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| Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste
Repúblika Demokrátika Timór Lorosa'e
República Democrática de Timor-Leste
|
|
|
Motto: "Unidade, Acção, Progresso" (Portuguese)
("Unity, Action, Progress") |
Anthem: Pátria
|
|
|
Capital
(and largest city) |
Dili
8°34′S 125°34′E / 8.567°S 125.567°E / -8.567; 125.567 |
| Official language(s) |
Tetum and Portuguese1 |
| Working languages |
Indonesian and English [1] |
| Demonym |
East Timorese |
| Government |
Parliamentary republic |
| - |
President |
José Ramos-Horta |
| - |
Prime Minister |
Xanana Gusmão |
| Independence |
from Portugal, Indonesia² |
| - |
Established |
1702 |
| - |
Declared |
November 28, 1975 |
| - |
Restored |
May 20, 2002 |
| Area |
| - |
Total |
14,874 km2 (159th)
5,743 sq mi |
| - |
Water (%) |
negligible |
| Population |
| - |
2009 estimate |
1,134,000[2] (155th) |
| - |
Density |
76.2/km2 (132nd)
197.4/sq mi |
| GDP (PPP) |
2008 estimate |
| - |
Total |
$2.522 billion[3] |
| - |
Per capita |
$2,368[3] |
| GDP (nominal) |
2008 estimate |
| - |
Total |
$499 million[3] |
| - |
Per capita |
$468[3] |
| HDI (2007) |
▲ 0.489[4] (low) (162nd) |
| Currency |
U.S. Dollar³ (USD) |
| Time zone |
(UTC+9) |
| Drives on the |
left |
| Internet TLD |
.tl4 |
| Calling code |
+670 |
| 1 |
15 further "national languages" recognised by the Constitution. |
| 2 |
Indonesia invaded East Timor on December 7, 1975 and left in 1999. |
| 3 |
Centavo coins also used. |
| 4 |
.tp is being phased out. |
.^ East-Timor is located geographically in Oceania, although it is sometimes assigned to Asia instead.- East Timor -- Timor-Leste Photo Gallery by Joel Santos at pbase.com 3 February 2010 15:17 UTC www.pbase.com [Source type: General]
^ Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste conventional short form: East Timor local long form: Republika Demokratika Timor Lorosa'e [Tetum]; Republica Democratica de Timor-Leste [Portuguese] local short form: Timor Lorosa'e [Tetum]; Timor-Leste [Portuguese] former: Portuguese Timor .- CIA - The World Factbook -- East Timor 19 January 2010 9:54 UTC www.travlang.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The issue of which language East Timor will use has become the most explosive national question since the decision in January that the US dollar would become the official currency.
.^ Consists of the eastern half of the island of Timor, the nearby islands of Atauro and Jaco, and Oecussi-Ambeno, an exclave of East Timor situated on the northwestern side of the island, surrounded by West Timor.- East Timor -- Timor-Leste Photo Gallery by Joel Santos at pbase.com 3 February 2010 15:17 UTC www.pbase.com [Source type: General]
^ Army trucks and vehicles brought over from West Timor were used to transport East Timorese to Indonesian West Timor.
^ The number of East Timorese in Flores, West Papua, Sulawesi and other Indonesian islands is unknown, but given the lack of international awareness, the conditions of refugees thus displaced are potentially worse than those in West Timor.
.^ In January 2006, about 400 soldiers from the western part of the country complained about ethnic discrimination and poor treatment.- The Missing Link between Self-Determination and Democracy: The Case of East Timor 3 February 2010 15:17 UTC www.law.northwestern.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ It clears the way for a $1.4 billion project in the Bayu-Undan field, which is about 500 kilometres north-west of Darwin, capital of Australia's Northern Territory, and 250 km south of Suai in East Timor.
.^ East Timor was a colony of Portugal.- Full Text of UN Commission of Inquiry on East Timor 3 February 2010 15:17 UTC www.1worldcommunication.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Formerly Portuguese Timor, East Timor was invaded by Indonesia in 1975, which occupied it until 1999.- East Timor -- Timor-Leste Photo Gallery by Joel Santos at pbase.com 3 February 2010 15:17 UTC www.pbase.com [Source type: General]
^ The Portuguese colony of Timor declared itself independent from Portugal on 28 November 1975 and was invaded and occupied by Indonesian forces nine days later.- CIA - The World Factbook 2002 -- East Timor 19 January 2010 9:54 UTC www.bondtalk.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- CIA - The World Factbook 2002 -- East Timor 19 January 2010 9:54 UTC permanent.access.gpo.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Indonesia invades East Timor which becomes it 27th province in 1976.
^ The following July, East Timor was illegally "integrated" into Indonesia as its "27th province."
^ East Timor, a former Portuguese colony, was seized by Indonesia in 1975.
.^ The presidential election in East Timor was the first since the country won independence in 2002 following a bloody separation from neighbouring Indonesia.
^ On the other hand, democracy may be a component of self-determination.- The Missing Link between Self-Determination and Democracy: The Case of East Timor 3 February 2010 15:17 UTC www.law.northwestern.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ Only then will the full potential of self-determination be unleashed, in East Timor and beyond.- The Missing Link between Self-Determination and Democracy: The Case of East Timor 3 February 2010 15:17 UTC www.law.northwestern.edu [Source type: Original source]
.^ Furthermore, Australia will remain one of the main suppliers of aid for years to come as East Timor slowly builds a viable economy.
^ The Thai government has offered agricultural assistance to East Timor by providing agriculture training under the framework of the King's sustainable economy theory.
^ Darah Merah (Red Blood) operates in the middle region of East Timor its ommander- in-chief is Lafaek Saburai.
[6] .^ East Timors independence leaders, most of whom had been educated in Portugal, are trying to remold the countrys identity after over two decades of brutal occupation by Indonesia.
^ After the Second World War, the Japanese government continued to rub salt into the wounds of East Timors struggle for independence.- La'o Hamutuk Bulletin Vol. 3, No. 1: February 2002 Police, Agriculture 19 January 2010 9:54 UTC www.laohamutuk.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Wiranto is implicated by Indonesia's National Commission on Human Rights, which is investigating abuses against civilians in East Timor, the general will be asked to resign.
.^ Finland did not make a concrete promise but stated its commitment to also support East Timor in developing its human resource base.- La'o Hamutuk Bulletin Vol. 3, No. 1: February 2002 Police, Agriculture 19 January 2010 9:54 UTC www.laohamutuk.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Etymology and naming issues
.^ Army trucks and vehicles brought over from West Timor were used to transport East Timorese to Indonesian West Timor.
^ They have even offered to send staff to conduct trauma counselling for children, ignoring the fact that almost none of the traumatised children in East Timor can communicate in Portuguese.
^ The resistance movement itself welcomed the Indonesian governments offer and expressed its commitment to peacefully resolving the problem in East Timor.
Lorosa'e is also the word for "east" in Tetum, literally "rising sun".
.^ They have even offered to send staff to conduct trauma counselling for children, ignoring the fact that almost none of the traumatised children in East Timor can communicate in Portuguese.
^ East Timor has many natural resources that we can use in animal husbandry and crop agriculture.- La'o Hamutuk Bulletin Vol. 3, No. 1: February 2002 Police, Agriculture 19 January 2010 9:54 UTC www.laohamutuk.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Sergio Vieira de Mello made an open invitation to those officials to visit East Timor.
.^ East Timor became an independent country on May 20, 2002.- The Missing Link between Self-Determination and Democracy: The Case of East Timor 3 February 2010 15:17 UTC www.law.northwestern.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ ZNet Article Given the ad hoc nature of past UN missions in East Timor, the hybrid character of security operations conducted independent of the UN flag, and the general lack of governance capacity inside the...
^ The Democratic Republic of East Timor shall maintain special ties of friendship and co-operation with its neighbouring countries and the countries of the region.- Constitution of East Timor (English) 19 January 2010 9:54 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]
.^ Army trucks and vehicles brought over from West Timor were used to transport East Timorese to Indonesian West Timor.
^ The resistance movement itself welcomed the Indonesian governments offer and expressed its commitment to peacefully resolving the problem in East Timor.
^ Since much of East Timor is now under seige by the Indonesian army and militias, the location of this event will not be announced until shortly beforehand.
.^ The country has a labor code based on the International Labor Organization's standards.- East Timor 19 January 2010 9:54 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ UNTAET and various international organizations continue to assist us, but we do not know where we will find assistance once we are a fully independent country.- La'o Hamutuk Bulletin Vol. 3, No. 1: February 2002 Police, Agriculture 19 January 2010 9:54 UTC www.laohamutuk.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Bangladesh is an excellent case study of the effects of humanitarian operations organized by international NGOs and UN agencies on the countrys self-sufficiency.
.^ The issue of which language East Timor will use has become the most explosive national question since the decision in January that the US dollar would become the official currency.
^ This will ensure that it will be ‘all-systems-go’ by 7am on May 9, when the second act in Timor Leste’s first national elections since independence gets underway.
^ SOMET also regrets that STAE did not make provisions, as required by the Constitution of Timor-Leste, for all citizens 17 years and older to have the opportunity to vote.
.^ France stated its intention that 25% of its contributions will support womens development and their involvement in the national planning process.- La'o Hamutuk Bulletin Vol. 3, No. 1: February 2002 Police, Agriculture 19 January 2010 9:54 UTC www.laohamutuk.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ He stated that after the United Nations forces left on 7 September 1999, the situation had rapidly deteriorated and there had been random shooting by the militia.- Full Text of UN Commission of Inquiry on East Timor 3 February 2010 15:17 UTC www.1worldcommunication.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The United Nations should establish an independent and international body charged with: .- Full Text of UN Commission of Inquiry on East Timor 3 February 2010 15:17 UTC www.1worldcommunication.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[citation needed] Timor–Leste is used as a matter of protocol by the departments of foreign affairs of almost all countries for example, the USA Department of State
[8] and the European Union,
[9] notable exceptions being Australia, which uses "East Timor".
.^ East Timor is an extremely poor country, with two-thirds to three-fourths of the population of 775,000 persons engaged in subsistence agriculture.- East Timor 19 January 2010 9:54 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ This general's name is written in gold letters in the pages of French history after all he did for his country in the post-Second World War period.
^ Roughly two-thirds to three-quarters of the country's work force is engaged in subsistence agriculture.- East Timor 19 January 2010 9:54 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
The old two letter country code, TP, is gradually being phased out.
History
Early history
.^ Since late November of last year when many civilians were killed in Alas and thousands fled to more populated areas from along the West Timor border, human rights conditions in East Timor have severely deteriorated.
^ Asked for more details about the western part of East Timor, Mr. Gusmao said that all efforts would be made to "get our brothers back to East Timor".
^ Da Costa spoke warmly of the Indonesian army now occupying East Timor, an army that has caused the deaths of one-third of the original population.
It is believed that descendants from at least three waves of migration still live in the country.
.^ The first five international customs experts arrived yesterday from New Zealand to Dili to serve on the new service and to train future Timorese customs and immigration officers.
^ Not many people know that 40,000 East Timorese were killed during the three year Japanese occupation.- La'o Hamutuk Bulletin Vol. 3, No. 1: February 2002 Police, Agriculture 19 January 2010 9:54 UTC www.laohamutuk.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Keady: Australia & E Timor Three years ago, I wrote a piece talking about attempts to oust Prime Minister Mari Alkatiri in...
.^ Under the Portuguese, there were no opportunities for the East Timorese people to develop their economy, agriculture, justice and democratic systems, education and health services.- La'o Hamutuk Bulletin Vol. 3, No. 1: February 2002 Police, Agriculture 19 January 2010 9:54 UTC www.laohamutuk.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ In fact, in just about every stop in the region there has been discussion about East Timor being linked in some way to the Association of South-east Asian Nations.
[citation needed] Thirdly, proto-
Malays arrived from south
China and north
Indochina.
[10] .^ News has just come from Dili, East Timor, that the already tense situation there has become completely chaotic.
^ (The Indonesian military has been spreading a rumor that people in East Timor are subject to attack, rape, and torture at the hands of the international peacekeeping force there.
^ It is now estimated that there are 120,000 people hiding in the hills of East Timor.
.^ This Indian Ocean trading complex was also partially linked into the Eurasia trading system of the Silk Road, and the Incense Road (from Arabia).
The earliest historical record about
Timor island is 14th century
Nagarakretagama, Canto 14, that identify
Timur as an island within
Majapahit's realm. Early European explorers report that the island had a number of small chiefdoms or princedoms in the early 16th century.
.^ No one knows exactly how many of the refugees being held in the camps in West Timor would choose repatriation or relocation.
^ In West Timor most of the children are living with an extended family.
^ Most of the dead were children, many of whom died in the past four months from diarrhoea and dysentery, said a West Timor government official.
Portuguese colonization
The
Portuguese were the first Europeans to colonize the
Maritime Southeast Asia when they arrived in the sixteenth century.
[11] .^ Consists of the eastern half of the island of Timor, the nearby islands of Atauro and Jaco, and Oecussi-Ambeno, an exclave of East Timor situated on the northwestern side of the island, surrounded by West Timor.- East Timor -- Timor-Leste Photo Gallery by Joel Santos at pbase.com 3 February 2010 15:17 UTC www.pbase.com [Source type: General]
^ Since much of East Timor is now under seige by the Indonesian army and militias, the location of this event will not be announced until shortly beforehand.
^ Witnesses say they saw Alex in the detention centre which will house the new Indonesian representative office in East Timor.
.^ In many ways the East Timor problem is a legacy from the colonial period , when the Portuguese controlled East Timor, whereas most of the rest of Indonesia came to controlled by the Dutch.
^ Here, ironically, the Dutch colonial power (which controlled the region increasingly from the 17th century down to 1942) left an important experience.
.^ Nairn was one of the last journalists to remain in East Timor when the Indonesian military and its militias began to sack the territory after the August 30 plebiscite.
^ In August, the Dili police department produced a volume called Operation Remember Lorosae II, after the local word for Timor.
^ When West Timor gained independence from the Netherlands as part of Indonesia in 1949, East Timor remained a Portuguese colony.- The Missing Link between Self-Determination and Democracy: The Case of East Timor 3 February 2010 15:17 UTC www.law.northwestern.edu [Source type: Original source]
[12] .^ The number of refugees in West Timor and neighboring islands as of October 5 is 255,976, according to the NTT provincial government and quoted in the Pos Kupang.
^ Those who had been taken to the concentration camps in West Timor and islands north of East Timor were living in very poor conditions, he continued.
^ When West Timor gained independence from the Netherlands as part of Indonesia in 1949, East Timor remained a Portuguese colony.- The Missing Link between Self-Determination and Democracy: The Case of East Timor 3 February 2010 15:17 UTC www.law.northwestern.edu [Source type: Original source]
.^ He also called on them to support the process of normalization between East Timor and Indonesia.
^ Formerly Portuguese Timor, East Timor was invaded by Indonesia in 1975, which occupied it until 1999.- East Timor -- Timor-Leste Photo Gallery by Joel Santos at pbase.com 3 February 2010 15:17 UTC www.pbase.com [Source type: General]
^ December 1989-February 1991 Timor Gap Treaty between Australia and Indonesia established (establishes boundary of sea resource usage, i.e.
.^ Indonesia has more than 20,000 troops in East Timor.
^ Portuguese first to establish trading posts .
^ Antara reports an Indonesian official said more than 50,000 of nearly 110,000 East Timorese refugees in Indonesian West Timor want to become Indonesian citizens.
.^ Social reconstruction requires the allocation of resources to rehabilitate the social infrastructure and institutions to provide people with health care, education and other services.
.^ Coffee remained the territory's only significant export, but falling world prices hindered export earnings.- East Timor 19 January 2010 9:54 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
In places where Portuguese rule was asserted, it tended to be brutal and exploitative.
[13] .^ I met many East Timorese who had recently returned home from refugee camps in the interior of East Timor or in West Timor.
^ Tetun is the lingua franca in East Timor and the language has proven its resistance both in the Portuguese and Indonesian colonial periods," said Araujo.
[13]
.^ In many ways the East Timor problem is a legacy from the colonial period , when the Portuguese controlled East Timor, whereas most of the rest of Indonesia came to controlled by the Dutch.
^ The island of Timor was divided into East and West Timor by the Portuguese and Dutch colonists.- The Missing Link between Self-Determination and Democracy: The Case of East Timor 3 February 2010 15:17 UTC www.law.northwestern.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ Media Images of Australian troops forcefully arresting Indonesians at gun point in East Timor have also fuelled a sense of resentment.
.^ The island of Timor was divided into East and West Timor by the Portuguese and Dutch colonists.- The Missing Link between Self-Determination and Democracy: The Case of East Timor 3 February 2010 15:17 UTC www.law.northwestern.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ Australian troops as part of allied forces aid return of Dutch control of Netherlands East Indies .
^ When the Dutch were eventually forced to leave Indonesia and then Irian Jaya, this left a small Portuguese, largely Christian community, sitting at the end of the main southern island chain of Indonesia.
[14] .^ Over the past two days, the Royal Australian Air Force evacuated 60 of our nonpartisan volunteers to Darwin from Dili and Baucau.
^ A systematic campaign is being carried out to clear inhabitants along the border area of East and West Timor.
^ With the exception of those hiding in the mountains, a large tract of land in East Timor, west of Dili, has also been cleared of people.
.^ V. SECURITY PROBLEMS FOR REFUGEES NOT IN CAMPS As many as 50,000 East Timorese refugees in Indonesia are not in camps of any sort, either by their own choice or by force of circumstances.
^ The Indonesian government and UNHCR say there may be 170,000 East Timorese refugees still in western Timor, and tens of thousands may be there against their will.
^ There is evidence of threats of violence against persons and actual violence resulting in injuries and deaths in large numbers.- Full Text of UN Commission of Inquiry on East Timor 3 February 2010 15:17 UTC www.1worldcommunication.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[15] Following the end of the war, Portuguese control was reinstated.
.^ But as democracy takes hold in Indonesia, as the people there become more aware of the problem of East Timor, the Indonesians will suffer the same pressures as Portugal did in 1974 to get rid of their colonies, as the US government did from its people to get out of Vietnam.
^ The Australian government under Gough Whitlam in 1974 was against the colonialist influence of Portugal, and argued that peaceful union with Indonesia was the only viable path for East Timor.
^ The Portuguese were slow to give up their colonial holdings, and the desire to do so came with the sudden change of government in 1974 after a bloodless overthrow of the fascist Cataeno government there.
.^ October 19: Indonesian parliament formally recognizes East Timors independence.
^ On 28 November 1975, one of the East Timorese political parties, Revolutionary Front for an Independent East Timor (FRETLIN) declared independence from Portugal because Portugal was considering dismantling its colonies.- Full Text of UN Commission of Inquiry on East Timor 3 February 2010 15:17 UTC www.1worldcommunication.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Portugal claims should belong to an independent East Timor.
Indonesian occupation
.^ East Timor did have a pro-integrationist party that sought union with Indonesia, the Apodeti party.
^ "The TNI [Indonesian military] are not in East Timor, thankfully, and the situation is different.
^ East Timor became an independent country on May 20, 2002.- The Missing Link between Self-Determination and Democracy: The Case of East Timor 3 February 2010 15:17 UTC www.law.northwestern.edu [Source type: Original source]
. A brief civil war occurred in 1975.
Indonesia alleged that the East Timorese
FRETILIN party, which received some vocal support from the
People's Republic of China, was communist.
^ East Timorese for the new civil service.
^ East Timorese refugees in Indonesia .
^ Formerly Portuguese Timor, East Timor was invaded by Indonesia in 1975, which occupied it until 1999.- East Timor -- Timor-Leste Photo Gallery by Joel Santos at pbase.com 3 February 2010 15:17 UTC www.pbase.com [Source type: General]
.^ It is time for the United States to call the Indonesian government on its lies.
^ Australia was prominent in supporting the pro-independence stance of the United Nations.
^ Blair told Wiranto that the United States would initiate this new riot-control training for the Indonesian armed forces.
.^ Its immediate aim was to retain East Timor as part of Indonesia.
^ Formerly Portuguese Timor, East Timor was invaded by Indonesia in 1975, which occupied it until 1999.- East Timor -- Timor-Leste Photo Gallery by Joel Santos at pbase.com 3 February 2010 15:17 UTC www.pbase.com [Source type: General]
^ I've got so much news that the people at East Timor suffer a lot by unstable political and security situations, where most of the nations are starfing for foods, better economic, and health conditions.- East Timor -- Timor-Leste Photo Gallery by Joel Santos at pbase.com 3 February 2010 15:17 UTC www.pbase.com [Source type: General]
.^ Indonesia invades East Timor which becomes it 27th province in 1976.
^ Following the UN-sponsored act of self-determination that year, Indonesia relinquished control of the territory, which achieved full independence on May 20th, 2002.- East Timor -- Timor-Leste Photo Gallery by Joel Santos at pbase.com 3 February 2010 15:17 UTC www.pbase.com [Source type: General]
^ That assembly would then --if the people of East Timor reject the autonomy proposal in the vote in early August-- would then convene and revoke the July 1976 Indonesian law which annexed East Timor as its 27th province.
Demonstration for independence from Indonesia.
.^ War and violence continue in East Timor.
^ East Timor had an estimated population of 829,000 people.
^ Up to 95,000 East Timorese remain in West Timor.
[19]
.^ The ETHRC urges the Australian government and the international community to call on the Indonesian government to arrest Eurico Guterres and other members of the militia for crimes against humanity.
^ Army trucks and vehicles brought over from West Timor were used to transport East Timorese to Indonesian West Timor.
^ But some of those returning are former militia members, a situation which brings NGOs into direct conflict with CNRT, the pro-independence East Timorese political party that forms the only local administration.
. The
Dili Massacre proved a turning point for the East Timorese cause internationally, and a burgeoning
East Timor solidarity movement grew in Portugal, Australia, and the United States.
^ Dont depend on everything that comes from Australia, Portugal or the United States.
^ East Timor was a colony of Portugal.- Full Text of UN Commission of Inquiry on East Timor 3 February 2010 15:17 UTC www.1worldcommunication.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Army trucks and vehicles brought over from West Timor were used to transport East Timorese to Indonesian West Timor.
Independence
.^ UN-sponsored Aug 30 referendum.
^ Commentary On 30 August it will be a decade since the people of East Timor defied the genocidal occupiers of their country to take part in a United Nations referendum, voting for their freedom and...
^ Pauli M, who had contacts with the Indonesian military (TNI) in East Timor, first travelled to Dili in July before the August 30 United Nations-sponsored referendum, which produced an overwhelming vote for independence.
.^ This arguably also contributed to the pro-Indonesia militias' violent behavior.- The Missing Link between Self-Determination and Democracy: The Case of East Timor 3 February 2010 15:17 UTC www.law.northwestern.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ The East Timor Human Rights Center (ETHRC) condemns the Indonesian government's recent recruitment of Eurico Guterres and other members from the Indonesian military backed pro- integration militias into a new civilian defense force designed to ensure security for the August 8th ballot in East Timor.
^ Dili - Indonesian President Abdurrahman Wahid ordered his military Friday to disarm anti-independence East Timorese militias and take other "necessary actions" to keep them from attacking the territory, Foreign Minister Alwi Shihab announced in Jakarta.
.^ Mr Ramos Horta said the militias were waiting until the handover of security from the Australian-led Interfet force to the United Nations peacekeeping force under the transitional authority before widening their attacks.
^ Unable to contain the extensive violence, the government called in an Australia-led force.- The Missing Link between Self-Determination and Democracy: The Case of East Timor 3 February 2010 15:17 UTC www.law.northwestern.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ But an inquest into the death of Sander Thoenes, who was killed the day after the first soldiers of a foreign peacekeeping force arrived to restore order, was hampered by a lack of witnesses from the Indonesian military, coroner Greg Cavanagh said.
.^ Foreign sources here connected with international aid agencies said that over the four months since hundreds of thousands of East Timorese fled or were pushed across the border into camps mainly controlled by the militia, the Indonesian military appear to have been withdrawing their support for the East Timorese militia they once controlled and paid.
^ Army trucks and vehicles brought over from West Timor were used to transport East Timorese to Indonesian West Timor.
^ He said original reports indicated as many as 30 militia had crossed the border deep into the Atsabe region last year, a notorious militia stronghold.
.^ Refugee camps must be under international supervision, and all Indonesian militia, military and police presence in these camps must end.
^ But the organisation that armed and supported them, the Indonesian armed forces (TNI), was still present a few hundred soldiers, preparing for their final withdrawal and burning their headquarters behind them.
^ For this reason, while we support the process of investigation and trials underway in Indonesia we also encourage the international community to push forward with support for a tribunal.
.^ Senior military officers of INTERFET and staff and police officers of UNTAET briefed the Commission extensively.- Full Text of UN Commission of Inquiry on East Timor 3 February 2010 15:17 UTC www.1worldcommunication.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ But virtually all of the UN troops on the critical western border are the same Australian and New Zealand soldiers who were stationed there as part of the Interfet force.
^ Although rape is a crime, failures to investigate or prosecute, as well as long delays were common in alleged cases of rape and sexual abuse.- East Timor 19 January 2010 9:54 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ For Immediate Release: May 11, 1999 .
^ East Timor became an independent country on May 20, 2002.- The Missing Link between Self-Determination and Democracy: The Case of East Timor 3 February 2010 15:17 UTC www.law.northwestern.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ Interfet has handed over responsibility for East Timor to the UN Transitional Administration.
However, UNTAET experienced difficulties initially in establishing its credibility amongst the Timorese leadership, leading to street violence.
.^ In order to make the operation effective, international NGOs and UN agencies need to coordinate with all potential groups within the society, the people in general, and national NGOs.
^ More East Timorese Returning - UN, Refugees Daily ~ January 12, 2000 .
^ In their Jan 9 congress, they votid that the organisation break away from CNRT and instead be a pressure group monitoring both the UN and East Timorese leaders.
.^ Current Prime Minister Dr. José Ramos-Horta was elected the nation’s second president with just over 69% of the vote.
^ More coverage, including Stephen Fitzpatrick's audio report, at www.theaustralian.com.au ----- Ramos-Horta Casts Presidential Vote in Bacau - MediaNet.
^ I am confident that the new President Dr. José Ramos-Horta will energetically tackle the problems facing the country on behalf of all Timorese people,” the Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Timor-Leste, Atul Khare said.
.^ In the same month the U.N. set up the United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor ("UNTAET") to administer East Timor during its transition to independence, 45 with a mandate to exercise all legislative and executive powers in East Timor, including the administration of justice.- The Missing Link between Self-Determination and Democracy: The Case of East Timor 3 February 2010 15:17 UTC www.law.northwestern.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ Ramos-Horta, vice president of the National Council of Timorese Resistance (CNRT), said East Timorese are welcome to return "including those who collaborated with Indonesia...
^ The two East Timorese leaders brought the same message to the Philippines, where they met President Joseph Estrada on Saturday.
.^ East Timorese for the new civil service.
^ More East Timorese Returning - UN, Refugees Daily ~ January 12, 2000 .
^ Therefore, although UNTAET was "charged with preparing the East Timorese for democratic self-government," 122 it operated "in an autocratic manner itself" 123 or, as its head Special Representative Sergio Vieira de Mello put it, "by means of a style of 'benevolent despotism.'"- The Missing Link between Self-Determination and Democracy: The Case of East Timor 3 February 2010 15:17 UTC www.law.northwestern.edu [Source type: Original source]
[22] .^ United Nations administration."- The Missing Link between Self-Determination and Democracy: The Case of East Timor 3 February 2010 15:17 UTC www.law.northwestern.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ East Timor became an independent country on May 20, 2002.- The Missing Link between Self-Determination and Democracy: The Case of East Timor 3 February 2010 15:17 UTC www.law.northwestern.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ The issue of which language East Timor will use has become the most explosive national question since the decision in January that the US dollar would become the official currency.
Post independence
.^ Hundreds of people were killed and hundreds of thousands driven from their homes.
^ According to Mr Farid, Soares was involved in eight killings carried out on October 20, 22 and 23 in the villages of Bobocasse, Cunha and Lalisuc.
^ Towns were devastated, 400,000 peoplehalf the populationwere forced to flee their homes, and thousands were killed.
.^ Troops from Australia, New Zealand, Fiji and Portugal are taking part in the operation, he said.
^ Australia Hands East Timor Peace Mission to Portugal , Australian Broadcasting Corporation ~ February 15, 2000 .
^ We certainly look forward to the date when the people of East Timor finally will be called upon without coercion, without threat, without violence to vote on their future.
[24] .^ The President of the Republic accepts the resignation of the Prime Minister; .- Constitution of East Timor (English) 19 January 2010 9:54 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Right up until his resignation on Monday 26 June East Timor's former Prime Minister Mari Alkatiri...
^ Mari Alkatiri became the first prime minister of the country.- East Timor 19 January 2010 9:54 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[25] .^ The dismissed soldiers staged another demonstration in late April 2006.- The Missing Link between Self-Determination and Democracy: The Case of East Timor 3 February 2010 15:17 UTC www.law.northwestern.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ East Timor presidential candidate Jose Ramos-Horta has secured a huge lead over his rival, according to an election commission official.
^ Current Prime Minister Dr. José Ramos-Horta was elected the nation’s second president with just over 69% of the vote.
.^ The inauguration shall take place on the last day of the term of office of the outgoing President or, in case of election due to vacancy, on the eighth day following the publication of the electoral results.- Constitution of East Timor (English) 19 January 2010 9:54 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Ramos-Horta, vice president of the National Council of Timorese Resistance (CNRT), said East Timorese are welcome to return "including those who collaborated with Indonesia...
^ Where no candidate gets more than half of the votes, a second round shall take place on the 30 th day following the first voting.- Constitution of East Timor (English) 19 January 2010 9:54 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]
[27] .^ Ramos-Horta, vice president of the National Council of Timorese Resistance (CNRT), said East Timorese are welcome to return "including those who collaborated with Indonesia...
^ But virtually all of the UN troops on the critical western border are the same Australian and New Zealand soldiers who were stationed there as part of the Interfet force.
^ Mike ----- FRENTE REVOLUCIONÁRIA DO TIMOR-LESTE INDEPENDENTE FRETILIN Media release 11 May 2007 Message from Lu Olo in respect of the 2007 Presidential Elections in Timor-Leste (Translation from Tetum to English) I would like to congratulate Jose Ramos Horta on winning the election to become President of the Republic of Timor-Leste.
Prime Minister Gusmão also faced gunfire separately but escaped unharmed.
.^ With the collapse of the Suharto government , and widespread efforts at political reform, the opportunity was ripe for self-determinism efforts in East Timor.
^ Ms Perry highlighted the role that Australian local governments and communities have played in supporting East Timorese communities.
^ From its beginning, UNTAET found a fundamental tension between its two mandates—administrating East Timor and preparing it for self-government.- The Missing Link between Self-Determination and Democracy: The Case of East Timor 3 February 2010 15:17 UTC www.law.northwestern.edu [Source type: Original source]
[28]
Politics
Government Palace in Dili.
.^ To elect five members for the Council of State; .- Constitution of East Timor (English) 19 January 2010 9:54 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Ramos-Horta has spent the last 24 years tirelessly battling to secure a safe and secure future for the people of East Timor, and pledges to continue his mission if elected to the office of President.
^ We certainly look forward to the date when the people of East Timor finally will be called upon without coercion, without threat, without violence to vote on their future.
.^ But the role of president is largely ceremonial, leaving Ramos-Horta with few powers to implement the substantial changes that he says East Timor desperately needs, said Timor expert Damien Kingsbury.
^ "He basically has two roles, one is a symbolic head of state and the other is that he has power of veto over legislation passed in parliament," said Kingsbury from Australia's Deakin University.
.^ East Timors independence leaders, most of whom had been educated in Portugal, are trying to remold the countrys identity after over two decades of brutal occupation by Indonesia.
^ The two East Timorese leaders brought the same message to the Philippines, where they met President Joseph Estrada on Saturday.
^ The presidential election in East Timor was the first since the country won independence in 2002 following a bloody separation from neighbouring Indonesia.
.^ The new president Gus Dur has appointed six military officers to his cabinet of thirty five ministers.
^ Current Prime Minister Dr. José Ramos-Horta was elected the nation’s second president with just over 69% of the vote.
^ The Council of Ministers shall be convened and chaired by the Prime Minister.- Constitution of East Timor (English) 19 January 2010 9:54 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]
.^ Members of the National Parliament shall have a term of office of five years.- Constitution of East Timor (English) 19 January 2010 9:54 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]
^ To elect five members for the Council of State; .- Constitution of East Timor (English) 19 January 2010 9:54 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]
^ One elected by the National Parliament; .- Constitution of East Timor (English) 19 January 2010 9:54 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]
.^ For this he was rewarded by being appointed Bupati of the Bobonaro district for two terms.
.^ While Bupati he took over many landholdings vacated by East Timorese who fled to Australia and Portugal and is now an important landowner.
.^ Second, the leaders relied on their personalities, rather than institution-building, to solve the problems their country faced.- The Missing Link between Self-Determination and Democracy: The Case of East Timor 3 February 2010 15:17 UTC www.law.northwestern.edu [Source type: Original source]
Government departments
Districts, subdistricts, and sucos
Map of the districts of East Timor.
East Timor is divided into thirteen administrative districts:
.^ The material already delivered or currently on its way to the polling centres and stations will therefore enable up to 524,073 registered voters to choose Timor Leste’s new President, across 13 districts, 65 sub-districts and 442 sucos (towns/villages).
[29]
Geography
Map of East Timor shows cities and main roads.
.^ Furthermore, the East Timor experience, as well shall see, has forced a serious reappraisal of Australia's defence policies and her engagement in Southeast Asia.
^ They were taken either to Indonesian West Timor or off Timor island to other parts of Indonesia.
^ Indonesian government sources also reported that 20,000 displaced are on the East Timor side of the border, attempting to flee to the Western part of the island.
.^ They claim East Timor to be an Indonesian province.
^ Timor island is divided between U.N.-administered East Timor and Indonesian-held West Timor.
^ KUPANG - People in West Timor (East Nusa Tenggara) are urging the Indonesian government to invite Australia to review the Timor Gap treaty in Jakarta in March, an informal leader said here Monday.
.^ With the exception of those hiding in the mountains, a large tract of land in East Timor, west of Dili, has also been cleared of people.
^ The East Timorese who lived in Oecussi (the East Timorese enclave in West Timor): UNHCR estimates that over 40,000 people were forced by violence into the mountains around Oecussi.
^ "These incursions are part of a wider strategy by the highest level in the Indonesian military to destabilise East Timor," he said.
The local climate is tropical and generally hot and humid, characterised by distinct rainy and dry seasons.
.^ Its towns and cities, including the capital, Dili, were in ruins.
^ It was in this sinister atmosphere that a small team of human-rights workers sneaked into a one-storey building off Dili's main port road.
^ The international force in East Timor (INTERFET) had begun to move to Baucau, the second largest town.
The easternmost area of Timor-Leste consists of the Paitchau Range and Iralalaro area.
.^ Nairn was one of the last journalists to remain in East Timor when the Indonesian military and its militias began to sack the territory after the August 30 plebiscite.
^ The presidential election in East Timor was the first since the country won independence in 2002 following a bloody separation from neighbouring Indonesia.
^ This will ensure that it will be ‘all-systems-go’ by 7am on May 9, when the second act in Timor Leste’s first national elections since independence gets underway.
It hosts a number of unique plant and animal species and is sparsely populated.
[31] The northern coast is characterised by a number of
coral reef systems that have been determined to be at risk.
[32]Economy
Prior to and during colonization, Timor was best known for its
sandalwood.
.^ East Timor had an estimated population of 829,000 people.
^ [Q] What about the social tension in East Timor?
^ About 260,000 people were either deported to West Timor or fled there to escape the militia violence in East Timor which erupted after the announcement, on Sept.
.^ The Indonesian military, police and military-backed militia continue to flaunt their disregard for the United Nations.
^ "The confiscated weapons were handed over to U.N. peacekeeping personnel and four other individuals were detained for questioning by civpol (civilian police)," he said.
^ East Timorese returned back to Dili by land in two convoys organized by UNHCR - United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees - and IOM - International Organization for Migration .
.^ V. SECURITY PROBLEMS FOR REFUGEES NOT IN CAMPS As many as 50,000 East Timorese refugees in Indonesia are not in camps of any sort, either by their own choice or by force of circumstances.
^ But for this to happen, all those in refugee camps in West Timor and elsewhere who want to return to East Timor must be allowed to do so.
^ Mr Soren Jessen-Petersen, Assistant High Commissioner for UNHCR, said on Monday that 50,000 or more refugees would probably like to return home "if they had a free choice".
.^ Much has altered since 1989, but one thing has notthe central pillar of Australian policy has remained the siphoning off of the lion's share of the resources under the sea between Timor and Australia.
^ Furthermore, the East Timor experience, as well shall see, has forced a serious reappraisal of Australia's defence policies and her engagement in Southeast Asia.
^ The two leaders said the need of foreign investments in East Timor is one of the country's development priorities, but also stressed the types of investments that come with technology transfers and human resource development.
.^ The signatory for East Timor was the UN Administrator, who currently holds complete power over the former Portuguese colony.
.^ December 1989-February 1991 Timor Gap Treaty between Australia and Indonesia established (establishes boundary of sea resource usage, i.e.
^ According to Ferdi, Indonesia was then pressured by Australia to sign the Timor Gap treaty.
^ The reversal of Australian and Indonesian policies in relation to East Timor , however, has opened up another area whether tensions can arise between the two countries.
Woodside Petroleum and
ConocoPhillips began development of some resources in the Timor Gap on behalf of the two governments in 1992.
.^ East Timors independence leaders, most of whom had been educated in Portugal, are trying to remold the countrys identity after over two decades of brutal occupation by Indonesia.
^ Ferdi said the government and legislative assembly of West Timor (East Nusa Tenggara) would continue to demand a review on the ratification of the existing Timor Gap treaty which, he said, was mostly in Australia's favour.
^ There shall be no death penalty in the Democratic Republic of East Timor.- Constitution of East Timor (English) 19 January 2010 9:54 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]
.^ International Federation for East Timor Observer Project (IFET-OP) Media Statement Contact details: Charlie Scheiner info@easttimor.com or tel 61-8-898 55529 Darwin, Australia.
^ The scant mention of the treaties was in stark contrast to 1989 when members of Hawke's cabinet signed the Timor Gap Treaty with their Indonesian counterparts in a champagne ceremony on board a VIP jet flying above the Timor Sea.
^ Australia Hands East Timor Peace Mission to Portugal , Australian Broadcasting Corporation ~ February 15, 2000 .
[35] .^ Much has altered since 1989, but one thing has notthe central pillar of Australian policy has remained the siphoning off of the lion's share of the resources under the sea between Timor and Australia.
^ The first five international customs experts arrived yesterday from New Zealand to Dili to serve on the new service and to train future Timorese customs and immigration officers.
^ The presidential election in East Timor was the first since the country won independence in 2002 following a bloody separation from neighbouring Indonesia.
Its exploitation was the subject of separate agreements in 2003 and 2005. Only 20% of the field lies within the JPDA and the rest in waters not subject to the treaty (though claimed by both countries).
.^ The East Timor Human Rights Centre is the only organisation outside East Timor established to protect and promote the human rights of the East Timorese people.
^ Australia Hands East Timor Peace Mission to Portugal , Australian Broadcasting Corporation ~ February 15, 2000 .
^ This is important not only for the future of East Timor, but to ensure that such crimes are not repeated by anyone anywhere.
[36]
.^ The Democratic Republic of East Timor shall maintain special ties of friendship and co-operation with its neighbouring countries and the countries of the region.- Constitution of East Timor (English) 19 January 2010 9:54 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]
^ The issue of which language East Timor will use has become the most explosive national question since the decision in January that the US dollar would become the official currency.
^ Much has altered since 1989, but one thing has notthe central pillar of Australian policy has remained the siphoning off of the lion's share of the resources under the sea between Timor and Australia.
.^ The Supreme Court of Justice and other courts of law; .- Constitution of East Timor (English) 19 January 2010 9:54 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]
^ "This should preferably be done with the consent of the government (Indonesia), but such consent should not be a prerequisite.
^ This has led to disputes before the International Court of Justice) .
[38] .^ Under intense pressure from the East Timorese, UNTAET gradually switched gears to focus more on preparation for East Timorese self-government.- The Missing Link between Self-Determination and Democracy: The Case of East Timor 3 February 2010 15:17 UTC www.law.northwestern.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ "The U.S. State Department has urged the Indonesian government 'to bring the pro-integration militia groups under control,' but stronger pressure is really needed," said Miller.
^ Because the scramble for oil and gas undermines the government's claims to have sent thousands of troops to East Timor last September for purely humanitarian purposes.
[39] .^ East Timor became an independent country on May 20, 2002.- The Missing Link between Self-Determination and Democracy: The Case of East Timor 3 February 2010 15:17 UTC www.law.northwestern.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ [Q] What about the social tension in East Timor?
^ East Timor is done in US dollars."
.^ War and violence continue in East Timor.
^ The publication also claims that East Timors Aug.
^ The East Timor Human Rights Centre is the only organisation outside East Timor established to protect and promote the human rights of the East Timorese people.
[41]
Subdistricts suffering from hunger in November 2007
.^ Railos was dismissed from the Timor-Leste army (F-FDTL) in 2004 for misappropriation of funds, and was recommended for prosecution by the United Nations Independent Special Commission of Inquiry in October 2006 in connection with the shooting deaths of several people in May 2006.
.^ Just because some families have a supply of rice, the CNRT, international NGOs, and UN agencies assume that everybody has a sufficient supply of food.
[42]
.^ A day later, suspected militia members opened fire at U.N. troops on the border between West and East Timor.
^ Sergio Vieira de Mello made an open invitation to those officials to visit East Timor.
^ Trade between two countries reaches $A3 billion (Indonesia 10th larges export market for Australia) .
[citation needed]
.^ However there is no law...
^ There were no reports during the year that this law had been applied to prevent academic research or to punish researchers.- East Timor 19 January 2010 9:54 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ There were unconfirmed reports that children as young as 10 were being used to smuggle goods across the border between Indonesia and East Timor.- East Timor 19 January 2010 9:54 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[43]
Demographics
.^ [Q] What about the social tension in East Timor?
^ East Timor had an estimated population of 829,000 people.
^ Marzuki to Meet UN Officials about East Timor Tribunal , Jakarta Post ~ January 20, 2000 .
.^ East Timorese returned back to Dili by land in two convoys organized by UNHCR - United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees - and IOM - International Organization for Migration .
^ The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and the Indonesian government estimate that 60-80% of the refugees in the camps wish to return to East Timor.
^ I met many East Timorese who had recently returned home from refugee camps in the interior of East Timor or in West Timor.
[citation needed] The population is especially concentrated in the area around Dili.
.^ But some of those returning are former militia members, a situation which brings NGOs into direct conflict with CNRT, the pro-independence East Timorese political party that forms the only local administration.
^ Evidence has emerged that Timorese militias, imported Javanese militias, and evacuating Timorese men forced to turn militias, have been co-opted into a force which is now spreading out into the hills.
^ Although the Habibie Government denies it, the military, turns Timorese camp followers into militias.
They consist of a number of distinct ethnic groups, most of whom are of mixed
Malayo-Polynesian and Melanesian/
Papuan descent.
.^ Those who had been taken to the concentration camps in West Timor and islands north of East Timor were living in very poor conditions, he continued.
^ The Indonesian government and UNHCR say there may be 170,000 East Timorese refugees still in western Timor, and tens of thousands may be there against their will.
^ At this time, Mahidi has about 1,000 members and 37 automatic weapons obtained from ABRI. This group operates in the area of Ainaro and Suai.
.^ On August 30, over 98% of some 450,000 registered voters cast their ballots in East Timor's referendum.
^ UNHCR, according to del Mundo, expects that of the reported over 100,000 people in West Timor about 50,000 want to go back to East Timor.
^ The Soeharto landholdings stretch from the western border to the eastern tip of East Timor and include 50,000 hectares of timber plantations allocated to Bob Hasan, one of the Soeharto family's business operators, and tens of thousands of hectares of sugarcane plantations on the southern coast controlled by Soeharto's children.
.^ We were told that there were four sheets like this in the vicinity where facilities for the local inhabitants have had to cater for an additional one hundred people for more than a month.
^ Both my parents are originally from Manutasi, and just like the majority of East Timorese, they are peasants and they live quite poorly.
^ I know that the East Timorese people will suffer another bloodbath, but I also know that we have no other alternative because it is our homeland and the right to it is ours.
.^ We now have Ramos Horta on the line from Dili.
^ Army trucks and vehicles brought over from West Timor were used to transport East Timorese to Indonesian West Timor.
^ Ramos-Horta has spent the last 24 years tirelessly battling to secure a safe and secure future for the people of East Timor, and pledges to continue his mission if elected to the office of President.
Mário Viegas Carrascalão, Indonesia's appointed governor between 1987 and 1992, is also a
mestiço.
.^ The issue of which language East Timor will use has become the most explosive national question since the decision in January that the US dollar would become the official currency.
^ East Timors independence leaders, most of whom had been educated in Portugal, are trying to remold the countrys identity after over two decades of brutal occupation by Indonesia.
^ The international community finally did intervene in this most recent chapter of East Timors history.
.^ Ramos-Horta, vice president of the National Council of Timorese Resistance (CNRT), said East Timorese are welcome to return "including those who collaborated with Indonesia...
^ The Indonesian minister told the paper East Timorese were streaming back to refugee camps in Indonesia because of uncertainties at home, including food shortages.
^ This is dissuading many East Timorese from returning. Until this issue can be comprehensively addressed the refugee crisis will persist.
Religion
.^ Its immediate aim was to retain East Timor as part of Indonesia.
^ West Timor or transmigrated elsewhere in Indonesia."
^ One major unresolved problem relates to the return of refugees from West Timor and other parts of Indonesia.
.^ More than 90 percent of the population was Roman Catholic, and there were small Protestant and Muslim minorities.- East Timor 19 January 2010 9:54 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Mari Alkatiri became the first prime minister of the country.- East Timor 19 January 2010 9:54 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Their governance was mandated to indifference within diplomacy and a "right to rule" mentality under the deceptive totalitarianism of disgraced former Prime Minister Mari Alkatiri, who continues to kingpin the Fretilin party.
^ More than 90 percent of the population was Roman Catholic, and there were small Protestant and Muslim minorities.- East Timor 19 January 2010 9:54 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Smaller
Hindu (0.5%),
Buddhist (0.1%) and traditional animist minorities make up the remainder.
[45][46][47] .^ Refugee camps must be under international supervision, and all Indonesian militia, military and police presence in these camps must end.
^ "The U.S. State Department has urged the Indonesian government 'to bring the pro-integration militia groups under control,' but stronger pressure is really needed," said Miller.
^ The Indonesian Army (TNI): Indonesia has been a militarized state since Suharto took power in a military coup in 1965.
.^ Nobel Peace Prize co-Laureate .
^ He has long played strongly on his status, along with former Dili Bishop Carlos Ximines Belo, as a Nobel Peace Prize laureate for the part he played in East Timor's arduous road to independence.
^ Bishop Belo was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1996 for being an unflinching defender of his martyred people.
[48] .^ It is clear that the East Timorese people live in a state in which they fear for their lives."
^ The East Timor Human Rights Centre is the only organisation outside East Timor established to protect and promote the human rights of the East Timorese people.
^ This week's action by the Indonesian MPR actualizes, at long last, what the Security Council called for so long ago in Resolution 384(1975): respect by all States of the inalienable right of the East Timorese people to self- determination.
Languages
.^ They have even offered to send staff to conduct trauma counselling for children, ignoring the fact that almost none of the traumatised children in East Timor can communicate in Portuguese.
^ The issue of which language East Timor will use has become the most explosive national question since the decision in January that the US dollar would become the official currency.
^ Recent information tells us of the theft of roofing iron from buildings throughout East Timor, and of the felling of a teak forest in Oecusse.
[49] .^ Indonesias policy of moving populations from one part of the country to the other has long been used as a way to subdue ethnic groups.
^ The UN regulations, many of which are in force, were available in English, Portuguese, and Indonesian, as well as in Tetum, the language most widely spoken in the country.- East Timor 19 January 2010 9:54 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The distribution of Portuguese text-books to primary schools in Dili has upset teachers, most of whom do not understand Portuguese to any useful degree.
.^ We certainly look forward to the date when the people of East Timor finally will be called upon without coercion, without threat, without violence to vote on their future.
^ The international community should press for this international tribunal to be set up, with or without the consent of the Indonesian government.
^ The UN regulations, many of which are in force, were available in English, Portuguese, and Indonesian, as well as in Tetum, the language most widely spoken in the country.- East Timor 19 January 2010 9:54 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Another fifteen indigenous languages are spoken: Bekais, Bunak,
Dawan,
Fataluku, Galoli, Habun, Idalaka,
Kawaimina, Kemak, Lovaia,
Makalero,
Makasai,
Mambai,
Tokodede, and
Wetarese.
.^ Many Renetil activists played an important role during their years of study at Indonesian universities, promoting the issue of East Timor to the outside world.
^ Because I survived the massacre and denounced the crime to the outside world, the TNI/ABRI and the Suharto government banned me as "threat to national security."
^ Because I survived the massacre and denounced the crime the outside world, the TNI/ABRI and the Suharto government banned me as a "threat to national security."
. The language, along with Tetum, gained importance as a symbol of resistance and freedom and was adopted as one of the two official languages for this reason, and as a link to nations in other parts of the world.
^ (Official languages and national languages) .- Constitution of East Timor (English) 19 January 2010 9:54 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Official languages and national languages .- Constitution of East Timor (English) 19 January 2010 9:54 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Tetum and the other national languages shall be valued and developed by the State.- Constitution of East Timor (English) 19 January 2010 9:54 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]
.^ Officially, Australian policy has shifted from being the West's most ardent defender of the Indonesian regime and its annexation of East Timor, to championing the right of the Timorese people to self-determination.
^ Lopez and other East Timorese living in the former Indonesian province now scramble for food, shelter and jobs.
^ The decision to adopt Portuguese as the official language hasnt helped to bridge the gap; this is not the language of the younger generation of East Timorese who speak Indonesian fluently but mostly struggle with Portuguese.
.^ Antara reports an Indonesian official said more than 50,000 of nearly 110,000 East Timorese refugees in Indonesian West Timor want to become Indonesian citizens.
^ The UN estimates that more than 80% of Timorese under the age of 25 speak Bahasa.
^ Men have been forcibly recruited into the militias, and observers report the use of rape as a means of control of the refugee population.
.^ Members of the National Parliament shall have a term of office of five years.- Constitution of East Timor (English) 19 January 2010 9:54 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]
^ No member of the Government may be detained or imprisoned without the permission of the National Parliament, except for a felonious crime punishable with a maximum sentence of imprisonment for more than two years and in flagrante delicto .- Constitution of East Timor (English) 19 January 2010 9:54 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]
^ More than 524,000 people were eligible to vote in Wednesday's election in a nation of one million.
. Along with other local languages, Tetum remains the most common means of communication between ordinary Timorese, while Indonesian is still widely used in the media and school from high school to university.
^ Army trucks and vehicles brought over from West Timor were used to transport East Timorese to Indonesian West Timor.
^ The issue of which language East Timor will use has become the most explosive national question since the decision in January that the US dollar would become the official currency.
^ Presently, Indonesian cadets are still being trained at Norwich University, in Northfield, Vermont.
.^ Many Timorese, especially the younger generation which has grown up learning Bahasa Indonesian at school and absorbing the Indonesian idea of history, do not fully accept the Portuguese or their president.
^ However, Bahasa is not politically acceptable to many of the Timorese who spent 24 years resisting the Indonesians, despite attempts to relabel the language Bahasa Malaiu, or Malay.
^ Although many words of Tetum, the main language of East Timor, are descended from Portuguese, less than 10% of Timorese speak Portuguese with confidence.
.^ Army trucks and vehicles brought over from West Timor were used to transport East Timorese to Indonesian West Timor.
^ The number of East Timorese in Flores, West Papua, Sulawesi and other Indonesian islands is unknown, but given the lack of international awareness, the conditions of refugees thus displaced are potentially worse than those in West Timor.
^ The Indonesian government and UNHCR say there may be 170,000 East Timorese refugees still in western Timor, and tens of thousands may be there against their will.
.^ They have even offered to send staff to conduct trauma counselling for children, ignoring the fact that almost none of the traumatised children in East Timor can communicate in Portuguese.
^ The issue of which language East Timor will use has become the most explosive national question since the decision in January that the US dollar would become the official currency.
^ Some want East Timor to observe this July's meeting of ASEAN ministers and eventually become a member of South-east Asia's main diplomatic grouping of 10 countries.
.^ The statement was misinterpreted as a call to arms by the media, although no one in the US State Department, who I am regularly in touch with, misinterpreted Xanana's statement.
^ "Almost 95 percent of Timorese including the professional class speak in Tetun and Bahasa Indonesia, and it will only make sense if one of these languages be made the official language," said Araujo.
^ Tetum and Portuguese shall be the official languages in the Democratic Republic of East Timor.- Constitution of East Timor (English) 19 January 2010 9:54 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]
Culture
.^ In its cultural and humane perspective, the Catholic Church in East Timor has always been able to take on the suffering of all the People with dignity, placing itself on their side in the defence of their most fundamental rights .- Constitution of East Timor (English) 19 January 2010 9:54 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Tetum and Portuguese shall be the official languages in the Democratic Republic of East Timor.- Constitution of East Timor (English) 19 January 2010 9:54 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]
^ But it was unclear whether he could resolve East Timor's many domestic problems, including restoring security, she said.
.^ A new political map is already beginning to emerge, reflecting the transformation of East Timor into a pluralist society.
^ Indeed, after focusing on and achieving self-determination, East Timor is faced with the tough task of transforming a war-torn, poor island into a growing economy.
.^ The aim was to promote East Timorese culture and promote gender equity, and women would play a role in the entire process.
^ Without the influence and solidarity efforts of American Catholics, it is unlikely that Indonesian troops would have withdrawn from East Timor at all.
^ The attitude of the local Flores people towards the East Timorese has become more sympathetic since the killings of the Catholic priests and nuns.
There is a strong tradition of poetry.
.^ But if Xanana is elected prime minister then there shouldn't be any conflict," said Cason, an East Timor analyst based in the capital Dili.
As for architecture, some Portuguese-style buildings can be found, along with the traditional totem houses of the eastern region. These are known as
uma lulik (sacred houses) in Tetum, and
lee teinu (houses with legs) in Fataluku. Craftsmanship is also widespread, as is the weaving of traditional scarves or
tais.
Education
About half the adult population are illiterate.
[52] Illiteracy is higher among women.
[53] Illiteracy was at 90 % at the end of Portuguese rule
[citation needed].
.^ "We have 11 teachers," commented Mario Soares, the head-master of Primary School 10 in Dili, who had been given the books.
^ They are small problems which start - in this particular case in the Pite [phonetic] neighbourhood yesterday - with a scene of violence between children, primary school or secondary school age.
.^ The Democratic Republic of East Timor shall maintain special ties of friendship and co-operation with its neighbouring countries and the countries of the region.- Constitution of East Timor (English) 19 January 2010 9:54 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]
^ The issue of which language East Timor will use has become the most explosive national question since the decision in January that the US dollar would become the official currency.
^ East Timors independence leaders, most of whom had been educated in Portugal, are trying to remold the countrys identity after over two decades of brutal occupation by Indonesia.
.^ Since then the Indonesian army has played a key role in all areas of government.
^ Many Renetil activists played an important role during their years of study at Indonesian universities, promoting the issue of East Timor to the outside world.
^ In the difficult days of the Indonesian occupation, the Catholic Church played a critically important role in protecting and organising the people but now, things have changed.
Health
Life expectancy at birth was at 60.7 in 2007.
[55] The Fertility rate is at six births per woman.
.^ For many years, tuberculosis and malaria have been major killers in East Timor.
^ East Timor is done in US dollars."
^ Ramos-Horta has spent the last 24 years tirelessly battling to secure a safe and secure future for the people of East Timor, and pledges to continue his mission if elected to the office of President.
[59]Sports
.^ (The Indonesian military has been spreading a rumor that people in East Timor are subject to attack, rape, and torture at the hands of the international peacekeeping force there.
^ The international community finally did intervene in this most recent chapter of East Timors history.
^ Admiral Blair reminded Wiranto that fairly or unfairly the international community looks at East Timor as a barometer of progress for Indonesian reform.
.^ In a well-coordinated manner, the Indonesian military and its militias forced hundreds of thousands of East Timorese at gun-point to board trucks, boats, and even airplanes.
^ A correspondent then asked about recognition of the claims of companies and families controlling East Timorese resources.
^ We urge you to give the CNRT and other East Timorese leaders full participation in the transitional administration, not just as advisors but in decision-making and leadership roles.
.^ The people of East Timor had voted for independence under the flag of CNRT. The CNRT had earned the right to participate actively in the transition.
.^ We are speaking for the International Federation for East Timor Observer Project, which brought more than 120 volunteer observers to East Timor from all over the world to observe the U.N. popular consultation process.
^ At the end of the media course, the participants announced the establishment of a Timor Loro Sae Journalists Association, with mainstream and activist journalists joining forces in the new association.
^ Testimony of the International Federation for East Timor to the United Nations Commission on Human Rights September 24, 1999 .
.^ International Federation for East Timor Observer Project (IFET-OP) Media Statement Contact details: Charlie Scheiner info@easttimor.com or tel 61-8-898 55529 Darwin, Australia.
^ A Grassroots International Report ~ Refugees: The Other Side of the Crisis in East Timor by Martha Thompson .
^ (The Indonesian military has been spreading a rumor that people in East Timor are subject to attack, rape, and torture at the hands of the international peacekeeping force there.
.^ We are speaking for the International Federation for East Timor Observer Project, which brought more than 120 volunteer observers to East Timor from all over the world to observe the U.N. popular consultation process.
^ Testimony of the International Federation for East Timor to the United Nations Commission on Human Rights September 24, 1999 .
^ Report from International Federation for East Timor Observer Project (IFET-OP) East Timor field office, 3:30 am Monday September 6 .
.^ International Federation for East Timor Observer Project (IFET-OP) Media Statement Contact details: Charlie Scheiner info@easttimor.com or tel 61-8-898 55529 Darwin, Australia.
^ (The Indonesian military has been spreading a rumor that people in East Timor are subject to attack, rape, and torture at the hands of the international peacekeeping force there.
^ The international community finally did intervene in this most recent chapter of East Timors history.
.^ Source: East Timor National Electoral Commission 18 April 2007 .
^ The national symbols of the Democratic Republic of East Timor shall be the flag, the emblem and the national anthem.- Constitution of East Timor (English) 19 January 2010 9:54 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]
^ East Timor held a peaceful presidential election on Wednesday, with voter turnout high in this impoverished nation of one million people.
.^ Since much of East Timor is now under seige by the Indonesian army and militias, the location of this event will not be announced until shortly beforehand.
^ Those who had been taken to the concentration camps in West Timor and islands north of East Timor were living in very poor conditions, he continued.
^ Further promote the return of East Timorese refugees who were forcibly taken to West Timor and other parts of Indonesia and are still exposed to grave human rights violations.
.^ Army trucks and vehicles brought over from West Timor were used to transport East Timorese to Indonesian West Timor.
^ No one knows exactly how many of the refugees being held in the camps in West Timor would choose repatriation or relocation.
^ The number of East Timorese in Flores, West Papua, Sulawesi and other Indonesian islands is unknown, but given the lack of international awareness, the conditions of refugees thus displaced are potentially worse than those in West Timor.
In the
Athens 2004 Olympic Games, six athletes participated in three sports: athletics, weightlifting and boxing).
.^ The presidential election in East Timor was the first since the country won independence in 2002 following a bloody separation from neighbouring Indonesia.
^ IFET called "the massive bloodshed and displacement inflicted on the people of East Timor over the last three weeks ...
^ His group's arsenal includes three M-16s and 16 World War II-vintage G-3 rifles left when the Portuguese fled East Timor.
.^ They have even offered to send staff to conduct trauma counselling for children, ignoring the fact that almost none of the traumatised children in East Timor can communicate in Portuguese.
^ The issue of which language East Timor will use has become the most explosive national question since the decision in January that the US dollar would become the official currency.
^ "What role would women play in the government being formed in East Timor?", a correspondent asked.
.^ (The Indonesian military has been spreading a rumor that people in East Timor are subject to attack, rape, and torture at the hands of the international peacekeeping force there.
^ The international community finally did intervene in this most recent chapter of East Timors history.
^ Admiral Blair reminded Wiranto that fairly or unfairly the international community looks at East Timor as a barometer of progress for Indonesian reform.
[60]
Public holidays
.^ The publication also claims that East Timors Aug.
^ It is now estimated that there are 120,000 people hiding in the hills of East Timor.
^ Since much of East Timor is now under seige by the Indonesian army and militias, the location of this event will not be announced until shortly beforehand.
.PDF (16.7 KiB).
In addition, the
law defines "official commemorative dates" which are not considered holidays but could be subject to time off from work:
See also
Lists
Notes and references
- ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/country_profiles/1508119.stm
- ^ Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division (2009) (.PDF). World Population Prospects, Table A.1. 2008 revision. United Nations. http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wpp2008/wpp2008_text_tables.pdf. Retrieved 2009-03-12.
- ^ a b c d "East Timor". International Monetary Fund. http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2009/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2006&ey=2009&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=537&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a=&pr.x=29&pr.y=0. Retrieved 2009-10-01.
- ^ "Human Development Report 2009. Human development index trends: Table G". The United Nations. http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2009_EN_Complete.pdf. Retrieved 2009-10-05.
- ^ mne.gov.tl
- ^ World Bank Country Groups, 2007
- ^ United Nations Member States
- ^ USA Department of State: Timor Leste Country Page
- ^ European Union deploys Election Observation Mission to Timor Leste
- ^ "Brief History of Timor-Leste". Official Web Gateway to the Government of Timor-Leste. Government of the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste. 2006. http://www.timor-leste.gov.tl/AboutTimorleste/history.htm. ; A. Barbedo de Magalhães (24 October 1994). "Population Settlements in East Timor and Indonesia". University of Coimbra website. University of Coimbra. http://www.uc.pt/timor/CURSO1A.HTM.
- ^ CIA - The World Factbook - Timor-Leste
- ^ http://www.lusotopie.sciencespobordeaux.fr/carneiroSousa.rtf
- ^ a b Schwarz, A. (1994). A Nation in Waiting: Indonesia in the 1990s. Westview Press. pp. page 198. ISBN 1-86373-635-2.
- ^ http://www.awm.gov.au/cms_images/histories/20/chapters/21.pdf
- ^ Department of Defence (Australia), 2002, "A Short History of East Timor" Access date: January 3, 2007.
- ^ Two days before the invasion of Dili, U.S. President Gerald Ford and Secretary of State Henry Kissinger met President Suharto in Jakarta where Ford said "We will understand and will not press you on the issue. We understand the problem and the intentions you have." Kissinger added: "It is important that whatever you do succeeds quickly [because] the use of US-made arms could create problems." (William Burr and Michael L. Evans (eds.),"East Timor Revisited", National Security Archive, December 6, 2001) Jimmy Carter, during his first year in office, authorized 112 million dollars worth of military arms to Indonesia.(Shelton)
- ^ Fernandes, Clinton (2004) Reluctant Saviour: Australia, Indonesia and East Timor
- ^ Nunes, Joe (1996). "East Timor: Acceptable Slaughters". The architecture of modern political power. http://www.mega.nu/ampp/nunestimor.html. ; Amnesty International estimated deaths at 200,000 (""POWER AND IMPUNITY" Human rights under the new order". Amnesty International. September 1994. Archived from the original on 2006-10-14. http://web.archive.org/web/20061014150002/http://www.amnesty.org/ailib/intcam/indopub/indoint.htm. ); Ben Kiernan has written in War, Genocide, and Resistance in East Timor, 1975–99: Comparative Reflections on Cambodia that "the crimes committed... in East Timor, with a toll of 150,000 in a population of 650,000, clearly meet a range of sociological definitions of genocide used by most scholars of the phenomenon, who see both political and ethnic groups as possible victims of genocide." From the beginning of the invasion in 1975, the widespread amount of killing that occurred was staggering, with hundreds being executed on docks in Dili and being thrown into the sea (Charny,Israel W. Encyclopedia of Genocide Volume I. Denver: Abc Clio), as many as 60,000 being slaughtered within the first few months of the invasion. From 1975 until 1993, attacks on civilian populations were only nominally reported in the Western press. Since each data source used under-reports actual deaths, this is considered a minimum.
- ^ Benetech Human Rights Data Analysis Group (9 February 2006). "The Profile of Human Rights Violations in Timor-Leste, 1974-1999". A Report to the Commission on Reception, Truth and Reconciliation of Timor-Leste. Human Rights Data Analysis Group (HRDAG). http://www.hrdag.org/resources/timor_chapter_graphs/timor_chapter_page_02.shtml.
- ^ Dili, 21 June 2000
- ^ [27 Jun 2000] SC/6882 : SECURITY COUNCIL BRIEFED BY SERGIO VIEIRA DE MELLO, SPECIAL REPRESENTATIVE FOR EAST TIMOR
- ^ http://www.unmit.org/UNMISETWebSite.nsf/TimeLineofUNMISET.htm?OpenPage
- ^ BBC News
- ^ www.iol.co.za;RTE News;The Sydney Morning Herald,RTE News
- ^ Herald Sun
- ^ ABC News Online
- ^ guardian.co.uk
- ^ BBC News
- ^ http://web.archive.org/web/20070604232701/http://www.unmiset.org/legal/RDTL-Law/RDTL-Minist-Orders/Decree-Order-2003-6.pdf
- ^ United Nations
- ^ Norwegian energy and Water Resources Directorate (NVE) (2004), Iralalaro Hydropower Project Environmental Assessment
- ^ ReefGIS - Reefs At Risk - Global 1998
- ^ atns.net.au
- ^ "Radio Australia". Archived from the original on 2007-01-02. http://web.archive.org/web/20070102054153/http://www.radioaustralia.net.au/news/timelines/s1408008_to.htm.
- ^ aph.gov.au
- ^ transparency.gov.tl
- ^ etan.org East Timor and Indonesia Action Network
- ^ austlii.edu.au; http://www.un.org/Depts/los/convention_agreements/convention_declarations.htm#Australia%20after%20ratification United Nations]
- ^ "Downer's spin and the East Timor talks". Archived from the original on 2005-12-01. http://web.archive.org/web/20051201131559/http://www.crikey.com.au/articles/2005/05/09-1204-7954.html.
- ^ canb.auug.org.au
- ^ pm.gov.tp
- ^ Voice of America, 24.06.07, East Timor Facing Food Crisis and Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries of Timor-Leste
- ^ Gazetteer - Patents
- ^ Taylor, Jean Gelman (2003). Indonesia: Peoples and Histories. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. pp. page 378. ISBN 0-300-10518-5.
- ^ Timor-Leste (03/08)
- ^ CIA - The World Factbook - Timor-Leste
- ^ Timor-Leste
- ^ See also Liquiçá Church Massacre.
- ^ Taylor, Jean Gelman (2003). Indonesia: Peoples and Histories. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. pp. page 378. ISBN 0-300-10518-5.
- ^ JSMP ReportPDF (295 KiB)
- ^ Dr. Geoffrey Hull's reply to the article "The article by Alfred Deakin and the reply from Geoffrey Hull deserve comment", by Sean Foley
- ^ http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/countries/data_sheets/cty_ds_TMP.html
- ^ http://content.undp.org/go/newsroom/march-2006/timor-leste-hdr20060309.en?g11n.enc=ISO-8859-1
- ^ http://content.undp.org/go/newsroom/march-2006/timor-leste-hdr20060309.en?g11n.enc=ISO-8859-1
- ^ http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/countries/data_sheets/cty_ds_TMP.html
- ^ http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/countries/data_sheets/cty_ds_TMP.html
- ^ http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/countries/data_sheets/cty_ds_TMP.html
- ^ http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/countries/data_sheets/cty_ds_TMP.html
- ^ http://content.undp.org/go/newsroom/march-2006/timor-leste-hdr20060309.en?g11n.enc=ISO-8859-1
- ^ [1]
Bibliography
- Cashmore, Ellis (1988). Dictionary of Race and Ethnic Relations. New York: Routledge. ASIN B000NPHGX6
- Charny, Israel W. Encyclopedia of Genocide Volume I. Denver: Abc Clio.
- Dunn, James (1996). .^ The East Timor Human Rights Centre is the only organisation outside East Timor established to protect and promote the human rights of the East Timorese people.
^ We certainly look forward to the date when the people of East Timor finally will be called upon without coercion, without threat, without violence to vote on their future.
^ Elements of the Indonesian army should be convinced to stop supporting the militias and allow people to freely return to East Timor.
Sydney: ABC Books.
- Levinson, David. Ethnic Relations. Denver: Abc Clio.
- Rudolph, Joseph R. Encyclopedia of Modern Ethnic Conflicts. Westport: Greenwood P, 2003. 101-106.
- Shelton, Dinah. .^ The ETHRC urges the Australian government and the international community to call on the Indonesian government to arrest Eurico Guterres and other members of the militia for crimes against humanity.
^ Every time their chosen reformist commits crimes against humanity he turns into a bad egg hardliner; then a new reformist is found and the culture of impunity continues.
^ The suspects are tried for ordinary crimes, not for crimes against humanity as defined under international humanitarian law.
Thompson Gale.
- Taylor, John G. (1999). .^ East Timor: Report on violations of press freedom.
^ Promote permanent solutions for these people through their voluntary return to East Timor, local settlement, or relocation elsewhere in Indonesia, based on their freedom of choice; .
Australia: Pluto Press. ISBN 1856498409.
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.^ East Timor, a former Portuguese colony, was seized by Indonesia in 1975.
^ East Timor, a former Portuguese colony, was occupied by Indonesia in 1975.
^ We certainly look forward to the date when the people of East Timor finally will be called upon without coercion, without threat, without violence to vote on their future.
.^ Australia Hands East Timor Peace Mission to Portugal , Australian Broadcasting Corporation ~ February 15, 2000 .
^ East Timors independence leaders, most of whom had been educated in Portugal, are trying to remold the countrys identity after over two decades of brutal occupation by Indonesia.
^ Lisbon - Portugal's peacekeeping mission in East Timor remains shrouded in controversy.
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