| Cyril Louis Norton Newall | |
|---|---|
| 15 February 1886 – 30 November 1963 (aged 77) | |
 Air Chief Marshal Sir Cyril Newall |
|
| Place of birth | India |
| Allegiance |  United Kingdom |
| Service/branch |  Royal Air Force |
| Years of service | 1905-1940 |
| Rank | Marshal of the Royal Air Force |
| Battles/wars | World War I World War II |
| Awards | Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath Order of Merit Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George Commander of the Order of the British Empire Albert Medal |
| Other work | Governor-General of New Zealand |
Marshal of the Royal Air Force Cyril Louis Norton Newall, 1st Baron Newall GCB OM GCMG CBE AM (15 February 1886 - 30 November 1963), was a British soldier and airman, who headed the Royal Air Force as the Chief of the Air Staff during the early part of the Second World War before serving as the sixth Governor-General of New Zealand from 1941 to 1946.
Newall joined the Army in 1905, as a junior officer in the Royal Warwickshire Regiment and, after learning to fly, transferred to the Royal Flying Corps just before the outbreak of the First World War. He was appointed to command a squadron in 1915 and a wing in 1916, then served in staff positions in the RAF through the 1920s and 1930s, before being appointed Chief of the Air Staff (CAS) in 1937.
As CAS, he originally supported the conventional pre-war views that a strong strategic bomber force was esssential to the war against Germany, that only limited fighter defence against heavy bombers was possible, and that close air support of ground forces was a waste of the RAF's resources. He did, however, support the rapid expansion of the RAF's fighter forces, and during the Battle of France supported Fighter Command's requests to retain fighter squadrons in Britain for home defence rather than send them across the Channel. By the late summer of 1940, he had recognised that strategic bombing was, for the time being, ineffective, and was encouraging the use of bomber forces in a tactical role against German invasion preparations.
Widely criticised for his leadership and having lost the support of Winston Churchill, however, Newall was replaced as CAS in late October 1940, with Charles Portal taking his place. The following year he was appointed Governor-General of New Zealand, holding office until 1946. On his retirement he was raised to the peerage as Baron Newall, and on his death in 1963 was succeeded in the title by his son Francis.
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Newall was born at Mussoorie in India on 15 February 1886, the only son of a British army officer and his wife. After being educated at Bedford School, he attended the Royal Military College, Sandhurst.[1] His fellow students there included Lord Gort, who would later serve as Chief of the Imperial General Staff opposite Newall as Chief of the Air Staff. After leaving Sandhurst, he was commissioned into the Royal Warwickshire Regiment on 16 August 1905.[2] He was promoted to Lieutenant on 18 November 1908,[3] and transferred to the 2nd King Edward VII's Own Gurkha Rifles in September 1909.[4] He then served on the North-West Frontier, where he first encountered his future colleage Hugh Dowding; at an exercise in 1909, Dowding's artillery section ambushed Newall's Gurkhas whilst they were still breakfasting.[5]
Newall began to turn towards a career in aviation in 1911, when he learned to fly whilst on leave in England.[6] This made him one of the first qualified pilots in England, holding the 114th certificate issued by the Royal Aero Club. He trained at the Central Flying School in 1913, then instructed there, and had been preparing to set up a training establishment in India when the First World War broke out.[7]
"On the 3rd January, 1916, at about 3 p.m., a fire broke out inside a large bomb store belonging to the Royal Flying Corps, which contained nearly 2,000 high explosive bombs, some of which had very large charges, and a number of incendiary bombs which were burning freely. Major Newall at once took all necessary precautions, and then, assisted by Air Mechanic Simms, poured water into the shed through a hole made by the flames. He sent for the key of the store, and with Corporal Hearne, Harwood and Simms entered the building and succeeded in putting out the flames. The wooden cases containing the bombs were burnt, and some of them were charred to a cinder."
On the outbreak of war, Newall was in England. On 12 September, he was given the temporary rank of Captain, and attatched to the Royal Flying Corps as a flight commander, to serve with No. 1 Squadron.[9] On 24 March 1915 he was promoted to Major and appointed to command No. 12 Squadron, which served in France from September onwards.[10]
On taking command of the squadron, he chose to stop flying personally in order to concentrate on managing the squadron, a decision which was regarded dismissively by his men. Relations were strained until January 1916, when he demonstrated a remarkable degree of physical courage by walking into a burning bomb store to try and control the fire. He was awarded the Albert Medal for this act, on the personal recommendation of General Hugh Trenchard, and the following month was promoted to lieutenant-colonel and given command of a training wing in England.[11]
In December 1916 he took command of No. 9 Wing in France, a long-range bomber and reconnaisance formation, and in October 1917 took command of the newly formed No. 41 Wing. This was redesignated 8th Brigade in December, with Newall promoted accordingly to Brigadier-General. During 1918, it joined the Independent Bombing Force, which was the main strategic bombing arm of the newly formed Royal Air Force.[12]
After the war, Newall joined the RAF permanently as a group captain, and returned to administrative duties. Between 1919 and 1925 he held the posts of deputy director of personnel, and the commandant of the apprentices' technical training school. He married May Weddell in 1922; she died in September 1924, and he remarried the following year to Olive Foster, an American woman. He had three children with Foster, a son and two daughters.[13]
He was promoted to Air Commodore on 1 January 1925,[14] and that year took command of the newly-formed Auxiliary Air Force. In December, he was appointed to a League of Nations disarmament committee.[15] On 12 April 1926, he was appointed Director of Operations and Intelligence, and Deputy Chief of the Air Staff.[16] He stood down at the start of February 1931.[17]
Following his service on the Air Staff, he was given his first operational command posting in fifteen years, as Air Officer Commanding in the Middle East. He then returned to the Air Ministry at the start of 1935, where he was responsible for overseeing the supply and organisation of the RAF during the beginnings of the pre-war expansion and rearmament.[18]
Philosophically, Newall remained a close follower of Trenchard during the interwar period; his time in the Independent Bombing Force had left him convinced that strategic bombing was an exceptionally powerful weapon, and one that could not effectively be defended against. In this, he was a supporter of the standard doctrine of the day, which suggested that the destructive power of a bomber force was sufficiently great that it could cripple an industrial economy in short order, and that so merely its presence could potentially serve as an effective deterrent.[19]
In late 1937, Newall was appointed as Chief of the Air Staff (CAS), the military head of the RAF, in succession to Sir Edward Ellington. The promotion was unexpected; of the prospective candidates mooted for the job, Newall has been widely seen by historians as the least gifted.[20] The most prominent candidate was Hugh Dowding, the head of Fighter Command and senior in rank to Newall by three months, who had been informally told by Ellington in 1936 that he was expected to be appointed as the new CAS. The decision was taken by the Air Minister, Viscount Swinton, without consulting Ellington;[21] it has been suggested he was heavily influenced by the views of the still-influential Trenchard, who had a long-standing personal dislike of Dowding, and who objected to his opposition to the strategic bombing doctrine in favour of fighter defence.[22]
During 1936 and 1937, the Air Staff had been fighting with the Cabinet over the rearmament plans; the Staff wanted a substantial bomber force and only minor increases in fighters, whilst the Minister for Defence Co-ordination, Sir Thomas Inskip, successfully pushed for a greater role for the fighter force.[23] Newall was promoted during the middle of this debate, and proved perhaps more flexible than might have been expected. In 1938, he supported sharp increases in aircraft production, including double-shift working and duplication of factories, and pushed for the creation of a dedicated organisation to repair and refit damaged aircraft. He supported expenditure on the new, heavily-armed, Hurricane and Spitfire fighters, essential to re-equip Fighter Command.[24]
He even began to distance himself from the more absolute forms of the bomber philosophy, noting to the Minister for Air that "no one can say with absolute certainty that a nation can be knocked out from the air, because no-one has yet attempted it".[25] Discussing plans for reacting to a war with Italy, in early 1939, he opposed a French proposal to force them to surrender by the use of heavy bombing raids against the north, arguing that it would be unlikely to force the country out of the war without the need for ground combat.[26]
Newall was still CAS at the outbreak of the Second World War on 1 September 1939. His main contribution to the war effort was his sometimes-successful resistance to the transfer of fighter squadrons to aid the collapsing French. While he was able to prevent ten squadrons being redeployed to France during June 1940, thus preserving a large portion of the fighter forces that would become crucial during the Battle of Britain, his opposition was seen as intransigence by his superiors. He was promoted to Marshal of the Royal Air Force on 4 October 1940, ironically not three weeks before he stepped down on 24 October; he was, however, able to effectively nominate his successor, choosing Air Chief Marshal Sir Charles Portal.
In 1940 he was appointed Governor-General of New Zealand. He helped to shepherd the New Zealand contribution to the war until 1946.
That same year he was raised to the peerage as Baron Newall, of Clifton upon Dunsmoor, in the county of Warwick. Lord Newall received numerous other honours between then and his death in 1963, at which time his son Francis inherited his title.
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| Military offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by John Steel |
Deputy Chief of the Air Staff and Director of Operations and Intelligence 12 April 1926 – 6 February 1931 |
Succeeded by Charles Burnett |
| Preceded by Francis Scarlett |
Air Officer Commanding RAF Middle East 1931 – 1934 |
Succeeded by Cuthbert MacLean |
| Preceded by Hugh Dowding As Air Member for Supply and Research |
Air Member for Supply and Organisation 1935 – 1937 |
Succeeded by William Welsh |
| Preceded by Sir Edward Ellington |
Chief of the Air Staff 1937–1940 |
Succeeded by Charles Portal |
| Political offices | ||
| Preceded by Viscount Galway |
Governor-General of New Zealand 1941–1946 |
Succeeded by Bernard Freyberg |
| Peerage of the United Kingdom | ||
| Preceded by New Creation |
Baron Newall 1946–1963 |
Succeeded by Francis Newall |
| Aerial defence of the United Kingdom during the Second World War |
|---|
| Overview documents |
| Royal Air Force | Royal Canadian Air Force | Strategic bombing | Night fighter |
| Prominent people |
| Hugh Dowding | Charles Portal | Cyril Newall | Trafford Leigh-Mallory | Keith Park | R V Jones | Sholto Douglas | Robert Watson-Watt |
| Organisation and units |
| No. 10 Group RAF | No. 11 Group RAF | No. 12 Group RAF | No. 13 Group RAF Anti-Aircraft Command | RAF Balloon Command | RAF Coastal Command | RAF Fighter Command | RAF Bomber Command |
| Campaigns and operations |
| Battle of Britain | The Blitz | Baedeker raids | Operation Crossbow |
| Aircraft, technology and tactics |
| Beaufighter | Defiant | Hurricane | Meteor | Mosquito | Spitfire | Tempest | Typhoon |
| Barrage balloon | Battle of the Beams | Big Wing | Chain Home | Radar | German V weapons |
| Other |
| RAF strategic bombing offensive | United States Army Air Forces |
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   | Air of Authority - A History of RAF Organisation - MRAF Newall - C L N Newall_P |
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