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Dublin Baile Átha Cliath
Top: Dublin Custom House, Middle: O'Connell Street, Bottom left: Temple Bar, Bottom right: Phoenix Park.
Flag Coat of arms
Motto: Obedientia Civium Urbis Felicitas Latin: literally, "The citizens' obedience is the city's happiness" (rendered more loosely as "Happy the city where citizens obey" by the council itself[1])
Dublin Location of Dublin in Ireland
Coordinates: 53°20′52″N 6°15′35″W / 53.34778°N 6.25972°W / 53.34778; -6.25972Coordinates: 53°20′52″N 6°15′35″W / 53.34778°N 6.25972°W / 53.34778; -6.25972
Country	Ireland
Province	Leinster
Government
- Type	City
- Lord Mayor	Emer Costello (Labour)
Area
- City	114.99 km2 (44.4 sq mi)
- Urban	921 km2 (355.6 sq mi)
Population
- City	505,739
- Density	4,398/km2 (11,390.8/sq mi)
- Urban	1,045,769
- Metro	1,661,185
- Demonym	Dubliner, Dub, Jackeen
- Ethnicity (2006 Census)	Ethnic groups 90.85% White 81.25% White Irish 9.23% White Other 0.37% Irish Traveller   3.34% Asian/Asian Irish   1.12% Black/Black Irish   1.47% Mixed Race/Other   3.22% Not Stated
Time zone	WET (UTC0)
- Summer (DST)	IST (UTC+1)
Postal districts	D1-18, 20, 22, 24, D6W
Area code(s)	01
Website	www.dublincity.ie

Dublin (pronounced /ˈdʌblɨn/, /ˈdʊblɨn/ or /ˈdʊbəlɪn/) is the largest city (being a primate city)^[2][3] and capital of Ireland. It is officially known in Irish as Baile Átha Cliath [bˠalʲə aːha klʲiəh] or Áth Cliath [aːh cliə(ɸ)]; the English name comes from the Irish Dubh Linn meaning "black pool". It is located near the midpoint of Ireland's east coast, at the mouth of the River Liffey and at the centre of the Dublin Region. Originally founded as a Viking settlement, it evolved into the Kingdom of Dublin and became the island's primary city following the Norman invasion. Today, it is ranked 23rd (down from 10th in 2008) in the Global Financial Centres Index,^[4][5] has one of the fastest growing populations of any European capital city,^[6][7] and is listed by the GaWC as a global city,^[8][9] with a ranking of Alpha - which places Dublin amongst the top 25 cities in the world.^[10] Dublin is a historical and contemporary cultural centre for the island of Ireland as well as a modern centre of education, the arts, administrative function, economy and industry.

Contents 1 Name 2 History 3 Culture 3.1 Literature, theatre and the arts 3.2 Musical societies 3.3 Nightlife and entertainment 3.4 Sports 3.5 Shopping 3.6 Northside and Southside 4 Education and research 5 Population 5.1 Demographics 6 Economy and infrastructure 6.1 Industry, employment and standard of living 6.2 Transport 6.3 Communications and media 7 Government 7.1 City 7.2 National 8 Climate 9 Crime 10 International relations 10.1 Twin towns — Sister cities 11 See also 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links

Name

The name Dublin is derived from the Irish name Dubh Linn (meaning "black pool"). The common name for the city in Modern Irish is Baile Átha Cliath (meaning "town of the hurdled ford"). Áth Cliath is a place-name referring to a fording point of the Liffey in the vicinity of Heuston Station. Baile Átha Cliath was an early Christian monastery which is believed to have been situated in the area of Aungier Street currently occupied by Whitefriar Street Carmelite Church.

The subsequent Scandinavian settlement was on the River Poddle, a tributary of the Liffey, to the East of Christchurch, in the area now known as Wood Quay. The Dubh Linn was a lake used by the Scandinavians to moor their ships and was connected to the Liffey by the Poddle. The Dubh Linn and Poddle were covered during the early 1700s, and as the city expanded they were largely forgotten about. The Dubh Linn was situated where the Castle Garden is now located, opposite the Chester Beatty Library in Dublin Castle.

Táin Bó Cuailgne also known as The Cattle Raid of Cooley refers to Dublind rissa ratter Áth Cliath, meaning Dublin, which is called Ath Cliath. In the Irish language, Dubh is correctly pronounced as Duv or Duf. The city's original pronunciation is preserved in Old Norse as Dyflin, Old English as Difelin, and modern Manx as Divlyn. Historically, in the traditional Gaelic script used for the Irish language, bh was written with a dot over the b, rendering 'Duḃ Linn' or 'Duḃlinn'. Those without a knowledge of Irish omitted the dot and spelled the name as Dublin.

History

The writings of the Greek astronomer and cartographer Ptolemy provide perhaps the earliest reference to human habitation in the area now known as Dublin. In around A.D. 140 he referred to a settlement he called Eblana Civitas. The settlement 'Dubh Linn' dates perhaps as far back as the first century BC and later a monastery was built there, though the town was established in about 841^[11] by the Norse. The modern city retains the Anglicised Irish name of the former and the original Irish name of the latter.

Dublin was ruled by the Norse for most of the time between 841 and 999, when it was sacked by Brian Boru, the King of Cashel.^[12] Although Dublin still had a Norse king after the Battle of Clontarf in 1014, Norse influence waned under a growing Celtic supremacy until the conquest of Ireland which was launched from Britain in 1169-1172.^[12] The last high king (Ard Rí) of Dublin also had local city administration via its Corporation from the Middle Ages. This represented the city's guild-based oligarchy until it was reformed in the 1840s on increasingly democratic lines.

From the 17th century the city expanded rapidly, helped by the Wide Streets Commission. Georgian Dublin was, for a short time, the second city of the British Empire after London and the fifth largest European city. Much of Dublin's most notable architecture dates from this time. In 1759, the founding of the Guinness brewery at St. James's Gate resulted in a considerable economic impact for the city. For much of the time since its foundation, the Guinness brewery was the largest employer in the city but Catholics were confined to the lower echelons of employment at Guinness and only entered management level in the 1960s. After Irish independence the Guinness Corporate headquarters were moved to London in the 1930s to avoid Irish taxation and a rival brewery to Dublin was opened in London at Park Royal to supply the UK. In 1742 Handel's "Messiah" was performed for the first time in New Musick Hall in Fishamble Street with 26 boys and five men from the combined choirs of St.Patrick's and Christ Church cathedrals participating.

After the Act of Union, 1800, with the seat of government moving to Westminster, Dublin entered a period of decline. Dublin was still the centre of administration and a transport hub for much of Ireland. Dublin played no major role in the Industrial Revolution of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries: Ireland had no native source of coal, the fuel of the time, and Dublin was not a centre of ship manufacture, the other main driver of industrial development in Britain and Ireland.^[12] Belfast developed much faster than Dublin during this period on a mixture of international trade, factory-based linen cloth production and shipbuilding.^[13]

The Easter Rising of 1916 took place in several parts of the city, bringing much physical destruction to the city centre. The Anglo-Irish War and Irish Civil War contributed even more destruction, leaving some of its finest buildings in ruins. The Irish Free State government rebuilt the city centre and located the Dáil (parliament) in Leinster House.

The formation of the new state resulted in changed fortunes for Dublin. It benefitted more from independence than any Irish city, though it took a long time to become obvious. Through The Emergency (World War II), until the 1960s, Dublin remained a capital out of time: the city centre in particular remained at an architectural standstill, even nicknamed the last 19th Century City of Europe. This made the city ideal for historical film production, with many productions including The Blue Max and My Left Foot capturing the cityscape in this period. This became the foundation of later successes in cinematography and film-making. With increasing prosperity, modern architecture was introduced to the city, though a vigorous campaign started in parallel to restore the Georgian greatness of Dublin's streets, rather than lose the grandeur forever. Since 1997, the landscape of Dublin has changed immensely, with enormous private sector and state development of housing, transport, and business. (See also Development and Preservation in Dublin). Some well-known Dublin street corners are still named for the pub or business which used to occupy the site before closure or redevelopment.

Since the beginning of Anglo-Norman rule in the 12th century, the city has functioned as the capital of the island of Ireland in the varying geopolitical entities:

• the Lordship of Ireland (1171–1541)
• the Kingdom of Ireland (1541–1800)
• the island as part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (1801–1922)
• the Irish Republic (1919–1922),^[14]

From 1922, following the partition of Ireland, it became the capital of the Irish Free State (1922–1949) and now is the capital of the Republic of Ireland. One of the memorials to commemorate that time is the Garden of Remembrance.

In a 2003 European-wide survey by the BBC, questioning 11,200 residents of 112 urban and rural areas, Dublin was the best capital city in Europe to live in.^[15]

A person from either the city or county of Dublin is often referred to as a "Dub".

Culture

Literature, theatre and the arts

The city has a world-famous literary history, having produced many prominent literary figures, including Nobel laureates William Butler Yeats, George Bernard Shaw and Samuel Beckett. Other influential writers and playwrights from Dublin include Oscar Wilde, Jonathan Swift and the creator of Dracula, Bram Stoker. It is arguably most famous, however, as the location of the greatest works of James Joyce. His most celebrated work, Ulysses, is set in Dublin and full of topical detail. Dubliners is a collection of short stories by Joyce about incidents and characters typical of residents of the city in the early part of the 20th century. Additional widely celebrated writers from the city include J.M. Synge, Seán O'Casey, Brendan Behan, Maeve Binchy, and Roddy Doyle. Ireland's biggest libraries and literary museums are found in Dublin, including the National Print Museum of Ireland and National Library of Ireland.

There are several theatres within the city centre, and various world famous actors have emerged from the Dublin theatrical scene, including Noel Purcell, Sir Michael Gambon, Brendan Gleeson, Stephen Rea, Colin Farrell, Colm Meaney and Gabriel Byrne. The best known theatres include the Gaiety, the Abbey, the Olympia and the Gate. The Gaiety specialises in musical and operatic productions, and is popular for opening its doors after the evening theatre production to host a variety of live music, dancing, and films. The Abbey was founded in 1904 by a group that included Yeats with the aim of promoting indigenous literary talent. It went on to provide a breakthrough for some of the city's most famous writers, such as Synge, Yeats himself and George Bernard Shaw. The Gate was founded in 1928 to promote European and American Avant Garde works. The largest theatre is the Mahony Hall in The Helix at Dublin City University in Glasnevin.

Dublin is also the focal point for much of Irish Art and the Irish artistic scene. The Book of Kells, a world-famous manuscript produced by Celtic Monks in A.D. 800 and an example of Insular art, is on display in Trinity College. The Chester Beatty Library houses the famous collection of manuscripts, miniature paintings, prints, drawings, rare books and decorative arts assembled by American mining millionaire (and honorary Irish citizen) Sir Alfred Chester Beatty (1875–1968). The collections date from 2700 B.C. onwards and are drawn from Asia, the Middle East, North Africa and Europe. Work by local artists is often put on public display around St. Stephen's Green, the main public park in the city centre. In addition large art galleries are found across the city, including the Irish Museum of Modern Art, the National Gallery, the Hugh Lane Municipal Gallery, The City Arts Centre, The Douglas Hyde Gallery, The Project Arts Centre and The Royal Hibernian Academy.

Three branches of the National Museum of Ireland are located in Dublin: Archaeology in Kildare Street, Decorative Arts and History in Collins Barracks and Natural History in Merrion Street.^[16]

Musical societies

The acclaimed Rathmines & Rathgar Musical Society has been in existence since 1913, in Dublin^{[citation needed]}. Its productions spawn the works of Gilbert & Sullivan, Rodgers & Hammerstein, Cole Porter, Lerner & Loewe, Irving Berlin and Mel Brooks amongst others. Recent hits for the company include The Gondoliers, Anything Goes, The Merry Widow, The Producers and HMS Pinafore^{[citation needed]}.

Other musical societies include Glasnevin Musical Society, Lyric Opera Productions, Festival Productions (whose home is the National Concert Hall) and The Pioneers Musical & Dramatic Society.

Nightlife and entertainment

There is a vibrant nightlife in Dublin and it is reputedly one of the most youthful cities in Europe - with estimates of 50% of inhabitants being younger than 25.^[6][7] Furthermore in 2007, and again in 2009, Dublin was voted the friendliest city in Europe.^[17][18] Like the rest of Ireland, there are pubs right across the city centre. The area around St. Stephen's Green - especially Harcourt Street, Camden Street, Wexford Street and Leeson Street - is a centre for some of the most popular nightclubs and pubs in Dublin.

The internationally best-known area for nightlife is the Temple Bar area just south of the River Liffey. To some extent, the area has become a hot spot for tourists, including stag and hen parties from Britain.^[19] It was developed as Dublin's cultural quarter (an idea proposed by local politician Charlie Haughey), and does retain this spirit as a centre for small arts productions, photographic and artists' studios, and in the form of street performers and intimate small music venues.

Live music is popularly played on streets and at venues throughout Dublin in general and the city has produced several musicians and groups of international success, including U2, The Dubliners, Horslips, The Boomtown Rats, Boyzone, Ronan Keating, Thin Lizzy, Paddy Casey, Sinéad O'Connor, The Script and My Bloody Valentine. The two best known cinemas in the city centre are the Savoy Cinema and the Cineworld Cinema, both north of the Liffey. Alternative and special-interest cinema can be found in the Irish Film Institute in Temple Bar, in the Screen Cinema on d'Olier Street and in the Lighthouse Cinema in Smithfield. Across suburban Dublin are located large modern multiscreen cinemas. Situated on the Liffey at the Eastlink tollbridge, The O2, Dublin (originally called, and still often known as, the Point Theatre) has housed world renowned performers in all fields of music.

Sports

The headquarters of almost all of Ireland's sporting organisations are in Dublin, and the most popular sports in Dublin are those that are most popular throughout Ireland: Soccer, gaelic football, rugby union and hurling. It is also the headquarters of the world governing body for Rugby Union the International Rugby Board (IRB).^[20] Dublin has been selected as the European Capital of Sport in 2010.^[21]

The city is host to the 4th largest stadium in Europe,^[22] Croke Park, the 82,500 ^[23] capacity headquarters of the Gaelic Athletic Association. It traditionally hosts Gaelic football and hurling games during the summer months, as well as international rules football in alternating years. It also hosts concerts, with acts such as U2 and Robbie Williams having played there in recent years. The Dublin board of the Gaelic Athletic Association play their league games at Parnell Park. The nickname for the Dublin Gaelic football team is "The Dubs". Lansdowne Road stadium (owned by the Irish Rugby Football Union) was the venue for home games of both the Irish Rugby Union Team and the Republic's national soccer team. It had a mixed standing and seating capacity of 49,000. As part of a joint venture between the IRFU, the FAI and the Government, it will be replaced by a 50,000 all-seater stadium, the Aviva Stadium. On 29 January 2009, Uefa confirmed that the Aviva Stadium will host the 2011 Europa League Final (UEFA Cup).^[24] During the redevelopment, rugby union and soccer home internationals are played at Croke Park.

Leinster Rugby play at the RDS Arena though their former home of Donnybrook Stadium remains an important venue for rugby of all levels in Dublin.

Dublin is home to six League of Ireland clubs, Bohemians, Shamrock Rovers, Shelbourne, St Patrick's Athletic, University College Dublin and Sporting Fingal. Dalymount Park in Phibsboro, the traditional Home of Irish Soccer, is now used only for home games of local club, Bohemians. Shamrock Rovers play at Tallaght Stadium, while St Patrick's Athletic play at Richmond Park in Inchicore, in the south west of the city. The other senior clubs, who play in the First Division, are Shelbourne, who play at Tolka Park in Drumcondra, University College Dublin, based at the UCD Bowl, Belfield, and newly-formed Sporting Fingal, who play at Morton Stadium, Santry.

The National Aquatic Centre in Blanchardstown is the first building to open in the Sports Campus Ireland. There are several race courses in the Dublin area including Shelbourne Park (Greyhound racing) and Leopardstown (Horse racing). The world famous Dublin Horse Show takes place at the RDS, Ballsbridge, which hosted the Show Jumping World Championships in 1982. The national boxing arena is located in The National Stadium on the South Circular Road, though larger fights take place in the Point Depot in the docklands area. There are also Basketball, Handball, Hockey and Athletics stadia — most notably Morton Stadium in Santry, which held the athletics events of the 2003 Special Olympics.

Rugby League as a sport in Dublin has attained popularity in recent years.^{[citation needed]} The North Dublin Eagles play in Ireland's Carnegie League. Recent popularity has been increased with the Irish Wolfhound's success in the Rugby League World Cup which was held in Australia in 2008.

The Dublin Marathon has been run since 1980, and the Women's Mini Marathon has been run since 1983 and is said to be the largest all female event of its kind in the world.^[25]

Shopping

Dublin is a popular shopping spot for both Irish people and tourists. Dublin city centre has several shopping districts, including Grafton Street, Henry Street, Stephen's Green Shopping Centre, Jervis Shopping Centre, Powerscourt and the newly refurbished Ilac Shopping Centre. On Grafton Street, the most famous shops include Brown Thomas and its sister shop BT2. Brown Thomas also houses several boutiques such as Hermès, Tiffany's, Chanel and Louis Vuitton.

Dublin city is the location of large department stores, such as Clerys on O'Connell Street, Arnotts on Henry Street, Brown Thomas on Grafton Street and Debenham's (formerly Roches Stores) on Henry Street. Grafton Street is nearly as renowned for its buskers and street-performers as for its fine shopping.

A major €750m development for Dublin city centre has been given the green light. The development of the so-called Northern Quarter will see the construction of 47 new shops, 175 apartments and a four-star hotel. Dublin City Council gave Arnotts planning permission for the plans to change the area bounded by Henry Street, O'Connell Street, Abbey Street and Liffey Street. Following appeals to An Bord Pleanála, the scale of the development, which was to have included a sixteen-storey tower, was reduced. The redevelopment will also include 14 new cafes along with a 149-bed hotel. Prince's Street, which runs off O'Connell Street, will become a full urban street and pedestrian thoroughfare.^[26] Construction, which began in November 2008, led to the loss of 580 retail jobs.^[27][28] It is hoped that the Northern Quarter will open for business in 2013.^[29]

The city retains a thriving market culture, despite the arrival of new shopping developments and the loss of some of Dublin's traditional market sites. Several historic locations remain, including Moore Street, one of the city's oldest trading districts.^[30] In addition, there has been a significant growth in local farmers' markets and other alternative markets^[31][32], while 2007 saw the Dublin Food Co-op, the city's only wholefoods co-operative, relocate to a large warehouse in The Liberties area where it is now also home to a range of market and community events.^[33][34]

Since the mid 1990s, suburban Dublin has seen the completion of several modern retail centres. These include Dundrum Town Centre, the largest commercial centre in Europe (on the Luas Green Line), Blanchardstown Centre, The Square, which has recently undergone a major refurbishment, in Tallaght (on the Luas Red Line), Liffey Valley Shopping Centre in Clondalkin, Northside Shopping Centre in Coolock, and Pavilions Shopping Centre in Swords.

Northside and Southside

A north-south division has traditionally existed in Dublin for some time, with the dividing line being the River Liffey. The Northside is traditionally seen by some as working-class (with the exception of a few suburbs) while the Southside is seen as middle and upper middle class (again, with the exception of a few suburbs).

Education and research

Dublin is the primary centre of education in Ireland, with three universities and many other higher education institutions. There are 20 third-level institutes in the city. Dublin will be European Capital of Science in 2012.^[21]

The University of Dublin is the oldest university in Ireland dating from the 16th century. Its sole constituent college, Trinity College, was established by Royal Charter in 1592 under Elizabeth I and was closed to Roman Catholics until Catholic Emancipation; the Catholic hierarchy then banned Roman Catholics from attending it until 1970. It is situated in the city centre, on College Green, and has 15,000 students.

The National University of Ireland (NUI) has its seat in Dublin, which is also the location of the associated constituent university of University College Dublin (UCD), the largest university in Ireland with over 22,000 students.

Dublin City University (DCU) is the most recent university and specialises in business, engineering, and science courses, particularly with relevance to industry. It has around 10,000 students.

The Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI) is a medical school which is a recognised college of the NUI, it is situated at St. Stephen's Green in the city centre.

The National University of Ireland, Maynooth, another constituent university of the NUI, is in neighbouring Co. Kildare, about 25 km (16 mi) from the city centre.

The Irish public administration and management training centre has its base in Dublin, the Institute of Public Administration provides a range of undergraduate and post graduate awards via the National University of Ireland and in some instances, Queen's University Belfast.

Dublin Institute of Technology (DIT) is a modern technical college and is the country's largest non-university third-level institution; it specialises in technical subjects but also offers many arts and humanities courses. It is soon to be relocated to a new campus at Grangegorman. Two suburbs of Dublin, Tallaght and Blanchardstown have Institutes of Technology: Institute of Technology, Tallaght, and Institute of Technology, Blanchardstown. Portobello College has its degrees conferred through the University of Wales.^[35]

The National College of Art and Design (NCAD) and Dun Laoghaire Institute of Art, Design and Technology (DLIADT) support training and research in art, design and media technology.

Dublin Business School (DBS) is Ireland's largest private third level institution with over 9,000 students. The college is located on Aungier Street.

The National College of Ireland (NCI) is also based in Dublin.

There are also various other smaller specialised colleges, including private ones, such as Griffith College Dublin, The Gaiety School of Acting and the New Media Technology College

The Economic and Social Research Institute, a social science research institute, is based on Sir John Rogerson's Quay, Dublin 2. The Institute of European Affairs is also in Dublin.

Population

The City of Dublin is the area administered by Dublin City Council, but the term "Dublin" normally refers to the contiguous urban area which includes the adjacent local authority areas of Dun Laoghaire-Rathdown, Fingal and South Dublin. Together, the four areas form the traditional County Dublin. This area is sometimes known as Dublin Region.

The population of the administrative area controlled by the City Council was 505,739 at the census of 2006, while the population of the urban area (the city and the suburbs in adjacent local authority areas) was 1,045,769. At the same census, the County Dublin population was 1,186,159, and that of the Greater Dublin Area 1,661,185. The city's population is expanding rapidly, and it is estimated by the CSO that it will reach 2.1 million by 2021.^[36] Today, approximately 40% of the population of the Republic of Ireland live within a 100 km (62 mi) radius of the city centre.^{[citation needed]}

Demographics

Dublin has a long history of emigration that continued into the early 1990s. Since then there has been net immigration and Dublin now has a significant population of immigrants. Foreign nationals in the city are primarily young and single^[37] and the greatest numbers come from the European Union, especially the United Kingdom, Poland and Lithuania.^{[citation needed]} There is also a considerable number from outside Europe, particularly China, Nigeria, Brazil, Australia, and New Zealand.^{[citation needed]} 10% of the Republic of Ireland's population is now made up of foreign nationals, and Dublin is home to a greater proportion of new arrivals than other parts of the country - for example, 60% of Ireland's Asian population lives in Dublin even though less than 40% of the overall population live in the Greater Dublin Area.^[38]

Economy and infrastructure

Industry, employment and standard of living

Dublin has been at the centre of Ireland's phenomenal economic growth and subsequent current economic contraction over the last 10–15 years, a period (often of double-digit growth) referred to as the Celtic Tiger years. Living standards in the city have risen dramatically, although the cost of living has also soared.^{[citation needed]} In 2009, Dublin was listed as the fourth-richest city in the world.^[39] According to one source, Dublin is now the world's 25th most expensive city.^[40] It is also listed as the tenth most expensive city in the world in which to live.^[41] However, it had the second highest wages for a city in the world, ahead of both New York City and London, though behind Zürich but as of 2009 has dropped to tenth highest.^[42]

Historically, brewing has probably been the industry most often associated with the city^{[citation needed]}: Guinness has been brewed at the St. James's Gate Brewery since 1759. Since the advent of the Celtic Tiger years, however, a large number of global pharmaceutical, information and communications technology companies have located in Dublin and the Greater Dublin Area. For example, Microsoft, Google, Amazon, eBay, PayPal, Yahoo!, Facebook and Pfizer (among others) now have European headquarters and/or operational bases in the city and its suburbs^{[citation needed]}. Intel and Hewlett-Packard have large manufacturing plants in Leixlip, County Kildare, 15 km (9 mi) to the west.^{[citation needed]}

Banking, finance and commerce are also important in the city - the IFSC alone handles over €1 trillion a year^{[citation needed]}. Many international firms have established major headquarters in the city (e.g. Citibank, Commerzbank). Also located in Dublin is the Irish Stock Exchange (ISEQ), Internet Neutral Exchange (INEX) and Irish Enterprise Exchange (IEX).

The economic boom years have led to a sharp increase in construction, which is now also a major employer, though, as of 2007, unemployment is on the rise as the housing market has begun to see supply outstrip demand.^{[citation needed]} Redevelopment is taking place in large projects such as Dublin Docklands, Spencer Dock and others, transforming once run-down industrial areas in the city centre. Dublin City Council seems to now have loosened the former restrictions on "high-rise" structures. The tallest building, Liberty Hall, is only 59.4 m (194.9 ft) tall; already under construction in the city is Heuston Gate, a 117 m (384 ft) building (134 m (439.63 ft) including spire). The 120 m (394 ft) Britain Quay Tower and the 120 m (394 ft) Point Village Watchtower have been approved. Construction has started on the latter. Also the U2 Tower will be the tallest building on the Island of Ireland when it is finished.^{[citation needed]}

In 2005, around 800,000 people were employed in the Greater Dublin Area, of whom around 600,000 were employed in the services sector and 200,000 in the industrial sector.^[43] Dublin is one of the constituent cities in the Dublin-Belfast corridor region which has a population of just under 3 million.

Economic growth is expected to slow in the coming years, while the Irish central bank predicted medium-term growth rates of around 3–5% last year.^[44]

Transport

Dublin is also the main hub of the country's road network. The M50 motorway (the busiest road in Ireland), a semi-ring road runs around the south, west and north of the city, connecting the most important national primary routes in the state that fan out from the capital to the regions. As of 2008, a toll of €2 applies on what is called the West-Link, two adjacent concrete bridges that tower high above the River Liffey near the village of Lucan. The West-Link Toll Bridge was replaced by the eFlow barrier-free tolling system in August 2008, with a three-tiered charge system based on electronic tags and car pre-registration.^[45]

To complete the ring road, an eastern bypass is also proposed for the city of Dublin. The first half of this project is the Dublin Port Tunnel which opened in late 2006 and mainly caters to heavy vehicles. The plan to build the eastern bypass around Dublin has been effectively shelved by the Department of Transport as there are no funds available for the expected €1 billion project. The capital is also surrounded by an inner and outer orbital route. The inner orbital route runs roughly around the heart of the Georgian city and the outer orbital route runs largely along the natural circle formed by Dublin's two canals, the Grand Canal and the Royal Canal, as well as the North and South Circular Roads.

Dublin is served by an extensive network of nearly 200 bus routes which serve all areas of the city and suburbs. The majority of these are controlled by Dublin Bus (Bus Átha Cliath) which was established in 1987, but a number of smaller companies have begun operating in recent years. Dublin Bus had 3408 staff and 1067 buses providing over half a million journeys per weekday in 2004. Fares are generally calculated on a stage system based on distance travelled. There are several different levels of fares, which apply on most services. Certain routes (particularly Xpresso) use a different fare system.

The Dublin Suburban Rail network is a system of five rail lines serving mainly commuters in the Greater Dublin Area, though some trains go even further to commuter towns such as Drogheda and Dundalk. One of these is an electrified line that runs along Dublin Bay and is known as the Dublin Area Rapid Transit (DART) line. A two-line light rail/tram network called the Luas opened in 2004 and has proved popular in the (limited) areas it serves, although the lack of a link between the two lines is widely criticised. Five new luas lines are planned, the last of which will be opened in 2014, with the two existing lines set to be joined up by 2012.^[46]

There are plans to begin building work on the Dublin Metro (subway / underground) system set out in the Irish government's 2005 Transport 21 plan within the next few years. Although not confirmed, it is believed that the metro will be fully segregated from all traffic which will mean it will not disrupt traffic when in operation, unlike an on-street Luas Tram or the DART. The Metro North will bring rail access to areas and institutions currently lacking it, such as the Mater Hospital, Drumcondra (Croke Park, inter-city and suburban rail stop), Dublin City University, Ballymun, Swords and Dublin Airport. The Metro West will serve the large suburbs of Tallaght, Clondalkin and Blanchardstown.

Dublin is at the centre of Ireland's transport system. Dublin Port is the country's busiest sea port and Dublin Airport is the busiest airport on the island.

Communications and media

Dublin is the centre of both media and communications in Ireland, with many newspapers, radio stations, television stations and telephone companies having their headquarters there. Raidió Teilifís Éireann (RTÉ) is Ireland's national state broadcaster, and has its main offices and studios in Donnybrook, Dublin. Fair City is the broadcaster's capital-based soap, located in the fictional Dublin suburb of Carraigstown. TV3, City Channel and Setanta Sports are also based in Dublin. Dublin is home to national commercial radio networks Today FM and Newstalk, as well as numerous local stations. The main infrastructure and offices of An Post and telecommunications companies, such as the former state telephone company Eircom, as well as mobile/cellular operators Meteor, Vodafone and O₂ are all located in the capital. Dublin is also the headquarters of important national newspapers such as The Irish Times and Irish Independent, as well as local newspapers such as The Evening Herald.

The most popular radio stations in Dublin, by adult (15+) listenership share, are RTÉ Radio 1 (30.3%), FM104 (13.3%), Dublin's 98 (11.9%), RTÉ 2fm (10.4%), Q102 (7%), Spin 1038 (7%), Newstalk (6.8%), Today FM (5.7%), RTÉ lyric fm (2.7%), Dublin's Country Mix 106.8 (2.6%) and Phantom FM (1.8%). Among the under 35s, this figures are very different with FM104 (24.9%), Spin 1038 (17.3%) and Dublin's 98 (15.6%) being by far the most popular stations in this age group.^[47] There are two Irish language radio stations which can be picked up in the Dublin area: RTÉ Raidió na Gaeltachta, and Raidió na Life 106.4fm, both of which have studios in Dublin.

Media in Dublin Local Radio FM 104 · Dublin's 98 · 4fm · Phantom 105.2 · Q102 · Spin 1038 · Dublin's Country Mix 106.8 · 103.2 Dublin City FM · Raidió Na Life Local Print Fingal Independent · Herald AM · Metro Ireland · Metro Herald · Northside People · Southside People Local Television City Channel · Dublin Community Television · DTV (Dundrum Shopping Centre) (Italics indicates soon to be defunct, bold indicates soon to be created.)

Government

City

The City is governed by Dublin City Council (formerly called Dublin Corporation), which is presided over by the Lord Mayor of Dublin, who is elected for a yearly term and resides in the Mansion House. Dublin City Council is based in two major buildings. Council meetings take place in the headquarters at Dublin City Hall, the former Royal Exchange taken over for city government use in the 1850s. Many of its administrative staff are based in the Civic Offices on Wood Quay.

The City Council is a unicameral assembly of 52 members, elected every five years from Local Election Areas. The party with the majority of seats (or a coalition of parties who form a majority) decides who sits on what committee, what policies are followed, and who becomes Lord Mayor. Chaired by the Lord Mayor, the Council passes an annual budget for spending on housing, traffic management, refuse, drainage, planning, etc. The Dublin City Manager is responsible for the implementation of decisions of the City Council.

The current ruling coalition, after the 2009 local elections, is the Democratic Alliance, made up of Labour and Fine Gael. Fianna Fáil, Sinn Féin, Greens and non-party councillors act as opposition. The current Lord Mayor is Emer Costello, who was elected in June 2009.

In 2008, the national government announced plans for local government reform, with the biggest change being plans for an elected Mayor of Dublin with executive powers. The plan also includes local plebiscites, petition rights, participatory budgeting and city meetings.^[48]

National

The national parliament of Ireland, the Oireachtas, consists of the President of Ireland and two houses, Dáil Éireann (Chamber of Deputies) and Seanad Éireann (Senate). All three are based in Dublin. The President of Ireland lives in Áras an Uachtaráin, the former residence of the Governor-General of the Irish Free State in the city's largest park, Phoenix Park. Both houses of the Oireachtas meet in Leinster House, a former ducal palace on the south side. The building has been the home of Irish parliaments since the creation of the Irish Free State on 6 December 1922.

Government Buildings house the Department of the Taoiseach, the Council Chamber (used for the weekly Cabinet meetings), the Department of Finance and the Office of the Attorney General. It consists of a main building (completed 1911) with two wings (completed 1921) and was designed by Thomas Manley Dean and Sir Aston Webb as the Royal College of Science. In 1921 the House of Commons of Southern Ireland met here. Given its location next to Leinster House, the Irish Free State government took over the two wings of the building to serve as a temporary home for some ministries, while the central building became the College of Technology (part of UCD) until 1989.^[49] Both it and Leinster House, meant to be a temporary home of parliament, became permanent homes.

The old Irish Houses of Parliament of the Kingdom of Ireland are in College Green.

Climate

Dublin enjoys a maritime temperate climate characterised by mild winters, cool summers, and a lack of temperature extremes with moderate rainfall. Contrary to popular belief, Dublin does not experience as high rainfall as the west of Ireland, which receives over twice that of the capital city. Dublin has fewer rainy days, on average, than London. Measured at Dublin Airport, the average maximum January temperature is 7.6 °C (46 °F), the average maximum July temperature is 18.9 °C (66 °F).^[50] The sunniest months, on average, are May and June. The wettest months, on average, is December with 76 mm of rain. The driest month is February, with 50 mm. The total average annual rainfall (and other forms of precipitation) is 732.7 mm,^[50] lower than Sydney, New York City and even Dallas.

Due to Dublin's northerly latitude, it experiences long summer days, around 17 hours of daylight between official sunrise and sunset times for the longest day of the year in June and short winter days, as short as 7 and a half hours between official sunrise and sunset times for the shortest day of the year in December. These are lengthened slightly when dawn and dusk are taken into consideration. In summer, dawn can come as early as 04:00 before the official sunrise time of 04:56 on the longest day of the year. Dusk is lengthened also, sometimes up to 23:00 after the sun has set just before 22:00 on the longest day of the year.

Like the rest of Ireland it is relatively safe from common natural disasters such as tornadoes, hurricanes, earthquakes and tsunamis.

Strong winds from Atlantic storm systems ("windstorms") can affect Dublin, though usually less severe than other parts of Ireland. Severe winds are most likely during mid-winter, but can occur anytime, especially between October and February. During one of the stormiest periods of recent times, a gust of 151 km/h (94 mph) was recorded at Casement Aerodrome on 24 December 1997.

The city is not noted for its temperature extremes due to its mild climate. Typically, the coldest months are December, January and February. Temperatures in summer in recent years have been rising to substantially above average figures, e.g. 31 °C (88 °F) in July 2006, over 12 °C (54 °F) higher than the average maximum. Recent heat waves include the European heat wave of 2003 and European heat wave of 2006.

The main precipitation in winter is rain. The city can experience some snow showers during the months from October to May, but lying snow is uncommon (on average, only 4.5 days). Hail occurs more often than snow (on average, around 9.5 days), and is most likely during the winter and spring months. Another rare type of weather are thunderstorms, most common in late summer - though still only averages 4.1 days per year.

Climate data for Dublin Airport 1961-1990

Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °C (°F)	16.6 (62)	15.3 (60)	21.3 (70)	20.5 (69)	23.4 (74)	25.1 (77)	27.6 (82)	28.7 (84)	23.9 (75)	21.2 (70)	18.0 (64)	16.2 (61)	28.7 (84)
Average high °C (°F)	7.6 (46)	7.5 (46)	9.5 (49)	11.4 (53)	14.2 (58)	17.2 (63)	18.9 (66)	18.6 (65)	16.6 (62)	13.7 (57)	9.8 (50)	8.4 (47)	12.8 (55)
Daily mean °C (°F)	5.0 (41)	5.0 (41)	6.3 (43)	7.9 (46)	10.5 (51)	13.4 (56)	15.1 (59)	14.9 (59)	13.1 (56)	10.6 (51)	7.0 (45)	5.9 (43)	9.6 (49)
Average low °C (°F)	2.5 (37)	2.5 (37)	3.1 (38)	4.4 (40)	6.8 (44)	9.6 (49)	11.4 (53)	11.1 (52)	9.6 (49)	7.6 (46)	4.2 (40)	3.4 (38)	6.4 (44)
Record low °C (°F)	-9.4 (15)	-6.2 (21)	-6.7 (20)	-3.7 (25)	-1.0 (30)	1.5 (35)	4.8 (41)	4.1 (39)	1.7 (35)	-0.6 (31)	-3.4 (26)	-10.1 (14)	-10.1 (14)
Precipitation mm (inches)	69.4 (2.73)	50.4 (1.98)	53.8 (2.12)	50.7 (2)	55.1 (2.17)	56.0 (2.2)	49.9 (1.96)	70.5 (2.78)	66.7 (2.63)	69.7 (2.74)	64.7 (2.55)	75.6 (2.98)	732.7 (28.85)
Sunshine hours	56	71	112	156	183	180	167	158	129	96	72	53	1,433
% Humidity	86	84	82	79	76	76	78	81	82	85	86	86	82
Avg. precipitation days	18	14	16	14	16	14	13	15	15	16	16	18	185
Source: Met Éireann {{{accessdate}}}

Crime

Official statistics from An Garda Síochána for 2004-2007^[51] show that the overall headline crime rate for the metropolitan area per 1,000 of population is the highest in the country.

International relations

Twin towns — Sister cities

Dublin has the following sister cities:^[52]

• Barcelona Catalonia, Spain (1998)^[53][54]
• Liverpool England, United Kingdom (1997)^[55]
• San Jose California, United States of America (1986) ^[56]

See also

• Global city
• Dublin English
• List of Dublin people
• List of European metropolitan areas by GRP

References

Further reading

• John Flynn and Jerry Kelleher, Dublin Journeys in America (High Table Publishing, 2003) ISBN 0-9544694-1-0
• Hanne Hem, Dubliners, An Anthropologist's Account, Oslo, 1994
• Pat Liddy, Dublin A Celebration - From the 1st to the 21st century (Dublin City Council, 2000) ISBN 0-946841-50-0
• Maurice Craig, The Architecture of Ireland from the Earliest Times to 1880 (Batsford, Paperback edition 1989) ISBN 0-7134-2587-3
• Frank McDonald, Saving the City: How to Halt the Destruction of Dublin (Tomar Publishing, 1989) ISBN 1-871793-03-3
• Edward McParland, Public Architecture in Ireland 1680–1760 (Yale University Press, 2001) ISBN 0-300-09064-1

External links

• Dublin travel guide from Wikitravel
• Dublin City Council - Official website of the local authority for Dublin
• Dublin Tourist Board - Official tourism site
• Transport for Dublin - public transport website
• Dublin photo gallery A free photo gallery of Dublin and its most popular monuments.

Divisions of the former County Dublin, Ireland County seats: Dublin · Dún Laoghaire · Tallaght · Swords Cities Dublin Counties Dun Laoghaire-Rathdown · Fingal · South Dublin Districts Northside · Southside See also Dublin Metropolitan Area · Greater Dublin Area

Cities in Ireland Republic of Ireland Dublin • Cork • Limerick • Galway • Waterford Northern Ireland Belfast • Derry • Armagh • Newry • Lisburn

Capital cities of the Member States of the European Union Amsterdam · Athens · Berlin · Bratislava · Brussels · Bucharest · Budapest · Copenhagen · Dublin · Helsinki · Lisbon · Ljubljana · London · Luxembourg City · Madrid · Nicosia · Paris · Prague · Riga · Rome · Sofia · Stockholm · Tallinn · Valletta · Vienna · Vilnius · Warsaw

European Capitals of Culture 1985 Athens · 1986 Florence · 1987 Amsterdam · 1988 West Berlin · 1989 Paris · 1990 Glasgow · 1991 Dublin · 1992 Madrid · 1993 Antwerp · 1994 Lisbon · 1995 Luxembourg City · 1996 Copenhagen · 1997 Thessaloniki · 1998 Stockholm · 1999 Weimar · 2000 Reykjavík · Bergen · Helsinki · Brussels · Prague · Kraków · Santiago de Compostela · Avignon · Bologna · 2001 Rotterdam · Porto · 2002 Bruges · Salamanca · 2003 Graz · 2004 Genoa · Lille · 2005 Cork · 2006 Patras · 2007 Luxembourg City and Greater Region · Sibiu · 2008 Liverpool · Stavanger · 2009 Linz · Vilnius · 2010 Essen · Istanbul · Pécs · 2011 Turku · Tallinn · 2012 Maribor · Guimarães · 2013 Košice  · Marseille

Capitals of European states and territories Capitals of non-sovereign territories or constituent nations shown in bold italics Western Northern Central Southern Eastern Amsterdam, Netherlands Andorra la Vella, Andorra Brussels, Belgium 5 Douglas, Isle of Man4 Dublin, Ireland Lisbon, Portugal London, United Kingdom Luxembourg, Luxembourg Madrid, Spain Monaco, Monaco Paris, France 1 Saint Helier, Jersey4 Saint Peter Port, Guernsey4 Copenhagen, Denmark Helsinki, Finland Longyearbyen, Svalbard Mariehamn, Åland Islands Oslo, Norway Reykjavík, Iceland Riga, Latvia Stockholm, Sweden Tallinn, Estonia Tórshavn, Faroe Islands Vilnius, Lithuania Belgrade, Serbia Berlin, Germany Bern, Switzerland Bratislava, Slovakia Budapest, Hungary Ljubljana, Slovenia Prague, Czech Republic Vienna, Austria Warsaw, Poland Vaduz, Liechtenstein Zagreb, Croatia Ankara, Turkey 1 Athens, Greece Gibraltar, Gibraltar4 Nicosia, Cyprus 2, Northern Cyprus 2, 3 Podgorica, Montenegro Pristina, Kosovo 3 Rome, Italy San Marino, San Marino Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina Skopje, Macedonia Tirana, Albania Valletta, Malta Vatican City, Vatican City Astana, Kazakhstan 1 Baku, Azerbaijan 1 Bucharest, Romania Chişinău, Moldova Kiev, Ukraine Minsk, Belarus Moscow, Russia 1 Sofia, Bulgaria Sukhumi, Abkhazia 3 Tbilisi, Georgia 1 Tskhinvali, South Ossetia 3 Yerevan, Armenia 2 1 Transcontinental country.  2 Entirely in Southwest Asia but having socio-political connections with Europe.  3 Partially recognised country.  4 Crown Dependency or Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom.  5 Also the seat of the European Union, see Location of European Union institutions and Brussels and the European Union.

Host cities of the Eurovision Song Contest 1950s Lugano · Frankfurt · Hilversum · Cannes 1960s London · Cannes · Luxembourg · London · Copenhagen · Naples · Luxembourg · Vienna · London · Madrid 1970s Amsterdam · Dublin · Edinburgh · Luxembourg · Brighton · Stockholm · The Hague · London · Paris · Jerusalem 1980s The Hague · Dublin · Harrogate · Munich · Luxembourg · Gothenburg · Bergen · Brussels · Dublin · Lausanne 1990s Zagreb · Rome · Malmö · Millstreet · Dublin · Dublin · Oslo · Dublin · Birmingham · Jerusalem 2000s Stockholm · Copenhagen · Tallinn · Riga · Istanbul · Kiev · Athens · Helsinki · Belgrade · Moscow 2010s Oslo

From Wikitravel

For other places with the same name, see Dublin (disambiguation).

Dublin [1] (Irish: Baile Átha Cliath, "Town of the Hurdled Ford") is the capital city of the Republic of Ireland. Its vibrancy, nightlife and tourist attractions are noteworthy, and it is the most popular entry point for international visitors to Ireland. As a city, it is disproportionately large for the size of the country (2006 pop. Greater Dublin Region 1.6m); well over a quarter of the Republic's population lives in the metropolitan area. The centre is, however, relatively small and can be navigated by foot, with most of the population living in suburbs.

Dublin is divided by the River Liffey. On the north side of the Liffey is O'Connell Street - the main thoroughfare, which is intersected by numerous shopping streets, including Henry Street and Talbot Street. On the south side is St. Stephen's Green, Grafton Street, Trinity College, Christ Church and St. Patrick's Cathedrals, and many other attractions.

Dublin postcodes range from Dublin 1 to Dublin 24. Odd numbers are given to areas north of the River Liffey, while even numbers are given to areas south of the river. As a general rule, the lower the postcode, the closer the city centre.

If you're already in the city, the main tourist office [2], located in St. Andrew's Church just off Grafton Street in the city centre, is a good place to start for information. You can book accommodation and tours there, as well as find general information on where to go and what to do.

Sadly, many of Dublin's finest structures, especially Georgian, which reminded some people of the past British imperialism over the country, were pulled down in the 1960s through to the 1980s, without regard to their beauty and historical significance. They were replaced with brutalist office blocks, St. Stephen's Green being a prime example. The central business district as a result is somewhat architecturally mish-mash though it is nonetheless charming. As a result Grafton Street and its environs have been designated an "architectural conservation zone" to restore and rebuild its once grand image.

Climate

Being subject to the moderating effects of the Atlantic Ocean, Dublin has a very mild climate. The average temperature differs by only 10°C (18°F) from January to July.

Contrary to some popular perception, Dublin is not an especially rainy place. Its annual rainfall average is only 732.7 mm, lower even than London. However, its precipitation is spread out evenly so that on many days there will be a light shower.

Winters in Dublin are mild--temperatures often hover around the 5°C (41°F) mark and rarely go below freezing. Snow does occur, but it is not common and most of Dublin's winter precipitation comes in the form of a chilly rain. This climate could be most comparable to the northwest United States and southwest Canada, as well as to much of coastal Western Europe.

Summers in Dublin are also mild. The average maximum temperature is 19°C (66°F) in July, far cooler than even most of the coldest American cities. The hottest temperature ever recorded in Dublin is a mere 29°C (87°F), which in many other parts of the world, even at its own latitude, is just a typical summer day. Don't plan on too many hot summertime activities. Thunderstorms also don't happen very often in Dublin, on average only 4 days a year. Overall, the climate is very mild and meek.

Get in

By plane

Dublin is served by a single terminal airport [3] approximately ten kilometres north of the city centre. A second terminal will open in 2010.

A full list of airlines flying to Dublin, along with timetables, can be found on the Dublin Airport [4] website.

Ireland's flag carrier airline, Aer Lingus [5], flies to Dublin from a large number of European cities and from the USA. Aer Lingus fares are often lower than other flag carriers, but in part this has been achieved by matching the service levels of low-fare competitors. As a result, they now charge for checked-in bags and seat reservation at time of booking (note that this does not apply to United States flights).

Europe's largest low fares airline, Ryanair [6] has one of its main bases in Dublin from which it flies to a large number of European airports including Paris, London, Manchester, Liverpool, Madrid and Frankfurt as well as smaller regional airports such as Nantes. While famous for its low fares, Ryanair can be more expensive than other airlines for last minute bookings. Ireland's third airline Aer Arann [7] links Dublin to many regional Irish airports and some smaller UK cities.

Low fares airline Flybe [8] links Dublin to Exeter, Norwich and Southampton in the United Kingdom, and Guernsey in the Channel Islands.

There are three types of bus transport to the city:

• Aircoach [9] express service (large blue bus) connects the airport and the city centre and many of Dublin's major hotels, most of which are on the south side of the city. Buses leave the airport every fifteen minutes and the journey time to the centre is approximately thirty minutes. The cost is €8 single or €14 return. Aircoach also offers services to other destinations within Ireland, including Cork and Belfast.
• Dublin Bus [10] offers an express AirLink service (routes 747 and 748) every 10 minutes at peak times to the city centre and bus station for €6 or €10 return. Some of these services now use the Dublin Port Tunnel to avoid the city traffic and can reach the city centre in minutes. This bus also offers substantially cheaper standard services to the centre and further afield in the southern suburbs, but these are non-express and stop significantly more times going to and from the airport. Cost is €2 and buses run every 10 - 25 minutes depending on time of day. You can save 10 cents by purchasing a Travel 90 ticket for €1.90 in the ticket machines next to the airport bus stops, the ticket also allows you to transfer on to any other Dublin Bus services for up to 90 minutes, saving you another bus fare should you need to transfer. The 16A goes right through the city, stops at O'Connell St. and continues up George's St. and, finally, to southern areas of Dublin. The 41 takes a slightly more direct route and finishes on Lower Abbey Street. It stops at O'Connell St. and at Busáras (Central Bus Station). Depending on traffic, journey times can vary from 25 minutes to over an hour. These buses offer a considerably cheaper alternative to the AirLink and Aircoach services. Both of these local bus services stop across from Drumcondra train station which is situated on the Dublin-Maynooth commuter line. Some of these trains will continue past Maynooth and serve stations as far as Longford. Note that these buses (as do all in Dublin except the AirLink service) require exact change in coins to board, however ticket-machines near a few outdoor bus stops, including one at the airport, do not require exact change. Tickets can also be purchased at the newsagent inside the airport, which is on the same level as the buses. Be aware that luggage racks etc are limited on the local buses also, and it is not unknown for drivers to turn away travellers with packs that cannot be stored.

A taxi to the city centre should cost around €20 to 30 - as such it can be comparable to/cheaper than the bus options if you are in a group of three or more (as well as a lot less hassle).

A metro system connecting Dublin Airport to the city centre is planned for the future, but no work has started on this yet.

By train

Dublin has two main railway stations. Heuston, in the west of the city centre, serves much of the west and south of the country including an hourly service to Cork which also services Limerick. Connolly, in the north-east centre of the city, serves the south east and east coast, Belfast, Sligo in the north-west and suburban commuter services including the Dublin Area Rapid Transit (DART) system. The two main stations are connected by bus and Luas routes. Visit the website for all train services local and intercity.

Irish Rail [11] has one of the youngest train fleets in Europe and the Cork train in particular is extremely comfortable. Older trains were phased out completely in 2008 with the arrival of a massive fleet of brand new trains built in Japan and South Korea.

By bus

A single bus station, Busáras, serves the entire country and is next to Connolly train station, a 10 minute walk from O'Connell St. There is an extensive bus service run by Bus Eireann [12] which covers destinations country wide, as well as Britain and Eurolines [13] services to Continental Europe. There are luggage lockers in the basement.

There are however a number of private bus companies operating out of the city centre. Kavanaghs [14] has a good service to Limerick and Waterford. Citylink [15] coaches has a good price to Galway and the West.

The following buses go from the airport to the city centre: 16A, 41, 746, 747, 748 and the Airlink (faster but costs €6).

You can get private direct buses from the Airport to some cities. Aircoach goes to Belfast driving very good quality buses, and the price is very cheap. If you are coming from Belfast, you are entitled to get a new Aircoach bus at Dublin airport with the same ticket, which is much handier. Aircoach also serves Cork.

By boat

Dublin Port has several passenger ferry services to Wales and England, but more popular is the suburban port of Dún Laoghaire 10km south of Dublin city. The port of Dún Laoghaire is serviced by the DART.

By car

If you are visiting Dublin only for a daytrip and have a car, you can beat the traffic by leaving your car at a Park & Ride station. If you are coming from the south, two ideal places to leave your car are at the Sandyford Luas stop, located just off junction 15 of the M50 on the Blackthorn Road or Bray DART stop, on the Bray road. If you are coming from the west, your best option is the Red Cow luas stop, off junction 10 of the M50. Coming from the north east your best bet is the park & ride station at Howth DART station. Tariffs at Park & Ride stations range from 2 to 4 euro.

While all car rental companies in Ireland have rental desks in the arrivals hall of Dublin Airport, the list of car rental companies with inner city locations is far less. Some of the car rental companies will advertise city centre locations, but these locations are mostly only drop-offs for which an additional charge will be added. Distances mentioned below are approximations from O’Connell Bridge.

• Car Hire Ireland [16] Offices located at Dublin, Cork, Shannon, Galway, Kerry and Knock airports. There is also an office on the N11 (Stillorgan Road) in South Dublin.
• Budget Car Rental Ireland [17] – Pickup and dropoff in Drumcondra, situated 3.5km to the north of Dublin City Centre.
• Rent-A-Car Enterprise [18] - Pickup and drop off at the airport from their Swords branch.
• Argus Rent a Car – Locations in Santry & Rathgar. The Argus Rathgar office is situated nearly 6km from the city centre. The Santry office is situated only 3km from their Dublin Airport location and is in reality a drop off service rather than a location office.
• Thrifty Dublin [19] – Located in Lombard Street. Depot is situated within 2km from city centre.
• Atlas Car Hire [20] – Atlas share a location with Thrifty in Dublin city centre.
• Avis – Located in Kilmainham, situated roughly 4.5km to the west of Dublin city centre.
• National – Located in Stillorgan, situated over 10km from the city centre. North City depot is advertised but is same depot that services Dublin Airport.
• Dan Dooley Car Rental [21] – Located in Westland Row, situated just over 2km from city centre and within five minutes of Trinity College.
• Hertz – Located on South Circular Road, situated within 4.5km of Dublin city centre.
• Irish Car Rental – Located in Terenure, situated nearly 6.6km from city centre.
• Malone Car Rental Ireland [22] - Part of the Dollar Thrifty Ireland umbrella.

Get around

Public transportation has improved massively over the last few years, but it is still worse than in other European cities. This is more of a problem for the commuter than the visitor to Dublin, however, as the centre of the city is easy to get around on foot.

By train/tram

The Luas [23] (a tram/light-rail system) runs frequently and reliably, and is handy for getting around the city centre. There are two lines - red (running from Connolly railway station to the suburb of Tallaght) and green (running from St. Stephens Green to Sandyford). The lines do not connect. The distance between Abbey St. on the red line and St Stephens Green, that start of the green line, is about 15 minutes' walking. The Luas is frequent and reliable. Tickets can be bought on the platforms, at the machines and do not need to be validated. A large amount of further expansion of this network is expected within the next decade.

The DART [24] suburban rail service runs along the coast between Greystones in the south and Howth and Malahide in the north. Tickets can be bought in the stations, from a window or a machine. There are four other suburban rail lines servicing areas around Dublin: [25], three of these lines operate from Connolly Station, the other from Heuston Station.

For Luas and DART network and station maps visit Dublin transportation Office site [26].

By bus

An extensive bus service operated by the state controlled Dublin Bus serves the city and its suburbs, right out to the very outer suburbs. There are around 200 bus routes in Dublin. However, the route numbering system is highly confusing, with numbers having been issued non-sequentially and also suffix letters and alternate destinations. The Bus will display its final destination on the front of the bus, but there are no announcements as to intermediate stops; therefore, obtaining a route map from Dublin Bus is essential. Here are some pointers about using the bus services:

• Dublin Bus accepts coin fares only, no notes. If you have no coins, you can buy multiple or individual trip tickets from most shops.

• Bus fares can be paid directly to the driver, just tell him your destination. If you don't have exact change, you'll get an extra slip along with your ticket, which you can exchange back at the main bus office at 39 Upper O'Connoll St. (next to Post Office).

• Most city buses leave from the O’Connell St. area (including Mountjoy & Parnell Squares, Eden Quay and Fleet Street) or from the Trinity College area (including Pearse St., Nassau St., Dame Street and College Green).

• Daytime buses run from around 5AM to 11:30PM and there are also 24 late-night routes (known as the Nightlink service), which are suffixed by an N, and run from midnight until around 2AM/4AM (weekends). Not all night link routes run at the same time every night of the week. The fare is standard and costs 5 euro. More Information: [27].

• The Xpresso is a special service designed to allow for faster and more efficient bus travel for daily commuters during both morning and evening rush hour traffic. Xpresso routes are more direct than many other bus routes, offering passengers a quicker service. These routes also have fewer stops and therefore reduce journey times between destinations. There are 22 of these routes in operation. The numbers on the front of a bus are suffixed with an 'X', e.g. 84X. A minimum flat fare (varies based on distance traveled) is charged on these services, and it's usually more expensive than a normal, non-Xpresso bus that may be traveling along the same route.

• Railink is an express bus that links Eden Quay, Custom House Quay, Jury's North Wall, Docklands Station, Connolly station, Heuston Station, and the International Financial Services centre.

• There is a ferry port link operated by Dublin Bus from Dublin Port and Dun Laoghaire ferry port to Busaras (Central Bus Station).

• It should be noted that, while there is effectively no queuing system at bus stops, those paying with cash generally enter to the left of the doors, and those using card tickets enter to the right. Your position in a perceived "queue" for a bus may be effectively irrelevant once it arrives. If you have a prepaid ticket, don't bother queuing just get onto the bus on the right hand side of the front door.

• When paying with cash, try to ensure that you have the correct amount of change, as the bus drivers cannot issue any change. If you have only larger coins (1 or 2 euro), you will receive a "change receipt", which can be exchanged for cash at the Dublin Bus headquarters on O'Connell St.

• If you see “"An Lár" written as the destination on a bus, it means that it is going to the city centre.

• NOTE: Times displayed on timetables either at stops or elsewhere DO NOT indicate the time the bus is expected to pass that stop--they are the times the bus departs from its terminus either in the city centre or at the other end. This is mainly due to the fact that Dublin's roads are exceptionally overcrowded and therefore it is very difficult to accurately predict an expected time.

By car

Taxis were recently (2001) deregulated and are relatively easy to come by, although not as easily as in some other European cities. They may be ordered by telephone, at ranks, or just hailed on the street. Point-to-point trips in the city centre should cost between €4 and €8. There is a national standardised rate for all taxis.

Driving in Dublin is not to be recommended for much of the day, particularly in the city centre. Traffic can be heavy and there is an extensive one-way system, which some say is explicitly designed to make it very difficult for cars to enter the city centre. There are a large number of bus lanes (buses, taxis and pedal cycles are permitted to use them, the use of which by cars is liable to strict fines. It is usually possible to drive in bus lanes at certain off-peak times, with signs displaying these periods.

It can be difficult to find parking other than in multi-storey car parks. On-street parking for short periods is allowed at parking meters, but beware of over-staying your time or you will be "clamped" by the clamping companies who patrol frequently.

A system of two ring roads around the city has been introduced in recent years, with color coded signage in purple and blue (see the orbital route map [28]. The M50 is Dublin's ring-motorway, it connects to the M1 (to the north of Ireland and Belfast) near Dublin airport and to the M11 (servicing Wicklow, Wexford and the South) south of the city and to other motorways and national roads along its "C-shaped" route. It is continuously being upgraded so is liable to change in route and lane layout at any time and is highly congested. This road is not recommended for the unsure tourist. In addtition crossing the river using the M50 entails crossing the Westlink bridge. This is a toll bridge with the amount of the toll varying depending on the type of vehicle and how it is paid. It is important to note that the toll CANNOT be paid at booths while crossing the bridge but must be paid by internet or phone (or using electronic passes in the vehicle) The longer the toll remains unpaid the higher the fees involved. For foreiggn registered vehicles this currently presents no problem, however for Irish registered vehicles, including rental cars, the fee may well be reclaimed through the rental company and subsequently from the credit card of the person hiring the car.

By bicycle/motorbike

Dublin has a large student population and is relatively cycle-friendly. Hiring a bicycle is a handy way to get around if you want to get outside the very centre of the city and are comfortable cycling in traffic. The only dedicated bike hire place in the city is located at the entrance to the Phoenix Park. When cycling in the Phoenix Park, note that while there is a dedicated cycle lane on both sides of the main thoroughfare unfortunately pedestrians also use these. When cycling in the city centre, be aware that cycle lanes, where they exist, are generally shared with buses, taxis and motorcycles, and cyclists should pay particular attention when approaching bus stops where a bus is pulling out.

Motorbikes are not allowed to use the cycle lanes, but many still do so. Passing on the left is also allowed only in limited circumstances but is in fact still common anyway.

The National Museum, National Library and National Gallery are located very close to one another, near Government buildings in Dublin 2. All three are worth a visit, not least because they are free of charge! Also worth a visit is Buswells Hotel [29], a spot popular with local politicians and celebrities alike.

In the summer peak season, Dublin's top attractions can get packed. Show up early to beat the crowds.

• National Museum of Ireland - Archaeology, Kildare Street, Dublin 2, ☎ +353 1 6777444 (marketing@museum.ie, fax: +353 1 6777450), [30]. Tu-Sa 10AM-5PM; Su 2PM-5PM, closed Mon, Christmas Day and Good Friday. Archaeology and History. Other locations: Decorative Arts & History at Collins Barrack, Benburb Street, Dublin 7. Natural History at Merrion Street, Dublin 2. Please note, the Natural History Collection is currently closed to the public. Free entrance.  edit
• The National Gallery of Ireland, Merrion Square West & Clare Street, Dublin 2 (DART Pearse Station will get you to within five minutes from the Gallery.), ☎ +353 1 6615133 (info@ngi.ie, fax: +353 1 6615372), [31]. Mon-Sat 9:30AM-5:30PM (till 8:30PM on Thurs) and Sun 12PM-5:30PM. Closed Good Friday and Dec 24-26. National collection of Irish and European Art. Free entrance.  edit
• Irish Museum of Modern Art, Military Rd, Kilmainham, Dublin 8, ☎ +353 1 6129900 (info@imma.ie, fax: +353 1 612 9999), [32]. Tu-Sa 10AM-5:30PM (opens 10:30AM on Wed), 12PM-5:30PM on Su and Bank Holidays. Closed on Mon. Summer Late Opening until 8.00PM on Thursdays from 5 June – 18 September.. Modern & contemporary art, formal gardens & cafe. Free entrance..  edit
• Old Library at Trinity College & Book of Kells, College Green, Dublin 2, ☎ +353 1 896 2320 (adiffley@tcd.ie, fax: +353 1 896 2690), [33]. M-Sa 9:30AM-5PM, Sun (May-Sept) 9:30AM (12PM Oct-Apr)-5:30PM. Closed Dec 23 - Jan 1.. The gorgeously illustrated original manuscript of the Book of Kells is the main draw here, but the massive Long Hall of the Old library itself is equally if not even more impressive. Adults €9, +€2 for optional guided tour. Students & seniors €8, children under 12 free. Family admission €18..   edit
• Dublin Castle, Dublin 2, ☎ +353 1 677 7129 (info@dublincastle.ie, fax: +353 679 7831), [34]. Mon-Fri 10AM-5:45PM. Sat, Sun & Holidays. Former seat of British rule in Ireland. Guided Tour Prices Adults: €4.50, students €3.50, children €2, alternative Tour of Chapel Royal & Undercroft €3.50.  edit
• Chester Beatty Library, Dublin Castle, Dublin 2, ☎ +353 1 407 0750 (info@cbl.ie, fax: +353 1 407 0760), [35]. Sa 11AM-5PM, Su 1PM-5PM, Mon-Fri 10AM-5PM (Closed on Mon from Oct-Apr). Contains a wide selection of early books and manuscripts, including sacred texts and manuscripts. European Museum of the Year 2002. Free entry.  edit
• The Bram Stoker Museum, Clontarf Rd, Dublin 3 (Take the DART to Clontarf station, this will leave you beside the museum. Enter via Bar Code.), ☎ +353 1 805 7824 (info@thebramstokerdraculaexperience.com), [36]. Fri 4PM-10PM, Sat,Sun 12PM-10PM. A frightening tour through the life of Bram Stoker, the author of Dracula. €7 for adults, €4 for children and €5 for students and OAPs.  edit
• Christ Church Cathedral, Christ Church Place, Dublin 2, ☎ +353 1 677 8099 (email@cccdub.ie), [37]. June-Aug 9AM-6PM, Sept-May 9:45 - 5 or 6PM. dating back to the 11th century, is the oldest building in Dublin, though it underwent a massive restoration in the 19th century. Particularly interesting is the crypt, which predates the cathedral. Adults €6, students €4, children with parent free.  edit
• Dublinia & the Viking World, St. Michael's Hill, Christchurch, Dublin 2, ☎ +353 1 679 4611 (info@dublinia.ie), [38]. March-Sept 10am-5pm, Oct-Feb 10am-4.15pm. a heritage centre, located in central Dublin, at the heart of the medieval city. The exhibitions at Dublinia explore life as it was in the medieval city and the world of the Vikings. Discounted admission to the Christ Church Cathedral available. Adults €6.25, children €3.75, student €5.25..  edit
• Kilmainham Gaol, Inchicore Road, Kilmainham, Dublin 8, ☎ 353 1 4535984, [39]. Apr-Sep every day 9:30AM-6PM (last admission 5PM); Oct-Mar M-Sa 9:30AM-5:30PM (last admission 4PM), Su 10AM-6PM (last admission 5PM). The prison where the rebels from the 1916 Easter Rising were executed. It is located slightly outside the city centre and can be reached by local bus (78a). Access is limited to guided tours, which leave every 30 minutes and are very interesting. It is well worth a visit if you are in any way interested in history. Adults: €6, senior and groups: €4, children and students: €2, family €14.  edit
• Phoenix Park, Phoenix Park, Dublin 8, ☎ +353 1 677 0095 (phoenixparkvisitorcentre@duchas.ie, fax: +353 1 672 6454). The largest enclosed urban park in Europe. Includes a polo field and Dublin Zoo. The residences of the President of Ireland and the US Ambassador are situated in the park, but are not open to the public. If you're lucky, you may catch a glimpse of the herd of wild fallow deer that inhabit the park! Free.  edit
• Glasnevin Cemetery, Finglas Road, Dublin 11 (Bus 13a 19 19a O'connell St or 40 40a 40b 40c Parnell St), ☎ +353 01 8301133, [40]. Tours (Daily:March to September) (Wed and Fri:October to February) at 2:30PM. Situated just two miles from the city centre, Glasnevin Cemetery is currently running a series of walking tours. These tours give a valuable insight into the final resting place of the men and women who have helped shape Ireland's past and present. The walking tour last one and a half hours and visits the graves of Daniel O'Connell, Charles Stewart Parnell, Michael Collins, Eamonn De Valera and many other graves of architectural and cultural interest. Adults €5 U12 Free.  edit
• Dublin Zoo, Welington/Zoo road, ☎ 353 1 4748900, [41]. M-Sa 9:30AM-4PM in winter and 6.30PM in summer. Located in Phoenix Park and dating to 1830, the Dublin Zoo is the largest in Ireland, and notable for its role in wildlife conservation efforts. Adults: €15, students €12.50, Senior Citizens €12, children €10.50, family from €43.50 for 4 to €52 for 6.  edit
• National Botanic Gardens, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, ☎ +353 1 804 0300 (botanicgardens@opw.ie, fax: +353 1 836 0080), [42]. Daily Nov-Jan 9AM-4:30PM and Feb-Oct 9AM-6PM.  edit
• Leopardstown racecourse, Leopardstown, Dublin 18 (From Dublin city centre, follow the N11 south, turn right into the R113 (Leopardstown Road), the racecourse will be on your left), ☎ +353 1 289 0500 (info@leopardstown.com, fax: +353 1 289 2634), [43]. Located in the southern suburb of Leopardstown/Foxrock, there are regular meetings throughout the year. There is a "Pay as you Play" golf course within the racecourse grounds, as well as bars, restaurants and a nightclub (Club 92). €12.55, with reductions for students and OAPs.  edit
• Dublin Writers Museum, 18 Parnell Square, ☎ 353 1 872 2077, [44]. Mon-Sat 10AM-5PM, open until 6PM June-Aug. Sun and holidays 11AM-5PM. Located in an 18th century house, the museum is dedicated to Irish literature and the lives of individual Irish writers such as Shaw, Joyce, Yeats & Pearse. Adults €7.25, children €4.55, family tickets €21.  edit

Suburbia

Dublin has many fine and quite affluent suburbs.Seeing them is a good way to get a real feel for the City,it's culture and identity. A walk around some them on a nice day is well worth your time as many are home to some of Ireland's finest Victorian architecture. Some are easily navigated by foot and are dotted with many fine upmarket delicatessans and boutiques. Examples include Donnybrook and Ballsbridge - the 46A bus goes through Donnybrook and the 7 through Ballsbridge, and both routes have several stops in the north and south city centre. Ballsbridge is Dublin's embassy district and is home to two of Ireland's most expensive roads, 'Ailesbury Road' and 'Shrewsbury Road' which is the 6th most expensive residential road in the world.

Ballsbridge is also home to The Royal Dublin Society (RDS) which promotes and develops agriculture, arts, industry and science in Ireland. It hosts many concerts and also showcases the annual Show Jumping Competition, a major entertainment event. You can approach Ballsbridge via 'Herbert park' opposite Donnybrook Village and vice-versa.

Dalkey and Killiney proper which lie on the southern most tip of Dublin are two other upmarket neighbourhoods. Dalkey (which is often jokingly referred to as 'bel-eire') is home to such celebrities as Bono, Lisa Stansfield and Enya. A walk up Vico Road to take in the view is a must-do.Killiney Hill is very beautiful, offering panoramic views of the surrounding Dublin Mountains. These areas are best approached by the DART, which runs along the coast and has three main stops in the city centre.

Blackrock, accessible by the bus and DART, is worth a visit. This village is home to many great restaurants and cafes, but don't be put off the dated and service orientated Temple Road. From the Village walk across Temple Road to get to The UCD (University College Dublin) Blackrock campus. The area is surrounded by some lovely leafy roads including Avoca Avenue and a stroll around Carrysfort park with a coffee is a good way to relax. Blackrock can also be approached by foot from Newtown Park Avenue on White's Cross, Foxrock. This tree-covered residential hill offers (on a nice day) beautiful views across Howth Head.

Ranelagh and Dartry are also worth visiting, and is accessible by the Green Luas Line. It is a short walk from Donnybrook village so any buses serving Donnybrook will leave you close to Ranelagh. The village is small but affluent and has several critically acclaimed eateries.

Foxrock,arguably Dublin's most affluent suburb,is another well to do leafy enclave that is well worth a visit. It's grascious tree lined avenues and roads make it one of the chociest areas in town and is home to handful of Irish celebrities and socialites. 'Westminster','Brighton' and 'torquay' are the 3 main roads and these are situated just behind and adjacent to the N11 dual carriageway though there are many other charming roads and cul de sacs besides. But it is 'Brennastown Road' that is one of Dublin's finest roads home to hansome Victorian piles and lots.

Sandymount, a coastal suburb no more than 2 miles south of the City Centre, is another quite affluent area with a park and some fine restaurants. It is the birthplace of W.B. Yeats. The suburb and its strand appear prominently in James Joyce's Ulysses.

Be sure to go north of The Liffey to Malahide and Howth. The latter is home to a handful of Irish celebrities including Gay Byrne and Dolores O'Riordan. Climbing the Ben of Howth, a 171m high hill on Howth Head, on a fine day is well worth your time.

• Viking Splash Tours, Ticket office 64-65 Patrick Street, ☎ 353 1 7076000 (info@vikingsplash.ie), [45]. Tours of the city and river in World War II amphibious craft - a bit different from your regular tour bus. Advance bookings are recommended. Adult €20; Student/Senior (with valid I.D.) €18; Child (aged 3-12) €10.  edit

• Guinness Storehouse, St James's Gate, Dublin 8, ☎ 353 1 408 4800, [46]. Daily 9:30AM-5PM. Closed Good Friday and Dec 24-26. Retells the story of Dublin's most famous drink. The exhibition is interesting and is self-guided. Price of entry includes a pint at the seventh floor Gravity Bar, which has good views over Dublin and forms the head of the giant pint of Guinness formed by the atrium. If the taste is a bit too bitter for you, ask for blackcurrant in your pint - but beware, this will upset the purists!
  Outside tourists will encounter horse drawn carriages for hire. Beware as they charge €30 for the short 2km ride back to the city centre. Adults €15 (10% discount for booking online), students and seniors €11, children 6-12 €5.  edit

• Old Jameson Distillery, Bow Street Distillery, Smithfield, Dublin, ☎ 353 1 8072355, [47]. Daily 9:30AM-6PM. Last tour at 5:30. Closed Good Friday and Christmas holidays. Factory tour and whiskey tasting. After the video, make sure you raise your hand because they pick four people to volunteer for taste testing later in the tour! Adult €12.50, students and seniors €10, families €25.  edit

• Gaiety Theatre, South King Street, Dublin 2, ☎ 353 1 677 1717, [48]. The oldest continually operating theatre in Dublin hosts popular musical shows, opera, ballet, dance and drama. Admission prices vary..  edit

• Phoenix Park Bike Hire, main entrance to the Park on Park Gate Street, ☎ 353 86 2656 258, [49]. Over 80 bikes available, including 15 tandems. Helmets, locks, bike bags, all included in the price. The owners, Paul & Kelly, are experienced bikers and know their stuff when it comes to getting you on the right bike. A great way to see the Phoenix Park, no doubt about it. €5 - €40.  edit

• Dublin Sightseeing, [50]. Hop on and off the open top bus tour around the city. Stops at all of the major tourist spots, and you can hop off and on as often as you like. The bus drivers are very funny too - a great way to get a feel for the layout of Dublin, and reasonable (especially if booked in advance with your hotel or ferry crossing).

• Dublin Ghostbus, [51]. A special theme tour provided by Dublin Bus. This tour takes you around Dublin's haunted sites on a gothic style-decorated theatre bus guided by live storytellers. Dublin Bus claims this tour is the only one of its kind in the world. In any case, a must for lovers of gothic tales, but not for the timid.

• Historical Walking Tour of Dublin[52], Meet at the west gate to Trinity College. The tours are led by knowledgeable graduate students from the College who tell the story of Ireland's history during a ramble through the south side of the Liffey.

• Catch a hurling or gaelic football [53] game at the sports headquarters, the 82,500 seat, state-of-the-art stadium, Croke Park. These sports are uniquely Irish. Hurling is listed in the Guinness Book of World Records as the fastest field sport, with the ball (called a sliotar) reaching speeds above 130 kph. Gaelic football can best be described as a combination of soccer and rugby. To keep the sports "pure," it maintains an amateur status, with each parish in Ireland having a team - the inter-county games are generally extremely well-supported, so you may have difficulty getting tickets for the bigger matches. Tours of the GAA museum and the stadium are also available, including a chance to try your hand at the sports themselves [54].

• Catch a Leinster Rugby [55] game at the RDS Arena, located on the RDS grounds in Ballsbridge. Occasional home games will be played in the future at Aviva Stadium, the replacement for Lansdowne Road set to open in April 2010. Unlike Gaelic games, rugby union is professional, and Leinster are one of Europe's strongest sides, winning the Europe-wide Heineken Cup in 2009 and supplying many players for the Ireland national team. Domestically, they play in the Magners League, which includes teams from Ireland, Scotland and Wales (and from 2010–11, Italy).

• Dublin's Rock N Roll, Writers Bus Tour, Westmoreland St, ☎ +353 1 620 3929, [56]. 4 times daily at Noon, 2PM, 4PM and 6PM. Guided bus tour of Dublin's music and literary past. Covers the likes of U2, Van Morrison, Thin Lizzy, Rory Gallagher, Oscar Wilde, Joyce and many more. Great value and really original. €15.  edit
• Backpacker Pubcrawl (Backpacker Pubcrawl), Meeting Point: Front gates of Trinity College, College Green, Dublin 2 (At the river end of Dame street), ☎ 087 0665608, [57]. 4. The Backpacker Pubcrawl brings you on a tour of some of Dublin city centre's best bars and clubs, with free shots, drink specials and free entry into clubs, this tour makes you feel like a local for the night. €10.  edit
• Dublin Tours, [58]. A wide variety of personally tailored full day or half day sightseeing tours of Dublin  edit
• The Dublin City Pub Crawl, (Meets at Porterhouse, Temple Bar, 16-18 Parliament Street), ☎ +353 86 2020040, [59]. 8pm-late. This pub crawl brings people to the most authentic pubs in Dublin, making you feel like a local for the night. You get drinks specials, beer sampling, traditional Irish music, a lesson in pouring a pint of Guinness, and VIP entry into a great club. €10.  edit

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Dublin's most famous shopping street is the heavily trafficked Grafton Street, which runs between St. Stephen's Green and Trinity College. It has recently, along with its surrounding environs , been classified as an 'Architectural Conservation Zone'. This will involve a re-establisment of the area's rich historic charm and Urban character.

Brown Thomas [60], Dublin's most famous and expensive department store is on Grafton Street along with a wide range of clothing, jewelry, and photography shops, etc. Alongside the historic Trinity College you will find Nassau Street where there are many shops selling tourist-related items such as Waterford Crystal, Belleek Pottery, Aran sweaters and other Irish craft items. Shops selling these items include House of Ireland [61], Blarney Woollen Mills [62] and Kilkenny Design [63].

Dawson Street, parallel to Grafton Street, is home to several well stocked, large bookshops including Hodges Figgis and Waterstones.

The best concentration of shoe shops is found on Grafton Street and the adjoining Wicklow Street.

The Powerscourt Centre [64], just off Grafton Street, is one of Dublin's most attractive shopping centres, set in a beautifully restored 18th century town house. Here you will find clothes, cafes, galleries and Irish designer jewelers. You must check out the The Loft Market - it is a haven for Dublin Fashion. There is lots of up and coming young fashion designers and vintage clothing sellers such as Perk Up! Vintage [65], Lisa Shawgi Knitwear and MO MUSE to shop around. Beware the overpriced antique dealers, some of whom will drop a price by 50% after only the merest suggestion that you are willing to haggle (and it still may not be a bargain!). For gifts, there is an engraving business based in the centre next to the Bonsai tree shop.

Leaving Powerscourt via the ornate steps on to South William Street, you will find yourself facing a small street called Castle Market, which leads to a covered red-brick shopping arcade known alternatively as the Market Arcade or the George's Street Arcade. This area is worth a visit for vintage clothing, fabrics, unusual accessories, vinyl and club wear. It also features some small cafes.

There is also an extensive shopping area on the north side of the river, centred on O'Connell Street and Henry Street (Ireland's busiest shopping street). Clery's [66] (O'Connell Street) and Arnotts [67] (Henry Street) are large department stores each with a long history. Two large shopping centres, The Jervis Centre [68], and the ILAC, are also on Henry Street. The latter also houses Dublin's Central Public Library [69]

Just off Henry Street is Moore Street, which has a fruit, vegetable and fish market. It's worth a stroll if you want to get a slice of life from the less genteel side of Dublin. At the top of Henry Street on Parnell Street is Chapters Bookshop, which has a massive selection of books at generally cheaper prices than other highstreet stores, as well as a large secondhand section. Especially great for 'coffee table' style art books.

For those for whom it just wouldn't be a holiday without hanging out at the mall, there are various shopping centres located around Dublin, including Blanchardstown [70] (39 and 70 bus routes), Liffey Valley [71] (bus routes 78, 78A, 210 and 239), and The Square in Tallaght (red luas to the end of the line). The largest shopping centre in Europe is the recently opened Dundrum Town Centre [72], which is served by the green Luas tramline from St. Stephen's Green. It was awarded the title of best Shopping Mall in the World 2006.

Dublin is not cheap for general shopping, although visitors from outside the European Union can obtain a refund of VAT (sales tax - 21.5%) on many of their purchases. Just look for the refund sign and ask in the shop for details. Keep in mind that most stores will only issue VAT refund vouchers on the same day of purchase.

Be sure to visit Temple Bar's Temple Bar Square and Meetinghouse Square on a Saturday Morning or afternoon for the markets, which sells all types of fods, from traditional fare to delicious baked goods. Both squares are also home to several very good restaurants. Meetinghouse Square, which lies only about 50 metres west of Temple Bar Square, sells much finer fare and exoticerer foods than Meetinghouse Square.

The Temple Bar area offers some alternative to shopping at the larger chain-stores. Small clothing boutiques are popping up all around the area (temple bar lane, crow street and Fownes street) with an emphasis on vintage and unique original independent designer pieces, if you can't make it to any of the markets at the weekend the best can be found here during the week.

Also, Cows Lane Fashion and Design Market, which is the largest designer market in Dublin, offers handmade one-off original designs. The market is open evey Saturday from 10:00 - 17:30. Found outdoors on Cows Lane and indoors in the old Viking Centre, this market is not to be missed (in the sense that it will be a mild disappointment if it is missed)!

There is fairly extensive duty-free shopping at Dublin Airport, at prices which are sometimes cheaper than the rest of the city.

Eat

Dublin has a wide range of good quality restaurants, most of which are, however, horribly overpriced by European standards. Main course prices range from €10 at the lower end up to around €40 at the higher end. Wine in restaurants is generally marked up from its already expensive retail price by a factor of at least two and three times retail price would not be uncommon.

There are many excellent value Indian restaurants around the South William Street area, parallel to Grafton St. These often have reasonable priced lunch and 'early bird' deals, offering three course meals for around €10. Quality is high. Particularly to be recommended are the Khyber Tandoori on South William St and Shalimar on South Great Georges St. Also excellent is Surma on Camden St and "Govindas" on Georges St for very cheap Hare-Krishna vegetarian food.

A similar multi-cultural hotspot is Parnell St (O'Connell St- Gardiner St) which has a dense concentration of Chinese and Asian restaurants extensively frequented by the ex-pat communities.

• Bewleys, Grafton St, Dublin 2, [73]. Dublin's most famous coffee shop. This has been a hang-out over the years for U2, Bob Geldof, and James Joyce.
• Bar Italia, 4 branches - Wood Quay, Powerscourt Townhouse, Ormond Quay and the Epicurean Foodhall. Best coffee in town. Real Italian coffee with mostly Italian staff. Excellent panini and antipasto. Good value place with great atmosphere.
• Butlers Chocolate Cafés, South William St (two branches) & Dublin Airport; Takeaway on Grafton Street and Nassau Street, [74]. Good coffee with a free chocolate of your choice (except at Dublin Airport, where you still get a chocolate, but don't get a choice.) The airport branch is well stocked and generally runs special offers on boxes of chocolates which are not available in the city branches.
• Zaytoon, 14/15 Parliament Street, Temple Bar (opposite The Porterhouse); Also Camden Street, (opposite Bleeding Horse Pub). This is a Kebab shop (eat-in or take out), very different from a street vendor kebab.

• Honest To Goodness, George's Street Arcade, South Great George's Streert, Dublin 2. (http://www.honesttogoodness.ie) Cafe Bakery where all produce is made, baked and cooked in store. Great value. Lonely Planet travel guide favorite. Tel: 01 6337727.
• Cafe Bar Deli, South Great Georges Street, Dublin 2 and Grafton St, Dublin 2, [75]. Excellent value. Always busy. Pastas, pizzas and salads.
• Elephant and Castle, Temple Bar, Dublin 2. Nationally-famous chicken wings, extremely busy lunchtime on Saturdays (you could be waiting for up to 2 hours), only order a basket of chicken wings to yourself if you're very hungry!
• Lemon Crèpe Company, South William St, Dublin 2. Good value filled crèpes for around €4 (American style rather than French) and some of the best coffee in Dublin. There is a larger branch with canteen-style bench seating on Dawson Street, close to Trinity College.
• BóBós, 22 Wexford Street, Dublin 2 [76]. Delicious gourmet burger restaurants. Serves a wide variety of tasty burgers (beef, chicken, fish and vegetarian) sides and desserts. Also serves a great breakfast. Burgers €7-10, sides €4-5.
• Dunne & Crescenzi, South Frederick St, Dublin 2. Delightful Italian lunch spot, open until around 8PM, but arrive early if you want to get a seat - or be prepared for a long wait. Antipasto Misto €6.50, Paninis from €4. Glass of house wine €3.50.
• Unicorn Food Company, Merrion Row, Dublin 2. Take-away deli with eat-in cafe next door. Sandwiches €4-5 or a range of Italian delights - pasta, lasagna, pizza, salads. Sometimes good cakes €2.50-€2.85. The deli is attached to the well-respected Unicorn Italian restaurant down the lane beside the deli (open for lunch and dinner).
• M J O'Neills, Suffolk St, D-2. Great Pub Food. Carvery served 12 till 4 most days and till late weekends. Also has a good salad and sandwich bar. Price around Eur10 for carvery.
• T.P. Smiths, Jervis St, Dublin 1. very good pub food, also handy to stop in if you're shopping around the Henry St area. Food served until 9PM.
• Govinda's, 4 Aungier St & Middle Abbey St just off O'Connell St., 01 475 0309. Krishna run vegetarian restaurant. The Govindas special (only order large if you're very hungry) is a taste of nearly everything from the hot counter.
• Café Fresh, Top floor, Powerscourt Townhouse Centre, 01 6719669, [77]. One of the best known vegetarian cafes in the city and offers a great range at reasonable prices. As the name suggests the food is all "fresh" and is made on the premises that morning, and much of it is organic. If you're after a healthy meat-free meal it's well worth a look.
• Epicurean Food Hall, Located just yards from the famous Ha'Penny Bridge, The Epicurean Food Hall is a Mecca for the varied palate. Under one roof you'll find food companies and stalls from Middle Eastern fare to Cornish Pasties and from Bagels to Christophes French cuisine. You can pick and choose your food of choice and sit in the communal seating area with Dublin locals that populate this lunch time must. Recommended in particular is the Italian coffee bar La Corta which probably serves the best cup of coffee in Dublin with all the Italian touches.
• Purple Sage Restaurant, Located in the Stillorgan Park Hotel, Stillorgan Road, Dublin 18. [78] The Purple Sage Restaurant serves a traditional carvery lunch from 12.30PM-2.30PM. Popular with residents and locals alike the Purple Sage Restaurant offers a memorable Irish experience.

• Idlewilde Cafe, 20 St. Patrick's, Road Dalkey, Co. Dublin. A charming cafe in this pretty heritage town on Dublin's southside coastline. Easily reached by train (Dart) or bus. The Cafe is set in a leafy courtyard and offers great breakfast and lunch as well as excellent coffee and smoothies. Great place to spot the local celeb's.
• Bella Cuba, 11 Ballsbridge Terrace, Ballsbridge, Dublin 2. Ireland's only Cuban restaurant, where the lack of competition hasn't affected the quality. Excellent food served in a fabulous Cuban atmosphere with great music. Don't forget to try the extensive cocktail list. This restaurant is very small so book in advance.
• Siam Thai, Andrew Street, Dublin 2. This city centre restaurant is part of a group of three, the others being in Malahide and Ballsbridge. Gorgeous Thai cuisine served by staff in traditional Thai costume. The surroundings are nice, if maybe a little on the tacky side. Nonetheless a great Thai gastro experience.
• Bang Cafe, 11 Merrion Row, Dublin 2. A great cosmopolitan menu in a well established setting. Although a little on the expensive side, the food and presentation is excellent.
• Kites, 15-17 Ballsbridge Terrace Ballsbridge, Dublin 4. Great combination of Cantonese (predominant dish), Szechuan, Peking and Thai with an extensive wine list. Excellent choice for the more discerning diner with great attention paid by the friendly, professional waiters in very rich surroundings and decor. Well worth a visit.
• Il Baccaro, Meeting House Square, Temple Bar, Dublin 2. Good value and an atmospheric Italian restaurant set in a vaulted cellar under the Irish Film Institute. Meals are around €10-15. Particularly to be recommended is the sausages and beans.
• Salamanca, St. Andrews St, Dublin 2. good value, tasty and substantial tapas (sized more like raciones), priced around €4-8. The steak is a particular bargain at €7.50. Also good are the chorizo dishes.
• Gallagher's Boxty House, 20 Temple Bar, Dublin 2, [79]. Good traditional Irish fare, and not too expensive (mains €10-15). (A boxty is a traditional Irish potato pancake filled and rolled up - try it!). Also try the Irish stew and the chowder. Small, friendly, traditional Irish decor.
• The Bistro, 4/5 Castlemarket, 6776016, [80]. Excellent continental cuisine, good atmosphere. Main courses €15-25.
• Johnnie Fox's Pub, Glencullen, Dublin Mountains. Dating from the 18th century, the highest pub in Ireland is also one of the best for seafood. Great atmosphere with traditional live Irish bands and friendly staff. Food is excellent, so is the craic. Main courses €15-20. It’s a bit far (15 km) from the city, but you can get a good view of the city by night on your drive up to the restaurant. Unfortunately, this place is a notorious tourist trap.
• Restaurant Patrick Guilbaud, 21 Upper Merrion Street, Dublin 2, [81]. Two Michelin stars, outrageously expensive, probably very good. Lunch menus are a bit more affordable.
• Roly's Bistro, 7 Ballsbridge Terrace, Dublin 4, [82]. One block from Jurys Hotel. Impeccable food and service, reasonable prices. Good atmosphere.
• L'Gueuleton, Fade St, Dublin 2 (behind Hogan's Bar). At the time of this writing (Sept 2006) there is no name above the door of this restaurant which has rapidly achieved cult status. It is consistently rated by food critics as one of the top five restaurants in Dublin, but it has a no reservations policy and their low prices makes it hugely popular for lunch and dinner. Three course lunch with wine yesterday was €40 per head. Don't worry about the no reservations - put your name on the list and have a pint in the Market Bar or Hogan's.
• Cornucopia, 19 Wicklow Street Dublin 2. Just off Grafton St you'll find this vegetarian heaven that serves breakfast, dinner and lunch.
• The Purple Sage Restaurant at The Stillorgan Park Hotel, Stillorgan Road, Dublin 18 [83]. This award winning restaurant serves international cuisine from 5.45PM-9.45PM Monday-Saturday. Located on the Stillorgan Road, it is easily accessible from all routes.

No visit to Dublin would be complete without a visit to one (or ten) of its many pubs (last count says there are over 600 pubs). Drink is relatively expensive: a pint of stout costs around €4.50 and up, while lager costs around €4.90 and up. However, the government gave a tax break to microbrewed beer in the December 2004 budget, this had a slight effect on prices in brewpubs. Pubs are open until 11:30PM during the week (although many bars have late licenses up to 3AM), and as late as around 3AM on weekends, depending on the pub. Smoking has been illegal in Irish pubs (as well as all indoor workplaces) since March 2004; this has had the positive side effect of increasing al fresco facilities. Beer tends to be more expensive around the Temple Bar area, due to the increased tourist flow, and will be cheaper in more traditional styled pubs.

The Temple Bar that people often speak of is an area that used to be a sand bar, not an actual bar. (Originally, anyway; now there is a pub called "The Temple Bar" in Temple Bar!) The Temple Bar district has a mixture of food, drink, shopping and music. It appeals to all ages, but is a hot spot for tourists. The narrow, cobble stoned streets gives it an original feeling within the heart of the city. Its central location also makes it easy to walk to from Dublin's Centre. However, late night revellers tend to make it an unpleasant place to be after dark. It can be taken over by drunken stag and boisterous hen parties, many who travel cheaply from the United Kingdom to avail of Temple Bar's delights!

• Peadar Kearney's 64 Dame St, Dublin 2. Named after the man who penned Amhráin na bhFiann, Ireland's National Anthem, A great spot for pre- and post- gig drinks next to the Olympia Theatre, Peadar's attracts a young & lively crowd, with Live music from up and coming Irish trad bands.
• The Cobblestone, North King Street, Dublin 7. Easily Dublin's most famous Trad pub, situated in the North end of the famous Smithfield square this pub has had just about every single Irish Trad group play it. Trad sessions are nightly, expect a good mixed crowd.
• Frank Ryans, Queen Street, Dublin 7. A favourite with students from Blackhall Place, this quaint pub keeps a traditional feel with a bit of a twist. Friendly bar staff and a highly mixed crowd of local students, law types, trendies and locals makes this a lively, fun spot for a few drinks. Expect weekly trad nights interspersed with Rockabilly, Country and Soul on the jukebox.
• O'Donoghue's, Baggot Street, Dublin 2. famous for impromptu live music. Where folk Group The Dubliners were formed.
• The Barge, 42 Charlemont Street, Dublin 2. Near St. Steven's Green. Excellent pub food, great decor; a friendly traditional pub with very good food. Try the fish and chips, except get the wedges instead of the chips. Golden brown on the outside, crunchy, tender inside.
• Hartigan's, 100 Lower Leeson Street Dublin. Popular student bar, as a result occasionally raucous. Good option after international rugby matches.
• The Brazen Head, Bridge Street, Dublin 2. Oldest pub in Ireland, nearly a thousand years old! Wonderful on warm, dry summer nights during the rare occaisions when they happen. Live traditional music and very friendly atmosphere. One of the bars is covered in signed currency notes, usually dollars, from people who wanted to leave their mark on the place. There is a large, heated open-air section enclosed within the centre of the building which is perfect for smokers. One of very few places in Dublin which serves the lesser known but very tasty Macardles brand of ale.
• O'Shea's, Bridge Street, Dublin 2. - live traditional music and dancing.
• Fallon's, The Coombe, Dublin 8 (near St. Patrick's Cathedral). small friendly local pub.
• The Oval, Abbey Street, Dublin 1. Good for drink and food, said to have the best Irish stew in Dublin. Attracts a mixed age group. Lots of pictures of old Irish celebs with a tribute to the Quiet Man.
• Kavanagh's, Glasnevin, Dublin 9 (near Glasnevin cemetery). This pub (popularly known as The Gravediggers because of its close proximity to the cemetery) has remained untouched for over 100 years with the only things altered being the beer taps and toilets. If you're looking for a real trad Irish pub, this is the place, really worth a visit. (about 10-15 mins on bus from city centre, get the no 19/19A/13 from O'Connell Street)
• Bachelors Inn, Bachelors Walk, Dublin 1 (near O'Connell Bridge). Good pints of Guinness and a choice of batch or regular white bread on your toasted sandwich. Popular post GAA match pub with the Dublin crowd.
• Bowe's Lounge, Fleet St, Dublin 2. Old Victorian pub, around for over 140 years.
• Mulligans, Poolbeg Street, Dublin 2, [84]. Busy pub with great Guinness with plenty of history having been frequented by James Joyce among others.
• Ryan's, Parkgate St, Dublin 8 (near Heuston Station). Beautiful Victorian pub. A good place to have a pint before getting a train out of Dublin.
• The Palace Bar, Fleet St, Dublin 2. Located at the edge of Temple Bar, this traditional bar has interesting decor complete with "snug" (small private booth).
• The Long Hall, South Great Georges St, Dublin 2. Atmospheric bar with interesting wooden decor, nice window to sit at to people watch.
• Kehoe's, South Anne St. Located just off Grafton St, this is an excellent spot for a pint after a hectic days shopping. Several snugs downstairs.
• Kennedy's, 30/32 Westland Row, Dublin 2, [85]. Located to the rear of Trinity college, this traditional style pub serves good quality food and drink with plenty of friendly atmosphere. Also home to The Underground [86] one of Dublin’s newest and most intimate venues.
• O'Neills, Suffolk Street (near Grafton Street). Excellent atmosphere in a Victorian style design.
• The Stag's Head, Dame Lane (Off George's Street). No music. No TV. Just great Guinness and great conversation.
• The Dawson Lounge, top of Dawson St. Dublin's - or Ireland's - smallest pub. You have to go to see what I mean!! 20 people and it's packed!!
• McDaids, just off Grafton Street right next to Westbury Hotel. Was a regular place for Oscar Wilde to ponder life.
• Grogans (Castle Lounge), South William St,Dublin 2.Wonderful traditional pub,no music or TV.Great Guinness and a mixture of tourists and locals,with interesting art on the walls.

• The Dice Bar, Benburb Street/Queen Street, Dublin 7. One of the coolest bars in the city, mixing old school charm with cool sensibilities. If you're thinking of heading in on the weekend, get there early because this place is absolutely rammed! An eclectic mix of people and music, expect anything from ska, to reggae, to rockabilly. Sunday's are especially cool with a biker/greaser crowd enjoying the 50's music on offer.
• The Bailey, Duke Street, Dublin 2. Located just off Grafton Street, this swish bar tends to attract the sophisticated side of Dublin's society, popular amongst celebs as well. Very busy during the summer afternoons and evenings with a nice outdoor seating area.
• Lotts, 60-62 The Lotts, 9 Liffey Street, Dublin 1. Recent addition to Dublins burgeoning pub scene, fantastic new bar and lounge. Very well decorated interior with chandeliers, a marble bar and comfortable leather seating. Live music many nights. Small outside seating area as well.
• The Market Bar, Fade Street, Dublin 2, [87]. Opened in 2005, large spacious bar, with murmur of conversation in the background, nice tapas restaurant with a good value menu.
• The Odeon, Harcourt Street, Dublin 2. This attractive bar at the top of Harcourt Street is housed in a converted railway station; the new tram system has a stop directly outside.
• Ba Mizu, South William Street. Exactly opposite Grogan's, in the Powerscourt Townhouse shopping centre; quite a contrast.
• Café en Seine, Dawson Street, Dublin 2. Typical, and not entirely unpleasant, example of a Dublin 'megapub'; recently extended to include tropical trees at the back - very expensive.
• The Globe, George St., Dublin 2. One of the original trendy bars to hit Dublin in the mid 90's. Still as cool as ever with one of Dublins longest running clubs Ri-Ra in the basement.
• Spy Bar, South William Street, Dublin 2. Just next to the Powerscourt shopping centre, this uber trendy venue is cool and sophisticated. Has a nightclub downstairs which has some of Dublin's best club nights.

• The Bull and Castle, 5-7 Lord Edward Street (next to Christchurch), Dublin 2. Very interesting gastropub which offers a beer hall a large selection of microbrewed and international beers. The range of beers available is not quite as extensive as The Porterhouse but it does give the option of 0.3, 0.5 and 1-litre beers. Make sure to try a Galway Hooker (a red ale) and the Edinburgh-style Mars bar.
• Messrs. Maguire, Burgh Quay, Dublin 2, [88]. Spread over two stories on two buildings very near to O'Connell Bridge, they produce a very good stout quite different to Guinness, fresher and more complex, plus their own ale and lager. Also has good cafeteria-style lunch sets for around €10.

• The Porterhouse, Parliament Street, Dublin 2. As well as good indigenous brews including a non-vegetarian oyster stout, there is an extensive Belgian and international beer list. Also does good reasonably priced food. Has sister pubs in Bray and Phibsboro and on Graffton Street.

• The Foggy Dew, Temple Bar next to the Central Bank. Very popular bar with all kinds of people.
• Bruxelles, off Grafton St next to Westbury Hotel. A very lively bar and popular with 20 and 30 year olds. Spread over 3 bars the music is loud and the atmosphere is excellent.a statue of the legend Phil Lynott (from irish rock band Thin Lizzy)is outside. if you like metal, rock and idie music go downstairs.
• The Duke, Duke St (off Grafton St). Great after-work bar and Fri is packed to the door.

• The Academy, Middle Abbey St. This venue has changed its tune from Hot Press Hall Of Fame to Spirit nightclub. Now renamed The Academy it now doubles as both a live venue and a dance club. These guys go for the big obvious names such as David Morales and Jose Gonzalez. Their dot matrix sign outside the venue usually advertises the upcoming events

• Twisted Pepper, 54 Middle Abbey St, located just two doors away from The Academy on Middle Abbey St, Twisted Pepper is both a swish bar and underground club. The club, which was formerly known as 'Traffic', was taken over by well known and highly regarded Dublin promoters Bodytonic last year and has since gone through an extensive facelift. Open Wednesday through Sunday the club caters for students during the week and dedicated electronic music lovers on weekends, mixing house, techno, disco, funk, soul & reggae. 'Mud' is the name of Friday nights, and 'POGO' is Saturday nights, both mixing local acts with international guests.

• Tripod, Harcourt St D1, the second last stop (or second stop from Stephens Green terminal on the Green Line) on the Green Line LUAS. A Three in one bar and club. Crawdaddy is the bar and POD is the club. While POD has been one of Dublin's most famous clubs it is a mere shadow of its former self and is now a Lego piece in a bigger enterprise. Tripod was previously the Redbox and like The Academy it has gone through numerous refits and name changes, currently it house Live acts and a club on Friday and Saturday night. 515 is one of its nights which plays a mixture of confusing styles to a mainly indifferent crowd who are there to drink regardless of the music. Guest can include some big names but are usually a one horse up and coming German DJ you have never heard of.

• Purty Kitchen, 34/35 East Essex Street, Temple Bar. Set over four small floors this club is usually packed and one spends the night trying to squeeze up and down stairs. Attracting mostly young college students (18-19) and some foreigners. Also, unlike many pubs and clubs in Temple Bar this is most certainly not a tourist trap and offers the best chance to get to un-wind with the locals. With drinks at only €2 (Wednesday night only) it is certainly a cheap option although Citibar around the corner also offer the same prices on a Tuesday, Tripod and most other clubs catering to college students will offer these prices on a Wednesday.

• Krystle, Harcourt St D2. This club is a new haven for the beautiful people and rich and affluent which loosely translated in essence means fantastic looking women. The door policy is as you'd expect and you have to be a real asshole to get in...but if your bag is hanging out with models and fine looking posh Dublin girls who wish they were models knock yourself out, just give it all you got on the "my daddy owns Statoil" line at the door. To be perfectly honest if you are foreign looking at all you won't get in unless you are a heir to an Arab oil empire. A right pretentious spot. Full of rugby wearing daddy's Range Rover guys.

• Copper Face Jacks, Harcourt St D1. Also known as "Slapper Face Jacks" This is a bizarre venue but what sets it aside from most other Dublin nights out is that if you want to hook up with singles desperate for a bit of "how's your father" it's the place for you. Known in the fine Dublin phrase as a Meat Market this night out is crammed with people desperate to score and getting more and more willing as they consume more booze. A popular place with country people as opposed to Dubliners, this venue is dark and seedy and a perfect place to get up to shenanigans. However bear in mind because of its reputation there is often up to 3 guys there for every girl at weekends. Bear in mind that this venue is owned by a retired Garda and is frequented by serving members of the force so an altercation in the men's room is not advised as you may be in more trouble than you think, also consider this if you are liable to seduce someone's new friend. A nights decent accomodation and entry into the club start at about €17 p/p, even with these prices the club sitll made over €16m in 2008.

• The Palace, Camden Street. Popular over 20's club, recently renovated to the tune of €1m. The place is full to the brim every Friday and Saturday, attracting students, professionals and everyone else in between. Get there early if you don't want to queue for upto an hour.

• The Dragon, Georges st. A new gay friendly superpub located on Georges street, beside the renowed "George Bar". Previously called sosumee,newly decorated in Moulin Rouge style interior, the crowd is mostly gay with late nights on Mon, Thurs, Friday and Sat. Superb cocktails are served by beautiful bartenders. Monday is Dolly does the Dragon, a fun and party atmosphere late night with Gay and straight mingling with Dolly as she performs famous hits. Full of bubbly people and the best night in Dublin on Mondays. The weekend nights are full of people dancing away as if they were in Ibiza. Door policy is relaxed as is the atmosphere in the club

• McGruders, Thomas st. with many promotional events by popular gig, and festival organizers such as HumanMusic, and RockCandy this old historical pub with upstairs bars and stages is not for the shy. only open on the weekend, if you go on a Friday, you will most likely stay there all weekend! Friday and Saturday are usually the best, packed, and the you can hear the music pumping down the road. It's quite a dodgy area and not that near other clubs. You most likely get invited by people and there is a lot of regulars who know the bands, dj's and the owner. depending on the night it's between €5-€15 in but regulars or residants can get in for free or a discount so tourists and non-regulars won't get this treatment! there is a stage and bar downstairs and sometimes a dj in the hall. upstairs is 3 different stages all pumping out the tunes.it can have the atmosphere of a large sitting room with different levels, 2 bars and comfy seats. but your moslt likely dancing your socks off!there is a huge smoking area outside which you can easily spend hours in and forget to see the music! under a huge marquee with heaters are several tables, chairs and comfortable coaches. there is also food outside and a projector and a stall selling glowsticks, lighters, cigerette papers etc. Closeing at around half 2, 3 be sure to listen out for a party/session nearby! there is always one and the dj's go too, if your up for an 'all-nighter' or '3-day session' this club is definatley the best in dublin. you can be guarntieed you'll get very drunk and the likes, messy! door policy, standard I.D required search for bringing drink no dress- code, home for hippys, rockers, anyone in the music scene!

Sleep

There are a huge number of youth hostels (mostly around €20 per night in dorm accommodation), bed & breakfasts (around €50 per person), and hotels (€80+). These are located in the more "sparse" areas of Dublin around the central bus station. Issacs and Jacobs hostel is off Talbot St, and or Amiens St, depending on your direction. These hostels are close to the Connolly Station LUAS Terminal on the Red Line and the DART suburban train service and Belfast and outer suburban lines.

• ABC Guest House [89] 57 Drumcondra Road Upper, Dublin 9 Tel: +353 (0)1 8367417, (Email: reception@abcguesthouse.com), Located between City centre and Dublin Airport, on main bus route, with private lock-up car park.
• Abraham House Hostel, 82-83 Lower Gardiner St, Dublin 1, +353 1 8550598, email: [90], [91]. This is a good budget hostel. A sister to Ashfield House located an easy walk from the bus station and O'Connell St and the Temple Bar area. Decent prices. questionable 'hot' water and each room has one key that you share with the other occupants (whether you know them or not).

• Almara Bed and Breakfast Dublin, 226 Collins Ave West, Whitehall, Dublin 9, 01 8510512, e-mail:info@almarabb.com, [92]. This is an award winning I.T.B. and Dublin Tourism approved and recommended 3 star bed and breakfast accommodation with ensuite and standard rooms, guest lounge, complimentary tea and coffee and complimentary private carpark. Free WiFi. Established 1991. Refurbished and extended recently to accommodate 40 guests in comfort and style.

• Backpackers Citi Hostel, 61/62 Gardiner Street, Dublin 1, +353 (0) 1 8550035, e-mail:[93], [94]. The Citi Backpackers Hostel is located on the main accommodation street in the very centre of Dublin city. The hostel is based in a listed Georgian building with many of it's old features intact.

• Barnacles Temple Bar House [95], 19 Temple Lane, Temple Bar, Dublin 2 (In the heart of the amazing Temple Bar), tel +353 1 6716277, fax +353 1 6716591, email templebar@barnacles.ie. "Bright and spacious, in the heart of Temple Bar, this hostel is immaculately clean, has nice laid-out ensuite dorms and doubles with in-room storage." Lonely Planet. With the perfect location and staff who are young, fresh and full of helpful knowledge - it's a great place to start your Irish experience. Check out the other Barnacles hostel in Galway.

• The Bunkhouse Hostel, 146 Parnell St, Dublin 1. 24-Hour front desk, non-smoking rooms, rooms/facilities for disabled, shared bathroom in hall, Irish breakfast, free internet services and Wi-Fi/wireless LAN. 16 bed dormitory: €22-€36. There is an eight bed dormitory with toilet and shower: €25-€39. A six bed dormitory with toilet and shower: € 25-€39. A triple dormiory with double and single bunks: €75-√99. 11 rooms. Check in 2PM-12AM. Check out 11AM. Credit cards: Visa, Euro/MasterCard.

• Camden Place Hostel [96], 8-9 Camden Place, Dublin, Ireland, Telephone: +353 1 4758588, Friendly and clean Backpackers hostel located in Dublin's Village Quarter and within walking distance to Temple Bar. 24h reception, free Wifi/ Internet, free breakfast (pancakes on the weekend!), free tea/ coffee, big kitchen to cook in, free international land line calls, lounge with TV, outside terrace, artist's gallery and more! Twelve room types: Dorms with ensuite bathrooms/ shared bathrooms, private doubles/ twins with ensuite/ shared bathrooms. €9 and up.

• Celtic Lodge Guesthouse [97], 81-82 Talbot Street, Dublin 1 Tel: +353 (1) 878 8810/+353 (1) 878 8810, Guesthouse located in the heart of Dublin City beside Bus Aras and Connelly Station.

• Donnybrook Hall, 6 Belmont Ave, Dublin 4, +353 1 2691633, email: [98], [99]. Donnybrook Hall Bed & Breakfast. The accommodation is a welcoming, family run 4 star hotel in the central Dublin location of Donnybrook.

• Dublin Citi Hotel, 46-49 Dame Street, Dublin 2, Ireland. +353 (0)1 679 4455 , [100]. Located in the heart of Dublin City, on the edge of the trendy Temple Bar area, lies the Dublin Citi Hotel. The Dublin Citi Hotel offers relaxing and comfortable accommodation, great food and genuine Irish hospitality in a prime city centre location.

• Litton Lane Hostel [101] 2-4 Litton Lane, Dublin 1 Tel: +353 (0)1 8728389, (Email: litton@irish-hostel. The most centrally-located hostel in Dublin city, we offer affordable accommodation for visitors to the Irish capital.

• George Frederic Handel Hotel, 16-18 Fishamble Street, Temple Bar (off Dame Street), ☎ 01 6709400, [102]. Located in the west end of Dublin's famous Temple Bar, the George Fredric Handel Hotel offers comfortable, elegant rooms from which to explore the city. from €70 per room.  edit

• Jacobs Inn Hostel, 21-28 Talbot St, Dublin 1, +353 1 855 5660, email: [103], [104]. Nice, clean budget hostel with keycard security. A sister to Isaac Hostel. Located seconds from the bus station, easy when coming from the airport. Short walk from O'Connell St and Temple Bar area. Good competitive prices (as of Sept. 2008). Onsuite shower & bathroom as well as an additional wash room at the end of each hall.

• Kinlay House 2-12 Lord Edward St, Dublin 2. Tel: +353 1 679 6644 Located next to the Temple Bar area and right between Christ Church Cathedral and Dublin Castle (and all of a 60 second walk away from them). Friendly, quiet place. Open 24 hours a day with keycard entry to the room. Staff was very friendly and helpful. [105]

• Kilronan House [106] 70 Adelaide Road, Dublin 2 Tel: +353 (0)1 4755266, (Email: info@kilronanhouse.com), Perfectly positioned just around the corner from St Stephen’s Green and within walking distance to Grafton Street, Trinity College, Dublin Castle.

• Maple Dublin Hotel, 74/75 Lower Gardiner St, Dublin 1 (located two blocks east of O'Connel St), +353 (0)1 8555442, email: [107], [108]. Cheap accommodation located in the heart of Dublin, only five minutes walk from O'Connell St. Average price is roughly 30-40€ pr night. A traditional anglo-irish breakfeast is being served between 08.00-10.00. The hotel has an own guest carpark, and the reception is open 24 hrs. a day. A nice and friendly staff will be more than willing to make your stay in Dublin as convenient as possible.

• Maldron Hotel Parnell Square [109] Maldron Hotel Parnell Square, Parnell Square West, Dublin 1. +353 (0)1 871 6800 email: [110], Good position around the corner from the Writer's Museum. Typically around €59 for a double room.

• Mercer Court, Lower Mercer Street, Dublin 2, +353 1 474 4120, email: [111]. [112]. Mercer Court provides budget bed and breakfast accommodation in private ensuite rooms in the centre of Dublin city. Perfect for families or individuals, this comfortable accommodation is available throughout the summer months.

• Muckross House B&B [113] Drumcondra, Dublin 9 Tel: +353 (0)1 8304888, (Email: info@dublinbedandbreakfast.net), Located between City centre and Dublin Airport, on main bus route, with private car park.

• Portobello Dublin Hotel, 33 South Richmond Street, Dublin 2, Ireland. (The hotel is just a 10-minute walk from Trinity College and St Stephens Green.), +353 (0)1 475 2715 Fax: +353 (0)1 478 5010 email: [114], [115]. Portobello Dublin Hotel is a modern Dublin Hotel that offers comfortable accommodation, good food and an exciting entertainment emporium.

• The Times Hostel [116], 8 College Street, Dublin 2, Ireland. New backpackers hostel in Dublin. 1 minute walk to Temple Bar.

• Bewley's Hotel Ballsbridge, Merrion Road, Ballsbridge, Dublin 4, +353 1 668 1999, [117]. Located beside the RDS in the heart of Dublin 4, just 10 minutes from Dublin City Centre. Room rates from €59. Has sister properties in Newlands Cross, Dublin Airport and Leopardstown.

• Marine Hotel in Sutton Dublin, Sutton Cross, Dublin 13, +353 1 839 0000, [118]. At Sutton Cross, the gateway to Howth and Dublin City. The Marine is a 3 star Hotel of great warmth and character, with its lawn rolling down to the shore of Dublin Bay. Facilities include a swimming pool, sauna, restaurants & bar. Close to Dublin Airport and Dublin City as well as Howth Village.

• Stillorgan Park Hotel in Dublin, Stillorgan Road, Dublin, +353 1 2001800, [119]. A four star Failte Ireland and AA accredited hotel situated in the prime location of Stillorgan on the periphery of Dublin City Centre. Facilities include a spa, Restaurant and Bar, Free WiFi throughout hotel & free carparking on site. This is a 20 minute bus journey from the city. Take the 145 or 46a bus.

• Central Hotel Dublin [120] Central Hotel Dublin, Exchequer Street, Dublin 2. +353 (0)1 679 7302 email: [121], Centrally located hotel in the heart of Dublin City. Near Trinity College, Temple Bar & Grafton Street.

• Buswells Hotel Dublin City Centre, 23-25 Molesworth Street, Dublin 2, +353 1 6146500, [122]. Charming 3 star Georgian hotel in Dublin city centre. Near Trinity College, Grafton St and St Stephen's Green, as well as museums, galleries and shopping.

• Belvedere Hotel Dublin, Great Denmark Street, Dublin 2, +353 1 8737700, [123]. 92 bedrooms each featuring free broadband. 2 meeting rooms. Free Wifi in Lounge areas. Rates from €50 per room.

• Best Western Royal Dublin, O'Connell St, Dublin 1, +353-1-8733666 is right by the Millennium spire. Prices are normal - it's in the middle of everything.

• Brooks Hotel, Drury Street, +353 1 6704000, Email: reservations@brookshotel.ie, [124].

• Express by Holiday Inn Dublin Airport, Northwood Park, Santry Demesne, ☎ +353-1-8628866, [125]. Modern hotel (renovated 2006) on the road to the airport, adjacent to the Crowne Plaza. Free airport shuttle (every 30-60 min), wired internet, good continental buffet breakfast. No gym, and while buses 16A/33/41 pass nearby, it's at least half an hour to the city centre. €79.  edit

• Fleet Street Hotel Temple Bar Dublin, 19-20 Fleet Street, Temple Bar, Dublin 2, +353 1 6708124, [126]. Affordable facilities and 3 star hotel accommodation in Temple Bar. Check out our Sunday to Thursday Special Rates from €25 per person sharing.

• Grafton House, 26 - 27 South Great George's St, (one block from Dame Street) 01 6792041 (fax 01 6779715, email: booking@graftonguesthouse.com), [127]. Has comfortable accommodations. The house has all the characteristics of a 112 year old building. A Victorian Gothic style exterior and a contemporary, simple interior - a mixture of old and new.

• Grand Canal Hotel, Grand Canal St, Dublin 4, Tel. +353 1 646 1000, Email: reservations@grandcanalhotel.com, [128]. Excellent location in the Southern City Centre in Georgian Dublin. All main sights within shot walking distance. DART station 'Grand Canal Dock' across the street (perfect for day trips to the seaside). Hotel very new and modern, prices reasonable.

• Green Isle Hotel & Spa, Naas Road, +353 1 4593406, [129].

• Hilton Dublin, Charlemont Place, Dublin 2, in the St. Stephen's Green area. About 10 blocks from Grafton Street. Pleasant, modern hotel. Quiet rooms. Excellent housekeeping, very clean. Very accommodating to requests (such as bringing a small refrigerator at no extra cost). Tram station right across the street. Laundry, with self serve and wash and fold around the corner. Breakfast may be provided with the room. It's not great. Don't eat there if you have to pay money. There are many other options nearby.

• Mercer Hotel Dublin City Centre, Mercer St, Dublin 2, +353 1 4782179, [130]. Luxury 3 star boutique style hotel in Dublin city centre. Beside Grafton St and St Stephens Green.

• Mespil Hotel Dublin, Mespil Road, Dublin4, +353 1 6771244, [131]. Modern three star hotel in Georgian Dublin overlooking the Grand Canal and Baggot St. Close to Grafton St and St Stephens Green, as well as Ballsbridge and RDS.

• Nua Haven, 41 Priory Road, +353 87 686 7062, [132]. A 4-star quality gay bed and breakfast, with private baths, cable TV, wireless internet, in a nice setting in Harold's Cross. €110 per room.

• Plaza Hotel, Belgard Road, Tallaght, Dublin 24, +353 1 4624200, email: [133]. [134]. Four Star hotel with over 120 rooms. Located at the end of the LUAS line in Tallaght and just 25 minutes to city Centre.

87.198.141.54 09:47, 30 December 2009 (EST)

• Radisson SAS Royal, Golden Lane, +353 1 8982900, [135]. 5 star hotel Very centrally located. Double rooms about €145.
• Four Seasons Hotel Dublin, Simmonscourt Road, 353 (1) 665 4000, [136].
• Morrison Hotel, Ormond Quay, +353 1 887 2400, [137]. Located on the Liffey across the river from The Clarence and near the Ha'penny Bridge. Ormond Quay, Dublin 1, Ireland.
• The Morgan, 10 Fleet St, Temple Bar, Dublin 2 (off Westmoreland St), [138]. Dublin's premier boutique hotel located in Temple Bar offers stylish accommodations in the most vibrant district of Dublin. Choose from standard rooms, suites or penthouse apartments. All characterised by clean, modern design consistent with a lifestyle focused on the hotel experience.
• Hampton Hotel, 19 - 29 Morehampton Road, Donnybrook, Dublin 4. +353 (0)1 668 0995, [139] Dublin's newest 4* boutique hotel located in Donnybrook within walking distance of the city center, the RDS and the National Concert Hall. Original Georgian building with stylish interior design.
• The Ritz Carlton,Powerscourt Estate and Gardens,Enniskerry Co. Wicklow,Phone: 353 1 274 8888.Fax: 353 1 274 9999 5 star world class luxury hotel located in the affluent charming little village of Enniskerry only 30 minustes from Dublin..

Airport Hotels

There are a number of hotels located around the airport, for ease of flight transfer.

• Carlton Hotel is a 4-star hotel that offers free bus transfer to the airport. Stand-by rates per room are €99 and rates of €85 per person sharing can be available also. It has a bar-food menu and a restaurant located on the top floor.
• Bewley's Hotel, Baskin Lane, Swords, +353 (0)1 871 1000, (fax: +353 (0)1 871 1001, e-mail: DublinAirport@BewleysHotels.com), [140]. An excellent 3 star hotel with room rates from €59. Operates a free and frequent shuttle bus service to and from Dublin Airport.
• Hilton Dublin Airport, Northern Cross, Malahide Road +353 (0)1 866 1800

Stay safe

Crime

Dublin is generally a very safe city by American and European standards however as in most large cities, crime against the person, such as muggings, unprovoked attacks, and robberies, have been known to occur altough these are rare in Dublin. Treat Dublin as you would most western cities, and be sensible: don't walk in poorly lit areas at night, especially alone; be aware of large gangs of youths congregating around street corners, etc. Leave nothing valuable visible in your car. There are plenty of taxis at all hours of the day and night, which are safe and usually friendly.

Dublin has heavy traffic, and even if several of the locals tend to cross the road without having a green man, it is not recommended to follow this example. Hardly any of the cars slow down in front of zebra-crosses in busy and crowded streets.

Care should also be used when taking some of the "Nitelink" buses that frequent the city. These, while often safe, have seen their fair share of trouble. Sit downstairs if possible.

The Temple Bar district is both an attraction for tourists and for pickpockets. Be aware of your surroundings.

• Moneygram/Kaah Express, 2 Hardwicke Street, Dublin. Cheap internet café offering a reliable internet connection and well-maintained computers. €1 per hour.  edit

• The Globe, 11 S Great Georges St, Dublin, Dublin City DUBLIN 2. Bar offering free wifi access. Free.  edit
• Havana café, s Great Georges St, Dublin, Dublin City DUBLIN 2. Very good restaurant-café-tapas bar offering very reliable, free wifi. Free.  edit

Dublin Area

• Howth - To the north, nine miles from the city centre (still marked by 18th century milestones), the peninsula of Howth is very nice for a walk. Just take the bus or DART (€3.60 return from Connolly Station) out to Howth and walk around the cliffs! The whole tour takes about 2-3 hours. It is most beautiful in Aug/Sept when the heather bathes the cliffs in red. There is also a boat that departs from Howth harbour that goes out to the island off the coast called Ireland's Eye. You can visit it and the monolithic ruins on it for a very reasonable price and if you're lucky you might be able to get the island to yourself. The King Sitric fish restaurant at the harbor serves freshly caught fish, as do many other local restaurants.
• Bull Island and St. Anne's Park. The two largest municipal parks. One is nearly 5 km beach and a major habitat for birds and wild animals. The other, the former Guinness family home estate, has ponds, follies, walks and a world-famous Rose Garden, as well as a coffee shop and artists' studios.

Surrounding counties

• Meath. The Bru na Boinne megalithic tombs of Newgrange, Knowth and Dowth are the most important archaeological sites in Ireland and are listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage site. The site is located 50 km north of Dublin on the banks of the Boyne.

• Wicklow, within easy reach to the south of Dublin, is known as 'the garden of Ireland' and has good hill-walking and some of the most spectacular scenery in the country. Dublin Bus route number 65 serves the pictueresue lakeside town of Blessington in the North-West corner of the county for approx. €2.20 fare. Journey takes about 50 mins.

• Kildare Directly west Of Dublin city. The Curragh racecourse is in County Kildare, south west of Dublin, about 50 km from the city. The K Club in Kildare was the venue for the 2006 Ryder Cup in golf.

• Carlow boasts some fine architecture - with its courthouse from the mid 1800s and its Cathedral which was completed in 1833.

• Laois is located one hour southwest of Dublin - Portlaoise has a cobbled main street with independent eateries, Georgian architecture and small pubs. The county is dotted with sleepy villages, slow-moving rivers and rolling hills.

• Kilkenny, Ireland's medieval capital, is a bustling heritage city with a thriving arts scene. 1 hour and 40 minutes by train from Dublin.

This is a guide article. It has a variety of good, quality information including hotels, restaurants, attractions, arrival and departure info. Plunge forward and help us make it a star!

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From LoveToKnow 1911

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Definition from Wiktionary, a free dictionary

Wikipedia

Contents 1 English 1.1 Etymology 1.2 Pronunciation 1.3 Proper noun 1.3.1 Translations 2 Dutch 2.1 Proper noun 3 Estonian 3.1 Proper noun 4 Polish 4.1 Pronunciation 4.2 Proper noun 4.2.1 Declension 4.2.2 Derived terms

English

Etymology

From Old Irish dub (“‘black’”) + linn (“‘pond’”).

Pronunciation

• IPA: /ˈdʌblən/, SAMPA: /"dVbl@n/

Proper noun

Singular Dublin

Plural -

Dublin

1. The capital of the Republic of Ireland.
2. One of the counties of Ireland.

Translations

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Dutch

Wikipedia ^nl

Proper noun

Dublin

1. Dublin

---

Estonian

Proper noun

Dublin

1. Dublin

---

Polish

Pronunciation

• IPA: /ˈd̪ublin̪/

Proper noun

Dublin m.

1. Dublin

Declension

	Singular only
Nominative	Dublin
Genitive	Dublinu
Dative	Dublinowi
Accusative	Dublin
Instrumental	Dublinem
Locative	Dublinie
Vocative	Dublinie

Derived terms

• dublińczyk m., dublinianka f.
• adjective: dubliński

From Familypedia

The largest city and capital of Ireland.