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For other uses, see Ester (disambiguation).
.
A carboxylic acid ester.^ Esters are organic compounds that are formed by esterification - the reaction of carboxylic acid and alcohols.
  • Bodybuilding.com - Creatine Ethyl Ester Information and Product Listing! Creatine Ethyl Ester FAQ! 11 January 2010 12:48 UTC www.bodybuilding.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 R and R' denote any alkyl or aryl group
.Esters are chemical compounds derived by reacting an oxoacid (one containing an oxo group, X=O) with a hydroxyl compound such as an alcohol or phenol.^ Esters are organic compounds that are formed by esterification - the reaction of carboxylic acid and alcohols.
  • Bodybuilding.com - Creatine Ethyl Ester Information and Product Listing! Creatine Ethyl Ester FAQ! 11 January 2010 12:48 UTC www.bodybuilding.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ To one group of mildly vitamin C-deficient ODS rats, they administered Ester-C calcium ascorbate containing metabolites.
  • the absorption and physiological effects of Ester-C mineral ascorbates in comparison to normal vitamin C. 11 January 2010 12:48 UTC www.nutrimart.com [Source type: Academic]

 ^ Many natural compounds are included in Brazilian green propolis, such as caffeoylquinic acid derivatives [ 3,4-di-caffeoylquinic acid ( 3,4-CQA ), 3,5-di-caffeoylquinic acid (3,5-CQA), and chlorogenic acid ( ChA [...
  • caffeic acid phenethyl ester articles, journals and biomedical literature about caffeic acid phenethyl ester from novo|seek, the free biomedical search engine 11 January 2010 12:48 UTC www.novoseek.com [Source type: Academic]

 [1] Esters are usually derived from an inorganic acid or organic acid in which at least one -OH (hydroxyl) group is replaced by an -O-alkyl (alkoxy) group, and most commonly from carboxylic acids and alcohols.
Esters are ubiquitous. .Many naturally occurring fats and oils are the fatty acid esters of glycerol.^ Caffeic acid phenethyl ester ( CAPE ), a natural NF-kappaB inhibitor from honeybee propolis has been shown to have anti-tumor and anti-inflammatory properties.
  • caffeic acid phenethyl ester articles, journals and biomedical literature about caffeic acid phenethyl ester from novo|seek, the free biomedical search engine 11 January 2010 12:48 UTC www.novoseek.com [Source type: Academic]

 ^ Structural constraints and the importance of lipophilicity for the mitochondrial uncoupling activity of naturally occurring caffeic acid esters with potential for the treatment of insulin resistance .
  • caffeic acid phenethyl ester articles, journals and biomedical literature about caffeic acid phenethyl ester from novo|seek, the free biomedical search engine 11 January 2010 12:48 UTC www.novoseek.com [Source type: Academic]

 ^ Ester C is an advanced form of buffered vitamin C with naturally occurring metabolites.
  • Ester C,Vitamin C,Vitamin C Ester,Natrol Ester C,Jason Ester C,Chewable Ester C,Ester C Supplement,Ester C Powder 11 January 2010 12:48 UTC www.ihealthtree.com [Source type: Academic]

 Esters with low molecular weight are commonly used as fragrances and found in essential oils and pheromones. Phosphoesters form the backbone of DNA molecules. Nitrate esters, such as nitroglycerin, are known for their explosive properties, while polyesters are important plastics, with monomers linked by ester moieties.

Contents

Nomenclature

Main article: IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry#Esters
.The names for esters are derived from the names of the parent alcohol and the carboxylic acid.^ Esters are organic compounds that are formed by esterification - the reaction of carboxylic acid and alcohols.
  • Bodybuilding.com - Creatine Ethyl Ester Information and Product Listing! Creatine Ethyl Ester FAQ! 11 January 2010 12:48 UTC www.bodybuilding.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 .For esters derived from the simplest carboxylic acids, the traditional names are used, such as formate, acetate, propionate, and butyrate.^ Many natural compounds are included in Brazilian green propolis, such as caffeoylquinic acid derivatives [ 3,4-di-caffeoylquinic acid ( 3,4-CQA ), 3,5-di-caffeoylquinic acid (3,5-CQA), and chlorogenic acid ( ChA [...
  • caffeic acid phenethyl ester articles, journals and biomedical literature about caffeic acid phenethyl ester from novo|seek, the free biomedical search engine 11 January 2010 12:48 UTC www.novoseek.com [Source type: Academic]

 .For esters from more complex carboxylic acids, the systematic name for the acid is used, followed by the suffix -oate.^ Esters are organic compounds that are formed by esterification - the reaction of carboxylic acid and alcohols.
  • Bodybuilding.com - Creatine Ethyl Ester Information and Product Listing! Creatine Ethyl Ester FAQ! 11 January 2010 12:48 UTC www.bodybuilding.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 For example, hexyl octanoate, also called hexyl caprylate, has the formula CH3(CH2)6CO2(CH2)5CH3.
Ethylethanoate-parts.svg
.The chemical formulas of esters are typically written in the format of RCO2R', where R and R' are the organic parts of the carboxylic acid and alcohol respectively.^ Esters are organic compounds that are formed by esterification - the reaction of carboxylic acid and alcohols.
  • Bodybuilding.com - Creatine Ethyl Ester Information and Product Listing! Creatine Ethyl Ester FAQ! 11 January 2010 12:48 UTC www.bodybuilding.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 For example butyl acetate, derived from butanol and acetic acid would be written CH3CO2C4H9. Alternative presentations are common including BuOAc and CH3COOC4H9.
Cyclic esters are called lactones. One example of many is valerolactone.

Orthoesters

An uncommon class of organic esters are the orthoesters, which have the formula RC(OR')3. Triethylorthoformate (HC(OC2H5)3) is derived, in terms of its name (but not its synthesis) from orthoformic acid (HC(OH)3) and ethanol.

"Inorganic esters"

A phosphoric acid ester
.Ester is a general term for the product derived from the condensation of an oxo acid and an alcohol.^ Esters are organic compounds that are formed by esterification - the reaction of carboxylic acid and alcohols.
  • Bodybuilding.com - Creatine Ethyl Ester Information and Product Listing! Creatine Ethyl Ester FAQ! 11 January 2010 12:48 UTC www.bodybuilding.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 Thus, the nomenclature extends to inorganic acids, especially phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid, and nitric acid. Cyclic esters are called lactones. The preparation of an ester is known generally as an esterification reaction. For example, triphenyl phosphate is the ester derived from phosphoric acid and phenol. Organic carbonates, such as ethylene carbonate are derived from carbonic acid and ethylene glycol. The term boronic ester is widely used but these compounds are not formally esters because they lack a B=O bond.

Structure and bonding

Esters contain a carbonyl center, which gives rise to 120° C-C-O and O-C-O angles. Unlike amides, esters are structurally flexible functional groups because rotation about the C-O-C bonds has a low barrier. .Their flexibility and low polarity is manifested in their physical properties; they tend to be less rigid (lower melting point) and more volatile (lower boiling point) than the corresponding amides.^ Lower temperatures produce more dextrin and less sugar.
  • Beer & Brewing Terminology - BeerAdvocate 11 January 2010 12:48 UTC beeradvocate.com [Source type: Reference]

Physical properties and characterization

.Esters are more polar than ethers but less polar than alcohols.^ The result of this experiment further confirmed that, in an animal model, Ester-C is more bioavailable than normal vitamin C. .
  • the absorption and physiological effects of Ester-C mineral ascorbates in comparison to normal vitamin C. 11 January 2010 12:48 UTC www.nutrimart.com [Source type: Academic]

 ^ (It is approximately 20% less than alcohol by volume.
  • Beer & Brewing Terminology - BeerAdvocate 11 January 2010 12:48 UTC beeradvocate.com [Source type: Reference]

 They participate in hydrogen bonds as hydrogen-bond acceptors, but cannot act as hydrogen-bond donors, unlike their parent alcohols. This ability to participate in hydrogen bonding confers some water-solubility. Because of their lack of hydrogen-bond-donating ability, esters do not self-associate. .Consequently esters are more volatile than carboxylic acids of similar molecular weight.^ Esters are organic compounds that are formed by esterification - the reaction of carboxylic acid and alcohols.
  • Bodybuilding.com - Creatine Ethyl Ester Information and Product Listing! Creatine Ethyl Ester FAQ! 11 January 2010 12:48 UTC www.bodybuilding.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

Characterization and analysis

Esters are usually identified by gas chromatography, taking advantage of their volatility. IR spectra for esters feature an intense sharp band in the range 1600-1800 cm-1 assigned to νC=O.

Applications and occurrence

Esters are widespread in nature and are widely used in industry. In nature, fats are generally triesters derived from glycerol and fatty acids. Several billion kilograms of polyesters are produced industrially annually, important products being polyethylene terephthalate, acrylate esters, and cellulose acetate.[2]

Preparation

Main article: Esterification

Fischer esterification

The classic synthesis is the Fischer esterification, which involves treating a carboxylic acid with an alcohol in the presence of a dehydrating agent:
R1COOH + R2OH is in equilibrium with R1COOR2 + H2O
Strong acids, typically sulfuric acid, catalyze this reaction. Many other acids are also used. Esterification is highly reversible. .The simple reaction of one equivalent each of acid and alcohol gives a mixture of starting materials and products.^ Esters are organic compounds that are formed by esterification - the reaction of carboxylic acid and alcohols.
  • Bodybuilding.com - Creatine Ethyl Ester Information and Product Listing! Creatine Ethyl Ester FAQ! 11 January 2010 12:48 UTC www.bodybuilding.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 The yield of the product may be improved using le Chatelier's principle:
  • using the alcohol in large excess (i.e. as a solvent),
  • using a dehydrating agent. Sulfuric acid not only catalyzes the reaction but sequesters water (a reaction product). Other drying agents like molecular sieves can also be used.
  • removal of water by physical means such as distillation as a low-boiling azeotropes with toluene, in conjunction with a Dean-Stark apparatus.

Alcoholysis of acyl chlorides and acid anhydrides

Alcohols react with acyl chlorides or acid anhydrides to give esters:
RCOCl + R'OH → RCOOR' + HCl
(RCO)2O + R'OH → RCO2R' + RCO2H
These reactions are irreversible, simplifying work-up. Since, acyl chlorides and acid anhydrides react also with water, anhydrous conditions are preferred. The analogous acylations of amines to give amides are less sensitive because amines are stronger nucleophiles and react more rapidly.

Steglich esterification

.The Steglich esterification is method of forming esters under mild conditions.^ Esters are organic compounds that are formed by esterification - the reaction of carboxylic acid and alcohols.
  • Bodybuilding.com - Creatine Ethyl Ester Information and Product Listing! Creatine Ethyl Ester FAQ! 11 January 2010 12:48 UTC www.bodybuilding.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ Under certain conditions (high temperature, high fluid water content) bare aluminum may be reactive toward silicate ester fluids.
  • Coolanol� Silicate Ester Dielectric Heat Transfer Fluids 11 January 2010 12:48 UTC www.exxonmobil.com [Source type: Academic]

 The method is especially popular in peptide synthesis, where the substrates are sensitive to harsh conditions like high heat. .DCC (dicyclohexylcarbodiimide) is used to activate the carboxylic acid to further reaction.^ Esters are organic compounds that are formed by esterification - the reaction of carboxylic acid and alcohols.
  • Bodybuilding.com - Creatine Ethyl Ester Information and Product Listing! Creatine Ethyl Ester FAQ! 11 January 2010 12:48 UTC www.bodybuilding.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 DMAP (4-dimethylaminopyridine) is used catalytically as an acyl-transfer agent.
Steglich-1.svg

Other methods

Reactions

.Esters react primarily at one of two locations, the carbonyl at the carbon adjacent the carbonyl group.^ Included with this page is one such report, and also included are two COA's - certificates of analysis - proving that creatine ethyl ester is real.
  • Bodybuilding.com - Creatine Ethyl Ester Information and Product Listing! Creatine Ethyl Ester FAQ! 11 January 2010 12:48 UTC www.bodybuilding.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ To one group of mildly vitamin C-deficient ODS rats, they administered Ester-C calcium ascorbate containing metabolites.
  • the absorption and physiological effects of Ester-C mineral ascorbates in comparison to normal vitamin C. 11 January 2010 12:48 UTC www.nutrimart.com [Source type: Academic]

 The carbonyl is weakly electrophilic and is attacked by strong nucleophilies (amines, alkoxides, hydride sources, organolithium compounds, etc). The C-H bonds adjacent to the carbonyl are weakly acidic but undergo deprotonation with strong bases. This process that usually initiates condensation reactions.

Nucleophilic substitutions

.Esters undergo hydrolysis under acid and basic conditions.^ Under certain conditions (high temperature, high fluid water content) bare aluminum may be reactive toward silicate ester fluids.
  • Coolanol� Silicate Ester Dielectric Heat Transfer Fluids 11 January 2010 12:48 UTC www.exxonmobil.com [Source type: Academic]

 .Under acid conditions, the reaction is the reverse reaction of the Fischer esterification.^ Esters are organic compounds that are formed by esterification - the reaction of carboxylic acid and alcohols.
  • Bodybuilding.com - Creatine Ethyl Ester Information and Product Listing! Creatine Ethyl Ester FAQ! 11 January 2010 12:48 UTC www.bodybuilding.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 Under basic conditions, hydroxide acts as a nucleophile, while an alkoxide is the leaving group. This reaction, saponification, is the basis of soap making.
Ester saponification (basic hydrolysis)
The alkoxide group may also be displaced by stronger nucleophiles such as ammonia or primary or secondary amines to give amides.

Reduction

Esters are relatively resistant to reduction. Lithium aluminium hydride is able to reduce esters to two primary alcohols, whereas sodium borohydride does so more slowly. DIBAH reduces esters to aldehydes, while forcing conditions are required for hydrogenation.[3] In the Bouveault-Blanc reduction, sodium in the presence of proton sources is the reducing agent. Such reactions can also be conducted by hydrogenation.
RCO2R' + 2 H2 → RCH2OH + R'OH

Reactions adjacent the carboxyl group

Similar to carbonyl compounds, the hydrogen atoms on the carbon adjacent ("α to") the carboxyl group are acidic. They may be removed by relatively strong bases, such as an alkoxide salt. Deprotonating the alpha position gives a nucleophile, which may further react, e.g. the Claisen condensation and its intramolecular equivalent, the Dieckmann condensation. This property is exploited in the malonic ester synthesis, where the diester of malonic acid reacts with an electrophile (e.g. alkyl halide), and is subsequently decarboxylated. This is a two carbon homologation reaction.

Other reactions

Protecting groups

As a class, esters serve as protecting groups for carboxylic acids. Protecting a carboxylic acid is useful in peptide synthesis, to prevent self-reactions of the bifunctional amino acids. Methyl and ethyl esters are commonly available for many amino acids; the t-butyl ester tends to be more expensive. .However, t-butyl esters are particularly useful because under strongly acidic conditions, the t-butyl esters undergo elimination to give the carboxylic acid and isobutene, simplifying work-up.^ Silicone rubber should never be used because it will swell, soften and sometimes dissolve in silicate esters.
  • Coolanol� Silicate Ester Dielectric Heat Transfer Fluids 11 January 2010 12:48 UTC www.exxonmobil.com [Source type: Academic]

 ^ Under certain conditions (high temperature, high fluid water content) bare aluminum may be reactive toward silicate ester fluids.
  • Coolanol� Silicate Ester Dielectric Heat Transfer Fluids 11 January 2010 12:48 UTC www.exxonmobil.com [Source type: Academic]

 ^ The temperature of the fluid and material is typically one of the most important variables in determining compatibility under actual use conditions.
  • Coolanol� Silicate Ester Dielectric Heat Transfer Fluids 11 January 2010 12:48 UTC www.exxonmobil.com [Source type: Academic]

External links

References

  1. ^ International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. "esters". Compendium of Chemical Terminology Internet edition.
  2. ^ Wilhelm Riemenschneider1 and Hermann M. Bolt "Esters, Organic" Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 2005, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. doi:10.1002/14356007.a09_565.pub2
  3. ^ W. Reusch. "Carboxyl Derivative Reactivity". Virtual Textbook of Organic Chemistry. http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/crbacid2.htm#react2. 

Appendix of ester odorants

Many esters have distinctive fruit-like odors, which has led to their commonplace use in artificial flavorings and fragrances.
Ester Name Structure Odor or occurrence
Allyl hexanoate Prop-2-enyl hexanoate.png pineapple
Benzyl acetate Benzyl acetate.png pear, strawberry, jasmine
Bornyl acetate Bornylacetate.svg pine tree flavor
Butyl butyrate Butyl butyrate.png pineapple
Ethyl acetate Ethyl acetate.png nail polish remover, model paint, model airplane glue
Ethyl butyrate Ethyl butyrate.png banana, pineapple, strawberry
Ethyl hexanoate Ethyl hexanoate.png pineapple, waxy-green banana
Ethyl cinnamate Ethyl cinnamate.png cinnamon
Ethyl formate Ethyl methanoate.png lemon, rum, strawberry
Ethyl heptanoate Ethyl heptanoate.png apricot, cherry, grape, raspberry
Ethyl isovalerate Ethyl isovalerate.png apple
Ethyl lactate Ethyl lactate.png butter, cream
Ethyl nonanoate Ethyl nonanoate.png grape
Ethyl pentanoate Ethyl valerate.png apple
Geranyl acetate Geranyl acetate.png geranium
Geranyl butyrate Geranyl butyrate.png cherry
Geranyl pentanoate Geranyl pentanoate.png apple
Isobutyl acetate Isobutyl acetate.png cherry, raspberry, strawberry
Isobutyl formate Isobutyl formate.png raspberry
Isoamyl acetate Isoamyl acetate.png pear, banana (flavoring in Pear drops)
Isopropyl acetate Isopropyl acetate.png fruity
Linalyl acetate Linalyl acetate.png lavender, sage
Linalyl butyrate Linalyl butyrate.png peach
Linalyl formate Linalyl formate.png apple, peach
Methyl acetate Methyl acetate.png glue
Methyl anthranilate Methyl anthranilate.png grape, jasmine
Methyl benzoate Methyl benzoate.png fruity, ylang ylang, feijoa
Methyl butyrate (methyl butanoate) Methyl butyrate.png pineapple, apple, strawberry
Methyl cinnamate Methyl cinnamate.png strawberry
Methyl pentanoate (methyl valerate) Methyl pentanoate.png flowery
Methyl phenylacetate Methyl phenylacetate.png honey
Methyl salicylate (oil of wintergreen) Salicylic acid methyl ester chemical structure.png Modern root beer, wintergreen, Germolene and Ralgex ointments (UK)
Nonyl caprylate Nonyl caprylate.png orange
Octyl acetate Ocyl acetate.png fruity-orange
Octyl butyrate Octyl butyrate.png parsnip
Amyl acetate (pentyl acetate) Amyl acetate.png apple, banana
Pentyl butyrate (amyl butyrate) Pentyl butyrate.png apricot, pear, pineapple
Pentyl hexanoate (amyl caproate) Pentyl hexanoate.png apple, pineapple
Pentyl pentanoate (amyl valerate) Pentyl pentanoate.png apple
Propyl ethanoate Propylethanoate.svg pear
Propyl isobutyrate Propylisobutyrate.svg rum
Terpenyl butyrate cherry
Functional groups
See also Chemical classification

Wiktionary

Up to date as of January 15, 2010

Definition from Wiktionary, a free dictionary

See also ester

Contents

Czech

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Czech Wikipedia has an article on:
Ester
Wikipedia cs

Proper noun

Ester f.
  1. (Biblical) Esther.
  2. A female given name, cognate to Esther.

Danish

Proper noun

Ester
  1. (Biblical) Esther.
  2. A female given name, usually spelled Esther.

Estonian

Proper noun

Ester
  1. (Biblical) Esther
  2. A female given name of biblical origin.

Related terms

Finnish

Proper noun

Ester
  1. (Biblical) Esther.
  2. A female given name.

Declension

Declension of Ester (type risti)
singular plural
nominative Ester Esterit
genitive Esterin Esterien
partitive Esteriä Esterejä
accusative Ester
Esterin		 Esterit
inessive Esterissä Estereissä
elative Esteristä Estereistä
illative Esteriin Estereihin
adessive Esterillä Estereillä
ablative Esteriltä Estereiltä
allative Esterille Estereille
essive Esterinä Estereinä
translative Esteriksi Estereiksi
instructive – Esterein
abessive Esterittä Estereittä
comitative – Estereineen

Related terms

German

Proper noun

Ester
  1. (Biblical) Esther
  2. A female given name, often spelled Esther.

Italian

Wikipedia-logo.png
Italian Wikipedia has an article on:
Ester
Wikipedia it

Proper noun

Ester f.
  1. A female given name; equivalent to the English-language Esther
  2. (Biblical) Esther, Book of Esther

Anagrams

  • Anagrams of eerst
  • terse

Norwegian

Proper noun

Ester
  1. (Biblical) Esther.
  2. A female given name, also spelled Esther.

Spanish

Proper noun

Ester
  1. (Biblical) Esther.
  2. A female given name.

Synonyms

Swedish

Proper noun

Ester
  1. (Biblical) Esther.
  2. A female given name.

Citable sentences

Up to date as of December 30, 2010

Here are sentences from other pages on Ester, which are similar to those in the above article.








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