From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Not to be confused with
Hyphen.
.^ In HTML it is possible to generate a hair space using the numeric character reference , but current-generation web browsers are not uniformly supportive of this character, and may render it incorrectly.- Dash encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 15 September 2009 6:21 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Browser / Encoding Render Check: The following table is used to see if the character code INDICATED IN THE FIRST COLUMN renders correctly in the second column.- HTML Character Codes 15 September 2009 6:21 UTC www.lyberty.com [Source type: Reference]
^ Brian de Ford says: October 5, 2003 at 6:05 pm I see from the attempts of others to use HTML mark-up, that it doesn’t work here.- Hyphen, N-dash, M-dash « Pain in the English 15 September 2009 6:21 UTC www.painintheenglish.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Hyphen, N-dash, M-dash « Pain in the English 19 January 2010 18:39 UTC painintheenglish.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
|
|
–
|
|
|
|
| apostrophe |
( ’ ' ) |
| brackets |
( [ ], ( ), { }, ⟨ ⟩ ) |
| colon |
( : ) |
| comma |
( , ) |
| dashes |
( ‒, –, —, ― ) |
| ellipses |
( …, ... ) |
| exclamation mark |
( ! ) |
| full stop/period |
( . ) |
| guillemets |
( « » ) |
| hyphen |
( -, ‐ ) |
| question mark |
( ? ) |
| quotation marks |
( ‘ ’, “ ” ) |
| semicolon |
( ; ) |
| slash/stroke |
( / ) |
| solidus |
( ⁄ ) |
| Word dividers |
| spaces |
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (␠) (␢) (␣) |
| interpunct |
( · ) |
| General typography |
| ampersand |
( & ) |
| at sign |
( @ ) |
| asterisk |
( * ) |
| backslash |
( \ ) |
| bullet |
( • ) |
| caret |
( ^ ) |
| copyright symbol |
( © ) |
| currency |
generic: |
( ¤ ) |
| specific: |
฿, ¢, $, €, ƒ, ₲, ₴, ₭, £, ₦, ¥, ₩, ₪,₮ |
| daggers |
( †, ‡ ) |
| degree |
( ° ) |
| ditto mark |
( 〃 ) |
| inverted exclamation mark |
( ¡ ) |
| inverted question mark |
( ¿ ) |
| number sign/pound/hash |
( # ) |
| numero sign |
( № ) |
| ordinal indicator |
(º, ª) |
| percent (etc.) |
( %, ‰, ‱ ) |
| pilcrow |
( ¶ ) |
| prime |
( ′ ) |
| registered trademark |
( ® ) |
| section sign |
( § ) |
| service mark |
( ℠ ) |
| sound recording copyright symbol |
( ℗ ) |
| tilde |
( ~ ) |
| trademark |
( ™ ) |
| underscore/understrike |
( _ ) |
| vertical/broken bar, pipe |
( |, ¦ ) |
| Uncommon typography |
| asterism |
( ⁂ ) |
| falsum |
( ⊥ ) |
| index/fist |
( ☞ ) |
| therefore sign |
( ∴ ) |
| because sign |
( ∵ ) |
| interrobang |
( ‽ ) |
| irony mark/percontation point |
( ؟ ) |
| lozenge |
( ◊ ) |
| reference mark |
( ※ ) |
| tie |
( ⁀ ) |
|
|
A
dash is a
punctuation mark. It is similar in appearance to a
hyphen, but longer and used differently. The most common versions of the dash are the en dash (–) and the em dash (—).
Common dashes
There are several forms of dash, of which the most common are:
Figure dash
The
figure dash (‒) is so named because it is the same width as a digit, at least in
typefaces with digits of equal width.
The figure dash is used when a dash must be used within numbers. This does not indicate a range (for which the en dash is used), or function as the
minus sign (which also has its own glyph).
.^ (If you can't figure that one out, The Dash has a tutor waiting to assist you.- Dash through the 2009 bowl season and find out which teams will win - ESPN 19 January 2010 18:39 UTC sports.espn.go.com [Source type: General]
^ Moderately useful Dash fact: Expect a close one.- Dash through the 2009 bowl season and find out which teams will win - ESPN 19 January 2010 18:39 UTC sports.espn.go.com [Source type: General]
^ Moderately useful Dash fact: The Falcons have returned three interceptions for touchdowns this season, and Houston has served up one pick-six.- Dash through the 2009 bowl season and find out which teams will win - ESPN 19 January 2010 18:39 UTC sports.espn.go.com [Source type: General]
In
Unicode, the figure dash is
U+2012 (decimal 8210).
.^ I try to research all quotes I use on my blog, but there are a couple that I cannot find the authors for.
In
TeX, the standard fonts have no figure dash; however, the digits normally all have the same width as the en dash, so an en dash can be substituted in TeX.
En dash
The
en dash, or
n dash,
n-rule, etc., (–) is usually half the width of an
em dash.
The en dash is used in ranges, such as 6–10 years, read as "six to ten years".
Ranges of values
.^ At the same time, HELL & DASH will be booking dates to contests, some parties and events...- HELL & DASH 19 January 2010 18:39 UTC helldash.com [Source type: General]
^ Moderately useful Dash fact: Expect a close one.- Dash through the 2009 bowl season and find out which teams will win - ESPN 19 January 2010 18:39 UTC sports.espn.go.com [Source type: General]
^ Completely useless Dash fact: Between 1946 to '65, Northern Illinois played in the Turkey Bowl, the Refrigerator Bowl and three times in the Mineral Water Bowl.- Dash through the 2009 bowl season and find out which teams will win - ESPN 19 January 2010 18:39 UTC sports.espn.go.com [Source type: General]
[4][5][6][7]
Some examples of this usage:
- June–July 1967
- 1:00–2:00 p.m.
- For ages 3–5
- pp. 38–55
- President Jimmy Carter (1977–1981)
.^ I found your poem "The Dash" so meaningful when I read it a number of years ago and keep it in a book for reading when I feel I need to be reminded of it's words.
^ Moderately useful Dash fact: Iowa State (23) might be the nation's ultimate rope-a-dope defense.- Dash through the 2009 bowl season and find out which teams will win - ESPN 19 January 2010 18:39 UTC sports.espn.go.com [Source type: General]
For example, "a voltage of 50 V to 100 V" rather than "a voltage of 50–100 V".
It is also considered inappropriate to use the en dash in place of the words
to or
and in phrases that follow the forms
from ... to ... and
between ... and ....
[5][6]Relationships and connections
.^ Moderately useful Dash fact: The Mountain West representative has won the past two New Mexico Bowls against the Western Athletic rep.- Dash through the 2009 bowl season and find out which teams will win - ESPN 19 January 2010 18:39 UTC sports.espn.go.com [Source type: General]
^ Moderately useful Dash fact: Texas has played two teams in the Sagarin top 30.- Dash through the 2009 bowl season and find out which teams will win - ESPN 19 January 2010 18:39 UTC sports.espn.go.com [Source type: General]
^ Completely useless Dash fact: Temple had a nine-game winning streak sandwiched between two early losses and one late.- Dash through the 2009 bowl season and find out which teams will win - ESPN 19 January 2010 18:39 UTC sports.espn.go.com [Source type: General]
[4][7]
Some examples of this usage:
- Notre Dame beat Miami 31–30.
- New York–London flight (though some sources say that New York to London flight is more appropriate because New York is a single name composed of two valid words; with a dash the phrase is ambiguous and could mean either Flight from New York to London or New flight from York to London[7])
- Mother–daughter relationship
- The Supreme Court voted 5–4 to uphold the decision.
- The McCain–Feingold bill
- A C–C single bond
.^ Moderately useful Dash fact: Mississippi quarterback Jevan Snead 's 17 interceptions tied for the most among the top 100 passers in the country.- Dash through the 2009 bowl season and find out which teams will win - ESPN 19 January 2010 18:39 UTC sports.espn.go.com [Source type: General]
^ I have however, considered changing my name to Ann Onemous or Arthur Unknown as those seem to be the two names most attributed for writing my poem.
^ And to see one of The Dash's favorite coaches in name and game, the underrated Jerry Kill of Northern Illinois.- Dash through the 2009 bowl season and find out which teams will win - ESPN 19 January 2010 18:39 UTC sports.espn.go.com [Source type: General]
.^ I have however, considered changing my name to Ann Onemous or Arthur Unknown as those seem to be the two names most attributed for writing my poem.
^ Now that I know you have a site, I refer people to it, but have printed it up for the loved ones left behind, now with your name on it.
)
.^ Two dates have already been proposed to HELL & DASH to introduce their CD. The band thinks that 2 months of rehearsals is far enough to produce a 30 minute set..- HELL & DASH 19 January 2010 18:39 UTC helldash.com [Source type: General]
^ Moderately useful Dash fact: The Mountain West representative has won the past two New Mexico Bowls against the Western Athletic rep.- Dash through the 2009 bowl season and find out which teams will win - ESPN 19 January 2010 18:39 UTC sports.espn.go.com [Source type: General]
^ Completely useless Dash fact: Temple had a nine-game winning streak sandwiched between two early losses and one late.- Dash through the 2009 bowl season and find out which teams will win - ESPN 19 January 2010 18:39 UTC sports.espn.go.com [Source type: General]
[8] That is, the
Chicago Manual of Style rules specify en dash in these:
- Notre Dame beat Miami 31–30.
- New York–London flight.
- The Supreme Court voted 5–4 to uphold the decision.
but hyphens in these:
Compound adjectives
The en dash can be used instead of a
hyphen in compound adjectives in which one part consists of two words or a hyphenated word:
[5][6]
- The non–San Francisco part of the world
- The post–MS-DOS era
- High-priority–high-pressure tasks (tasks that are both high-priority and high-pressure).
Usage guidelines
The en dash is used instead of a hyphen in compound adjectives for which neither part of the adjective modifies the other. That is, when each is modifying the noun. This is common in science, when names compose an adjective as in
Bose–Einstein condensate.
.^ The Trojans have been a monster bowl team under Pete Carroll (13) (6-2, with all the wins by a minimum of two touchdowns), but they're accustomed to BCS bowls.- Dash through the 2009 bowl season and find out which teams will win - ESPN 19 January 2010 18:39 UTC sports.espn.go.com [Source type: General]
The Chicago Manual of Style recognizes but does not mandate this usage and uses a hyphen in Bose-Einstein condensate.
[8]En dashes normally do not have spaces around them. An exception is made when avoiding spaces may cause confusion or look odd (e.g., 12 June – 3 July; contrast 12 June–3 July).
. However, when an actual en dash is unavailable, one may substitute a hyphen-minus with a single space on each side (" - ").
^ HELL & DASH LIVE AT ANCIENNE BELGIQUE - CONFIRMED 15 MAY 2009 Hey hey, it's been long but things have never looked so bright for the band!- HELL & DASH 19 January 2010 18:39 UTC helldash.com [Source type: General]
^ HELL & DASH LIVE AT ANCIENNE BELGIQUE - AB CLUB / 15 MAY 2009 ONLY 5 TICKETS LEFT! Hi there!- HELL & DASH 19 January 2010 18:39 UTC helldash.com [Source type: General]
Parenthetic and other uses at the sentence level
Like em dashes, en dashes can be used instead of colons, or pairs of commas that mark off a nested clause or phrase.
.^ In some, it took away a deep grief, because they were now reflecting on the dash and all that he had done, and then they looked at their dash...
^ HELL & DASH enter Blakk Boxx Records for final recordings So, before HELL & DASH release their CD, they'll have to got through the tricky task of re-recording some stuff.- HELL & DASH 19 January 2010 18:39 UTC helldash.com [Source type: General]
^ HELL & DASH working on acoustic set Dear fans, our guys are finally settling into their new places and fixing some things into their projects.- HELL & DASH 19 January 2010 18:39 UTC helldash.com [Source type: General]
See
En dash versus em dash, below. In these situations, en dashes must have a single space on each side.
Electronic usage
In Unicode, the en dash is U+2013 (decimal 8211). In HTML, one may use the numeric forms
– or
–; there is also an HTML entity
–. In
TeX, the en dash may normally (depending on the font) be input as a double hyphen-minus (
--). On a computer running the
Mac OS X operating system, most
keyboard layouts map an en dash to ⌥-hyphen. On
Microsoft Windows, an en dash may be entered as Alt+0150 (where the digits are typed on the numeric keypad while holding down the Alt key).
The en dash is sometimes used as a substitute for the
minus sign, when the minus sign character is not available, since the en dash is usually the same width as a plus sign.
.^ I used her name and birth and death years, with a "dash" of course, as an illustration for the audience.
^ I must admit I used your "Dash" poem several years ago when a client's close friend died.
The hyphen-minus is usually too narrow to make a typographically acceptable minus sign.
.^ I try to research all quotes I use on my blog, but there are a couple that I cannot find the authors for.
Em dash
The
em dash (—), or
m dash,
m-rule, etc., often demarcates a parenthetical thought or some similar interpolation, such as the following from
Nicholson Baker's
The Mezzanine:
.^ It hit hard to my best friend and I...
^ My friends will surely think I've went crazy, because I plan on a major over haul on myself.
^ It was placed on my heart to read this awsome poem to my family, friends, and to anyone that would listen.
It is also used to indicate that a sentence is unfinished because the speaker has been interrupted. For example, the em dash is used in the following way in
Joseph Heller's
Catch-22:
He was Cain, Ulysses, the Flying Dutchman; he was Lot in Sodom, Deirdre of the Sorrows, Sweeney in the nightingales among trees. He was the miracle ingredient Z-147. He was—
"Crazy!" Clevinger interrupted, shrieking. "That's what you are! Crazy!"
"—immense. I'm a real, slam-bang, honest-to-goodness, three-fisted humdinger. I'm a bona fide supraman."
Similarly, it can be used instead of an
ellipsis to indicate
aposiopesis, the
rhetorical device by which a sentence is stopped short not because of interruption but because the speaker is too emotional to continue, such as
Darth Vader's line "I sense something, a presence I have not felt since—" in
Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope.
The term
em dash derives from its defined width of one
em, which is the length, expressed in
points, by which font sizes are typically specified. Thus in 9-point type, an em is 9 points wide, while the em of 24-point type is 24 points wide, and so on. (By comparison, the
en dash, with its 1-
en width, is ½ em wide in most
fonts.
[9])
.^ Being The Dash poem author has changed my life in more ways than I can mention, though I'm sure many will be revealed as I continue to "blog."
Em dashes are sometimes used in lists or definitions, but that is a style guide issue; a colon is often recommended for use instead.
.^ I didn't know her but two of her sisters at the wake are good friends and it is they who introduced me to your poem "The Dash".
^ The words weren’t going to be many but enough to ask them to live like they’ve never lived before, to dance like they’ve never danced and love like they’ve never loved.
^ In some, it took away a deep grief, because they were now reflecting on the dash and all that he had done, and then they looked at their dash...
.^ Unfortunately, "The Dash" has been forwarded to me in numerous emails with the only tribute being to an anonymous author.
A section on the 2-em rule (——) also explains that the 2-em can be used to mark an abrupt break in direct or reported speech, but a space is used before the 2-em if a complete word is missing, while no space is used if part of a word exists before the sudden break. Two examples include:
I distinctly heard him say, 'Go away or I'll ——'.
and
It was alleged that D—— had been threatened with blackmail.
Monospaced fonts (such as Courier) that mimic the look of a typewriter have the same width for all characters. Some of these fonts have em and en dashes which more or less fill the monospaced width they have available. For example, "- – — −" will show as a hyphen, en dash, em dash, and minus in a monospace font. Typewriters often only have a single hyphen glyph, so it is common to use two monospace hyphens strung together--like this--to serve as an em dash.
When an actual em dash is unavailable—as in the ASCII character set—a double ("--") or triple hyphen-minus ("---") is used. In Unicode, the em dash is U+2014 (decimal 8212). In HTML, one may use the numeric forms
— or
—; there is also the HTML entity
—. In TeX, the em dash may normally be input as a triple hyphen-minus (
---). On any
Mac, most keyboard layouts map an em dash to Shift-Option-hyphen. On Microsoft Windows, an em dash may be entered as Alt+0151, where the digits are typed on the numeric keypad while holding the Alt key down. It can also be entered into Microsoft Office applications by using the Ctrl-Alt-hyphen combination.
En dash versus em dash
The en dash is wider than the
hyphen but not as wide as the em dash. An
em width is the point size of the currently used font, since the M character is not always the width of the point size.
[10].^ Sign Out (You can use HTML tags like and to style your text.
The Elements of Typographic Style recommends the more concise spaced en dash – like so – and argues that the length and visual magnitude of an em dash "belongs to the padded and corseted aesthetic of Victorian typography." The spaced en dash is also the house style for certain major publishers (
Penguin,
Cambridge University Press, and
Routledge among them).
.^ This morning, however, I discoverd not only your poem, but your Web site and blog with some great insight on what inspired you to write "The Dash."
The
Oxford Guide to Style (2002, section 5.10.10) acknowledges that this style is used by "other British publishers", but observes that Oxford University Press does not use it. In practice, there is little consensus, and it is a matter of personal or house taste.
The en dash (always with spaces, in running text) and the
spaced em dash both have a certain technical advantage over the
unspaced em dash. In most typesetting and most word processing, the spacing between words is expected to be variable, so there can be
full justification. Alone among punctuation that marks pauses or logical relations in text, the
unspaced em dash disables this for the words between which it falls. This can lead to uneven spacing in the text.
En dashes may be preferred to em dashes when text is set in narrow columns (as in newspapers and similar publications), due to the fact that the en dash is smaller. In such cases, use of the en dash is based purely on space considerations and is not necessarily related to other typographical concerns.
The spaced em dash risks introducing excessive separation of words; it is already long, and the spaces increase the separation. In full justification, the adjacent spaces may be stretched, and the separation of words further exaggerated.
Horizontal bar
The
horizontal bar or
quotation dash (―) is used to introduce quoted text.
.^ Today I used"the idea" in ministsry at the hospital ie "it matters how you spend your dash !!"
If the quotation dash is unavailable, then the em dash can be used instead. In Unicode, the quotation dash is U+2015 (decimal 8213). In HTML, it can be input only with the numeric form,
― or
―; there is no equivalent character entity.
.^ Would you mind if I used "The Dash" for a donate in memory page I created for my wife.
There is no support in the standard TeX fonts, but one can use
\hbox{---}\kern-.5em--- instead (or just use an em dash).
.^ I have watched The Dash a few times and it always brings tears to my eyes because it say so much about Joanne that it could almost have been written for her.
Swung dash
The
swung dash (⁓ or ~) resembles a lengthened
tilde, and is used to separate alternatives or approximates. In
dictionaries, it is frequently used to stand in for the defined term in example text.
.^ I must admit I used your "Dash" poem several years ago when a client's close friend died.
Example:
- henceforth (adverb), from this time forth; from now on; "⁓ she will be known as Mrs. Smith".
The swung dash in Unicode is U+2053 (decimal 8275). In HTML, it can be input only with the numeric form, ⁓ or ⁓; there is no equivalent HTML entity.
In
LaTeX2ε, one can use the math mode command
$\sim$, which yields the tilde operator, a similar character.
In
Japanese, similar characters—the
wave dash and the full-width tilde—are used instead for a variety of purposes, for example:
- It indicates an extension of a vowel;
- It is often used in place of an en dash (also in Korean).
In
Chinese, the wave dash and the em dash can be used interchangeably to express a range.
Other dash-like characters
.^ I must admit I used your "Dash" poem several years ago when a client's close friend died.
These include (though by no means are restricted to):
- The hyphen-minus (-), Unicode U+002D, is the standard ASCII hyphen. Sometimes this is used in groups to indicate different types of dash.
- The tilde (~), U+007E, is a diacritic mark.
- The underscore (_), U+005F, is either a diacritic mark, or a character replacing a standard space.
- The macron (¯), U+00AF, is another diacritic mark.
- The soft hyphen, U+00AD, is used to indicate where a line may break, as in a compound word or between syllables.
- The hyphen (‐), U+2010, is the character that can be used to unambiguously represent a hyphen.
- The hyphen bullet (⁃), U+2043, is a short horizontal line used as a list bullet.
- The minus sign (−), U+2212,
−, is an arithmetic operator used in mathematics to represent subtraction or negative numbers.
- The wave dash (〜), U+301C, and the wavy dash (〰), U+3030, are wavy lines found in some East Asian character sets. Typographically, they have the width of one CJK character cell (fullwidth form), and follow the direction of the text (horizontal for horizontal text, vertical for columnar). They are used as dashes, and occasionally as emphatic variants of the katakana vowel extender mark.
- The Armenian hyphen (֊), U+058A, is a hyphen from the Armenian alphabet.
- The Hebrew maqaf (־), U+05BE, is a hyphen-like character from the Hebrew alphabet.
- The Mongolian todo hyphen (᠆), U+1806, is a hyphen from the Mongolian alphabet.
- The Hangul Jungseong Eu (ㅡ U+3161 or ᅳ U+1173) is used in Korean to indicate the sound [ɨ].
- The Japanese chōonpu (ー), U+30FC, is used in Japanese to indicate a long vowel.
- The Chinese character for "one" (一), U+4E0, is used in various East Asian languages.
Rendering dashes on computers
Typewriters and computers have traditionally had only a limited
character set, often having no key with which to produce a dash. In consequence, it became common to substitute the nearest incorrect punctuation mark or symbol. Em dashes are often represented by a pair of spaces surrounding a single hyphen-minus (typical British usage) or by a pair of spaces surrounding
two hyphen-minuses (mostly in the United States).
.^ Being The Dash poem author has changed my life in more ways than I can mention, though I'm sure many will be revealed as I continue to "blog."
Some software, though, may operate in a more limited mode. Some text editors, for example, are restricted to working with a single 8-bit
character encoding, and when unencodable characters are entered (e.g., by pasting from the clipboard), they are often blindly converted to question marks.
.^ Would you mind if I used "The Dash" for a donate in memory page I created for my wife.
Any kind of dash can manifest directly in an
HTML document, but HTML also allows them to be entered as
character entity references. The entity names for the em dash and the en dash are mdash and ndash; therefore, they can be referenced in HTML as
— and
–. The equivalent
numeric character references are
— and
–. Nearly all
web browsers and
operating systems used today are capable of rendering the numeric form, and almost as many correctly display the named form.
- In Unicode, the figure dash, en dash, em dash, quotation dash, and swung dash correspond to hexadecimal character codes: U+2012, U+2013, U+2014, U+2015, and U+2053, respectively.
- In Linux, under recent versions of X11, there are various methods of producing these dashes. For em dashes, one may use the compose key followed by three presses of the hyphen character. For en dashes, one may press the compose key followed by two hyphens and a period. For all dashes, one may press and hold ctrl and shift and then press u (and release them all) after which an underlined u will appear: then type the Unicode number (i.e. such as 2015) for the appropriate dash and press enter or the space bar. .^ May you continue to be blessed with the talent that you have that others may experience through you wonderful and promising days - between THE DASH. REY .
[11]
- In Mac OS using the Australian, British, Canadian, German, Irish, Irish Extended, Russian, U.S., or U.S. Extended keyboard layout, an en dash can be obtained by typing option-hyphen, while an em dash can be typed with option-shift-hyphen.
- In TeX, an em dash is typed as three hyphens ("---"), an en dash as two hyphens ("--"), and a hyphen-minus as one hyphen ("-"). Mathematical minus is signified as "$-$".
- On Plan 9 systems, an en or em dash may be entered by pressing the Compose key (usually left Alt), followed by typing en or em respectively.
- In Microsoft Windows running on a computer whose keyboard has a numeric keypad, an en or em dash may be typed into most text areas by using their respective Alt code by holding down the Alt key and pressing either 0150 or 0151. The numbers must be typed on the numeric keypad with Num Lock enabled.
In addition, the Character Map utility included with Windows can be used to copy and paste en and em dash characters (as well as accented letters and other non-English language characters) into most applications. It is usually in the Programs → Accessories → System Tools folder (or the Accessories folder on Windows Vista). Character Map can also be opened by typing charmap in the run command box.
- In Microsoft Word running on a computer whose keyboard has a numeric keypad, an em dash can be typed with ctrl + alt + numeric hyphen (on the numeric keypad, usually in the top-right corner), and an en dash can be typed with ctrl + numeric hyphen. This will not work with the hyphen key on the main keyboard (usually between "0" and "="), which has completely different functions. Microsoft Word's default settings (both Windows and Macintosh versions), an em dash symbol (not always a true em dash from the font) is automatically produced by Autocorrect when two unspaced hyphens are entered between words ("word--word"). An en dash (again, not always a true en dash from the font) is automatically produced when one or two hyphens surrounded by spaces are entered: ("word - word") or ("word -- word"). This feature can be disabled by customizing Autocorrect. .^ May you continue to be blessed with the talent that you have that others may experience through you wonderful and promising days - between THE DASH. REY .
Unassigned symbols (such as the true minus sign) can be assigned keyboard shortcuts through Insert → Symbol… → (select desired symbol) → Shortcut key… . .^ Being The Dash poem author has changed my life in more ways than I can mention, though I'm sure many will be revealed as I continue to "blog."
Using the true dash is important if one ever needs to share documents with other users in other applications or operating systems.
In professionally printed documents, a typographer sometimes adds
hair space, or, rarely, a full inter-word space, on either side of an em dash. In HTML it is possible to generate a hair space using the numeric character reference
  or the named entity
 , but current-generation web browsers are not uniformly supportive of this character, and may render it incorrectly.
References
- ^ Characters in Unicode are referenced in prose via the "U+" notation. The hexadecimal number after the "U+" is the character's Unicode code point. The decimal equivalent is shown in parentheses.
- ^ Specifically, the predefined character entity reference that can be used in an HTML document in place of a literal dash.
- ^ Specifically, the numeric character reference that can be used in an HTML or XML document in place of a literal dash.
- ^ a b Griffith, Benjamin W., et al. (2004). Pocket Guide to Correct Grammar. Barron's Pocket Guides. Woodbury, N.Y.: Barron's Educational Series. ISBN 0-7641-2690-3.
- ^ a b c d Judd, Karen (2001). Copyediting: A Practical Guide. Menlo Park, Calif: Crisp Publications. ISBN 1-56052-608-4.
- ^ a b c Loberger, Gordon; Kate Shoup Welsh (2001). Webster's new world English grammar handbook. New York: Hungry Minds. ISBN 0-7645-6488-9.
- ^ a b c Ives, George B. (1921). Text, Type and Style: A Compendium of Atlantic Usage. Boston: Atlantic Monthly Press.
- ^ a b The Chicago Manual of Style (15th Edition ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 2003. pp. 261–265. ISBN 0-226-10403-6.
- ^ Ritter, R.M. (2002). The Oxford Guide to Style. Oxford University Press. p. 140. ISBN 0198691750. "The en rule is, as its name indicates, an en in length, which makes it longer than a hyphen and half the length of an em rule."
- ^ "A glossary of typographic terms". Adobe. http://www.adobe.com/uk/type/topics/glossary.html#ememspaceemquad. Retrieved 2007-10-18.
- ^ http://process-of-elimination.net/wiki/Means_of_Composing_Accented_Characters_in_X_Window_System
External links
.^ In HTML it is possible to generate a hair space using the numeric character reference , but current-generation web browsers are not uniformly supportive of this character, and may render it incorrectly.- Dash encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 15 September 2009 6:21 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Browser / Encoding Render Check: The following table is used to see if the character code INDICATED IN THE FIRST COLUMN renders correctly in the second column.- HTML Character Codes 15 September 2009 6:21 UTC www.lyberty.com [Source type: Reference]
^ Brian de Ford says: October 5, 2003 at 6:05 pm I see from the attempts of others to use HTML mark-up, that it doesn’t work here.- Hyphen, N-dash, M-dash « Pain in the English 15 September 2009 6:21 UTC www.painintheenglish.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Hyphen, N-dash, M-dash « Pain in the English 19 January 2010 18:39 UTC painintheenglish.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
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