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"Dengue Fever" redirects here. For the band of the same name, see Dengue Fever (band).
Dengue virus
.A TEM micrograph showing Dengue virus virions (the cluster of dark dots near the center).^ Spatial and temporal clustering of dengue virus transmission in Thai villages Nov 04, 2008 .
  • Climate variability and dengue incidence 31 January 2010 13:35 UTC www.physorg.com [Source type: Academic]
  • Rethinking the antibody-dependent enhancement dengue hemorrhagic fever model 31 January 2010 13:35 UTC www.physorg.com [Source type: Academic]

 ^ Pacific Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases Research: Dengue 2 virus particles [ hthttp://www.hawaii.edu/pceidr/researchprojects.htm ].

 ^ The test will show whether the blood sample contains dengue virus or antibodies to the virus.
  • Dengue Fever: cause, symptoms, treatment, risks, complications, cure, long-term outlook 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.mamashealth.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Virus classification
Group: Group IV ((+)ssRNA)
Family: Flaviviridae
Genus: Flavivirus
Species: Dengue virus
Dengue fever
Classification and external resources
ICD-10 A90.
ICD-9 061
DiseasesDB 3564
MedlinePlus 001374
eMedicine med/528
MeSH C02.782.417.214
.Dengue fever (pronounced UK: /ˈdɛŋɡeɪ/, US: /ˈdɛŋɡiː/) and dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) are acute febrile diseases which occur in the tropics, can be life-threatening, and are caused by four closely related virus serotypes of the genus Flavivirus, family Flaviviridae.^ Dengue hemorrhagic fever: diagnosis and management.
  • VOLUME REPLACEMENT IN INFANTS WITH DENGUE HEMORRHAGIC FEVER/DENGUE SHOCK SYNDROME -- HUNG et al. 74 (4): 684 -- American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.ajtmh.org [Source type: Academic]

 ^ Dengue fever: Dengue fever is an infectious disease carried by mosquitoes and caused by any of four related dengue viruses.
  • Dengue fever Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatments and Causes - WrongDiagnosis.com 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC wrongdiagnosis.com [Source type: General]

 ^ There are four closely related virus serotypes: DEN-1, DEN-2, DEN-3 and DEN-4.
  • ISPUB - Epidemiological Characteristics Of Dengue Fever; Its Prevention And Control 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.ispub.com [Source type: Academic]

 [1] .It is also known as breakbone fever.^ The Dengue virus causes a less lethal condition known as Dengue Fever, which is also known as the breakbone fever.
  • Dengue Virus - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 31 January 2010 13:35 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ There are actually several types of dengue fever (currently listed as four), and it's also known as breakbone fever.
  • Dengue Fever and Mosquito Borne Illnesses in Thailand and Bangkok 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.thailandguru.com [Source type: Original source]

 ^ Aedes mosquito; it is also known as breakbone fever and bone-crusher disease.
  • dengue fever Facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about dengue fever 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Academic]

 .It occurs widely in the tropics, including northern Argentina, northern Australia, the entirety of Bangladesh, Barbados, Bolivia[2], Brazil, Cambodia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, India, Indonesia, Jamaica, Laos, Malaysia, Mexico, Micronesia, Panama, Paraguay[3], Philippines, Puerto Rico, Samoa[4], Singapore, Sri Lanka, Suriname, Taiwan, Thailand, Trinidad, Venezuela and Vietnam, and increasingly in southern China[5].^ Dengue Fever occurs throughout Vietnam, with the greatest number of cases in the southern part of the country.

 ^ Mostly in tropical and subtropical climes:  Asia, Africa, South America, the Caribbean (including Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands).
  • Dengue Fever: Description, Vector, Mechanism, Symptoms, Variants, etc. 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.tarakharper.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ The geographic spread of dengue infections is similar to that of malaria, but unlike malaria, dengue infections are often found in the urban areas of tropical nations, including Thailand, Singapore, Taiwan, Indonesia, Philippines, India, and Brazil.
  • Chapter 5 - Dengue Fever (DF) and Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) - 2010 Yellow Book | CDC Travelers' Health 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC wwwnc.cdc.gov [Source type: Academic]

 .Unlike malaria, dengue is just as prevalent in the urban districts of its range as in rural areas.^ Dengue is predominantly found in urban areas, but can also be found in rural areas.
  • Dengue Fever: Description, Vector, Mechanism, Symptoms, Variants, etc. 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.tarakharper.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ The geographic spread of dengue infections is similar to that of malaria, but unlike malaria, dengue infections are often found in the urban areas of tropical nations, including Thailand, Singapore, Taiwan, Indonesia, Philippines, India, and Brazil.
  • Chapter 5 - Dengue Fever (DF) and Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) - 2010 Yellow Book | CDC Travelers' Health 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC wwwnc.cdc.gov [Source type: Academic]

 ^ That is how the Geneva-based World Health Organization (WHO) considers dengue, which is found in tropical and sub-tropical regions around the world, predominantly in urban and semi-urban areas.
  • Sun.Star Davao - Camote beats dengue fever 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.sunstar.com.ph [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 .Each serotype is sufficiently different that there is no cross-protection and epidemics caused by multiple serotypes (hyperendemicity) can occur.^ Caused by one of four closely related virus serotypes of the genus Flavivirus, family Flaviviridae, each serotype is sufficiently different that there is no cross-protection and epidemics caused by multiple serotypes (hyperendemicity) can occur.
  • Dengue Fever Symptoms - Medical Symptoms Pages 31 January 2010 13:35 UTC www.symptoms101.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ No cross-protective immunity with each serotype-in theory, a person living in an endemic region may have four infections during their lifetimes .

 ^ In both of these regions, expanded distribution of the vector was followed by increased transmission of multiple dengue virus serotypes, resulting in hyperendemicity in many countries.
  • http://www.paho.org/english/sha/be_v21n4-dengue.htm 31 January 2010 13:35 UTC www.paho.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 .Dengue is transmitted to humans by the Aedes aegypti or more rarely the Aedes albopictus mosquito, which feed during the day.^ The dengue virus is spread by Aedes mosquitoes.
  • Cook Islands Biodiversity : Dengue - A Complex Disease 31 January 2010 13:35 UTC cookislands.bishopmuseum.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ The primary vector is the Aedes aegypti mosquito.

 ^ Aedes aegypti and dengue in the Americas .

 [6]
.The WHO says some 2.5 billion people, two fifths of the world's population, are now at risk from dengue and estimates that there may be 50 million cases of dengue infection worldwide every year.^ The World Health Organization reports that two fifths of the world's population are now at risk from dengue and estimates that there may be 50 million cases of dengue infection worldwide every year.
  • Mimotopes Awarded a Major Peptide Library Supply Agreement by La Jolla Institute for their Studies Screening Dengue and Tuberculosis Pathogens 31 January 2010 13:35 UTC www.earthtimes.org [Source type: News]

 ^ It is transmitted by mosquitoes and causes 50 to 100 million cases worldwide.
  • Biozentrum, University of Basel, Switzerland - PC Grid - Projects 31 January 2010 13:35 UTC www.biozentrum.unibas.ch [Source type: Academic]

 ^ Worldwide nearly 2.5-3 billion people continue to live at constant risk of contracting infection.
  • ISPUB - Epidemiological Characteristics Of Dengue Fever; Its Prevention And Control 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.ispub.com [Source type: Academic]

 .The disease is now endemic in more than 100 countries.^ The disease is now endemic in more than 100 countries.
  • ISPUB - Epidemiological Characteristics Of Dengue Fever; Its Prevention And Control 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.ispub.com [Source type: Academic]

 ^ Dengue fever is a threat to people in more than 100 countries.
  • 'Bone-Crushing' Fever Risk MUCH Greater Threat than Swine Flu 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC articles.mercola.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
  • 'Bone-Crushing' Dengue Fever MUCH Greater Threat than Swine Flu 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC blogs.mercola.com [Source type: General]

 ^ Nowadays, the virus has spread to more than 100 countries worldwide.
  • Dengue and dengue haemorrhagic fever. DermNet NZ 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.dermnetnz.org [Source type: Academic]

 [7]

Contents

Signs and symptoms

.The disease manifests as a sudden onset of severe headache, muscle and joint pains (myalgias and arthralgias—severe pain that gives it the nickname break-bone fever or bonecrusher disease), fever, and rash.^ Sudden onset of high fever .
  • Fact Sheet on Dengue Fever and Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever 31 January 2010 13:35 UTC www.searo.who.int [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ It is an acute illness of sudden onset that usually follows a benign course with headache , fever , exhaustion, severe joint and muscle pain , swollen glands ( lymphadenopathy ), and rash .
  • Dengue Fever Causes, Signs, Symptoms, Treatment, Prevention and Facts on MedicineNet.com 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.medicinenet.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ The severe pain associated with the disease explains the other rather terrifying names it’s known by: “break-bone fever” and “bonecrusher disease.” .
  • 'Bone-Crushing' Fever Risk MUCH Greater Threat than Swine Flu 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC articles.mercola.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
  • 'Bone-Crushing' Dengue Fever MUCH Greater Threat than Swine Flu 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC blogs.mercola.com [Source type: General]

 [8] .The dengue rash is characteristically bright red petechiae and usually appears first on the lower limbs and the chest; in some patients, it spreads to cover most of the body.^ A flat, red rash may appear over most of the body early during the fever.
  • AllRefer Health - Dengue Fever (Breakbone Fever, Dengue-Like Disease, O'nyong-Nyong Fever) 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC health.allrefer.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
  • Dengue fever Medical Information 31 January 2010 13:35 UTC www.drugs.com [Source type: Academic]

 ^ A flat, red rash may appear over most of the body 2 - 5 days after the fever starts.
  • Dengue Fever | Infectious Diseases | Wake Forest University Baptist Medical Center 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www2.wfubmc.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ The petechiae rash appears 3-4 days after the onset of fever, and usually appears on the trunk first, before spreading peripherally.
  • Dengue Fever: Description, Vector, Mechanism, Symptoms, Variants, etc. 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.tarakharper.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 .There may also be gastritis with some combination of associated abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea.^ Patients may report nausea and vomiting.
  • Dengue Fever: eMedicine Infectious Diseases 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC emedicine.medscape.com [Source type: Academic]

 ^ There may also be gastritis with some combination of associated abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting or diarrhea.
  • Dengue Fever Symptoms - Medical Symptoms Pages 31 January 2010 13:35 UTC www.symptoms101.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ There may also be gastritis with some combination of associated abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea.
  • Dengue Fever, what you should know… 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC fiwebelize.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.Some cases develop much milder symptoms which can be misdiagnosed as influenza or other viral infection when no rash is present.^ Some cases develop much milder symptoms which can be misdiagnosed as influenza or other viral infection when no rash is present.
  • Dengue Fever, what you should know… 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC fiwebelize.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ A fever occurs in nearly all dengue infections in children; the other most common symptoms are a red throat, a (usually mild) runny nose, cough, and mild gastrointestinal symptoms which of course may present similar to pharyngitis, influenza, and upper respiratory infections.
  • Dengue Fever in Indonesia - Prevention and Treatment 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.expat.or.id [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
  • Dengue Fever – Causes, Symptoms and Preventions 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.articlesbase.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ About half of the patients show some skin involvement such as flushed faces early in infection or a petechial or maculopapular rash during defervesence.

 .Thus travelers from tropical areas may pass on dengue inadvertently, having not been properly diagnosed at the height of their illness.^ Living or traveling in tropical areas.

 ^ Thus travelers from tropical areas may pass on dengue in their home countries inadvertently, having not been properly diagnosed at the height of their illness.
  • Dengue Fever, what you should know… 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC fiwebelize.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ Dengue is common in, but not exclusive to, tropical areas.
  • Focus On: Dengue Fever 31 January 2010 13:35 UTC www.acep.org [Source type: Academic]

 .Patients with dengue can pass on the infection only through mosquitoes or blood products and only while they are still febrile.^ Once a person is infected, they can pass the illness to other mosquitoes, or through blood products.
  • Dengue Fever: America's Next Health Crisis? - Sphere News 31 January 2010 13:35 UTC www.sphere.com [Source type: News]
  • Dengue Fever; In America? - Political Forum 31 January 2010 13:35 UTC www.politicalforum.com [Source type: General]

 ^ The infection is passed to humans through the bite of a mosquito.

 ^ Dengue life-cycle through mosquitoes.
  • The Unfortunate Nurse: A Case Study of Dengue Fever and Social Policy - - Case Teaching Notes - Case Study Collection - National Center for Case Study Teaching in Science 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.sciencecases.org [Source type: Academic]

 .The classic dengue fever lasts about two to seven days, with a smaller peak of fever at the trailing end of the disease (the so-called "biphasic pattern").^ Fever, or history of acute fever, lasting 2-7 days, occasionally biphasic.
  • Focus On: Dengue Fever 31 January 2010 13:35 UTC www.acep.org [Source type: Academic]

 ^ Also called breakbone fever , dandy fever or dengue fever.

 ^ This challenge is about dengue or dengue fever.
  • Dengue Advice - Tips 31 January 2010 13:35 UTC ezinearticles.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 .Clinically, the platelet count will drop until the patient's temperature is normal.^ Clinically, the platelet count will drop until the patient’s temperature is normal.
  • Dengue Fever, what you should know… 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC fiwebelize.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ Easy bruising and bleeding, especially from the nose and gums, and under the skin, owing to a drop in levels of blood platelets which normally help form clots.
  • Dengue Fever - Medpedia 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC wiki.medpedia.com [Source type: Academic]

 ^ Platelet concentration was prepared but it was not used because the patient had no clinical bleeding.
  • Dengue fever in pregnancy: a case report 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]

 .Cases of DHF also show higher fever, variable hemorrhagic phenomena, thrombocytopenia, and hemoconcentration.^ Cases of DHF also show higher fever, variable haemorrhagic phenomena, thrombocytopenia, and haemoconcentration.
  • Dengue Fever, what you should know… 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC fiwebelize.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ Part I: Dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF).
  • Emerging Themes in Epidemiology | Full text | Dengue fever: new paradigms for a changing epidemiology 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.ete-online.com [Source type: Academic]
  • Dengue fever: new paradigms for a changing epidemiology 31 January 2010 13:35 UTC www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]

 ^ Dengue fever, a mosquito-borne viral disease, and its life-threatening variant, dengue hemorrhagic fever, are probably the most widespread reemerging diseases worldwide.

 .A small proportion of cases lead to dengue shock syndrome (DSS) which has a high mortality rate.^ The mortality rate for hemorrhagic dengue is 5%.
  • Dengue Fever: Description, Vector, Mechanism, Symptoms, Variants, etc. 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.tarakharper.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ The pathogenesis of DHF and dengue shock syndrome (DSS) is poorly understood.
  • Alternate Hypothesis on the Pathogenesis of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF)/Dengue Shock Syndrome (DSS) in Dengue Virus Infection -- Noisakran and Perng 233 (4): 401 -- Experimental Biology and Medicine 31 January 2010 13:35 UTC www.ebmonline.org [Source type: Academic]

 ^ The case fatality in patients with dengue shock syndrome can be as high as 44%.
  • Dengue, Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever, Dengue Shock Syndrome 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.bhj.org [Source type: Academic]

Diagnosis

.The diagnosis of dengue is usually made clinically.^ As with dengue, there is no specific medication for DHF. It can however be effectively treated by fluid replacement therapy if an early clinical diagnosis is made.
  • Dengue and Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever - Encyclopedia of Earth 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.eoearth.org [Source type: Academic]

 ^ Kautner I, Robinson MJ, Kuhnle U. Dengue virus infection: epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and prevention.
  • Dengue Fever: eMedicine Infectious Diseases 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC emedicine.medscape.com [Source type: Academic]

 ^ The diagnosis of rubella cannot be made on clinical basis, but by serologic methods.
  • Dengue/Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever MEDSTUDENTS-INFECTIOUS DISEASES 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.medstudents.com.br [Source type: Academic]

 .The classic picture is high fever with no localising source of infection, a petechial rash with thrombocytopenia and relative leukopenia - low platelet and white blood cell count.^ In contrast to uncomplicated dengue fever the white cell count is more often high.
  • Dengue Fever in Indonesia - Prevention and Treatment 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.expat.or.id [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ The bad was that Harper's platelet and white blood cell counts were too low, she was dehydrated, and needed food.
  • Neither Fear nor Despise 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC honan.net [Source type: Original source]

 ^ The white cell count is often low unlike in bacterial causes of fever.
  • Dengue Fever in Indonesia - Prevention and Treatment 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.expat.or.id [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 .Care has to be taken as diagnosis of DHF can mask end stage liver disease and vice versa.^ However, thrombocytopenia accompanied by / followed by a rising haematocrit distinguishes DHF from DF and other diseases in the differential diagnosis, viz.

 ^ During the early stages of the disease, diagnosis is made by detection of viremia because antibody loads are not high enough at those times for diagnosis.
  • ENY-737/IN699: What is Dengue? 31 January 2010 13:35 UTC edis.ifas.ufl.edu [Source type: Academic]

 ^ Role of innate immune parameters in DHF/DSS. The proposed alternate hypothesis on DHF/DSS can potentially divide into two stages, disease induction or defined stage and protective stage.
  • Alternate Hypothesis on the Pathogenesis of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF)/Dengue Shock Syndrome (DSS) in Dengue Virus Infection -- Noisakran and Perng 233 (4): 401 -- Experimental Biology and Medicine 31 January 2010 13:35 UTC www.ebmonline.org [Source type: Academic]
  1. Fever, bladder problem, constant headaches, eye pain, severe dizziness and loss of appetite.
  2. Hemorrhagic tendency (positive tourniquet test, spontaneous bruising, bleeding from mucosa, gingiva, injection sites, etc.; vomiting blood, or bloody diarrhea)
  3. Thrombocytopenia (<100,000 platelets per mm³ or estimated as less than 3 platelets per high power field)
  4. Evidence of plasma leakage (hematocrit more than 20% higher than expected, or drop in hematocrit of 20% or more from baseline following IV fluid, pleural effusion, ascites, hypoproteinemia)
  5. Encephalitic occurrences.
Dengue shock syndrome is defined as dengue hemorrhagic fever plus:
  • Weak rapid pulse,
  • Narrow pulse pressure (less than 20 mm Hg)
  • Cold, clammy skin and restlessness.
.Dependable, immediate diagnosis of dengue can be performed in rural areas by the use of Rapid Diagnostic Test kits, which also differentiate between primary and secondary dengue infections.^ Do I need to use both IgM and IgG for the diagnosis of dengue infection?

 ^ He had primary dengue infection.
  • Dengue fever with acute liver failure Vinodh BN, Bammigatti C, Kumar A, Mittal V - J Postgrad Med 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.jpgmonline.com [Source type: Academic]

 ^ Is NS1 detected in both primary and secondary dengue infections?

 [9] .Serology and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) studies are available to confirm the diagnosis of dengue if clinically indicated.^ The diagnosis of dengue is usually made clinically.
  • ISPUB - Epidemiological Characteristics Of Dengue Fever; Its Prevention And Control 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.ispub.com [Source type: Academic]

 ^ Can the diagnosis of Dengue be confirmed?
  • Dengue/DHF - FAQ 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.searo.who.int [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ Despite the available clinical guidelines, dengue can be misdiagnosed (by under-diagnosis or over-diagnosis).
  • TropIKA: Dengue: Burden Of Disease And Costs Of Illness 31 January 2010 13:35 UTC www.tropika.net [Source type: Academic]

 .Dengue can be a life threatening fever.^ Dengue fever, a mosquito-borne viral disease, and its life-threatening variant, dengue hemorrhagic fever, are probably the most widespread reemerging diseases worldwide.

 ^ Severe dengue — commonly referred to as ‘Dengue haemorrhagic fever/Dengue shock syndrome (DHF/DSS)’ to distinguish it from ‘classic’ dengue fever (DF) — is characterised by an increase of vascular permeability that can lead to life-threatening hypovolemic shock.
  • Dengue Fever - Factsheet 31 January 2010 13:35 UTC ecdc.europa.eu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ The more severe dengue hemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndromes can result in blood vessel and liver damage, and can be life-threatening.
  • Dengue Fever - Medpedia 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC wiki.medpedia.com [Source type: Academic]

Cause

.Dengue fever is caused by Dengue virus (DENV), a mosquito-borne flavivirus.^ The dengue virus is spread by Aedes mosquitoes.
  • Cook Islands Biodiversity : Dengue - A Complex Disease 31 January 2010 13:35 UTC cookislands.bishopmuseum.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ Prior infection with a dengue fever virus.

 ^ Dengue is a mosquito-borne disease caused by the dengue viruses, which belong to the genus Flavivirus.

 .DENV is an ssRNA positive-strand virus of the family Flaviviridae; genus Flavivirus.^ Dengue fever is an acute febrile infectious disease, caused by all four serotypes (1, 2, 3 or 4) of a virus from genus Flavivirus, called dengue virus.
  • Dengue/Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever MEDSTUDENTS-INFECTIOUS DISEASES 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.medstudents.com.br [Source type: Academic]

 ^ Dengue virus its a spherical 45-50 nm diameter RNA positive single strand virus, of the genus flavirus of the flaviviridae family, there are 4 different dengue serotypes named DEN-1, DEN-2, DEN-3, and DEN-4 each one having different genotypes.
  • Dengue Fever - Medpedia 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC wiki.medpedia.com [Source type: Academic]

 ^ Dengue virus: It is member of Genus flavivirus and family flaviviridae, having single stranded RNA with 4 serotypes: DEN - 1, 2, 3, and 4.
  • Dengue And Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever Dengue Shock Syndrome - Pediatriconcall 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.pediatriconcall.com [Source type: Academic]

 .There are four serotypes of DENV. The virus has a genome of about 11000 bases that codes for three structural proteins, C, prM, E; seven nonstructural proteins, NS1, NS2a, NS2b, NS3, NS4a, NS4b, NS5; and short non-coding regions on both the 5' and 3' ends.^ There are four closely related virus serotypes: DEN-1, DEN-2, DEN-3 and DEN-4.
  • ISPUB - Epidemiological Characteristics Of Dengue Fever; Its Prevention And Control 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.ispub.com [Source type: Academic]

 ^ These are single-stranded positive-sense RNA viruses with a genome of about 11000 bases that codes for three structural proteins, C-prM-E; seven nonstructural proteins, NS1-NS2a-NS2b-NS3-NS4a-NS4b-NS5; and short non-coding regions on both the 5' and 3' ends ( Puri et al., 1997 ).

 ^ There are four types of dengue virus.
  • The War on Dengue Fever - NYTimes.com 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.nytimes.com [Source type: News]
  • SOUTH AMERICA: Climate Change Fuels Spread of Dengue Fever - IPS ipsnews.net 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC ipsnews.net [Source type: News]
  • Duque on dengue and kidney transplants - INQUIRER.net, Philippine News for Filipinos 31 January 2010 13:35 UTC opinion.inquirer.net [Source type: News]

 [10]
.The potential factors causing hemorrhagic fever are varied.^ Dengue fever, a mosquito-borne viral disease, and its life-threatening variant, dengue hemorrhagic fever, are probably the most widespread reemerging diseases worldwide.

 ^ Causes, incidence, and risk factors: Dengue fever is caused by several related viruses (four different arboviruses).
  • Dengue fever 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.healthscout.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
  • Wilmington/Newark - Dengue fever is a virus-based disease spread by mosquitoes... 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.christianacare.org [Source type: Academic]

 ^ But some also suffer a potentially fatal form called dengue haemorrhagic fever, which causes internal bleeding and circulatory failure.
  • Urbanisation in Asia blamed for lethal epidemic of dengue fever | World news | The Guardian 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.guardian.co.uk [Source type: News]

 .The most suspected factors are human's cross-serotypic immune response and membrane fusion process.^ Movement of viremic humans provides the principal means of spread, and rapid air travel is a factor in most recent epidemic emergences.
  • Dengue/Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever MEDSTUDENTS-INFECTIOUS DISEASES 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.medstudents.com.br [Source type: Academic]

 ^ Immunity is serotype-specific; therefore, a person may become ill with dengue four separate times despite having an adequate immune response.
  • The Unfortunate Nurse: A Case Study of Dengue Fever and Social Policy - - Case Teaching Notes - Case Study Collection - National Center for Case Study Teaching in Science 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.sciencecases.org [Source type: Academic]

 ^ Dengue the most prevalent arthropod-borne viral (Arborvirus) disease of humans caused by four serotypes of dengue virus (DENV 1-4) of the genus Flavivirus.

Prevention

Vaccine development

.There is no tested and approved vaccine for the dengue flavivirus.^ Gubler: There is no vaccine.
  • The Spread of Dengue Fever (ActionBioscience) 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.actionbioscience.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ There is no cure for dengue.
  • Duque on dengue and kidney transplants - INQUIRER.net, Philippine News for Filipinos 31 January 2010 13:35 UTC opinion.inquirer.net [Source type: News]

 ^ There is no specific treatment for dengue.
  • Dengue Fever: Description, Vector, Mechanism, Symptoms, Variants, etc. 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.tarakharper.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 .There are many ongoing vaccine development programs.^ The Gates Foundation has funded a program called The Pediatric Dengue Vaccine Initiative, which focuses on helping companies that are developing a dengue vaccine and eventually distributing it to at-risk populations.
  • The Spread of Dengue Fever (ActionBioscience) 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.actionbioscience.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ If dengue was a single virus we would have had a vaccine already, for sure,” said Dr. Jean Lang, director of research and development at Sanofi’s emerging vaccine program.
  • The War on Dengue Fever - NYTimes.com 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.nytimes.com [Source type: News]

 ^ As the cities of the tropical developing world have grown, the mosquito vector that has been there for many years has expanded.
  • The Spread of Dengue Fever (ActionBioscience) 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.actionbioscience.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 .Among them is the Pediatric Dengue Vaccine Initiative set up in 2003 with the aim of accelerating the development and introduction of dengue vaccine(s) that are affordable and accessible to poor children in endemic countries.^ Pediatric Dengue Vaccine Initiative (PDVI), PDVI diagnostic programs .
  • TropIKA: Dengue: Burden Of Disease And Costs Of Illness 31 January 2010 13:35 UTC www.tropika.net [Source type: Academic]

 ^ The company is talking to charitable groups including the GAVI Alliance and the Pediatric Dengue Vaccine Initiative about how to provide the vaccine to poor people should the vaccine become available, the spokesman said.
  • Dengue Fever Vaccine Moves Ahead - Health Blog - WSJ 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC blogs.wsj.com [Source type: News]

 ^ Each year, tens of millions of cases of dengue fever occur and, depending on the year, up to hundreds of thousands of cases of DHF. The case-fatality rate of DHF in most countries is about 5%; most fatal cases are among children and young adults.
  • Dengue Fever Information 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.oasisdesign.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 [11] .Thai researchers are testing a dengue fever vaccine on 3,000–5,000 human volunteers after having successfully conducted tests on animals and a small group of human volunteers.^ Research A model of dengue fever .

 ^ Is there a vaccine to prevent dengue fever?
  • Dengue/DHF - FAQ 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.searo.who.int [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
  • SHARETIPSINFO.com :Dengue/DHF frequent asked questions 31 January 2010 13:35 UTC www.sharetipsinfo.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ Is there a vaccine to prevent Dengue fever?
  • Dengue/DHF - FAQ 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.searo.who.int [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 [12] .A number of other vaccine candidates are entering phase I or II testing.^ "With experimental vaccines from companies like GlaxoSmithKline and Sanofi Aventis entering Phase II and Phase III clinical trials this year, we hope the new test will be adopted widely and soon because it is more likely to catch enhancement."

 ^ No drug or vaccine is available for the treatment of Dengue/DHF. A tetravalent vaccine is under develoment and is undergoing phase I & II trials.

 ^ There are no approved antiviral drugs or vaccines to combat dengue infection, although DENV vaccines have entered Phase 3 clin (more) ical trials.
  • Scientific Literature on Infectious Diseases Related to TropIKA.net 31 January 2010 13:35 UTC search.bvsalud.org [Source type: Academic]

 [13]

Mosquito control

.
A field technician looking for larvae in standing water containers during the 1965 Aedes aegypti eradication program in Miami, Florida.^ Aedes aegypti mosquito breeds in any type of man made containers or storage containers having even a small quantity of water Eggs of Aedes aegypti can live without water for more then one year FAVOURED BREEDING PLACES .

 ^ The larvae are often found in household water storage jars, buckets and plastic containers that collect rainwater.
  • Dengue 31 January 2010 13:35 UTC www.novartis.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ When the vector ( A. aegypti ) was identified, countries began eradication campaigns during the early 1900's.
  • Dengue Fever: Description, Vector, Mechanism, Symptoms, Variants, etc. 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.tarakharper.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 In the 1960s, a major effort was made to eradicate the principal urban vector mosquito of dengue and yellow fever viruses, Aedes aegypti, from southeast United States.
.Primary prevention of dengue mainly resides in mosquito control.^ Goel NK. Dengue: its prevention and control.
  • ISPUB - Epidemiological Characteristics Of Dengue Fever; Its Prevention And Control 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.ispub.com [Source type: Academic]

 ^ Primary prevention of dengue mainly resides in mosquito control.
  • Dengue Fever, what you should know… 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC fiwebelize.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ Prevention and control of dengue and dengue haemorrhagic fever.
  • Alternate Hypothesis on the Pathogenesis of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF)/Dengue Shock Syndrome (DSS) in Dengue Virus Infection -- Noisakran and Perng 233 (4): 401 -- Experimental Biology and Medicine 31 January 2010 13:35 UTC www.ebmonline.org [Source type: Academic]

 .There are two primary methods: larval control and adult mosquito control.^ There are two primary methods: larval control and adult mosquito control.
  • Dengue Fever, what you should know… 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC fiwebelize.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ The most widely used mosquito-control technique, spraying cities to kill adult mosquitoes, is not effective.
  • Dengue: eMedicine Pediatrics: General Medicine 31 January 2010 13:35 UTC emedicine.medscape.com [Source type: Academic]

 ^ Sanitation (cleaning up containers that hold water) and control of the mosquito vector are the two most important steps that can be taken.
  • The climate-fueled march of dengue fever - World Blog - msnbc.com 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC worldblog.msnbc.msn.com [Source type: News]

 .July 2009" style="white-space:nowrap;">[citation needed] In urban areas, Aedes mosquitos breed on water collections in artificial containers such as plastic cups, used tires, broken bottles, flower pots, etc.^ In urban areas, Aedes mosquitos breed on water collections in artificial containers such as plastic cups, used tires, broken bottles, flower pots, etc.
  • Dengue Fever, what you should know… 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC fiwebelize.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ Get rid of areas where mosquitoes breed, such as standing water in flower pots, containers, birdbaths, and old tires.
  • Dengue Fever - Medpedia 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC wiki.medpedia.com [Source type: Academic]

 ^ Collect and destroy discarded containers in which water collects e.g.
  • Dengue/DHF - FAQ 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.searo.who.int [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
  • SHARETIPSINFO.com :Dengue/DHF frequent asked questions 31 January 2010 13:35 UTC www.sharetipsinfo.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 .Periodic draining or removal of containers is the most effective way of reducing the breeding grounds for mosquitos.^ Periodic draining or removal of artificial containers is the most effective way of reducing the breeding grounds for mosquitos.
  • Dengue Fever, what you should know… 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC fiwebelize.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ Use personal protection such as full-coverage clothing, netting, mosquito repellent containing DEET, and if possible, travel during periods of minimal mosquito activity.
  • Wilmington/Newark - Dengue hemorrhagic fever is a severe, potentially deadly... 31 January 2010 13:35 UTC www.christianacare.org [Source type: Academic]

 ^ "In Brazil, the populace isn't mobilised to eliminate breeding sites," that is, containers with clean, still water where the mosquitoes reproduce, said Guimaraes.
  • SOUTH AMERICA: Climate Change Fuels Spread of Dengue Fever - IPS ipsnews.net 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC ipsnews.net [Source type: News]

 .July 2009" style="white-space:nowrap;">[citation needed] Larvicide treatment is another effective way to control the vector larvae, but the larvicide chosen should be long-lasting and preferably have World Health Organization clearance for use in drinking water.^ Ice water should not be used for this purpose.
  • Dengue Fever info, symptoms, transmission, prevention, treatment in Malaysia 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.expat.com.my [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ Geneva: World Health Organization; 1997.
  • Chapter 5 - Dengue Fever (DF) and Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) - 2010 Yellow Book | CDC Travelers' Health 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC wwwnc.cdc.gov [Source type: Academic]

 ^ World Health Organization (WHO), 2002.
  • VOLUME REPLACEMENT IN INFANTS WITH DENGUE HEMORRHAGIC FEVER/DENGUE SHOCK SYNDROME -- HUNG et al. 74 (4): 684 -- American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.ajtmh.org [Source type: Academic]

 .There are some very effective insect growth regulators (IGRs) available which are both safe and long-lasting (e.g., pyriproxyfen).^ There are some very effective insect growth regulators (IGRs) available which are both safe and long-lasting (e.g.
  • Dengue Fever, what you should know… 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC fiwebelize.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ No licensed vaccine at present Effective vaccine must be tetravalent Field testing of an attenuated tetravalent vaccine currently underway Effective, safe and affordable vaccine will not be available in the immediate future.

 ^ City fumigations also take place when there is danger of hemorrhagic dengue.We had a bad outbreak of hemorrhagic dengue a couple of years ago, some of my acquaintances got it, it's very dangerous, some of them had to be hospitalized and took a long time to recover from it.
  • Flooding and Dengue in Mexico | NowPublic News Coverage 31 January 2010 13:35 UTC www.nowpublic.com [Source type: General]

 .For reducing the adult mosquito load, fogging with insecticide is somewhat effective.^ The most widely used mosquito-control technique, spraying cities to kill adult mosquitoes, is not effective.
  • Dengue: eMedicine Pediatrics: General Medicine 31 January 2010 13:35 UTC emedicine.medscape.com [Source type: Academic]

 ^ However, generalized use of insecticides as space spray or ultra low volume spray is only of a limited value as these reduce the mosquito population only for a short period.

 ^ However, according to WHO, thermal fogging is still an effective means for killing adult mosquitoes, and complements searching for and destroying all possible mosquito breeding sites.
  • Channelnewsasia.com - Dengue Watch 31 January 2010 13:35 UTC www.channelnewsasia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 [citation needed]
.Prevention of mosquito bites is another way of preventing disease.^ How can I prevent mosquito bites to prevent dengue?
  • Dengue/DHF - FAQ 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.searo.who.int [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
  • SHARETIPSINFO.com :Dengue/DHF frequent asked questions 31 January 2010 13:35 UTC www.sharetipsinfo.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ A mosquito bite can cause the disease.
  • Dengue Fever info, symptoms, transmission, prevention, treatment in Malaysia 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.expat.com.my [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ Also take measures to prevent mosquito bites.
  • Staying Healthy When Traveling to High-Risk Areas 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.gonomad.com [Source type: News]

 .This can be achieved by using insect repellent, mosquito traps or mosquito nets.^ Use insect repellent.

 ^ This can be achieved by using insect repellent, mosquito traps or mosquito nets.
  • Dengue Fever, what you should know… 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC fiwebelize.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ Use personal protection such as full-coverage clothing, netting, mosquito repellent containing DEET, and if possible, travel during periods of minimal mosquito activity.
  • Wilmington/Newark - Dengue hemorrhagic fever is a severe, potentially deadly... 31 January 2010 13:35 UTC www.christianacare.org [Source type: Academic]
  • Dengue hemorrhagic fever - Scripps Health - San Diego 31 January 2010 13:35 UTC www.scripps.org [Source type: Academic]

Mesocyclops

.In 1998, scientists from the Queensland Institute of Medical Research (QIMR) in Australia and Vietnam's Ministry of Health introduced a scheme that encouraged children to place a water bug, the crustacean Mesocyclops, in water tanks and discarded containers where the Aedes aegypti mosquito was known to thrive.^ Collect and destroy discarded containers in which water collects e.g.
  • Dengue/DHF - FAQ 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.searo.who.int [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
  • SHARETIPSINFO.com :Dengue/DHF frequent asked questions 31 January 2010 13:35 UTC www.sharetipsinfo.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ It is transmitted to man by mosquito Aedes aegypti .

 ^ Aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus mosquitoes breed in stagnating water.
  • Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever Symptoms & Treatment 31 January 2010 13:35 UTC www.ayushveda.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 [14] .This method is viewed as being more cost-effective and more environmentally friendly than pesticides, though not as effective, and requires the continuing participation of the community.^ Another far more effective method of reducing the world population was devised in the early 1960s by a group of environmentalists and population-control adherents.
  • The climate-fueled march of dengue fever - World Blog - msnbc.com 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC worldblog.msnbc.msn.com [Source type: News]

 ^ Community participation in Puerto Rico depends upon effective communication with a public that is diverse in terms of its socioeconomic and ethnocultural backgrounds (10).
  • A Program for Prevention and Control of Epidemic Dengue 31 January 2010 13:35 UTC wonder.cdc.gov [Source type: Academic]
  • A Program for Prevention and Control of Epidemic Dengue 31 January 2010 13:35 UTC aepo-xdv-www.epo.cdc.gov [Source type: Academic]

 ^ Besides that larvicide was applied to all the 56 shelters and an environmental nebulization to affected areas protecting more than 36 thousand persons.
  • Flooding and Dengue in Mexico | NowPublic News Coverage 31 January 2010 13:35 UTC www.nowpublic.com [Source type: General]

 [15]
.Even though this method of mosquito control was successful in rural provinces, not much is known about how effective it could be if applied to cities and urban areas.^ The first is highly anthropophilic, thriving in crowded cities and biting primarily during the day while the later is less anthropophilic and inhabits rural areas.

 ^ Disease is prevalent throughout India in most of the metropolitan cities and towns Outbreaks have also been reported from rural areas of Haryana, Maharashtra & Karnataka .

 ^ About 80% of the dengue cases have been concentrated in two northern provinces, Chaco and Catamarca -- a warm area that is an ideal breeding ground for mosquitoes.
  • Argentina's Dengue Fever Outbreak Fans Anger at President - WSJ.com 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC online.wsj.com [Source type: News]

 .The Mesocyclops can survive and breed in large water containers but would not be able to do so in small containers that most urban dwellers have in their homes.^ In urban areas, Aedes mosquitos breed on water collections in artificial containers such as plastic cups, used tires, broken bottles, flower pots, etc.
  • Dengue Fever, what you should know… 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC fiwebelize.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ The species is a highly effective vector: it feeds almost exclusively on humans, breeds in small man-made articles that contain water, rests inside buildings, and is rarely found more than 50 meters from human habitation.
  • Dengue Fever - Factsheet 31 January 2010 13:35 UTC ecdc.europa.eu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ Aedes aegypti mosquito breeds in any type of man made containers or storage containers having even a small quantity of water Eggs of Aedes aegypti can live without water for more then one year FAVOURED BREEDING PLACES .

 .Also, Mesocyclops are hosts for the guinea worm, a pathogen that causes a parasite infection, and so this method of mosquito control cannot be used in countries that are still susceptible to the guinea worm.^ Another factor which might limit the crustacean approach is that, in some countries, Mesocyclops acts as an intermediate host for a parasitic worm called Guinea worm, which infects humans.
  • Tiny crustaceans help defeat dengue fever - health - 11 February 2005 - New Scientist 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.newscientist.com [Source type: News]

 ^ Biological Vector Control-Fish : Description: Various fish can be used to eliminate mosquitoes from larger containers used to store potable water.

 ^ Not only can mosquitoes carry diseases which afflict humans, but they also can transmit several diseases and parasites that dogs and horses are very susceptible to.
  • Dengue Fever 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.sdnbd.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 .The biggest dilemma with Mesocyclops is that its success depends on the participation of the community.^ Ultimate success of the program will depend on community participation and cooperation by citizens (most transmission occurs in the home) (10).
  • A Program for Prevention and Control of Epidemic Dengue 31 January 2010 13:35 UTC wonder.cdc.gov [Source type: Academic]
  • A Program for Prevention and Control of Epidemic Dengue 31 January 2010 13:35 UTC aepo-xdv-www.epo.cdc.gov [Source type: Academic]

 ^ Community participation in Puerto Rico depends upon effective communication with a public that is diverse in terms of its socioeconomic and ethnocultural backgrounds (10).
  • A Program for Prevention and Control of Epidemic Dengue 31 January 2010 13:35 UTC wonder.cdc.gov [Source type: Academic]
  • A Program for Prevention and Control of Epidemic Dengue 31 January 2010 13:35 UTC aepo-xdv-www.epo.cdc.gov [Source type: Academic]

 .This idea of a possible parasite-bearing creature in household water containers dissuades people from continuing the process of inoculation and, without the support and work of everyone living in the city, this method will not be successful.^ Aedes aegypti mosquito breeds in any type of man made containers or storage containers having even a small quantity of water Eggs of Aedes aegypti can live without water for more then one year FAVOURED BREEDING PLACES .

 ^ One species of mosquito, aedes albopictus, has evolved over time to live in close proximity to human habitations, breeding in small household water containers or even the pool of water collecting in portions of vehicle tyres.

 ^ Worldwide nearly 2.5-3 billion people continue to live at constant risk of contracting infection.
  • ISPUB - Epidemiological Characteristics Of Dengue Fever; Its Prevention And Control 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.ispub.com [Source type: Academic]

 [16]

Wolbachia

.In 2009, scientists from the School of Integrative Biology at The University of Queensland revealed that by infecting Aedes mosquitos with the bacterium Wolbachia, the adult lifespan was reduced by half.^ Dengue (pronounced “deng-ee”) is a viral disease transmitted by the bite of an infected mosquito, usually Aedes aegypti .
  • The Unfortunate Nurse: A Case Study of Dengue Fever and Social Policy - - Case Teaching Notes - Case Study Collection - National Center for Case Study Teaching in Science 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.sciencecases.org [Source type: Academic]

 ^ University of Queensland researchers said they have successfully infected the mosquito which spreads the tropical disease with a bacterium which halves its 30-day lifespan, thereby reducing its ability to transmit dengue to humans.

 ^ On the mainland of North Queensland, one mosquito transmits the dengue virus: Aedes aegytpi (dengue mosquito).
  • Cairns Dengue Fever | Australia & the Pacific Forum | Fodor's Travel Talk Forums 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.fodors.com [Source type: General]

 [17] .In the study, super-fine needles were used to inject 10,000 mosquito embryos with the bacterium.^ The research published Friday in the journal Science is the result of injecting 10,000 mosquito embryos with a bacterium that occurs naturally in fruit flies but has never been detected in dengue-carrying mosquitoes.

 ^ As we have learned more about the viruses in the last 10–15 years, we’ve been able to use new technologies to study the genetic changes that occur in the viruses.
  • The Spread of Dengue Fever (ActionBioscience) 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.actionbioscience.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ After an extrinsic incubation period of 8-10 days, infected mosquito transmits infection by biting and injecting infected salivary fluid into the wound of another person.
  • Dengue And Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever Dengue Shock Syndrome - Pediatriconcall 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.pediatriconcall.com [Source type: Academic]

 .Once an insect was infected, the bacterium would spread via its eggs to the next generation.^ Infected female mosquito may also transmit the virus transovarially (via the egg).
  • ISPUB - Epidemiological Characteristics Of Dengue Fever; Its Prevention And Control 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.ispub.com [Source type: Academic]

 ^ In each generation, blood-fed females were confined individually and the eggs obtained from the transovarially infected females were pooled.

 ^ Infected female mosquito is capable of vertical transmission of Dengue virus to its next generation, important for virus maintenance but not for epidemics.
  • Dengue And Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever Dengue Shock Syndrome - Pediatriconcall 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.pediatriconcall.com [Source type: Academic]

 .A pilot release of infected mosquitoes could begin in Vietnam within three years.^ Last year however a village in Italy was infected by one tourist returning with the virus transmitting it by Tiger mosquitoes (with the long legs).
  • Flooding and Dengue in Mexico | NowPublic News Coverage 31 January 2010 13:35 UTC www.nowpublic.com [Source type: General]

 ^ The symptoms begin to appear an average of four to seven days after the mosquito bite-this is the intrinsic incubation period, within humans.

 ^ The near simultaneous occurrence of outbreaks on three continents indicates that these viruses and their mosquito vector have had a worldwide distribution in the tropics for more than 200 years.
  • Dengue Fever, what you should know… 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC fiwebelize.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 .If no problems are discovered, a full-scale biological attack against the insects could be launched within five years.^ The molecular replication mechanism of the virus has been discovered, which could be attacked by disrupting the polymerase's work.
  • ISPUB - Epidemiological Characteristics Of Dengue Fever; Its Prevention And Control 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.ispub.com [Source type: Academic]

 [18]

Mosquito mapping

.In 2004, scientists from the Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil, discovered a fast way to find and count mosquito population inside urban areas.^ Outbreaks of dengue are increasingly reported in rural areas, implying that the population at risk is increasing, since dengue is considered to be a predominantly urban disease [ 44–47 ].
  • TropIKA: Dengue: Burden Of Disease And Costs Of Illness 31 January 2010 13:35 UTC www.tropika.net [Source type: Academic]

 ^ In tropical and sub-tropical urban areas, the viruses are maintained in a human/mosquito cycle.
  • Dengue Fever - Factsheet 31 January 2010 13:35 UTC ecdc.europa.eu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ An effective way to kill adult mosquitoes is to apply a residual insecticide (cockroach surface spray) onto the areas where they prefer to rest.
  • Cairns Dengue Fever | Australia & the Pacific Forum | Fodor's Travel Talk Forums 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.fodors.com [Source type: General]

 .The technology, named Intelligent Monitoring of Dengue (in Portuguese), uses traps with kairomones that capture Aedes gravid females, and upload insect counts with a combination of cell phone, GPS and internet technology.^ The use of this cell lineage has provided a rapid, sensitive and economical method for dengue virus isolation.

 ^ This device makes use of nondrying glue to trap gravid female mosquitoes that are attracted to water in the cylindrical device.
  • Dengue Prevention and Vector Control in Singapore | CDC EID 31 January 2010 13:35 UTC www.cdc.gov [Source type: Academic]

 ^ If a female Aedes mosquito bites a dengue patient, the dengue virus will be transmitted from the patient to the mosquito.
  • Channelnewsasia.com - Dengue Watch 31 January 2010 13:35 UTC www.channelnewsasia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 .The result is a complete map of the mosquitoes in urban areas, updated in real time and accessible remotely, that can inform control methodologies.^ Mosquitos infected with the dengue fever virus can be found in both rural and urban areas including major cities.
  • Dengue Fever Symptoms | Treatment | Prevention | Travel Vaccinations 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.travelvaccination.com.au [Source type: General]

 ^ Chan KL. A report on the pilot control scheme in mosquito eradication at the GeylangTanjong Rhu area in Singapore.
  • Dengue Prevention and Vector Control in Singapore | CDC EID 31 January 2010 13:35 UTC www.cdc.gov [Source type: Academic]

 ^ Mosquitoes can and do live in epiphytes which grow in the trees in forest areas and non-urban areas.
  • Cairns Dengue Fever | Australia & the Pacific Forum | Fodor's Travel Talk Forums 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.fodors.com [Source type: General]

 [19] The technology was recognized with a Tech Museum Award in 2006.[20]

Potential antiviral approaches

.Dengue virus belongs to the family Flaviviridae, which includes the hepatitis C virus, West Nile and Yellow fever viruses among others.^ Rab 5 is required for the cellular entry of dengue virus and West Nile viruses.
  • Cell Entry of Dengue Virus: Abstract and Introduction 31 January 2010 13:35 UTC www.medscape.com [Source type: Academic]

 ^ The dengue viruses, the cause of dengue illness, are members of the Flaviviridae family.
  • Alternate Hypothesis on the Pathogenesis of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF)/Dengue Shock Syndrome (DSS) in Dengue Virus Infection -- Noisakran and Perng 233 (4): 401 -- Experimental Biology and Medicine 31 January 2010 13:35 UTC www.ebmonline.org [Source type: Academic]

 ^ Prior infection with a dengue fever virus.

 .Possible laboratory modification of the yellow fever vaccine YF-17D to target the dengue virus via chimeric replacement has been discussed extensively in scientific literature,[21] but as of 2009 no full scale studies have been conducted.^ Prior infection with a dengue fever virus.

 ^ Dengue/DHF Update 2009 (21).

 ^ There is no vaccine to prevent dengue fever.
  • NaTHNaC | Dengue Fever Information Sheet, Health Professionals 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC nathnac.org [Source type: Academic]

 [22]
.In 2006 a group of Argentine scientists discovered the molecular replication mechanism of the virus, which could be specifically attacked by disrupting the viral RNA polymerase.^ Henchal EA, Gentry MK, McCown JM, Brandt WE. Dengue virus-specific and flavivirus group determinants identified with monoclonal antibodies by indirect immunofluorescence.
  • Dengue, Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever, Dengue Shock Syndrome 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.bhj.org [Source type: Academic]

 ^ Demonstration of specific viral antigen/RNA in the tissue or serum.
  • Dengue And Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever Dengue Shock Syndrome - Pediatriconcall 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.pediatriconcall.com [Source type: Academic]

 ^ This protein is believed to be the virus encoded RNA dependent RNA polymerase.
  • Dengue, Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever, Dengue Shock Syndrome 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.bhj.org [Source type: Academic]

 [23] .In cell culture[24] and murine experiments[25][26] morpholino antisense oligomers have shown specific activity against Dengue virus.^ In addition to increases in cytokine levels cellular markers for T-cell activation, CD69, CD38, and CCR7 have been shown to be increased in dengue infection [ 33 ] and IFN γ secretion by dengue specific T-cells has been shown to upregulate the number of Fc γ receptors.
  • Virology Journal | Full text | Relationship of immunological components in dengue pathogensis 31 January 2010 13:35 UTC www.virologyj.com [Source type: Academic]

 ^ The dual-specific binding of dengue virus and target cells for the antibody-dependent enhancement of dengue virus infection.
  • PLoS Pathogens: Immature Dengue Virus: A Veiled Pathogen? 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.plospathogens.org [Source type: Academic]

 ^ The use of this cell lineage has provided a rapid, sensitive and economical method for dengue virus isolation.
.In 2007 virus replication was attenuated in the laboratory by interfering with activity of the dengue viral protease, and a project to identify drug leads with broad spectrum activity against the related dengue, hepatitis C, West Nile, and yellow fever viruses was launched[27][28].^ The Dengue Virus is a member of the family Flaviviridae along with other noted viruses Yellow Fever, West Nile, and Japanese Encephalitis.
  • Virology Journal | Full text | Relationship of immunological components in dengue pathogensis 31 January 2010 13:35 UTC www.virologyj.com [Source type: Academic]

 ^ West Nile Virus disease .

 ^ Related videos for Dengue fever .
  • Symptoms of Dengue fever - WrongDiagnosis.com 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.wrongdiagnosis.com [Source type: Academic]

Sterile insect technique

.The sterile insect technique, a form of biological control, has long proved difficult with mosquitos because of the fragility of the males.^ Many places do not do good mosquito control, mainly because it is too hard.
  • The Spread of Dengue Fever (ActionBioscience) 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.actionbioscience.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ Because of its higher sensitivity, the mosquito inoculation technique is still the method of choice for attempting dengue virus isolation from important specimens and, especially, in fatal cases.

 ^ Biological Vector Control-Fish : Description: Various fish can be used to eliminate mosquitoes from larger containers used to store potable water.

 [29] .However, a transgenic strain of Aedes aegypti was announced in 2010 which might alleviate this problem: the strain produces females that are flightless due to a mis-development of their wings,[30] and so can neither mate nor bite.^ Aedes aegypti, considered the most effective vector, originated in the forests of Africa and is found in Between 30 degrees north and 20 degrees south latitude.
  • Dengue, Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever, Dengue Shock Syndrome 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.bhj.org [Source type: Academic]

 ^ Dengue is a viral disease It is transmitted by the infective bite of Aedes Aegypti mosquito Man develops disease after 3-14 days (usually 4-7 days) of being bitten by an infective mosquito It occurs in two forms: Dengue Fever and Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever(DHF)/Dengue Shock Syndrome(DSS).

 ^ During the viremic period, an uninfected female Aedes aegypti mosquito bites the person and ingests blood that contains dengue virus.

 .The genetic defect only causes effects in females, so that males can act as silent carriers.^ The results showed that up to 50 percent of wild female mosquitoes mated with Oxitec's genetically modified male mosquitoes.
  • Engineered Mosquitoes Could Wipe Out Dengue Fever 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.wired.com [Source type: News]

 ^ In both females and males, endocarditis affects the tricuspid valves occasionally and the pulmonic only rarely.
  • Symptoms of Dengue fever - WrongDiagnosis.com 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.wrongdiagnosis.com [Source type: Academic]

 ^ The company, Oxitec , said it can decimate mosquito populations by breeding genetically modified male mosquitoes , then releasing them to mate with wild females.
  • Engineered Mosquitoes Could Wipe Out Dengue Fever 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.wired.com [Source type: News]

 [29]

Treatment

.The mainstay of treatment is timely supportive therapy to tackle shock due to hemoconcentration and bleeding.^ The mainstay of treatment is timely supportive therapy to tackle shock due to haemoconcentration and bleeding.
  • Dengue Fever, what you should know… 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC fiwebelize.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ All eight patients with recurrent shock had a second episode of shock at a mean (SD) time of 6.2 (2.9) hours (range = 3–11) from beginning of intravenous fluid therapy.
  • VOLUME REPLACEMENT IN INFANTS WITH DENGUE HEMORRHAGIC FEVER/DENGUE SHOCK SYNDROME -- HUNG et al. 74 (4): 684 -- American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.ajtmh.org [Source type: Academic]

 ^ Treatment of non-shock DHF was supportive and symptomatic.
  • VOLUME REPLACEMENT IN INFANTS WITH DENGUE HEMORRHAGIC FEVER/DENGUE SHOCK SYNDROME -- HUNG et al. 74 (4): 684 -- American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.ajtmh.org [Source type: Academic]

 .Close monitoring of vital signs in critical period (between day 2 to day 7 of fever) is critical.^ Close monitoring of vital signs in critical period (between day 2 to day 7 of fever) is critical.
  • Dengue Fever, what you should know… 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC fiwebelize.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ She was put under close observation for vital signs and bleeding precaution.
  • Dengue fever in pregnancy: a case report 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]

 ^ DHF requires continuous monitoring of vital signs and urine output.
  • Emerging Themes in Epidemiology | Full text | Dengue fever: new paradigms for a changing epidemiology 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.ete-online.com [Source type: Academic]
  • Dengue fever: new paradigms for a changing epidemiology 31 January 2010 13:35 UTC www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]

 .Increased oral fluid intake is recommended to prevent dehydration.^ Increased oral fluid intake is recommended to prevent dehydration.
  • Dengue Fever, what you should know… 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC fiwebelize.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
  • Dengue fever 31 January 2010 13:35 UTC www.scribd.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ Supplementation with intravenous fluids may be necessary to prevent dehydration and significant concentration of the blood if the patient is unable to maintain oral intake.
  • Dengue Fever, what you should know… 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC fiwebelize.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ Patients with signs described above who are also manifesting severe vomiting, diarrhea, and clinical signs of dehydration, may be given oral or parenteral fluid therapy in the outpatient setting.
  • A Program for Prevention and Control of Epidemic Dengue 31 January 2010 13:35 UTC wonder.cdc.gov [Source type: Academic]
  • A Program for Prevention and Control of Epidemic Dengue 31 January 2010 13:35 UTC aepo-xdv-www.epo.cdc.gov [Source type: Academic]

 .Supplementation with intravenous fluids may be necessary to prevent dehydration and significant concentration of the blood if the patient is unable to maintain oral intake.^ Increased oral fluid intake is recommended to prevent dehydration.
  • Dengue Fever, what you should know… 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC fiwebelize.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ Supplementation with intravenous fluids may be necessary to prevent dehydration and significant concentration of the blood if the patient is unable to maintain oral intake.
  • Dengue Fever, what you should know… 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC fiwebelize.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ A transfusion of fresh blood or platelets can correct bleeding problems Intravenous (IV) fluids and electrolytes are also used to correct electrolyte imbalances Oxygen therapy may be needed to treat abnormally low blood oxygen Rehydration with intravenous (IV) fluids is often necessary to treat dehydration Supportive care in an intensive care unit/environment Support Groups: Expectations (prognosis): With early and aggressive care, most patients recover from dengue hemorrhagic fever.
  • Wilmington/Newark - Dengue hemorrhagic fever is a severe, potentially deadly... 31 January 2010 13:35 UTC www.christianacare.org [Source type: Academic]

 .A platelet transfusion is indicated in rare cases if the platelet level drops significantly (below 20,000) or if there is significant bleeding.^ After 20 litres of blood transfusion and after drinking the raw papaya leaf juice, his platelet count jumped instantly from 45 to 135.
  • Dengue Fever - Overview 31 January 2010 13:35 UTC www.medindia.net [Source type: General]

 ^ There is no known cure or vaccine for dengue fever, which is transmitted by mosquitoes and kills more than 20,000 people each year.

 ^ Even so, there were 24,000 cases of hemorrhagic disease, 10,000 cases of dengue shock syndrome (DSS), and 158 deaths.
  • A Program for Prevention and Control of Epidemic Dengue 31 January 2010 13:35 UTC wonder.cdc.gov [Source type: Academic]
  • A Program for Prevention and Control of Epidemic Dengue 31 January 2010 13:35 UTC aepo-xdv-www.epo.cdc.gov [Source type: Academic]

 .The presence of melena may indicate internal gastrointestinal bleeding requiring platelet and/or red blood cell transfusion.^ A blood transfusion was only indicated in patients with severe bleeding.
  • VOLUME REPLACEMENT IN INFANTS WITH DENGUE HEMORRHAGIC FEVER/DENGUE SHOCK SYNDROME -- HUNG et al. 74 (4): 684 -- American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.ajtmh.org [Source type: Academic]

 ^ There are 3 kinds of dengue virus and 1 of them may require blood transfusion.
  • The Cure Library » Blog Archive » Dengue Fever Cure using Tawa Tawa aka Gatas Gatas weed 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.curelibrary.com [Source type: General]

 ^ The presence of melena may indicate internal gastrointestinal bleeding requiring platelet and/or red blood cell transfusion.
  • Dengue Fever, what you should know… 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC fiwebelize.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.Aspirin and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs should be avoided as these drugs may worsen the bleeding tendency associated with some of these infections.^ Aspirin should never be given, as it can increase the bleeding tendency.
  • Dengue Fever - The A-Z of Childhood Illnesses - Keeping Your Child Healthy - Part 4 - Guide to Child Care - Dr. R. K. Anand 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.guidetochildcare.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ Avoid Aspirin and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory.

 ^ Aspirin and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs should be avoided as these drugs may worsen the bleeding tendency associated with some of these infections.
  • Dengue Fever, what you should know… 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC fiwebelize.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 .Patients may receive paracetamol preparations to deal with these symptoms if dengue is suspected.^ Patients may receive paracetamol preparations to deal with these symptoms if dengue is suspected.
  • Dengue Fever, what you should know… 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC fiwebelize.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ (Figure 2) The first suspected dengue illness was reported with an onset date September 5, 2001; subsequent investigations identified an additional 31 laboratory-positive patients with illness onset before that date, and the earliest was May 27, 2001.
  • Dengue Fever, Hawaii, 2001-2002: Results 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.medscape.com [Source type: Academic]

 ^ Rarely the patient suffering from dengue may develop shock, then it is called dengue shock syndrome ( DSS ).
  • Dengue/DHF - FAQ 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.searo.who.int [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 [31]

Research

.Emerging evidence suggests that mycophenolic acid and ribavirin inhibit dengue replication.^ Emerging evidence suggests that mycophenolic acid and ribavirin inhibit dengue replication.
  • Dengue Fever, what you should know… 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC fiwebelize.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ Furthermore, modulators of UPR such as Salubrinal that inhibit Dengue replication may open up avenues for anti-viral therapy.

 ^ Recently, evidence has been presented that suggests that not only dengue virus serotypes, but flaviviruses in general may share peptide sequences, which serve as immunodominant determinants.
  • Alternate Hypothesis on the Pathogenesis of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF)/Dengue Shock Syndrome (DSS) in Dengue Virus Infection -- Noisakran and Perng 233 (4): 401 -- Experimental Biology and Medicine 31 January 2010 13:35 UTC www.ebmonline.org [Source type: Academic]

 .Initial experiments showed a fivefold increase in defective viral RNA production by cells treated with each drug.^ Initial experiments showed a fivefold increase in defective viral RNA production by cells treated with each drug.
  • Dengue Fever, what you should know… 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC fiwebelize.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ Treat the patient with acetaminophen for fever, and avoid the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and aspirin because of the increased risk of bleeding in the presence of thrombocytopenia.
  • Focus On: Dengue Fever 31 January 2010 13:35 UTC www.acep.org [Source type: Academic]

 ^ Activation of platelet-activating factor (PAF) receptor (PAFR) on endothelial cells and leukocytes induces increase in vascular permeability, hypotension, and production of cytokines.

 [32] .In vivo studies, however, have not yet been done.^ In vivo studies, however, have not yet been done.
  • Dengue Fever, what you should know… 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC fiwebelize.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 .Unlike HIV therapy, lack of adequate global interest and funding greatly hampers the development of a treatment regime.^ Unlike HIV therapy, lack of adequate global interest and funding greatly hampers the development of treatment regime.
  • Dengue Fever, what you should know… 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC fiwebelize.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

Alternative medicine

.In Brazilian traditional medicine, cat's claw herb is used to treat patients with dengue.^ In Malaysia, dengue is treated by some using natural medicine.
  • Dengue Fever, what you should know… 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC fiwebelize.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ In Brazilian traditional medicine, dengue is treated with cat’s claw herb, which is for inflammation and does not prevent dengue.
  • Dengue Fever, what you should know… 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC fiwebelize.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ Treat the patient with acetaminophen for fever, and avoid the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and aspirin because of the increased risk of bleeding in the presence of thrombocytopenia.
  • Focus On: Dengue Fever 31 January 2010 13:35 UTC www.acep.org [Source type: Academic]

 [33] .In Philippines, the tawa-tawa herb is used to treat patients with dengue.^ Treat the patient with acetaminophen for fever, and avoid the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and aspirin because of the increased risk of bleeding in the presence of thrombocytopenia.
  • Focus On: Dengue Fever 31 January 2010 13:35 UTC www.acep.org [Source type: Academic]

 ^ Most patients with dengue fever can be treated at home.
  • Dengue/DHF - FAQ 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.searo.who.int [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ In Philippines dengue patients use tawa-tawa herbs and sweet-potato-tops juice to increase the platelets counts and revived the patients.
  • Dengue Fever, what you should know… 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC fiwebelize.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 [34]

Epidemiology

Disability-adjusted life year for dengue fever per 100,000 inhabitants in 2002.
     no data      < 15      15-30      30-45      45-60      60-75      75-90
     90-105      105-120      120-135      135-150      150-250      > 250
.
Worldwide dengue distribution, 2006. Red: Epidemic dengue.^ In the 1950s, 9 countries reported dengue outbreaks; today, the geographic distribution includes more than 100 countries worldwide.
  • Dengue Fever: eMedicine Infectious Diseases 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC emedicine.medscape.com [Source type: Academic]

 Blue: Aedes aegypti.
Worldwide dengue distribution, 2000.
.Dengue is transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes, particularly A. aegypti and A. albopictus.^ If a female Aedes mosquito bites a dengue patient, the dengue virus will be transmitted from the patient to the mosquito.
  • Channelnewsasia.com - Dengue Watch 31 January 2010 13:35 UTC www.channelnewsasia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ The agency through which the virus travels is the aedes aegypti or the aedes albopictus mosquito.
  • Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever Symptoms & Treatment 31 January 2010 13:35 UTC www.ayushveda.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ The dengue mosquito (Aedes aegypti) can more readily be identified by its behaviour.
  • Cairns Dengue Fever | Australia & the Pacific Forum | Fodor's Travel Talk Forums 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.fodors.com [Source type: General]
.The first recognized Dengue epidemics occurred almost simultaneously in Asia, Africa, and North America in the 1780s, shortly after the identification and naming of the disease in 1779. A pandemic began in Southeast Asia in the 1950s, and by 1975 DHF had become a leading cause of death among children in the region.^ Most deaths occur in children.
  • Dengue fever 31 January 2010 13:35 UTC www.scribd.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ However, dengue is recognized as one of the leading causes of death and hospitalization among children in India [ 51 ].
  • TropIKA: Dengue: Burden Of Disease And Costs Of Illness 31 January 2010 13:35 UTC www.tropika.net [Source type: Academic]

 ^ In Southeast Asia, dengue hemorrhagic fever is primarily an illness of children and is the leading cause of death and hospitalization in that population.
  • Dengue: eMedicine Pediatrics: General Medicine 31 January 2010 13:35 UTC emedicine.medscape.com [Source type: Academic]

 .Epidemic dengue has become more common since the 1980s.^ Dengue fever has been epidemic in Malaysia since the early 1970s and the number of cases has continued to rise, especially in the late 20th century.
  • The Chartered Institute of Environmental Health - Distribution pattern of a dengue fever outbreak using GIS 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.cieh.org [Source type: Academic]

 ^ Eight years later, in 1993, the first case of autochthonous dengue fever was confirmed since the last dengue epidemic of 1942.
  • http://www.paho.org/english/sha/be_v21n4-dengue.htm 31 January 2010 13:35 UTC www.paho.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ Dengue hemorrhagic fever More-severe forms of the disease usually begin the same way as the mild form (dengue fever) then become worse after several days.
  • Dengue fever 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.cnn.com [Source type: General]
  • Dengue fever 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC edition.cnn.com [Source type: General]
  • OhioHealth - Dengue fever 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.ohiohealth.com [Source type: General]
  • Dengue fever 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC premium.cnn.com [Source type: General]

 .By the late 1990s, dengue was the most important mosquito-borne disease affecting humans after malaria, with around 40 million cases of dengue fever and several hundred thousand cases of dengue hemorrhagic fever each year.^ Dengue hemorrhagic fever: diagnosis and management.
  • VOLUME REPLACEMENT IN INFANTS WITH DENGUE HEMORRHAGIC FEVER/DENGUE SHOCK SYNDROME -- HUNG et al. 74 (4): 684 -- American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.ajtmh.org [Source type: Academic]

 ^ Dengue fever over the last 40 years has become one of the most serious epidemic diseases in Malaysia.
  • The Chartered Institute of Environmental Health - Distribution pattern of a dengue fever outbreak using GIS 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.cieh.org [Source type: Academic]

 ^ Millions of cases of dengue infection occur worldwide each year.
  • Dengue fever 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.cnn.com [Source type: General]
  • Dengue fever 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC edition.cnn.com [Source type: General]
  • OhioHealth - Dengue fever 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.ohiohealth.com [Source type: General]
  • Dengue fever 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC premium.cnn.com [Source type: General]

 .Significant outbreaks of dengue fever tend to occur every five or six months.^ It occurs commonly as dengue fever.
  • Dengue/DHF - FAQ 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.searo.who.int [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ Worldwide, more than 100 million cases of dengue fever occur every year.
  • Wilmington/Newark - Dengue hemorrhagic fever is a severe, potentially deadly... 31 January 2010 13:35 UTC www.christianacare.org [Source type: Academic]
  • Dengue hemorrhagic fever - Scripps Health - San Diego 31 January 2010 13:35 UTC www.scripps.org [Source type: Academic]

 ^ In 1779-1780, the first reported outbreak of dengue fever (DF) occurred almost simultaneously in Asia, North America, and Africa.
  • Dengue: eMedicine Pediatrics: General Medicine 31 January 2010 13:35 UTC emedicine.medscape.com [Source type: Academic]

 .The cyclical rise and fall in numbers of dengue cases is thought to be the result of seasonal cycles interacting with a short-lived cross-immunity for all four strains in people who have had dengue.^ Dengue affects people of all ages.
  • Dengue Fever: eMedicine Infectious Diseases 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC emedicine.medscape.com [Source type: Academic]

 ^ Dengue fever has been epidemic in Malaysia since the early 1970s and the number of cases has continued to rise, especially in the late 20th century.
  • The Chartered Institute of Environmental Health - Distribution pattern of a dengue fever outbreak using GIS 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.cieh.org [Source type: Academic]

 ^ DHF patients usually fall into two groups; children and adults who become infected with a second dengue virus serotype after an initial primary dengue virus infection with a different serotype, and infants with primary dengue virus infections born to mothers who have some dengue virus immunity.

 .When the cross-immunity wears off the population is more susceptible to transmission whenever the next seasonal peak occurs.^ If the number of vectors and susceptible pediatric and adult hosts is sufficient, explosive transmission can occur, with an infection incidence of 25%-50%.
  • Dengue Fever: eMedicine Infectious Diseases 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC emedicine.medscape.com [Source type: Academic]

 ^ The inequality R - 1 ≤ p ' (ie μ h ( R - 1) ≤ p ) represents the principle of herd immunity because the susceptible population may be protected from epidemics if enough people are immunized.

 ^ Low levels of population immunity provide an ideal condition for dengue transmission despite low Aedes mosquito density ( 16 ).
  • Dengue Prevention and Vector Control in Singapore | CDC EID 31 January 2010 13:35 UTC www.cdc.gov [Source type: Academic]

 .Thus over time there remain large numbers of susceptible people in affected populations despite previous outbreaks due to the four different serotypes of dengue virus and the presence of unexposed individuals from childbirth or immigration.^ Dengue affects people of all ages.
  • Dengue Fever: eMedicine Infectious Diseases 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC emedicine.medscape.com [Source type: Academic]

 ^ Serotype 1 dengue (DENV-1) was introduced into a largely susceptible population in Cuba in 1977.
  • Dengue Fever: eMedicine Infectious Diseases 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC emedicine.medscape.com [Source type: Academic]

 ^ There are four distinct serotypes of DENV which, according to WHO estimates, infect about 50-100 million individuals annually, mostly in the (sub)tropical regions of the world.
  • PLoS Pathogens: Immature Dengue Virus: A Veiled Pathogen? 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.plospathogens.org [Source type: Academic]
.There is significant evidence, originally suggested by S.B. Halstead in the 1970s, that dengue hemorrhagic fever is more likely to occur in patients who have secondary infections by another one of dengue fever's four serotypes.^ Dengue hemorrhagic fever: diagnosis and management.
  • VOLUME REPLACEMENT IN INFANTS WITH DENGUE HEMORRHAGIC FEVER/DENGUE SHOCK SYNDROME -- HUNG et al. 74 (4): 684 -- American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.ajtmh.org [Source type: Academic]

 ^ Prior infection with a dengue fever virus.
  • Dengue fever 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.cnn.com [Source type: General]
  • Dengue fever 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC edition.cnn.com [Source type: General]
  • OhioHealth - Dengue fever 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.ohiohealth.com [Source type: General]
  • Dengue fever 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC premium.cnn.com [Source type: General]

 ^ Undifferentiated fever: When there is dengue infection for the first time (primary Dengue infection).
  • Dengue And Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever Dengue Shock Syndrome - Pediatriconcall 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.pediatriconcall.com [Source type: Academic]

 .One model to explain this process is known as antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE), which allows for increased uptake and virion replication during a secondary infection with a different strain.^ I. Infection enhancement by non-neutralizing antibody.
  • Alternate Hypothesis on the Pathogenesis of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF)/Dengue Shock Syndrome (DSS) in Dengue Virus Infection -- Noisakran and Perng 233 (4): 401 -- Experimental Biology and Medicine 31 January 2010 13:35 UTC www.ebmonline.org [Source type: Academic]

 ^ T cells during a dengue infection have prolific and cross reactive effector functions in addition to producing copious amounts of cytokines that feature prominently in cases of DHF/DSS. A second component in immune enhancement is Antibody Dependant Enhancement (ADE).
  • Virology Journal | Full text | Relationship of immunological components in dengue pathogensis 31 January 2010 13:35 UTC www.virologyj.com [Source type: Academic]

 ^ This leads to the hypothesis of heterotypic antibodies from a previous dengue infection promoting the viral replication within the mononuclear leucocytes-the phenomenon of antibody-dependent enhancement.
  • Dengue, Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever, Dengue Shock Syndrome 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.bhj.org [Source type: Academic]

 .Through an immunological phenomenon, known as original antigenic sin, the immune system is not able to adequately respond to the stronger infection, and the secondary infection becomes far more serious.^ New research is beginning to shed light on how the virus interacts with humans how it damages cells and how the human immune system responds to dengue virus invasion.
  • Symptoms of Dengue fever - WrongDiagnosis.com 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.wrongdiagnosis.com [Source type: Academic]

 ^ Dengue-specific antibodies are detected for many years (48 years or more), being of great value for seroepidemiological studies and to differentiate primary from secondary infections.

 ^ An individual may suffer from no more than a fever during his first infection but can become susceptible to more serious symptoms -- including circulatory failure -- if infected again.
  • Dengue Fever; In America? - Political Forum 31 January 2010 13:35 UTC www.politicalforum.com [Source type: General]

 [35] This process is also known as superinfection.[36][37]
.Reported cases of dengue are an under-representation of all cases when accounting for subclinical cases and cases where the patient did not present for medical treatment.^ Dengue fever in pregnancy: a case report .
  • Dengue fever in pregnancy: a case report 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]

 ^ Throughout the world there are 50 - 100 Million reported cases of dengue each year and even the USA has areas which are effected by it, as is all of Mexico and Central America, the Carribean, and tropical South America, Africa, Asia etc etc.
  • Cairns Dengue Fever | Australia & the Pacific Forum | Fodor's Travel Talk Forums 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.fodors.com [Source type: General]

 ^ In Puerto Rico, thousands of dengue cases and several dengue-related deaths are reported every year.
  • Local Climate Influences Dengue Transmission 31 January 2010 13:35 UTC www.medicalnewstoday.com [Source type: Academic]
.There was a serious outbreak in Rio de Janeiro in February 2002 affecting around one million people and killing sixteen.^ In the early months of 2002, there was another historic epidemic in Rio de Janeiro, which affected one million people.
  • Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever Symptoms & Treatment 31 January 2010 13:35 UTC www.ayushveda.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ An October outbreak there sickened 72 people and resulted in two deaths, according to the St. Maarten Daily Herald.
  • Travel Q&A: Protecting Yourself From Dengue Fever - washingtonpost.com 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.washingtonpost.com [Source type: News]

 ^ In 2001 there were 400, 000 cases of haemorrhagic fever in Southeast Asia, whereas, in Rio de Janeiro alone, 500, 000 people were struck by a dengue outbreak in 2002.

 .On March 20, 2008, the secretary of health of the state of Rio de Janeiro, Sérgio Côrtes, announced that 23,555 cases of dengue, including 30 deaths, had been recorded in the state in less than three months.^ Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, experienced a severe dengue fever epidemic in 2008.

 ^ Worldwide, more than 100 million cases of dengue fever occur every year.
  • Dengue hemorrhagic fever - Scripps Health - San Diego 31 January 2010 13:35 UTC www.scripps.org [Source type: Academic]

 ^ The government says in recent months more than 20,000 people have been diagnosed with dengue -- which causes a severe flu-like illness -- and five people have died from complications brought on by the disease.
  • Argentina's Dengue Fever Outbreak Fans Anger at President - WSJ.com 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC online.wsj.com [Source type: News]

 .Côrtes said, "I am treating this as an epidemic because the number of cases is extremely high."^ Dengue fever has been epidemic in Malaysia since the early 1970s and the number of cases has continued to rise, especially in the late 20th century.
  • The Chartered Institute of Environmental Health - Distribution pattern of a dengue fever outbreak using GIS 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.cieh.org [Source type: Academic]

 ^ As at 17 September this year, the number of dengue cases has reached a high of 10,237, including 318 Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever (DHF) cases.
  • Channelnewsasia.com - Dengue Watch 31 January 2010 13:35 UTC www.channelnewsasia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ In 2005, the number of dengue cases increased dramatically and it became the worst epidemic in the nation’s history.
  • The Chartered Institute of Environmental Health - Distribution pattern of a dengue fever outbreak using GIS 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.cieh.org [Source type: Academic]

 Federal Minister of Health, José Gomes Temporão also announced that he was forming a panel to respond to the situation. .Cesar Maia, mayor of the city of Rio de Janeiro, denied that there was serious cause for concern, saying that the incidence of cases was in fact declining from a peak at the beginning of February.^ In the early months of 2002, there was another historic epidemic in Rio de Janeiro, which affected one million people.
  • Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever Symptoms & Treatment 31 January 2010 13:35 UTC www.ayushveda.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ There were 697 dengue cases in the week ending 17 September, a new peak.
  • Channelnewsasia.com - Dengue Watch 31 January 2010 13:35 UTC www.channelnewsasia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ In the capital city of Jakarta, a total of 20 503 cases were recorded, with an epidemic peak between March and April ( Suwandono et al., 2006 ).

 [38] By April 3, 2008, the number of cases reported rose to 55,000 [39]
.In Singapore, there are 4,000–5,000 reported cases of dengue fever or dengue haemorrhagic fever every year.^ Nimmannitya S. Dengue fever/dengue haemorrhagic fever: case management.
  • Dengue, Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever, Dengue Shock Syndrome 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.bhj.org [Source type: Academic]

 ^ Figure 1.0 Dengue cases reported in Malaysia for year 2000-2005.
  • The Chartered Institute of Environmental Health - Distribution pattern of a dengue fever outbreak using GIS 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.cieh.org [Source type: Academic]

 ^ Dengue fever in pregnancy: a case report .
  • Dengue fever in pregnancy: a case report 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]

 .In the year 2004, there were seven deaths from dengue shock syndrome[40].^ Risk factors in dengue shock syndrome.
  • Dengue fever: new paradigms for a changing epidemiology 31 January 2010 13:35 UTC www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]

 ^ T ABLE 1 Demographic characteristics and clinical and laboratory findings for 145 infants with nonshock dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) and 63 infants with dengue shock syndrome (DSS)* .
  • VOLUME REPLACEMENT IN INFANTS WITH DENGUE HEMORRHAGIC FEVER/DENGUE SHOCK SYNDROME -- HUNG et al. 74 (4): 684 -- American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.ajtmh.org [Source type: Academic]

 ^ Kouri GP, Gusman MG, Bravo JR, Triana C. Dengue hemorrhagic fever/dengue shock syndrome: lessons from the Cuban epidemic, 1981.
  • Dengue Prevention and Vector Control in Singapore | CDC EID 31 January 2010 13:35 UTC www.cdc.gov [Source type: Academic]
.An epidemic broke out in Bolivia in early 2009, in which 18 people have died and 31,000 infected.^ In the early months of 2002, there was another historic epidemic in Rio de Janeiro, which affected one million people.
  • Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever Symptoms & Treatment 31 January 2010 13:35 UTC www.ayushveda.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ In a 1993 epidemic in the Comoros, an estimated 60,000 persons were infected with dengue.
  • Dengue Fever: eMedicine Infectious Diseases 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC emedicine.medscape.com [Source type: Academic]

 ^ Yearly, approximately 50-100 million people are infected with dengue, and 250,000 individuals develop dengue hemorrhagic fever.
  • Dengue Fever: eMedicine Infectious Diseases 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC emedicine.medscape.com [Source type: Academic]
.An outbreak of dengue fever was declared in Cairns, located in the tropical north of Queensland, Australia on 1 December 2008. As at 3 March 2009 there were 503 confirmed cases of dengue fever, in a residential population of 152,137. Outbreaks were subsequently declared the neighbouring cities and towns of Townsville (outbreak declared 5 January 2009), Port Douglas (6 February 2009), Yarrabah (19 February 2009), Injinoo (24 February 2009), Innisfail (27 February 2009) and Rockhampton (10 March 2009).^ Dengue Fever is home to the tropics worldwide.
  • The climate-fueled march of dengue fever - World Blog - msnbc.com 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC worldblog.msnbc.msn.com [Source type: News]

 ^ The climate-fueled march of dengue fever .
  • The climate-fueled march of dengue fever - World Blog - msnbc.com 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC worldblog.msnbc.msn.com [Source type: News]

 ^ Dengue Fever 10/09/05 .
  • Amoeba Music > Live Shows > Performances 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.amoeba.com [Source type: General]

 .There have been occurrences of dengue types one, two, three and four in the region.^ There’s no vaccine, and because there are four sub-types of dengue, which come in cycles, getting ill from one type does not give you immunity from the others.
  • The climate-fueled march of dengue fever - World Blog - msnbc.com 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC worldblog.msnbc.msn.com [Source type: News]

 ^ We chose four estates that have experienced more dengue cases this year in order to find out the state of mosquito breeding and if there are new types of breeding habitats of the Aedes mosquitoes that have previously not been detected.
  • Channelnewsasia.com - Dengue Watch 31 January 2010 13:35 UTC www.channelnewsasia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ A person infected by one of the four serotypes will never be infected again by the same serotype (homologus immunity), but he looses immunity to the three other serotypes (heterologus immunity) in about 12 weeks and then becomes more susceptible to developing dengue haemorrhagic fever.

 .March 4, 2009, Queensland Health had confirmed an elderly woman had died from dengue fever in Cairns, in the first fatality since the epidemic began last year.^ Ten Have A: Dengue fever outbreak first in 50 years.
  • Emerging Themes in Epidemiology | Full text | Dengue fever: new paradigms for a changing epidemiology 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.ete-online.com [Source type: Academic]

 ^ PubMed ] Ten Have A. Dengue fever outbreak first in 50 years.
  • Dengue fever: new paradigms for a changing epidemiology 31 January 2010 13:35 UTC www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]

 ^ This is a very fatal type of dengue fever.
  • Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever Symptoms & Treatment 31 January 2010 13:35 UTC www.ayushveda.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 .The statement said that although the woman had other health problems, she tested positive for dengue and the disease probably contributed to her death.^ Decisions can be based on a comparison of the burden of dengue with that of other health problems.
  • TropIKA: Dengue: Burden Of Disease And Costs Of Illness 31 January 2010 13:35 UTC www.tropika.net [Source type: Academic]

 ^ A. Dengue fever, a flulike virus that's spread through mosquito bites, has become a major public health problem in the tropical world.
  • Travel Q&A: Protecting Yourself From Dengue Fever - washingtonpost.com 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.washingtonpost.com [Source type: News]

 ^ Understanding patterns of health-care use and expenditure may contribute to the development of policies that will improve the allocation of resources to the poorer segments of society, who might not be able to pay for a vaccine or other dengue-related interventions.
  • TropIKA: Dengue: Burden Of Disease And Costs Of Illness 31 January 2010 13:35 UTC www.tropika.net [Source type: Academic]
.In 2009, in Argentina, a dengue outbreak was declared the northern provinces of Chaco, Catamarca, Salta, Jujuy, and Corrientes, with over 9673 cases reported as of April 11, 2009 by the Health Ministry [1].^ In 1779-1780, the first reported outbreak of dengue fever (DF) occurred almost simultaneously in Asia, North America, and Africa.
  • Dengue: eMedicine Pediatrics: General Medicine 31 January 2010 13:35 UTC emedicine.medscape.com [Source type: Academic]

 ^ About 80% of the dengue cases have been concentrated in two northern provinces, Chaco and Catamarca -- a warm area that is an ideal breeding ground for mosquitoes.
  • Argentina's Dengue Fever Outbreak Fans Anger at President - WSJ.com 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC online.wsj.com [Source type: News]

 ^ Outbreaks of dengue are increasingly reported in rural areas, implying that the population at risk is increasing, since dengue is considered to be a predominantly urban disease [ 44–47 ].
  • TropIKA: Dengue: Burden Of Disease And Costs Of Illness 31 January 2010 13:35 UTC www.tropika.net [Source type: Academic]

 .Some travelers from the affected zones have spread the fever as far south as Buenos Aires [2].^ Dengue fever has spread from the border lands of Texas to South and Central America, from Africa to the Middle East to Indonesia and Australia.
  • Virology Journal | Full text | Relationship of immunological components in dengue pathogensis 31 January 2010 13:35 UTC www.virologyj.com [Source type: Academic]

 ^ Predominantly affecting young adults and adults, 122 cases of dengue fever spread slowly on Maui, Oahu, and Kauai.
  • Dengue Fever: eMedicine Infectious Diseases 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC emedicine.medscape.com [Source type: Academic]

 ^ Dengue fever's range has spread into the Rio Grande Valley in Texas and also into South Florida.
  • The climate-fueled march of dengue fever - World Blog - msnbc.com 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC worldblog.msnbc.msn.com [Source type: News]

 .Major efforts to control the epidemic in Argentina are focused on preventing its vector (the Aedes mosquitoes) from reproducing.^ This program focuses not on mosquito control but upon disease prevention.
  • A Program for Prevention and Control of Epidemic Dengue 31 January 2010 13:35 UTC wonder.cdc.gov [Source type: Academic]
  • A Program for Prevention and Control of Epidemic Dengue 31 January 2010 13:35 UTC aepo-xdv-www.epo.cdc.gov [Source type: Academic]

 ^ Advice on mosquito control and prevention .
  • Food and Environmental Hygiene Department 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.fehd.gov.hk [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ Aedes mosquitoes serving as secondary vectors.

 .This is addressed by asking people to dry out all possible water reservoirs from where mosquitoes could proliferate (which is, in other countries, known as "descacharrado").^ Environmental changes: Improving water supply, mosquito proofing of overhead tanks, cisterns and underground reservoirs.
  • Dengue And Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever Dengue Shock Syndrome - Pediatriconcall 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.pediatriconcall.com [Source type: Academic]

 ^ In particular, workers say, the water serves as breeding grounds for mosquitoes, which are very thick around the station and which carry dengue fever, among other maladies.
  • Dengue Fever in Cuba | Babalú Blog: an island on the net without a bearded dictator 31 January 2010 13:35 UTC babalublog.com [Source type: General]

 ^ Aedes mosquitoes : Ontology: UMLS:C0322859 Description: The evidence that some Aedes (Stegomyia) species transmit dengue virus vertically suggests that they also could serve as reservoirs of the virus during dry season.

 .There have also been information campaigns concerning prevention of the dengue fever; and the government is fumigating with insecticide in order to control the mosquito population.^ Dengue hemorrhagic fever: diagnosis, treatment, prevention, and control .
  • Dengue Fever: eMedicine Infectious Diseases 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC emedicine.medscape.com [Source type: Academic]

 ^ CDC traveler’s information on dengue fever.
  • Alternate Hypothesis on the Pathogenesis of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF)/Dengue Shock Syndrome (DSS) in Dengue Virus Infection -- Noisakran and Perng 233 (4): 401 -- Experimental Biology and Medicine 31 January 2010 13:35 UTC www.ebmonline.org [Source type: Academic]

 ^ Prevention of Dengue fever .
  • Dengue fever Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatments and Causes - WrongDiagnosis.com 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC wrongdiagnosis.com [Source type: General]

 [41]
.The first cases of dengue fever have recently been reported on the island of Mauritius, in the Indian Ocean.^ Worldwide, more than 100 million cases of dengue fever occur every year.
  • Dengue hemorrhagic fever - Scripps Health - San Diego 31 January 2010 13:35 UTC www.scripps.org [Source type: Academic]

 ^ In 1779-1780, the first reported outbreak of dengue fever (DF) occurred almost simultaneously in Asia, North America, and Africa.
  • Dengue: eMedicine Pediatrics: General Medicine 31 January 2010 13:35 UTC emedicine.medscape.com [Source type: Academic]

 ^ India, Sri Lanka and Myanmar are considered hyperendemic for Dengue fever because of significant increase in the proportions of dengue cases with severe disease.
  • Dengue And Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever Dengue Shock Syndrome - Pediatriconcall 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.pediatriconcall.com [Source type: Academic]

 .One of the South Asian countries still suffering highly from this problem is Sri Lanka.^ Countries like Indonesia, Philippines, China, Malaysia, Singapore, India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka are highly susceptible to the disease.
  • Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever Symptoms & Treatment 31 January 2010 13:35 UTC www.ayushveda.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ However, at the dawn of the new century, infectious diseases are still causing suffering and mortality in developing countries.

 ^ First recognised in the 1950s, it has become a leading cause of child mortality in several Asian and South American countries.
  • Emerging Themes in Epidemiology | Full text | Dengue fever: new paradigms for a changing epidemiology 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.ete-online.com [Source type: Academic]
  • Dengue fever: new paradigms for a changing epidemiology 31 January 2010 13:35 UTC www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]

 [42]

Blood transfusion

.Dengue may also be transmitted via infected blood products (blood transfusions, plasma, and platelets),[43][44] and in countries such as Singapore, where dengue is endemic, the risk was estimated to be between 1.6 and 6 per 10,000 blood transfusions.^ May he had no platelet transfusion.
  • The Cure Library » Blog Archive » Dengue Fever Cure using Tawa Tawa aka Gatas Gatas weed 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.curelibrary.com [Source type: General]

 ^ There are 3 kinds of dengue virus and 1 of them may require blood transfusion.
  • The Cure Library » Blog Archive » Dengue Fever Cure using Tawa Tawa aka Gatas Gatas weed 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.curelibrary.com [Source type: General]

 ^ Dengue is a viral disease transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes mainly in tropical and subtropical areas of the world, with the greatest risks occurring in: .
  • Dengue Fever 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.sharp.com [Source type: Academic]

 [45]

History

Etymology

.The origins of the word dengue are not clear, but one theory is that it is derived from the Swahili phrase "Ka-dinga pepo", which describes the disease as being caused by an evil spirit.^ Discuss the global impact of dengue fever Describe the causative agent for dengue fever and its epidemiology Identify symptoms and treatment of uncomplicated and complicated dengue infection .
  • Dengue Fever Could Threaten U.S. | CE482 > Continuing Education Unit at Nurse.com 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC ce.nurse.com [Source type: News]

 ^ The name dengue fever is derived from the Swahiliwords Ki denga pepo (it is a sudden overtaking by an evil spirit), which gives an idea of the rapid onset of the disease.

 ^ In the Swahili language ki denga pepo , the local name for dengue fever, means ‘a seizure with cramp-like symptoms caused due to an evil spirit’.
  • Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever Symptoms & Treatment 31 January 2010 13:35 UTC www.ayushveda.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 [46] .The Swahili word "dinga" may possibly have its origin in the Spanish word "dengue" meaning fastidious or careful, which would describe the gait of a person suffering the bone pain of dengue fever.^ Dengue fever may begin suddenly.
  • Symptoms of Dengue fever - WrongDiagnosis.com 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.wrongdiagnosis.com [Source type: Academic]

 ^ Dengue virus: break-bone fever.
  • Dengue fever: new paradigms for a changing epidemiology 31 January 2010 13:35 UTC www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]

 ^ Dengue, a Spanish alteration of the Swahili word Ki-dinga, is the most common mosquito-borne viral illness in humans.
  • Dengue: eMedicine Pediatrics: General Medicine 31 January 2010 13:35 UTC emedicine.medscape.com [Source type: Academic]

 [47] Alternatively, the use of the Spanish word may derive from the similar-sounding Swahili.[48]

History of the literature

.Slaves in the West Indies who contracted dengue were said to have the posture and gait of a dandy, and the disease was known as "Dandy Fever".[49] The first record of a case of probable dengue fever is in a Chinese medical encyclopedia from the Jin Dynasty (265–420 AD) which referred to a “water poison” associated with flying insects.^ Dengue fever: Medical Mistakes .
  • Dengue fever Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatments and Causes - WrongDiagnosis.com 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC wrongdiagnosis.com [Source type: General]

 ^ The illness was called "the water poison" and was associated with flying insects near water.
  • Dengue: eMedicine Pediatrics: General Medicine 31 January 2010 13:35 UTC emedicine.medscape.com [Source type: Academic]

 ^ WHO: Dengue/dengue haemorrhagic fever.
  • Emerging Themes in Epidemiology | Full text | Dengue fever: new paradigms for a changing epidemiology 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.ete-online.com [Source type: Academic]

 [48] .The first confirmed case report dates from 1789 and is by Benjamin Rush, who coined the term "breakbone fever" because of the symptoms of myalgia and arthralgia.^ The first form (DF) is characterized by a sudden fever without respiratory symptoms, accompanied by intense headaches making its nickname "breakbone fever" well deserved.

 ^ India, Sri Lanka and Myanmar are considered hyperendemic for Dengue fever because of significant increase in the proportions of dengue cases with severe disease.
  • Dengue And Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever Dengue Shock Syndrome - Pediatriconcall 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.pediatriconcall.com [Source type: Academic]

 ^ First confirmed epidemic was reported from Philippines in 1953-1954.
  • Dengue And Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever Dengue Shock Syndrome - Pediatriconcall 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.pediatriconcall.com [Source type: Academic]

 [50] The viral etiology and the transmission by mosquitoes were discovered in the 20th century by Sir John Burton Cleland.
.Population movements during World War II spread the disease globally.^ During and shortly after World War II, Ae.

 ^ In: WHO Report on global surveillance of epidemic prone infectious diseases, Geneva: World Health Organization, 2001.
  • Alternate Hypothesis on the Pathogenesis of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF)/Dengue Shock Syndrome (DSS) in Dengue Virus Infection -- Noisakran and Perng 233 (4): 401 -- Experimental Biology and Medicine 31 January 2010 13:35 UTC www.ebmonline.org [Source type: Academic]

 ^ In 2001-2002, Hawaii experienced its first outbreak of dengue since World War II ended.
  • Dengue Fever: eMedicine Infectious Diseases 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC emedicine.medscape.com [Source type: Academic]

 .A pandemic of dengue began in Southeast Asia after World War II and has spread around the globe since then.^ Where in the world did you get the idea that dengue was confined to southeast Asia?
  • The climate-fueled march of dengue fever - World Blog - msnbc.com 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC worldblog.msnbc.msn.com [Source type: News]

 ^ A. Dengue fever, a flulike virus that's spread through mosquito bites, has become a major public health problem in the tropical world.
  • Travel Q&A: Protecting Yourself From Dengue Fever - washingtonpost.com 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.washingtonpost.com [Source type: News]

 ^ Being in tropical and subtropical areas around the world — especially in high-risk areas, such as tropical Asia, Central and South America, and the Caribbean — increases your risk of exposure to the virus that causes dengue fever.
  • Dengue fever 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC edition.cnn.com [Source type: General]
  • OhioHealth - Dengue fever 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.ohiohealth.com [Source type: General]

 [51]

Society and Culture

Use as a biological weapon

.Dengue fever was one of more than a dozen agents that the United States researched as potential biological weapons before the nation suspended its biological weapons program.^ Reintroduction of dengue fever into the continental United States.
  • Dengue Fever, Texas–Mexico Border | CDC EID 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www2c.cdc.gov [Source type: Academic]

 ^ Imported dengue--United States, 1995.
  • Dengue Fever: eMedicine Infectious Diseases 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC emedicine.medscape.com [Source type: Academic]

 ^ Imported dengue--United States, 1996.
  • Dengue Fever: eMedicine Infectious Diseases 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC emedicine.medscape.com [Source type: Academic]

 [52]

See also

.

References

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  47. ^ Harper D (2001). "Etymology: dengue". Online Etymology Dictionary. http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=dengue. Retrieved 2008-10-05. 
  48. ^ a b "etymologia: dengue" (PDF). Emerging Infectious Diseases 12 (6): 893. 2006. http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/vol12no06/pdfs/etymology.pdf. 
  49. ^ url=http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=6620
  50. ^ Gubler DJ (July 1998). "Dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever". Clinical microbiology reviews 11 (3): 480–96. PMID 9665979. PMC 88892. http://cmr.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=9665979. 
  51. ^ Dengue Fever Fact Sheet. CDC.
  52. ^ "Chemical and Biological Weapons: Possession and Programs Past and Present", James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies, Middlebury College, April 9, 2002, accessed November 14, 2008.
  53. ^ "Discovering Dengue Drugs – Together". University of Texas Medical Branch. 2009-01-04. http://www.utmb.edu/discoveringdenguedrugs-together/. Retrieved 2009-01-04. 

External links

.
Zoonotic viral diseases (A80-B34, 042-079)
Arthropod/
(arbovirus)
Mammal
Multiple

Travel guide

Up to date as of January 14, 2010

From Wikitravel

This article is a travel topic.
.Dengue fever (pronounced DEN-geh) is a viral tropical disease transmitted by mosquito bites.^ Dengue fever and dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) are viral diseases transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes, usually Ae.

 ^ Dengue fever: the disease .

 ^ Definition: Dengue fever is a viral illness transmitted by mosquitoes.
  • Dengue fever 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.healthscout.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 .There is no vaccine or medical cure and treatments only manage the symptoms of the disease, some of which can be fatal.^ No vaccine is available yet and there is no specific treatment.
  • WHO, Bangladesh - Communicable Diseases-Dengue 31 January 2010 13:35 UTC www.whoban.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ There is no vaccine or medication that protects against dengue .
  • Dengue Fever - Travel Health Advisory: Travel Medicine Program - Public Health Agency of Canada 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.phac-aspc.gc.ca [Source type: News]

 ^ Unfortunately, there’s no vaccine to prevent it.
  • dengue - Introduction 31 January 2010 13:35 UTC www.nhs.uk [Source type: News]

 .The only possible preventive measures are to prevent the breeding of mosquitoes and to avoid mosquito bites.^ As with malaria, preventing mosquito bites prevents infections.
  • Dengue Updates -- Information Memorandum 31 January 2010 13:35 UTC www.tricare.mil [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ OCCUPATIONAL PREVENTIVE MEASURES Control mosquitoes .
  • EHSO: Biological Safety Program 31 January 2010 13:35 UTC www.hawaii.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ This will prevent breeding of Dengue mosquitoes, and .
  • Fact Sheet on Dengue Fever and Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever 31 January 2010 13:35 UTC www.searo.who.int [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.Dengue is not infectious between humans.^ Dengue may be transmitted to humans, or between humans, in a variety of ways: • Mosquito Bite: In almost every case, Dengue is transmitted to humans by the Aedes aegypti mosquito, which feeds during the day.
  • Dengue Fever 31 January 2010 13:35 UTC www.fountia.com [Source type: Academic]

 ^ Dengue is spread between humans by the bite of Aedes aegypti, the mosquito species also known for transmitting yellow fever.
  • Working to eradicate dengue fever // News // Office of News and Information // University of Notre Dame 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC newsinfo.nd.edu [Source type: News]

 ^ Dengue fever is not contagious between humans; it is only passed from mosquitoes to humans.
  • Dengue Fever in Adults: Condition, Treatment and Pictures - Overview | skinsight 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.skinsight.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 .Dengue is transmitted to humans by the aedes aegypti mosquito, which is found in tropical regions throughout the world.^ The dengue mosquito ( Aedes aegypti ) can more readily be identified by its behaviour.

 ^ In Australia the dengue virus is transmitted by a bite from the Aedes aegypti mosquito.
  • Dengue Fever 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.docstoc.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ The Aedes mosquito spreads the dengue virus.

 .In much of this area, particularly South-East Asia but also in Queensland, Australia, the tropical South Pacific islands, South Asia, Africa, tropical parts of North and South America, including the Caribbean, these mosquitoes carry the flavivirus, which causes Dengue fever.^ Dengue fever: Dengue fever is an infectious disease carried by mosquitoes and caused by any of four related dengue viruses.
  • Introduction: Dengue fever - CureResearch.com 31 January 2010 13:35 UTC www.cureresearch.com [Source type: Academic]

 ^ Dengue fever and dengue hemorraghic fever occur in Central America, South America, sub-Saharan Africa, Southern Asia, and the Western Pacific.
  • Dengue - Boston College 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.bc.edu [Source type: Academic]

 ^ It is found in tropical countries around the world including South East Asia, India, the Caribbean, South and Central America, and Africa.
  • Dengue fever - information, symptoms and treatments 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC hcd2.bupa.co.uk [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.Onset of the disease is often signaled by a sudden high fever (40-41°C) with strong head, joint and muscle pains.^ Symptoms of Dengue Fever: Dengue fever is characterized by the sudden onset of a high fever, severe frontal headache, and joint and muscle pain.

 ^ Generally there is a sudden onset of fever accompanied by aches and pains.

 ^ Symptoms include high fever, headaches, joint and muscle pain, vomiting and rashes.
  • Dengue Spreads in Northern Australia; Worst Outbreak Since 2004 - Bloomberg.com 31 January 2010 13:35 UTC www.bloomberg.com [Source type: News]

 .This is usually soon followed by a bright red rash, often starting on the lower limbs, but may spread from the torso to the arms, legs, and face.^ The dengue rash is characterized by a bright red petechia and usually appears first on the lower limbs and the chest.

 ^ A flat, red rash may appear...
  • Dengue Fever : Learning Center on Healthline.com 31 January 2010 13:35 UTC www.healthline.com [Source type: Academic]

 ^ The rash usually shows up 3-4 days after the start of the symptoms and begins on the torso, spreading out to the face, arms and legs.
  • Dengue Fever - Travel Medicine for the Adventure Traveler by Alan Spira, M.D. , DTM&H 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.armchair.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
  • Fortis Healthcare: A Healing Passion 31 January 2010 13:35 UTC www.fortishealthcare.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 .Nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain are also common.^ Nausea, vomiting, and loss of appetite are common.
  • Dengue Fever Facts 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.dhpe.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
  • Oklahoma State Department of Health - CDD Dengue Fever Page 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.ok.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
  • Oklahoma State Department of Health - Dengue Fever 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.ok.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
  • Dengue Fever 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.thedoctorsdoctor.com [Source type: Academic]
  • Dengue Fever – Causes, Symptoms and Preventions 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.articlesbase.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
  • DENGUE 31 January 2010 13:35 UTC sped2work.tripod.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
  • Dengue Quick Facts 31 January 2010 13:35 UTC www.banderasnews.com [Source type: News]
  • Dengue Fever 31 January 2010 13:35 UTC travelandhealth.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ There may also be abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea.
  • Beware of Dengue - Associated Content - associatedcontent.com 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.associatedcontent.com [Source type: General]

 ^ Nausea, vomiting, and loss of appetite are also common.
  • Symptoms of Dengue fever - CureResearch.com 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.cureresearch.com [Source type: Academic]

 .Mild cases without rash may be easily misdiagnosed as flu.^ A mild case often presents as a bad flu, with a headache, muscle aches and a rash accompanying a fever lasting up to seven days.
  • Direct Relief International: Emergency Response - Dengue Fever Outbreak, Bolivia 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.directrelief.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
  • Direct Relief International: Emergency Response - Dengue Fever Outbreak, Bolivia 31 January 2010 13:35 UTC www.directrelief.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ Some cases develop much milder symptoms, which can, when no rash is present, be misdiagnosed as a flu or other viral infection.
  • Dengue fever - Harry Turtledove Wiki - Historical fiction, Days of Infamy, Homeward Bound 31 January 2010 13:35 UTC turtledove.wikia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ Dengue virus infection usually causes a severe flu like illness, although symptoms may be mild in young children.
  • MicrobiologyBytes » Blog Archive » Rethinking dengue hemorrhagic fever 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.microbiologybytes.com [Source type: Academic]

 .These symptoms usually appear 3-14 days (most commonly 4-7 days) after being bitten by an infected mosquito.^ These early symptoms do not usually last more than 7 days.

 ^ The symptoms usually start 5 to 6 days after being bitten by infected mosquitoes, but the onset can range from 2 to 15 days.

 ^ Symptoms usually start to appear between 5 and 7 days after being bitten.
  • Dengue Fever and Mosquito Borne Illnesses in Thailand and Bangkok 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.thailandguru.com [Source type: Original source]
.The acute symptoms of the disease typically lasts 6-7 days, however it can take many months to fully recover.^ The disease lasts an average of 10 days but recovery can take up to months.
  • EHSO: Biological Safety Program 31 January 2010 13:35 UTC www.hawaii.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ Fever typically lasts 2 to 7 days.
  • Dengue Fever - body, causes, What Is Dengue Fever?, Who Gets Dengue Fever and How?, What Are the Symptoms of Dengue Fever? 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.humanillnesses.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ Symptoms of the disease last 6-8 days.
  • ENY-737/IN699: What is Dengue? 31 January 2010 13:35 UTC edis.ifas.ufl.edu [Source type: Academic]

 .There is no specific treatment, other than fever management.^ There is no specific treatment for dengue fever.
  • Dengue fever: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.nlm.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
  • Dengue Fever 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.sdnbd.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
  • Dengue 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.lawestvector.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
  • Dengue Fever - Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment of Dengue Fever - NY Times Health Information 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC health.nytimes.com [Source type: News]
  • Dengue Fever - Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment of Dengue Fever - NY Times Health Information 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC health.nytimes.com [Source type: News]
  • Dengue fever - Scripps Health - San Diego 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC mobile.scripps.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
  • Dengue fever - myDr.com.au 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.mydr.com.au [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
  • Dengue fever 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.davishospital.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
  • DHMC | Health Encyclopedia | Dengue fever 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.dhmc.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
  • Dengue fever 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.stlukes-stl.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
  • Walgreens.com | Health Library | Print - Dengue fever 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.walgreens.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
  • Dengue fever 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.clarian.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
  • Dengue Fever Update 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.hawaii-county.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
  • About Puerto Rico . . . Dengue 31 January 2010 13:35 UTC www.dollarman.com [Source type: Academic]
  • Dengue Symptoms|Dengue Danger Areas | Wazzup Manila Philippines 31 January 2010 13:35 UTC www.wazzupmanila.com [Source type: General]
  • Dengue Bangladesh 31 January 2010 13:35 UTC www.sdnbd.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
  • Dengue fever 31 January 2010 13:35 UTC adam.about.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
  • Mosquito and Tick-Borne Diseases: Dengue — Infoplease.com 31 January 2010 13:35 UTC www.infoplease.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
  • Infectious Disease : Dengue Fever | Ochsner Health System | New Orleans, LA 31 January 2010 13:35 UTC www.ochsner.org [Source type: Academic]

 ^ There is no vaccine for dengue fever.

 ^ There is no vaccine against dengue, and no specific treatment other than symptomatic care.
  • Dengue and Travel in Asia 31 January 2010 13:35 UTC www.comeunity.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
  • Dengue Fever 31 January 2010 13:35 UTC www.adoptvietnam.org [Source type: General]
  • The Travel Clinic: While You're Away: Dengue 31 January 2010 13:35 UTC www.drwisetravel.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 The symptoms can be alleviated with appropriate medication and fatality rates can be less than 1 in 1000.
.The most serious complication is dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF), in which blood vessels start to leak and cause bleeding from the nose, mouth, and gums.^ Hemorrhagic fever is characterized by bleeding from the nose, mouth and gums due to leaking blood vessels.
  • How to Treat Dengue Fever | eHow.com 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.ehow.com [Source type: News]

 ^ What causes dengue fever?
  • Dengue fever: Stop the mozzie breeding, stop the disease! 31 January 2010 13:35 UTC www.mbf.com.au [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ Aedes Mosquito causes dengue fever.

 .Untreated DHF can lead to dengue shock syndrome (DSS), which is lethal in 90% of cases unless promptly and correctly treated, in which case fatality rates can fall as low as 1%, depending on quality of treatment.^ The prognosis in DHF/DSS depends on prevention or early recognition and treatment of shock.

 ^ Dengue haemorrhagic fever can lead to shock.
  • Dengue Fever: Disease Information Backgrounder - Travel Medicine Program - Public Health Agency of Canada 31 January 2010 13:35 UTC www.phac-aspc.gc.ca [Source type: News]

 ^ A small proportion of cases leads to dengue shock syndrome (DDS) which has a high mortality rate.
  • Dengue Fever Symptoms - Medical Symptoms Pages 31 January 2010 13:35 UTC www.symptoms101.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.In areas with dengue, if you feel ill (especially after being bitten by a mosquito) see a hospital, doctor or health center fast: the presence of dengue can be confirmed with a blood test.^ I suggest seeing you doctor and monitoring your blood counts.
  • Dengue fever? 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www2.gobeach.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ Dengue is diagnosed by a blood test.
  • Dengue Fever Facts 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.dhpe.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
  • Texas Department of State Health Services, Infectious Disease Control Unit > FAQs 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.dshs.state.tx.us [Source type: Academic]
  • Ridpest » Keeping Dengue at Bay 31 January 2010 13:35 UTC www.ridpest.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ A blood test will confirm whether you have been infected.
  • Dengue fever: Stop the mozzie breeding, stop the disease! 31 January 2010 13:35 UTC www.mbf.com.au [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 Also, do not self-medicate without medical advice. .Some common over-the-counter medicines may cause Dengue to become very strong and, sometimes, lethal.^ Dengue hemorrhagic fever may also cause: .
  • Adult Health Advisor 2009.1: Dengue Fever and Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.med.umich.edu [Source type: General]

 ^ Endemic in Latin America and Puerto Rico as well as other parts of the world, dengue infection could one day become more common in the continental U.S. .
  • The Unfortunate Nurse: A Case Study of Dengue Fever and Social Policy - - Introduction - Case Study Collection - National Center for Case Study Teaching in Science 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.sciencecases.org [Source type: Academic]

 ^ A more lethal complication, dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF), was first recognized during the 1950s and is today a leading cause of childhood deaths in many countries.
  • Fighting Disease: Disease List--DENGUE 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.un.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 .Medicines such as aspirin and ibuprofen, commonly sold as headache remedies, increase the risk of dengue hemorrhagic fever.^ Dengue hemorrhagic fever: diagnosis and management.
  • VOLUME REPLACEMENT IN INFANTS WITH DENGUE HEMORRHAGIC FEVER/DENGUE SHOCK SYNDROME -- HUNG et al. 74 (4): 684 -- American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.ajtmh.org [Source type: Academic]

 ^ Hyperendemic transmission appears to be a major risk for dengue hemorrhagic fever.
  • Dengue Fever: eMedicine Infectious Diseases 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC emedicine.medscape.com [Source type: Academic]

 ^ Dengue hemorrhagic fever worldwide.

 .Any medication containing acetylsalicyclic acid or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents should be avoided.^ Aspirin and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs should be avoided.
  • Dengue - IVD Research, Inc. 31 January 2010 13:35 UTC www.ivdresearch.com [Source type: Academic]

 ^ Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid), aspirin-containing drugs, and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (e.g., ibuprofen) should be avoided because of their anticoagulant properties.
  • Chapter 5 - Dengue Fever (DF) and Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) - 2010 Yellow Book | CDC Travelers' Health 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC wwwnc.cdc.gov [Source type: Academic]

 ^ Acetylsalicyclic acid (aspirin) and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents (such as ibuprofen) should be avoided because of their anticoagulant properties.
  • Travel Guide - Dengue Fever 31 January 2010 13:35 UTC www.medic8.com [Source type: Academic]

 .Paracetamol (acetominophen) is often used instead to manage the fever and pain.^ Paracetamol can be used to reduce the fever and join pain.
  • Dengue, cause, remedies and prevention 31 January 2010 13:35 UTC ailments.in [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ Use paracetamol for fever.
  • ::: Panacea Biotec ::: >> Knowledge Zone > Conferences 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.panacea-biotec.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ Paracetamol, or Tylenol, can be used to decrease fever and joint pain.

Preventative measures

Preventative measures to control Dengue fever include:
.
  • Prevention or elimination of standing water sources, such as pools of water that collect in containers, flower pots, discarded tyres or coconut shells, etc.^ The Aedes mosquitoes likes to breed in standing water such as may be found in water-coolers, empty tyres, flower pots, etc.
    • Fortis Healthcare: A Healing Passion 31 January 2010 13:35 UTC www.fortishealthcare.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

     ^ Collect and destroy discarded containers in which water collects e.g.
    • Dengue/DHF - FAQ 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.searo.who.int [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
    • SHARETIPSINFO.com :Dengue/DHF frequent asked questions 31 January 2010 13:35 UTC www.sharetipsinfo.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

     ^ Eliminate any sources that may collect water such as tins, bottles, food containers and old tyres.
    • Ridpest » Keeping Dengue at Bay 31 January 2010 13:35 UTC www.ridpest.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

     The Dengue Mosquito will breed in any standing water in a matter of days.
  • Use of mosquito netting.
  • Use of insect repellent as well as wearing clothing that covers exposed skin.
.Research into a vaccine is being undertaken.^ Vaccine Development: while there is no commercially available vaccine for the Dengue flavivirus, a great deal of research is being conducted into developing and trialing various possible vaccines that are showing promising results.
  • Dengue Fever 31 January 2010 13:35 UTC www.fountia.com [Source type: Academic]

 ^ Research is also being conducted to develop second-generation recombinant vaccine viruses; the Thailand attenuated viruses are used as a template.
  • U.S. Army HOOAH 4 HEALTH.com - Environment Safety and Disease Prevention - Dengue Fever 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.hooah4health.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ Research is also being conducted to develop second-generation recombinant vaccine viruses.
  • Sun.Star Davao - Camote beats dengue fever 19 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.sunstar.com.ph [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
This article is still a stub and needs your attention. It does not have a template. Please plunge forward and help it grow!

Simple English

Dengue fever is a fever. It is caused by a virus which can be spread by mosquitos, similar to Malaria. Symptoms resemble that of a common cold.

The WHO says some 2.5 billion people, two fifths of the world's population, are now at risk from dengue. Estimates are that there may be 50 million cases of dengue infection worldwide each year. The disease is now endemic in more than 100 countries.[1]

References

  1. ↑ Dengue epidemic threatens India's capital


Retrieved from "http://yak.rapint.com/wiki/Dengue_fever"

Citable sentences

Up to date as of December 02, 2010

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