From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Dim sum
Typical dim sum breakfast in Hong Kong. From left to right and top to bottom: har gau, jasmine tea, chicken and vegetable congee, steamed dumpling, rice noodle roll (on plate), cha siu baau
Traditional Chinese	點心
Simplified Chinese	点心
Hanyu Pinyin	diǎnxīn
Cantonese Jyutping	dim2 sam1
Transliterations Mandarin - Hanyu Pinyin diǎnxīn Min - Hokkien POJ tiam2 sim1 Cantonese - Jyutping dim2 sam1 - Yale Romanization dím sām

Dim sum (Simplified Chinese 点心 pinyin pronunciation "diǎnxīn", traditional Chinese 點心) is the name for a southern Chinese cuisine which involves a wide range of light dishes served alongside Chinese tea. Yum cha (literally "drinking tea") is the term used to describe the entire dining experience, especially in contemporary Cantonese. It is usually served in the mornings until noon time at Chinese restaurants and at specialty dim sum eateries where typical dishes are available throughout the day. Dishes come in small portions and may include meat, seafood, and vegetables, as well as desserts and fruit. The items are usually served in a small steamer basket or on a small plate. Some Chinese families like to gather for dim sum on special occasions such as Mother’s Day or Chinese New Year. Also, Chinese parents like to take their children there Sunday mornings to meet and talk with their grandparents. Some people bring newspapers with them and discuss news with their families. Some Chinese restaurants offer discounts on menu items purchased before 11 a.m. and tea time discounts after 2 p.m(also known as "Happy Hour") to encourage patrons to avoid the lunch rush.

History

Dim Sum is usually linked with the older tradition of Yum Cha (drinking tea), which has its roots in travellers on the ancient Silk Road needing a place to rest. Thus teahouses were established along the roadside. Rural farmers, exhausted after working hard in the fields, would also go to teahouses for a relaxing afternoon of tea. At first, it was considered inappropriate to combine tea with food, because people believed it would lead to excessive weight gain. People later discovered that tea can aid in digestion, so teahouse owners began adding various snacks.^{[citation needed]}

The unique culinary art of Dim Sum originated with the Cantonese in southern China, who over the centuries transformed Yum Cha from a relaxing respite to a loud and happy dining experience. In Hong Kong, and in most cities and towns in Guangdong province, many Chinese restaurants start serving dim sum as early as five in the morning. It is a tradition for the elderly to gather to eat dim sum after morning exercises, often enjoying the morning newspapers. For many in southern China, yum cha is treated as a weekend family day. Consistent with this tradition, dim sum restaurants typically only serve dim sum until mid-afternoon (right around the time of a traditional Western 3 o'clock coffee break), and serve other kinds of Cantonese cuisine in the evening. Nowadays, various dim sum items are even sold as take-out for students and office workers on the go.

While dim sum (touch the heart) was originally not a main meal, only a snack, and therefore only meant to touch the heart, it is now a staple of Chinese dining culture, especially in Hong Kong. Health officials have recently criticized the high amount of saturated fat and sodium in some dim sum dishes, warning that steamed dim sum should not automatically be assumed to be healthy.^[1] Health officials recommend balancing fatty dishes with boiled vegetables, minus sauce.^[2]

Drinking tea

A typical set of eating utensils for yum cha

The drinking of tea is as important to dim sum as the food. A popular tea which is said to aid in digestion is bolay (po lai, pu erh), which is a strong, fermented tea. Chrysanthemum, oolong (wu lung) and green tea can be served as well.

It is customary to pour tea for others during dim sum before filling one's own cup. A custom unique to the Cantonese is to thank the person pouring the tea by tapping the bent index and middle fingers together on the table, which symbolises 'bowing' to them.

This is said to be analogous to the ritual of bowing to someone in appreciation. The origin of this gesture is described anecdotally: an unidentified Emperor went to yum cha with his friends, outside the palace; not wanting to attract attention to himself, the Emperor was disguised. While at yum cha, the Emperor poured his companion some tea, which was a great honour. The companion, not wanting to give away the Emperor's identity in public by bowing, instead tapped his index and middle finger on the table as a sign of appreciation.

Given the number of times tea is poured in a meal, the tapping is a timesaver in loud restaurants or lively company, as an individual being served might be speaking to someone else or have food in their mouth. Leaving the pot lid open is another common way of attracting a server's attention.

Cuisine

Serving dim sum in a restaurant in Hong Kong

Traditional dim sum includes various types of steamed buns such as cha siu baau (Hanzi: 叉烧包, Pinyin: chāshāobāo), dumplings and rice noodle rolls (cheung fun), which contain a range of ingredients, including beef, chicken, pork, prawns and vegetarian options. Many dim sum restaurants also offer plates of steamed green vegetables, roasted meats, congee porridge and other soups. Dessert dim sum is also available and many places offer the customary egg tart. Having a meal in a Chinese teahouse or a dim sum restaurant is known as yum cha / yam cha (Hanzi: 飲茶, Pinyin: yǐnchá), literally "drinking tea", as tea is typically served with dim sum.

Dim sum can be cooked by steaming and frying, among other methods. The serving sizes are usually small and normally served as three or four pieces in one dish. It is customary to order family style, sharing dishes among all members of the dining party. Because of the small portions, people can try a wide variety of food.

Dim sum dishes can be ordered from a menu or sometimes the food is wheeled around on a trolley by servers. Traditionally, the cost of the meal is calculated based on the number, size, and sometimes color of the dishes left on the patron's table (more below). Some modern dim sum restaurants record the dishes on a bill at the table. Not only is this tidier, it also prevents patrons from cheating by concealing or stealing the plates. Servers in some restaurants use distinct stamps so that sales statistics for each server can be recorded.

Dishes

Dim-sum dumpling in Chicago

Char siu sou as served in a dim sum restaurant in Singapore

Lo mai gai wrapped in lotus leaf

Ingredients used in dim sum cuisine such as these chicken feet are frequently found in grocers catering to Chinese customers

Dim sum restaurants have a wide variety of dishes, usually several dozen. Among the standard fare of dim sum are the following:

Main

• Gao (餃, Dumpling; 餃子 gau zi, Gow gee, Pinyin: jiǎozi): Gao is a standard in most teahouses. They are made of ingredients wrapped in a translucent rice flour or wheat starch skin, and are different from jiaozi found in other parts of China. Though common, steamed rice-flour skins are quite difficult to make. Thus, it is a good demonstration of the chef's artistry to make these translucent dumplings. There are also dumplings with vegetarian ingredients, such as tofu and pickled cabbage.
  • Shrimp Dumpling (蝦餃 har gau, Pinyin: xiājiǎo): A delicate steamed dumpling with whole or chopped-up shrimp filling and thin wheat starch skin.
  • Chiu-chao style dumplings (潮州粉果 chiu-chau fun guo, Pinyin: Cháozhōu fěnguǒ): A dumpling said to have originated from the Chaozhou prefecture of eastern Guangdong province, it contains peanuts, garlic, chives, pork, dried shrimp, Chinese mushrooms in a thick dumpling wrapper made from glutinous rice flour or Tang flour. It is usually served with a small dish of chili oil.
  • Potsticker (鍋貼, wo tip, Pinyin: guōtiē) Northern Chinese style of dumpling (steamed and then pan-fried jiaozi), usually with meat and cabbage filling. Note that although potstickers are sometimes served in dim sum restaurants, they are not considered traditional Cantonese dim sum.
  • Shaomai (燒賣 siu mai, Pinyin: shāomài): Small steamed dumplings with either pork, prawns or both inside a thin wheat flour wrapper. Usually topped off with crab roe and mushroom.
  • Haam Sui Gaau (鹹水餃, salt-water (i.e. savoury) stuffed-dumpling, alternatively 鹹水角 (haam Sui Gok), Pinyin: xiánshuǐjiǎo: deep fried oval-shaped dumpling made with rice-flour and filled with pork and chopped vegetables. The rice-flour surrounding is sweet and sticky, while the inside is slightly salty.
• Bau (包 bau, Pinyin: bāozi): Baked or steamed, these fluffy buns made from rice flour are filled with food items ranging from meat to vegetables to sweet bean pastes.
  • Char siu baau (叉燒包, char siu baau, Pinyin: chāshāobāo): the most popular bun with a Cantonese barbecued pork filling. It can be either steamed to be fluffy and white or baked with a light sugar glaze to produce a smooth golden-brown crust.
  • Shanghai steamed buns (上海小籠包 seong hoi siu lung bau, Pinyin: Shànghǎi xiǎolóngbāo): These dumplings are filled with meat or seafood and are famous for their flavor and rich broth inside. These dumplings are originally Shanghainese so they are not considered traditional Cantonese dim sum. They are typically sold with pork as a filling.
• Rice noodle rolls or cheong fun (腸粉 cheong fun, Pinyin: chángfěn): These are wide rice noodles that are steamed and then rolled. They are often filled with different types of meats or vegetables inside but can be served without any filling. Rice noodle rolls are fried after they are steamed and then sprinkled with sesame seeds. Popular fillings include beef, dough fritter, shrimp, and barbecued pork. Often topped with a sweetened soy sauce.
• Phoenix talons (鳳爪 fung zao. Pinyin: fèngzhǎo): These are chicken feet, deep fried, boiled, marinated in a black bean sauce and then steamed. This results in a texture that is light and fluffy (due to the frying), while moist and tender. Fung zau are typically dark red in color. One may also sometimes find plain steamed chicken feet served with a vinegar dipping sauce. This version is known as "White Cloud Phoenix Talons" (白雲鳳爪, bak wun fung jau, Pinyin: Báiyún fèngzhǎo)
• Steamed meatball (牛肉球 ngau4 juk6 kau4, Pinyin: niúròuqiú): Finely-ground beef is shaped into balls and then steamed with preserved orange peel and served on top of a thin bean-curd skin.
• Spare ribs: In the west, it is mostly known as spare ribs collectively. In the east, it is Char siu when roasted red, or (排骨 paai4 gwat1, páigǔ, Pinyin: páigǔ) when roasted black.
• Lotus leaf rice (糯米雞 lou mai gai, Pinyin: nuòmǐjī): Glutinous rice is wrapped in a lotus leaf into a triangular or rectangular shape. It contains egg yolk, dried scallop, mushroom, water chestnut and meat (usually pork and chicken). These ingredients are steamed with the rice and although the leaf is not eaten, its flavour is infused during the steaming. Lo mai gai is a kind of rice dumpling. A similar but lighter variant is known as "Pearl Chicken" (珍珠雞 jan jyu gai, Pinyin: zhēnzhūjī).
• Congee (粥 juk1, Pinyin: zhōu): Thick, sticky rice porridge served with different savory items. The porridge one will see most often is "Duck Egg and Pork Porridge" (皮蛋瘦肉粥 "pei daan sau ruk juk", Pinyin: pídàn shòuròuzhōu)
• Sou (酥 sou, Pinyin: sūbǐng): A type of flaky pastry. Char siu is one of the most common ingredient used in dim sum style sou. Another common pastry seen in restaurants are called "Salty Pastry" (鹹水角 "haam sui gok", Pinyin: xiánshuǐjiǎo) which is made with flour and seasoned pork.
• Taro dumpling (芋角 wu gok, Pinyin: yùjiǎo): This is made with mashed taro, stuffed with diced shiitake mushrooms, shrimp and pork, deep-fried in crispy batter.
• Crispy fried squid (魷魚鬚 yau yu sou, Pinyin: yóuyúxū): Similar to fried calamari, the battered squid is deep-fried and normally served with a sweet and sour dip. One may also get a variation of this dish prepared with a salt and pepper mix. In some dim sum restaurants, octopus is used instead of squid.
• Rolls (捲, Pinyin: juǎn)
  • Spring roll (春捲 cheun gyun, Pinyin: chūnjuǎn): a roll consisting of various types of vegetables — such as sliced carrot, cabbage, mushroom and wood ear fungus — and sometimes meat are rolled inside a thin flour skin and deep fried.
  • Tofu skin roll (腐皮捲 fu pei guen, Pinyin: fǔpíjuǎn): a roll made of Tofu skin
• Cakes (糕), Pinyin: gāo
  • Turnip cake (蘿蔔糕 lo bak go, Pinyin: luóbogāo): cakes are made from mashed daikon radish mixed with bits of dried shrimp and pork sausage that are steamed and then cut into slices and pan-fried.
  • Taro cake (芋頭糕, Pinyin: yùtougāo): cakes made of taro.
  • Water chestnut cake (馬蹄糕 maa tai gow, Pinyin: mǎtígāo): cakes made of water chestnut. It is mostly see-through and clear. Some restaurants also serve a variation of water chestnut cake made with bamboo juice.
• Chien chang go (千層糕 cin cang gou, Pinyin: qiāncénggāo): "Thousand-layer cake", a dim sum dessert made up of many layers of sweet egg dough.

Sweets

• Egg tart (蛋撻/蛋塔 dan tat, Pinyin: dàntart/dàntǎ): composed of a base made from either a flaky puff pastry type dough or a type of non-flaky cookie dough with an egg custard filling, which is then baked. Some high class restaurants put bird's nest on top of the custard. In other places egg tarts can be made of a crust and a filling of egg whites and some where it is a crust with egg yolks. Some egg tarts now have flavors such as taro, coffee, and other flavors. There are also different kinds of crust. There is also a flaky crisp outer crust with layers and layers of crunchy crumbs.
• Jin deui or Matuan (煎堆 or 麻糰, Pinyin: jiānduī/mátuán): Especially popular at Chinese New Year, a chewy dough filled with red bean paste, rolled in sesame seeds, and deep fried.
• Doufufa (豆腐花, Pinyin: dòufuhuā): A dessert consisting of silky tofu served with a sweet ginger-flavored syrup.
• Mango pudding (芒果布甸/芒果布丁 mong guo bo din, Pinyin: mángguǒ bùdīng): A sweet, rich mango-flavoured pudding usually with large chunks of fresh mango; often served with a topping of evaporated milk.
• Sweet cream buns (奶皇包 naai5 wong4 baau1, Pinyin: nǎihuángbāo): Steamed buns with milk custard filling.
• Malay Steamed Sponge Cake (馬拉糕 ma5 lai1 gou1, Pinyin: mǎlāgāo): A very soft steamed sponge cake flavoured with molasses.
• Longan Tofu (龙眼豆腐, Pinyin: lóngyǎn dòufu): almond-flavoured tofu served with longans, usually cold.

Pricing

Since individual dim sum dishes are typically portioned for 3-4 small servings, patrons will typically order many different dishes over the course of a meal. Larger tables may even order two or three plates of a particular dish so that everyone can have a serving. Traditionally dishes may be classified as "small", "medium", "large", or special order (a menu item not typically considered dim sum fare, such as a plate of chow mein). For example, a basket of dumplings may be considered a small dish, while a bowl of congee or plate of Lo mai gai may be considered a large dish. Dishes are priced accordingly.

Fast food

Two women picking microwave-cooked dim sum from the freezer in Circle K, Hong Kong.

Certain kinds of instant dim sum have come onto the market in Hong Kong, Mainland China, Taiwan and Singapore. People can enjoy snacks after a 3-minute defrosting and reheating of the instant dim sum in a microwave oven.

Some stalls serve "street dim sum" which usually consists of dumplings or meatballs steamed in a large container, but served on a bamboo skewer. The customer can dip the whole skewer into a sauce bowl and eat while standing or walking.

Dim sum can be purchased from major grocery stores in most countries with a Chinese population. These dim sum can be easily cooked by steaming or microwaving. Major grocery stores in Hong Kong, Philippines, Singapore, Taiwan, Mainland China, Malaysia, Brunei, Thailand, Australia, United States and Canada have a variety of dim sum stocked at the shelves. These include dumplings, siu maai, bau, cheong fun, lo bak go and steamed spare ribs. In Singapore, as well as other countries, dim sum can also be purchased from convenience stores, coffee shops and other eateries. There is also halal certified dim sum available, with chicken taking the place of pork which in addition to Singapore is very popular in Malaysia, Indonesia and Brunei.

See also