From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
- Higashiyama also refers to a ward
of Kyoto City.
Emperor Higashiyama (東山天皇
Higashiyama-tennō) (October 21, 1675 - January 16, 1710)
was the 113th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of
succession.[1] He
ruled from May 6, 1687 to July 27, 1709. His personal name was
Asahito (朝仁) and his pre-accession title was Go-no-miya
(五宮)
Genealogy
Higasiyama was the fifth son of Emperor Reigen; and he himself had at
least ten children.
- Empress: Princess Yukiko (幸子女王) (Empress Dowager Shōshū, 承秋門院),
daughter of Arisugawa-no-miya Yukihito
- First daughter: Imperial Princess Akiko (秋子内親王)
- Lady-in-waiting: Kushige Yoshiko (櫛笥賀子) (Empress Dowager
Shin-syuken, 新崇賢門院)
- First son: Ichi-no-miya (一宮)
- Second son: Ni-no-miya (二宮)
- Fourth son: Hisa-no-miya (寿宮)
- Second daughter: Tomi-no-miya (福宮)
- Fifth son: Imperial Prince Yasuhito (慶仁親王) (Emperor
Nakamikado)
- Sixth son: Imperial Prince Kan'in-no-miya Naohito (閑院宮直仁親王) -
First Kan'in-no-miya
- Lady-in-waiting: Reizei Tsuneko (冷泉経子) (Buddhist priestess)
- Third son: Prince Kōkan (公寛法親王) (Buddhist priest)
- Handmaid (?): Daughter of Takatsuji (Sugawara) Nagakazu
(高辻（菅原）長量)
- Third daughter: Kōmyōjyō'in-no-miya (光明定院宮)
- Fourth daughter: Princess Syōsyuku (聖祝女王)
Events of Higashiyama's
life
In 1687, he acceded to the throne after the abdication of Emperor Reigen.
On the 16th day of the 11th month of that year, he revived the
Daijōsai (大嘗祭), the first ceremonial offering of rice by a newly
enthroned Emperor.
Initially, Emperor Reigen continued to rule in
Higashiyama's name, which caused much friction with the Bakufu.
However, Higashiyama's gentle character helped to improve relations
with the Bakufu, and imperial property was increased, and repairs
were carried out on Imperial mausoleums.
- Jōkyō
3, on the 21st day of the 3rd month (1687): Emperor
Reigen abdicated, which meant that the his son received the
succession (senso). Shortly thereafter, Emperor
Higashiyama formally acceded to the throne (sokui).[2] After
abdication, Reigen's new home will be called the
Sentō-gosho (the palace for an ex-Emperor).[3]
- Jōkyō 4, on the 16th day of the 11th
month (December 20, 1688): The esoteric Daijō-sai
ceremony, having been in abeyane since the time of Emperor Go-Kashiwabara -- for
nine reigns—was revived because of the bakufu's
insistence.[4] This
Shinto ritual is performed only once by emperor in the period of
the enthronement ceremonies.[5]
- Genroku
gannen (1688): The Tokugawa shogunate revised the code
of conduct for funerals (Fuku-kiju-ryō), which
incorporated a code of conduct for mourning as well.[6]
- Genroku 2 (September 16, 1689): German physician Engelbert Kaempfer arrives at Dejima for the first time.
Bakufu policy in this era was designed to marginalize the
influence of foreigners in Genroku Japan; and Kaempfer had
to present himself as "Dutch" in dealings with the Japanese.
Regardless of this minor subterfuge, an unintended and opposite
consequence of sakoku
was to enhance the value and significance of a very small number of
thoughtful observers like Kaempfer, whose writings document what he
learned or discovered first-hand. Kaempfer's published accounts and
unpublished writings provided a unique and useful perspective for
Orientalists and Japanologists in the
19th century; and his work continues to be rigorously examined by
modern researchers today.[7]
- Genroku 8, 8th month (1695): Minting
begun of Genroku coinage. The shogunate placed the
Japanese character gen (元) on the obverse of copper coins,
the same character used today in China for the yuan. There is no connection between those uses,
however.[1]
- Genroku 8, 11th month (1695): First
kennel is established for stray dogs in Edo. In this context, Tokugawa
Tsunayoshi comes to be nicknamed "the Dog Shogun" (いぬくぼう 犬公方,
"Inu-kubō').
- Genroku 10 (1697): The fourth
official map of Japan was made in this year, but it was considered
to be inferior to the previous one—which had been ordered in Shōhō 1 (1605 and
completed in Kan'ei 16 (1639}. This Genroku map
was corrected in Kyōhō 4 (1719) by the mathematician Tatebe
Katahiro (1644-1739), using high mountain peaks as points of
reference, and was drawn to a scale of 1:21,600.[8]
- Genroku 10 (1697): Great fire in
Edo.[1]
Five-storied Pagoda
- Genroku 11 (1697): Another great fire
in Edo. A new hall is constructed inside the enclosure of the Edo
temple of Kan'ei-ji
(which is also known as Tōeizan Kan’ei-ji
or "Hiei-san of the east" after the principal temple of the Tendai Buddhist sect—that is to
say, after the temple of Enryaku-ji at Mount Hiei near to Heian-kyo).[1]
- Genroku 16, on the 28th day of the
11th month (1703): The Great Genroku
Earthquake shook Edo[9] and
parts of the shogun's castle collapsed.[10]
The following day, a vast fire spread throughout the city[1].
Parts of Honshū's coast were battered by tsunami, and 200,000
people were either killed or injured.[10]
- Genroku
13, 1701: when the Akō Incident took place, due to
the bloodshed by Matsuno Ōroku, Emperor Higashiyama came near to
withdrawing the imperial will.
- Hōei
4, on the 14th day of the 10th month (1707): Great
Hōei Earthquake. The city of Osaka suffers tremendously because of
a very violent earthquake.[11]
- Hōei 4, on the 22nd day of the 10th
month (November 15, 1707): An eruption of Mt. Fuji; the cinders and
ash fell like rain in Izu, Kai, Sagami, and Musashi.[12]
- Hōei 5 (1708): The shogunate
introduces new copper coins into circulation; and each coin is
marked with the Hōei nengō name {Hōei Tsubo).[12]
- Hōei 5, on the 8th day of the 3rd
month (1708): There was a great fire in Heian-kyō.[12]
- Hōei 5, 8th month (1708): Italian missionary Giovanni Sidotti
landed in Yakushima,
where he was promptly is arrested.
- Hōei 6, on the 10th day of the 1st
month (1709): The wife of Shogun Tsunayoshi killed him with a
knife, and then she stabbed herself in the heart. Tsunayoshi's
homosexual interests were aroused by the son of the daimyo
of Kai; and his plans to adopt this Tokugawa youth as his successor
were known by a few inside Edo castle. The shogun's wife, who was also
a daughter of the emperor, foresaw that this choice of a successor
would be very poorly received by many; and she feared that it might
result in a disastrous civil war. The shogun's wife did everything
she could to dissuade Tsunayoshi from continuing with such
potentially divisive and dangerous plans; and when it became clear
that her persuasive arguments were in vain, she resolutely
sacrificed herself for the good of the country—she killed her
husband and then killed herself.[12]
- Hōei 6, in the 4th month (1709): Minamoto no
Ienobu, Tsunayoshi's nephew, becomes the 6th shogun of the Edo
bakufu.[12]
and Emperor Nakamikado accedes to the
throne.
- Hōei 6, on the 2nd day of the 7th
month (1709): The Emperor abdicates,[12]
- Hōei 6, on the 17th day of the 12th
month (1709): Higashiyama dies[12].
Higashiyama is among those enshrined in the Imperial mausoleum,
Tsukinowa no misasagi, at Sennyū-ji in Higashiyama-ku, Kyoto. Also
enshrined in this location are this emperor's immediate Imperial
predecessors since Emperor Go-Mizunoo -- Meishō, Go-Kōmyō, Go-Sai and Reigen. Higashiyama's immediate Imperial
successors, including Nakamikado, Sakuramachi, Momozono, Go-Sakuramachi and Go-Momozono, are enshrined here as
well.[13]
Kugyō
Kugyō (公卿) is a collective term for the very few most
powerful men attached to the court of the Emperor of
Japan in pre-Meiji eras. Even during those years in
which the court's actual influence outside the palace walls was
minimal, the hierarchic organization persisted.
In general, this elite group included only three to four men at
a time. These were hereditary courtiers whose experience and
background would have brought them to the pinnacle of a life's
career. During Higashiyama's reign, this apex of the Daijō-kan
included:
Eras of Higashiyama's
reign
The years of Higashiyama's reign are more specifically
identified by more than one era name or
nengō.[1]
Notes
- ^ a
b
c
d
e
f
Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Annales des empereurs du japon,
p. 415.
- ^
Titsingh, p. 415; Varley, H. Paul. (1959). A Chronicle of Gods
and Sovereigns: Jinnō Shōtōki, p. 44; n.b., a distinct act of
senso is unrecognized prior to Emperor Tenji; and all sovereigns except
Jitō, Yōzei,
Go-Toba, and
Fushimi have
senso and sokui in the same year until the reign
of Emperor Go-Murakami.
- ^ Ponsonby-Fane, Richard.
(1956). Kyoto: The Old Capital of Japan, 794-1869, p.
342.
- ^
Ponsonby-Fane, p. 318.
- ^
Bock, Felicia G. (1990). "The Great Feast of the Enthronement,"
Monumenta Nipponica, Vol. 45, No. 1, pp. 27-38.
- ^
Smith, Robert et al. (2004). Japanese Culture: Its
Development And Characteristics, p. 28.
- ^
Screech, T. (2006). Secret Memoirs of the Shoguns: Isaac
Titsingh and Japan, 1779-1822, p. 73.
- ^
Traganeou, Jilly. (2004). The Tokaido Road: Traveling and
Representation in Edo and Meiji Japan, p. 230.
- ^
Japanese Wikipedia: ja:元禄大地震
- ^ a
b
Hammer, Joshua. (2006). Yokohama Burning: The
Deadly 1923 Earthquake and Fire that Helped Forge the Path to World
War II, p. 63.
- ^
Titsingh, p. 415.
- ^ a
b
c
d
e
f
g
Titsingh, p. 416.
- ^
Ponsonby-Fane, Richard. (1959). The Imperial House of
Japan, p. 423.
References
- Hammer, Joshua. (2006). Yokohama Burning: The
Deadly 1923 Earthquake and Fire that Helped Forge the Path to World
War II. New York: Simon & Schuster. 10-ISBN
0-743-26465-7; 13-ISBN 978-0-743-26465-5 (cloth)
- Ponsonby-Fane, Richard Arthur
Brabazon. (1959). The Imperial House of
Japan. Kyoto: Ponsonby Memorial Society. OCLC 194887
- Screech,
Timon. (2006). Secret Memoirs of the Shoguns: Isaac Titsingh
and Japan, 1779-1822. London: RoutledgeCurzon.
ISBN 0-700-71720-X
- Titsingh,
Isaac, ed. (1834). [Siyun-sai Rin-siyo/Hayashi Gahō, 1652], Nipon o daï itsi ran; ou, Annales des empereurs du
Japon. Paris: Oriental Translation Fund of Great
Britain and Ireland.
- Varley, H.
Paul , ed. (1980). [ Kitabatake Chikafusa, 1359],
Jinnō Shōtōki (A Chronicle of Gods and
Sovereigns: Jinnō Shōtōki. New York: Columbia University Press.
ISBN 0-231-04940-4
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