) and other glossal muscles. Important for swallowing (bolus formation) and speech articulation. Located in hypoglossal canal

Mnemonic devices

Main article: List of mnemonics for the cranial nerves

As the list is important to keep in mind during the examination of the nervous system, there are many mnemonic devices in circulation to help remember the names and order of the cranial nerves. Because the mind recalls rhymes well, the best mnemonics often use rhyming schemes. Two of the best known examples are, "Oh, Oh, Oh To Take A Family Vacation! Go Vegas After Hours!", or "On Old Olympus' Towering Tops, A Finn And German Viewed Some Hops". Others are more explicit, for example: "Oh Oh Oh To Touch And Feel a Virgin Girl's Vagina And Hymen".[2] A very useful way of remembering which nerve is motor and which is sensory use, "Some Say Marry Money But My Brother Says Big Boobs Matter More". Although many exist from many sources, for example OLd OPie OCcasionally TRies TRIGonometry And Feels VEry GLOomy, VAGUe, And HYPOactive.[3] Like " On Occasion Of Parties The Attracting Faces Are Girls V Say Hello" This code was created by Sri ESRK Prasad ( in 1980's only ) , a zoology lecturer in AP , India. Another strong mnemonic that can be used to memorize the cranial nerves is

  1. OLd OPie Opened The TRunk And Found VEry Green Vestiges And Hemp

See also

Old Ollie O'Neal Tried To Adjust Frankie Vasquez's Girlfriend. Vasquez adjusted him. (CN's mnemonics for Chiropractors)

References

  1. ^ Henry Gray (1821–1865). Anatomy of the Human Body. 1918.
  2. ^ Herlevich NE (1990). "Reflecting on old Olympus' towering tops". Journal of ophthalmic nursing & technology 9 (6): 245–6. PMID 2254946. 
  3. ^ Saladin, Kenneth S. (2008). Human anatomy (Second Edition). McGraw-Hill Higher Education. ISBN 0071102094, 9780071102094. 
Nervous system (TA A14, GA 9)
Central nervous system
Peripheral nervous system
Sensory nerve • Motor nerve • Cranial nerves • Spinal nerves
central nervous system navs: anat/physio/dev, noncongen/congen/neoplasia, symptoms+signs/eponymous, proc
peripheral nervous system navs: anat/histo/physio/dev, noncongen PNS somatic/autonomic/congen/neoplasia, symptoms+signs/eponymous, proc
Nerves of head and neck: the cranial nerves and nuclei (TA A14.2.01, GA 9.855)
olfactory (AON->I)
optic (LGN->II)
oculomotor
(ON, EWN->III)
trochlear (TN->IV)
no significant branches
trigeminal
(PSN,TSN,MN,TMN->V)
abducens (AN->VI)
no significant branches
facial (FMN,SN,SSN->VII)
near origin
vestibulocochlear
(VN, CN->VIII)
glossopharyngeal
(NA, ISN, SN->IX)
ganglia (superior, inferior)
vagus
(NA, DNVN, SN->X)
ganglia (superior, inferior)
accessory (NA,SAN->XI)
hypoglossal (HN->XII)







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