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Since its founding in 1949, the People's Republic of China (PRC) has had a diplomatic tug-of-war with its rival in Taiwan, the Republic of China (ROC). Throughout the Cold War, both governments claimed to be the sole legitimate government of all China and allowed countries to recognize either one or the other. Until the 1970s, most countries recognized the Republic of China on Taiwan while the communist bloc recognized the People's Republic of China. This gradually shifted and today only 23 states recognize the ROC while the PRC is recognized by the United Nations and the majority (171) of sovereign states around the world and Palestine. The PRC maintains the requirement of recognizing its view of the One-China policy to establish or maintain diplomatic relations.
Countries of the world indicating decade diplomatic relations commenced with the People's Republic of China: 1949/1950s (dark red), 1960s (red), 1970s (orange), 1980s (beige) and 1990s/2000s (yellow). Countries not recognised by or not recognising the PRC are in grey. The PRC itself is in black.
Recognition of the PRC prior to its admission to the UN
1940s
The People's Republic of China was established on October 1, 1949. As the Chinese Civil War was still underway (Chiang Kai-shek did not move the ROC government to Taiwan until December 1949), all the countries that recognized the new PRC government were Communist states.
| Country |
Date |
| Soviet Union [1] |
October 3, 1949 |
| Bulgaria |
October 4, 1949 |
| Romania |
October 5, 1949 |
| Hungary |
October 6, 1949 |
Democratic People's Republic of Korea
(North Korea) |
October 6, 1949 |
| Czechoslovakia [2] |
October 6, 1949 |
| Slovakia [3] |
October 6, 1949 |
| Poland |
October 7, 1949 |
| Mongolia |
October 16, 1949 |
German Democratic Republic [4]
(East Germany) |
October 27, 1949 |
| Albania |
November 23, 1949 |
1950s
| Country |
Date |
| United Kingdom [5] |
January 6, 1950[6] |
| Vietnam (North Vietnam) |
January 18, 1950 |
| India |
April 1, 1950 |
| Indonesia |
April 13, 1950 |
| Sweden |
May 9, 1950 |
| Denmark |
May 11, 1950 |
| Myanmar |
June 8, 1950 |
| Switzerland |
September 14, 1950 |
| Liechtenstein |
September 14, 1950 |
| Finland |
October 28, 1950 |
| Pakistan |
May 21, 1951 |
| Norway |
October 5, 1954 |
| Yugoslavia [7] |
January 2, 1955 |
| Afghanistan |
January 20, 1955 |
| Nepal |
August 1, 1955 |
| Egypt |
May 30, 1956 |
| Syria |
August 1, 1956 |
Yemen Arab Republic [8]
(North Yemen) |
September 24, 1956 |
| Sri Lanka |
February 7, 1957 |
| Cambodia |
July 19, 1958 |
| Iraq |
August 25, 1958 |
| Morocco |
November 1, 1958 |
| Algeria |
December 20, 1958 |
| Sudan |
February 4, 1959 |
| Guinea |
October 4, 1959 |
1960s
| Country |
Date |
| Ghana |
July 5, 1960 |
| Cuba |
September 28, 1960 |
| Mali |
October 25, 1960 |
| Somalia |
December 14, 1960 |
| Democratic Republic of Congo [9] |
February 20, 1961 |
| Laos |
April 25, 1961 |
| Uganda |
October 18, 1962 |
| Kenya |
December 14, 1963 |
| Burundi [10] |
December 21, 1963 |
| Tunisia |
January 10, 1964 |
| France |
January 27, 1964 |
| Republic of Congo |
February 22, 1964 |
| Tanzania [11] |
April 26, 1964 |
| Central African Republic [12] |
September 29, 1964 |
| Zambia |
October 29, 1964 |
| Benin [13] |
November 12, 1964 |
| Mauritania |
July 19, 1965 |
| People's Democratic Republic of Yemen [8] (South Yemen) |
January 31, 1968 |
1970s
| Country |
Date |
| Canada |
October 13, 1970 |
| Equatorial Guinea |
October 15, 1970 |
| Italy |
November 6, 1970 |
| Ethiopia |
November 24, 1970 |
| Chile |
December 15, 1970 |
| Nigeria |
February 10, 1971 |
| Kuwait |
March 22, 1971 |
| Cameroon |
March 26, 1971 |
| San Marino [14] |
May 6, 1971 |
| Austria |
May 28, 1971 |
| Sierra Leone |
July 29, 1971 |
| Turkey |
August 4, 1971 |
| Iran |
August 16, 1971 |
Recognition of the PRC after its admission to the UN
The Republic of China, which had occupied China's seat at the United Nations since 1945, was expelled on October 25, 1971. Its seat was taken over by the People's Republic of China, and the migration of relations to the PRC soon followed among members of the Western Bloc, except for France, Canada which had previously established diplomatic relations.
1970s
| Country |
Date |
| Belgium |
October 25, 1971 |
| Peru |
November 2, 1971 |
| Lebanon |
November 9, 1971 |
| Rwanda |
November 12, 1971 |
| Senegal [15] |
December 7, 1971 |
| Iceland |
December 8, 1971 |
| Cyprus |
December 14, 1972 |
| Malta |
January 31, 1972 |
| Mexico |
February 14, 1972 |
| Argentina |
February 19, 1972 |
| United Kingdom[5] |
March 13, 1972 |
| Mauritius |
April 15, 1972 |
| Netherlands[5] |
May 18, 1972 |
| Greece |
June 5, 1972 |
| Guyana |
June 27, 1972 |
| Togo |
September 19, 1972 |
| Japan |
September 29, 1972 |
Federal Republic of Germany
(West Germany) |
October 11, 1972 |
| Maldives |
October 14, 1972 |
| Madagascar |
November 6, 1972 |
| Luxembourg |
November 16, 1972 |
| Jamaica |
November 21, 1972 |
| Chad [16] |
November 28, 1972 |
| Australia |
December 21, 1972 |
| New Zealand |
December 22, 1972 |
| Spain |
March 9, 1973 |
| Burkina Faso [17] |
September 15, 1973 |
| Guinea Bissau [18] |
March 15, 1974 |
| Gabon |
April 20, 1974 |
| Malaysia |
May 31, 1974 |
| Trinidad and Tobago |
June 20, 1974 |
| Venezuela |
June 28, 1974 |
| Niger [19] |
July 20, 1974 |
| Brazil |
August 15, 1974 |
| Gambia [20] |
December 14, 1974 |
| Botswana |
January 6, 1975 |
| Philippines |
June 9, 1975 |
| Mozambique |
June 25, 1975 |
| Thailand |
July 1, 1975 |
| São Tomé and Príncipe [21] |
July 12, 1975 |
| Bangladesh |
October 4, 1975 |
| Fiji |
November 5, 1975 |
| Samoa |
November 6, 1975 |
| Comoros |
November 13, 1975 |
| Cape Verde |
April 25, 1976 |
| Suriname |
May 28, 1976 |
| Seychelles |
June 30, 1976 |
| Papua New Guinea |
October 12, 1976 |
| Liberia [22] |
February 17, 1977 |
| Jordan |
April 7, 1977 |
| Barbados |
May 30, 1977 |
| Oman |
May 25, 1978 |
| Libya |
August 9, 1978 |
| United States |
January 1, 1979 |
| Djibouti |
January 8, 1979 |
| Portugal |
February 8, 1979 |
| Ireland |
June 22, 1979 |
1980s
| Country |
Date |
| Ecuador |
January 2, 1980 |
| Colombia |
February 7, 1980 |
| Zimbabwe |
April 18, 1980 |
| Kiribati [23] |
June 25, 1980 |
| Vanuatu |
March 26, 1982 |
| Antigua and Barbuda |
January 1, 1983 |
| Angola |
January 12, 1983 |
| Côte d'Ivoire |
March 2, 1983 |
| Lesotho [24] |
April 30, 1983 |
| United Arab Emirates |
November 1, 1984 |
| Bolivia |
July 9, 1985 |
| Grenada [25] |
October 1, 1985 |
| Nicaragua [26] |
December 7, 1985 |
| Belize [27] |
February 6, 1987 |
| Uruguay |
February 3, 1988 |
| Qatar |
July 9, 1988 |
| Palestine |
November 20, 1988 |
| Bahrain |
April 18, 1989 |
| Micronesia |
September 11, 1989 |
1990s
| Country |
Date |
| Namibia |
March 22, 1990 |
| Saudi Arabia |
July 21, 1990 |
| Singapore |
October 3, 1990 |
| Marshall Islands [28] |
November 16, 1990 |
| Estonia |
September 11, 1991 |
| Latvia |
September 12, 1991 |
| Lithuania |
September 14, 1991 |
| Brunei |
September 30, 1991 |
| Uzbekistan |
January 2, 1992 |
| Kazakhstan |
January 3, 1992 |
| Tajikistan |
January 4, 1992 |
| Ukraine |
January 4, 1992 |
| Kyrgyzstan |
January 5, 1992 |
| Turkmenistan |
January 6, 1992 |
| Belarus |
January 20, 1992 |
| Israel |
January 24, 1992 |
| Moldova |
January 30, 1992 |
| Azerbaijan |
April 2, 1992 |
| Armenia |
April 6, 1992 |
| Serbia (as the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia)[7] |
April 28, 1992 |
| Republic of Georgia |
June 9, 1992 |
| Slovenia |
May 12, 1992 |
| Croatia |
May 13, 1992 |
| Republic of Korea (South Korea) |
August 24, 1992 |
| Eritrea |
May 24, 1993 |
| Macedonia |
October 12, 1993 |
| Andorra |
June 29, 1994 |
| Monaco [29] |
January 16, 1995 |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina |
April 3, 1995 |
| Bahamas |
May 23, 1997 |
| Cook Islands |
July 25, 1997 |
| Saint Lucia [30] |
September 1, 1997 |
| South Africa |
January 1, 1998 |
| Tonga |
November 2, 1998 |
2000s
See also
- PRC
- ROC
Notes
- ^ Succeeded by Russia
- ^ Succeeded by the Czech Republic
- ^ Diplomatic relations were established on January 1, 1993. Mutually agreed to trace the date of establishment of diplomatic relations back to October 6, 1949.
- ^ Succeeded by the Federal Republic of Germany on October 3, 1990.
- ^ a b c On January 6, 1950, the United Kingdom recognized the People's Republic of China and requested the exchange of ambassadors, but this was refused. The UK and The Netherlands established diplomatic relations at chargé d'affaires level with the PRC on June 17, 1954 and November 19, 1954 respectively. The PRC government does not regard the semi-diplomatic relations at chargé d'affaires level as formal diplomatic ties. The UK does. The PRC consented to the exchange of ambassadors with the UK on March 13, 1972 and with The Netherlands on May 18, 1972. See Sino-British relations for further details.
- ^ "Britain Recognizes Chinese Communists: Note delivered in Peking". The Times (London): p. 6. January 7, 1950. ISSN 0140-0460.
- ^ a b Serbia attempted to succeed but all other former Yugoslav Republics deferred the attempt, and no consensus was reached in the first period. The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia est. 1992-02-28 was not granted successorship and was placed under international sanctions. In 2001 an Agreement on Succession Issues was signed and reached validity in 2004, by the provisions of that Agreement FRY is not the successor of SFRY. Serbia and Montenegro succeeded the United Nations seat of the FRY (joined the UN as a new member on 2000-11-01) "Succession" of recognition by Serbia, successor state of Serbia and Montenegro is due to international law inadmissible. Arbitration Commission of the Peace Conference on the former Yugoslavia Opinion No. 10 (Federal Republic of Yugoslavia - Serbia and Montenegro). In this decision, the Commission ruled that the FRY (Serbia and Montenegro) could not legally be considered a continuation of the former SFRY, but was rather a new state. Thus the European Community (and the UN) should not automatically recognize the FRY, but apply to it the same criteria applied to the recognition of the other post-SFRY states.
- ^ a b Succeeded by the Republic of Yemen. Date of establishment of diplomatic relations was set back to September 24, 1956.
- ^ "Bilateral Relations between the People's Republic of China and the Republic of Congo (Kin)".
- ^ Diplomatic relations were restored on October 13, 1971 after Burundi unilaterally severed relations on January 29, 1965.
- ^ PRC had established diplomatic relations with the predecessors of Tanzania, Tanganyika and Zanzibar on December 9, 1961 and December 11, 1963, respectively.
- ^ Diplomatic relations were restored on January 29, 1998. CAR resumed diplomatic ties with the Republic of China on July 8, 1991.
- ^ Diplomatic relations were restored on December 29, 1972. Benin resumed diplomatic ties with the ROC in April 1966.
- ^ Diplomatic relations were raised to ambassadorial level on July 15, 1991.
- ^ Senegal resumed diplomatic relations with the ROC on January 6, 1996. Ties with the PRC were severed from January 9, 1996, until October 25, 2005, when ties were resumed.
- ^ Diplomatic relations were restored on August 6, 2006. Diplomatic relations were severed on August 15, 1997 after Chad resumed diplomatic ties with the ROC on August 12, 1997.
- ^ Diplomatic relations were severed on February 4, 1994. Burkina Faso resumed diplomatic ties with the ROC on February 2, 1994.
- ^ Diplomatic relations were restored on April 13, 1998. Guinea Bissau recognized the ROC on May 26, 1990.
- ^ Diplomatic relations were restored on August 19, 1996. PRC suspended diplomatic relations on July 19, 1992 after Niger resumed ties with the ROC on June 30, 1992.
- ^ Diplomatic relations were severed on July 25, 1995. Gambia resumed diplomatic ties with the ROC on July 13, 1995.
- ^ São Tomé and Príncipe established diplomatic relations with the ROC on May 6, 1997. The PRC suspended diplomatic relations on the same day.
- ^ Diplomatic relations were restored on August 10, 1993. Liberia resumed diplomatic ties with the ROC on October 9, 1989. Diplomatic relations with the PRC has been severed since September 9, 1997 because the Liberian Government's recognition of a "Two Chinas" Policy. However, the PRC and Liberia normalized their relations on October 11, 2003.
- ^ Diplomatic relations were severed on November 29, 2003. Kiribati recognized the ROC on November 7, 2003.
- ^ Diplomatic relations were restored on January 12, 1994. Lesotho resumed diplomatic ties with the ROC on April 5, 1990.
- ^ Diplomatic relations were restored on January 20, 2005. Grenada recognized the ROC on July 19, 1989.
- ^ Diplomatic relations were severed on November 9, 1990. Nicaragua resumed diplomatic ties with the ROC on November 6, 1990.
- ^ Diplomatic relations were severed on October 23, 1989. Belize recognized the ROC on October 11, 1989.
- ^ Diplomatic relations were severed on December 11, 1998. Marshall Islands recognized the ROC on November 20, 1998.
- ^ Diplomatic relations were raised to ambassadorial level on February 6, 2006.
- ^ Diplomatic relations were severed on May 5, 2007. St. Lucia resumed diplomatic ties with the ROC on April 30, 2007.
- ^ Diplomatic relations were severed on May 31, 2005. Nauru resumed diplomatic ties with the ROC on May 14, 2005.
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