From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Danishmend dynasty was a Turcoman dynasty that ruled in
north-central and eastern Anatolia in the 11th and 12th centuries. The
centered originally around Sivas, Tokat,
and Niksar in
central-northeastern Anatolia, they extended as far west as Ankara and Kastamonu for a time, and as far south as Malatya, which they captured in
1103. In early 12th century, Danishmends were rivals of the Seljuk
Sultanate of Rûm, which controlled much of the territory
surrounding the Danishmend lands, and they fought extensively with
the Crusaders.
The
founder
Courtyard for
ablutions in the Great Mosque of Kayseri
built by Melik Mehmed Gazi (1134-1143)
The dynasty was established by Danishmend Gazi for whom historical
information is rather scarce and was generally written long after
his death.
His title or name, Dānishmand or more accurately
Dāneshmand, means "learned man" in Persian:
دانشمند . As
of 1134, Danishmend dynasty leaders also held the title Melik (the King)
bestowed in recognition of their military successes by the Abbasid
caliph Al-Mustarshid,
although the Beys (Emirs) of Danishmend prior to
1134 may also be retrospectively referred to as Melik.
Danishmend Gazi himself was alternatively called "Danishmend
Taylu".[1]
The
dynasty
Danishmends established themselves in Anatolia in the aftermath
of the Battle of Manzikert in 1071, in
which the Seljuks defeated the Byzantine Empire and captured most of
Anatolia. Gazi took advantage of the dynastic struggles of the
Seljuks upon the death of the Sultan Suleyman I
of Rûm in 1086 to establish his own dynasty in central
Anatolia. The capital was likely first established in Amasia.[2]
In 1100, Gazi's son, Emir Gazi Gümüshtigin. captured Bohemond I of Antioch, who
remained in their captivity until 1103. A Seljuk-Danishmend
alliance was also responsible for defeating the Crusade of
1101.
In 1116, the Danishmends helped Mesud I become the Seljuk sultan.[3]
In 1130 Bohemond II of Antioch was
killed in a battle with Gazi Gümüshtigin, after coming to the
aid of the Armenian Kingdom of
Cilicia, which Gümüshtigin had invaded. Gümüshtigin died in
1134 and his son and successor Mehmed did not have the martial
spirit of his father and grandfather. He is nevertheless considered
the first builder of Kayseri as a Turkish city, despite his
relatively short period of reign.
When Mehmed died in 1142, the Danishmend lands were divided
between his two brothers, Melik Yaghibasan, who maintained the
title of "Melik" and ruled from Sivas, and Ayn el-Devle, who ruled from Malatya.
In 1155, Seljuk Sultan Kilij Arslan II attacked Melik
Yaghibasan, who sought help from Nur ad-Din, the Zengid emir of Mosul. However, when Nur ad-Din
died in 1174, the Sivas lands were incorporated into the Sultanate.
Four years later, the Malatya Danishmends were defeated and also
incorporated, marking the end of Danishmend rule.
Danishmends in folklore
Danishmend Gazi, the founder of the dynasty, is the central
figure of a posthumous romance epic, Danishmendnâme, in
which he is mis-identified with an 8th century Arab warrior, Sidi
Battal Gazi, and their exploits intertwined.
Virtually all Danishmend rulers entered the traditions of the Turkish folk literature, where
they are all referred to as "Melik Gazi".[4] Hence,
there are "tombs of Melik Gazi", many of which are much visited
shrines and belong in fact to different Danishmend rulers, in the
cities of Niksar, Bünyan, Kırşehir, along the
River Zamantı near the castle of the same
name (Zamantı) and elsewhere in Anatolia, and Melikgazi is also the name
of one of the central districts of the city of Kayseri. The same uniformity in appellations in
popular parlance may also apply to other edifices built by
Danishmends.
Rulers
| Danishmends |
Reign |
Notes |
| Danishmend
Gazi |
1097 -d. 1104 |
Also called Danishmend Taylu |
| Gazi Gümüshtigin |
1104-d. 1134 |
|
| Melik Mehmed Gazi |
1134-d. 1142 |
|
| Sivas branch (Meliks - The Kings) |
1142-1175 |
Incorporated to Anatolian Seljuks |
| Melik Yaghibasan |
1142-1164 |
|
| Melik Mücahid Gazi |
1164-1166 |
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| Melik İbrahim |
1166-1166 |
|
| Melik İsmail |
1166-1166 |
|
| Melik Zünnun |
1172-1174 |
|
| Malatya branch (Emirs) |
1142-1178 |
Incorporated to Anatolian Seljuks |
| Ayn el-Devle |
1142-1152 |
|
| Zülkarneyn |
1152-1162 |
|
| Nasreddin Muhammed |
1162-1170 |
|
| Fahreddin |
1170-1172 |
|
| Afridun |
1172-1175 |
|
| Nasreddin Muhammed |
1175-1178 |
Second reign |
See also
References
External
links
| Landmarks of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum
and Turkish Beyliks |
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| Anatolian Turkish
Beyliks |
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Artuklu (1102 - ) |
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Ancestors: Eksük and his son Artuk, commander of Alparslan, from Döğer Oghuz Türkmen clan
Founder: Muinüddin Sökmen Bey •
Capitals: Three branches in Hasankeyf, Mardin and Harput
Important centers and extension: Diyarbekir • Hasankeyf • Silvan • Mardin • Midyat • Harput • Palu • Aleppo
(temporarily as of 1117)
Hasankeyf Dynasty or Sökmenli
Dynasty: Müinüddin Sökmen Bey (1102-1104) • Sökmenli
İbrahim Bey (1104 - 1131)
Mardin Dynasty or İlgazi Dynasty:
Necmeddin İlgazi (1106-1122) • Hüsameddin Timurtaş (1122 - 1154) •
Necmeddin Alp (1154 - 1176)
Harput Dynasty: Belek Bey (1112-1124) • Nureddin
Muhammed (? - ?) • Sökmen the Second (? - ?)
Important works: Artuklu Palace in Diyarbakır •
Widescale extension of Diyarbakır City Walls • Malabadi Bridge
• Hasankeyf Bridge • Sökmenli Nasirüddevle Bîmaristan-ı Farukî
Medical Center (Darüşşifa) in Silvan (1108) • Emineddin (brother of İlgazi)
Medical Center (Darüşşifa) in Mardin (built between (1122)
• Great Mosque of Silvan • Great Mosque of Mardin • Older Great
Mosque of Midyat (Cami-i Kebir) • Great Mosque of
Kızıltepe • Great Mosque of Harput • Artuklu Caravanserai in Mardin • İbrahim Shah
Caravanserai near Keban between Elazığ and Çemişgezek
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Saltuklu (1072-1202) |
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Founder: Saltuk Bey • Capital:
Erzurum
Important centers and extension: Erzurum • Tercan
Dynasty: Saltuk Bey (1072-1102) • Ali bin
Ebu'l-Kâsım (1102 - ~ 1124) • Ziyâüddin Gazi (~ 1124-1132) •
İzzeddin Saltuk (1132-1168) • Nâsırüddin Muhammed (1168-1191) • Mama
Hatun (1191-1200) • Melikshah bin Muhammed (1200-1202)
1202: Incorporation into the Seljuk
Sultanate of Rûm
Important works: Great Mosque of Erzurum • Emir
Saltuk Tomb in Erzurum •
Mama Hatun Caravanserai in Tercan • Mama Hatun Tomb in Tercan • Kale Mosque in Erzurum • Erzurum Medical Center
(Darüşşifa) (1147)
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Aydınoğlu (1307 -
1425) |
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Founder: Aydınoğlu Mehmed Bey •
Capitals: Birgi, later Ayasluğ
Important centers and extension: Tire • İzmir • Alaşehir • Aydın • Sakız/Chios (between 1336-1344)
Dynasty: Aydınoğlu Mehmed Bey (1307 - 1334) •
Aydınoğlu Umur Bey (1334-1348) • Aydınoğlu Hızır Bey (? - ?) •
Aydınoğlu İsa Bey ( - 1390)
1390: First period of incorporation (by marriage)
into the Ottoman
Empire under Bayezid
I the Thunderbolt • 1402 - 1414: Second period
of Beylik restituted by Tamerlane to Aydınoğlu Musa Bey (1402-1403)
• Aydınoğlu Umur Bey the Second (1403 - 1405) • İzmiroğlu Cüneyd
Bey (1405 - 1425 with intervals) • 1425:
Second and last incorporation (by conquest) into the Ottoman realm
under Murad II
Important works: İsabey Mosque in Selçuk (1375)
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Candaroğlu (~1300 - 1461) |
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Founder: Şemseddin Yaman Candar, commander of
the Seljuk
Sultanate of Rûm • Capital: Kastamonu
Important centers and extension: Sinop • Eflani • Çankırı • Kalecik • Tosya • Araç • Samsun
(temporarily)
Dynasty: Candaroğlu Süleyman Pasha (1309 - ~ 1340)
• Candaroğlu İbrahim Bey (1340-1345) • Candaroğlu Adil Bey
(1340-1361) • Celaleddin Bayezid (1361-1385) • Candaroğlu Süleyman
Pasha the Second (1384-1392)
1392: Incorporation (by conquest) of Kastamonu
branch into the Ottoman Empire under Bayezid I
Sinop Dynasty or İsfendiyaroğlu
Dynasty: İsfendiyar Bey (1385-1440) • Taceddin İbrahim Bey
(1440-1443) • Kemaleddin İsmail Bey (1443-1461)
1461: Incorporation (by surrender) of Sinop branch
into the Ottoman
Empire under Mehmed
II
Important works:
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Dulkadir (1348- ~ 1525) |
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Ancestor: Hasan Dulkadir •
Founder: Zeyneddin Karaca Bey •
Capital: Elbistan
Important centers and extension: Maraş • Malatya • Harput • Kayseri • Antep
Dynasty: Zeyneddin Karaca Bey (1348-1348) •
Dulkadiroğlu Halil Bey (1348-1386) • Sûli Bey (1386-1396) •
Nâsıreddin Mehmed Bey (1396-1443) • Dulkadiroğlu Süleyman Bey
(1443-1454) • Melik Arslan (?-?) • Shah Budak (?-1492) • Şahsuvar
(?-?) • Alaüddevle Bozkurt Bey (1492-1507) • Şahsuvaroğlu Ali Bey
(1507- ~ 1525)
1443-1525: Increasingly tributary and gradually
incorporated into the Ottoman Empire
Important works:
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Eretna (1328 - 1381) |
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Founder: Eretna Bey, brother-in-law of the Ilkhanid
governor for Anatolia, Demirtaş• Capital: Sivas, later Kayseri
Important centers and extension: Sivas • Kayseri • Niğde • Tokat
• Amasya • Erzincan • Şarkikarahisar • Niksar
Dynasty: Eretna Bey (1328-1352) • Gıyasüddin
Mehmed Bey (1352-1365) • Alâeddin Ali Bey (1365-1380) • Mehmed Bey
the Second (1380-1381)
1326: Beylik replaced by Mehmed Bey's chancellor
Kadı Burhaneddin
Important works:
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Eşrefoğlu (1288 -
1326) |
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Founder: Seyfeddin Süleyman Bey, regent to the
Seljuk
Sultanate of Rûm •• Capital: Beyşehir
Important centers and extension: Beyşehir •• Akşehir •• Bolvadin
Dynasty: Seyfeddin Süleyman Bey (1288 - 1302) ••
Eşrefoğlu Mehmed Bey (1302-1320) •• Eşrefoğlu Süleyman Bey the
Second (1320-1326)
1326: Beylik destroyed by Demirtaş, the Ilkhanid governor for Anatolia
Important works: Eşrefoğlu Mosque in Beyşehir
(1299)
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Germiyan (1300 - 1429) |
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Ancestor:: Kerimüddin Alişir •
Founder: Germiyanlı Yakub Bey the First •
Capital: Kütahya
Important centers and extension: Kula (District),
Manisa • Simav • Yenicekent • Yenicekent (Beylik of
Lâdik between 1300-1368)
Dynasty: Germiyanlı Yakub Bey the First (1300 -
1340) • Germiyanlı Mehmed Bey (1340-1361) • Germiyanlı Süleyman
Shah (1361 - 1387)
1390: First period of incorporation (by legation)
into the Ottoman
Empire under Murad I •
1402 - 1414: Second period of Beylik restituted by
Tamerlane to Germiyanoğlu Yakub Bey the
Second (1402-1429) • 1414: Recognition of Ottoman
sovereignty by Germiyanoğlu Yakub Bey the Second under Mehmed I •
1429: Second and last incorporation (by legation)
into the Ottoman realm under Murad II
Important works:
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Hamidoğlu (~ 1280 - 1374) |
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Ancestors:: Hamid and his son İlyas Bey,
frontier rulers under Seljuks Sultanate of Rûm •
Founder: Hamidoğlu Feleküddin Dündar Bey •
Capital: Isparta
Important centers and extension: Eğirdir • Uluborlu • Gölhisar • Korkuteli and Antalya transferred in 1301 to
Dündar Bey's brother Tekeoğlu Yunus Bey
Dynasty: Hamidoğlu Feleküddin Dündar Bey (~ 1280 -
1324) • Hamidoğlu Hızır Bey (1324-1330) • Hamidoğlu Necmeddin İshak
Bey (? - ?) • Hamidoğlu Muzafferüddin Mustafa Bey (? - ?)
• Hamidoğlu Hüsameddin İlyas Bey (? - ?) • Hamidoğlu
Kemaleddin Hüseyin Bey (? - 1391)
1374: Incorporation (by sale of territories) into
the Ottoman
Empire under Murad I and
also partially to Karamanoğlu dynasty.
Important works:
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Karamanoğlu (~ 1250 - 1487) |
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Ancestor:: Nure Sûfi from Avşar Oghuz clan • Founder:
Kerimüddin Karaman Bey • Capitals: successively Ereğli • Ermenek • Larende (Karaman) • Konya • Mut
Important centers and extension:
Dynasty: Kerimeddin Karaman Bey (1256-1261) • Karamanoğlu Mehmed Bey (1261-1283) • Güneri
Bey (1283-1300) • Bedreddin Mahmud Bey (1300-1308) • Yahşı Han Bey
(1308-1312) • Bedreddin İbrahim Bey (1312-1333) • Alâeddin Halil
Mirza Bey (1333-1348) • Bedreddin İbrahim Bey, 2nd reign
(1348-1349) • Fahreddin Ahmed Bey (1349-1350) • Şemdeddin Bey the
Second (1350-1351) • Burhaneddin Musa Bey (1351-1356) • Seyfeddin
Süleyman Bey (1356-1357) • Alâeddin Ali Bey (1357-1398) • Nasreddin
Mehmed Bey (1398-1399) • Bengi Alâeddin Ali Bey (1418-1424) • Damat
İbrahim Bey (1424-1464) • Sultanzade İshak Bey (1464) • Sultanzade
Pir Ahmed Bey (1464-1469) • Karamanoğlu Kasım Bey (1469-1483) •
Turgutoğlu Mahmud Bey (1483-1487)
1398-1402: First incorporation (by conquest) into
the Ottoman
Empire under Bayezid
I • 1402 - 1414: Second period of Beylik
restituted by Tamerlane • 1414-1487:
Gradual second incorporation into the Ottoman Empire under Mehmed I, Murad II and Mehmed II.
Important works:
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Karesi (1303 - 1360) |
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Ancestor:: Melik Danişmend Gazi •
Founder: Karesi Bey • Capital: Balıkesir
Important centers and extension: Aydıncık • Bergama • Edremit • Bigadiç • Ezine
Dynasty: Karesi Bey (1307 - 1328) • Demir Han
(1328-1345) • Yahşı Han (1328-1345) • Süleyman Bey
(1345-1360)
1374: Incorporation (by conquest) into the Ottoman Beylik under Orhan I and Murad I
Important works:
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Ladik
(İnançoğlu) (~ 1300 - 1368) |
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Ancestor:: Germiyanlı Ali Bey •
Founder: İnanç Bey • Capital: Denizli
Important centers and extension: Denizli
Dynasty: İnanç Bey (~ 1300 - ~ 1314) • Murad
Arslan (~ 1314 - ?) • İnançoğlu İshak Bey (? - ~ 1360) •
Süleyman Bey (1345-1368)
1368: Re-incorporation (by conquest) into the
Beylik of Germiyan
Important works:
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Menteşe (~1261 - 1424) |
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Founder: Menteşe Bey •
Capitals: Beçin castle and nearby Milas, later also Balat
Important centers and extension: present-day Muğla
Province • Muğla • Finike • Kaş • Çameli • Acıpayam • Tavas • Bozdoğan • Çine • temporarily Aydın and Güzelhisar, also Rhodes between 1300-1314
Dynasty: Menteşe Bey (~1261 - ~1282) • Menteşeoğlu
Mesud Bey (~1282 - ~1320) • Menteşeoğlu Şücaüddin Orhan Bey (~1320
- ~1340) • Menteşeoğlu İbrahim Bey (~1340 - ~1360)
1360: Division between the three sons of
Menteşeoğlu İbrahim Bey; Musa, Mehmed, Ahmed •
1390: First period of incorporation into the Ottoman Empire
(by submission) under Bayezid I the Thunderbolt • 1402 -
1414: Second period of Beylik restituted by Tamerlane to Menteşeoğlu İlyas Bey •
1414: Recognition of Ottoman sovereignty under Mehmed I •
1424: Second and last incorporation (by
submission) into the Ottoman realm under Murad II
Important works: Firuz Bey Mosque in Milas • İlyas Bey Mosque in Balat • Great
Mosque of Muğla (1344) • Vakıflar Hamam (Turkish bath) in
Muğla (1334)
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Ramazanoğlu (1352 - 1516) |
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Founder: Ramazan Bey from Yüreğir Oghuz clan •
Capitals: Adana
Important centers and extension: Adana • Tarsus
Dynasty: Ramazanoğlu İbrahim Bey (1344-?) •
Ramazanoğlu Ahmed Bey (? -1416) • Ramazanoğlu İbrahim Bey the
Second (1416-1417) • Ramazanoğlu Hamza Bey (1417-1427) •
Ramazanoğlu Mehmed Bey (1427-?) • Ramazanoğlu Eylük Bey (?
- ?) • Ramazanoğlu Dündar Bey (? - ?) • Ramazanoğlu Ömer
Bey (?-1490) • Gıyaseddin Halil Bey (1490-1511) • Ramazanoğlu
Mahmud Bey (1511-1516) • Ramazanoğlu Selim Bey (? - ?) •
Ramazanoğlu Kubad Bey (1517-?)
1516: Icorporation (by submission) into the Ottoman Empire
under Selim I • 1516
- 1608: Dynasty members as Beys of Ottoman sanjak of Adana until 1608.
Important works:
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Saruhan (1302 - 1410) |
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Founder: Saruhan Bey •
Capital: Manisa
Important centers and extension: Demirci • Nif (Kemalpaşa) • Akhisar • Gördes • Menemen
Dynasty: Dynasty: Saruhan Bey
(1302 - 1345) • Fahreddin İlyas Bey • Muzafferüddin İshak Bey ( -
1388) • Hızır Shah (1388 - 1390)
1390: First period of incorporation (by
submission) into the Ottoman Empire under Bayezid I the Thunderbolt •
1402 - 1410: Second period of Beylik restituted by
Tamerlane to Saruhanoğlu Orhan Bey
(1402-1403) • Hızır Shah (1403 - 1410) • 1410:
Second and last incorporation (by conquest) into the Ottoman realm
under Mehmed I
Important works:
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Teke (1301 - 1423) |
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Ancestors: Hamidoğlu dynasty • Founder:
Tekeoğlu Yunus Bey • Capitals: Antalya • Korkuteli
Important centers and extension: Antalya (lost to the Kingdom of
Cyprus between 1361-1373) • Teke Peninsula
Dynasty: Tekeoğlu Yunus Bey (1301 - ?) •
Tekeoğlu Mehmud Bey ( ? - 1327) • Tekeoğlu Hızır Bey ( ?
- ?) • Tekeoğlu Dadı Bey (? - ?) • Zincirkıran Mehmed Bey
(~ 1360 - ~ 1375) • Tekeoğlu Osman Bey (~ 1375 - 1390)
1390: First period of incorporation (by conquest)
into the Ottoman
Empire under Bayezid
I the Thunderbolt • 1402 - 1423: Second period
of Beylik restituted by Tamerlane to Tekeoğlu Osman Bey (1402-1423)
• 1423: Second and last incorporation (by
conquest) into the Ottoman realm under Murad II
Important works: Yivli Minare Mosque in Antalya (~ 1375)
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