From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
"Grain alcohol" redirects here. For the distilled high-proof liquor of similar name, see
Neutral grain spirit.
| Ethanol |
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other names
Ethyl alcohol; grain alcohol; pure alcohol; hydroxyethane; drinking alcohol; ethyl hydrate; absolute alcohol
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| Identifiers |
| CAS number |
64-17-5  Y |
| PubChem |
702 |
| ChemSpider |
682 |
| EC-number |
200-578-6 |
| RTECS number |
KQ6300000 |
| SMILES |
|
| InChI |
1/C2H6O/c1-2-3/h3H,2H2,1H3
|
| Properties |
| Molecular formula |
C2H6O |
| Molar mass |
46.07 g mol−1 |
| Appearance |
colorless liquid |
| Density |
0.789 g/cm3 |
| Melting point |
−114.3 °C, 159 K, -174 °F
|
| Boiling point |
78.4 °C, 352 K, 173 °F
|
| Solubility in water |
miscible |
| Acidity (pKa) |
15.9 |
| Refractive index (nD) |
1.36 (25 °C) |
| Viscosity |
1.200 cP (1.200 mPa·s) (20 °C) |
| Dipole moment |
1.69 D (gas) |
| Hazards |
| MSDS |
External MSDS |
| EU classification |
Flammable (F) |
| R-phrases |
R11 |
| S-phrases |
(S2) S7 S16 |
| NFPA 704 |
|
| Flash point |
13 °C (55.4 °F) |
| Related compounds |
| Related compounds |
methanol, propanol |
| Supplementary data page |
Structure and
properties |
n, εr, etc. |
Thermodynamic
data |
Phase behaviour
Solid, liquid, gas |
| Spectral data |
UV, IR, NMR, MS |
 Y (what is this?) (verify)
Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa) |
| Infobox references |
.^ Ethyl alcohol (ethanol) is grain alcohol, the main ingredient in alcoholic beverages.- ASREC : Alcohol Facts to Share With Others 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.utexas.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ Ethanol , also known as ethyl alcohol or grain alcohol, is a flammable, colorless chemical ...
^ (Ethanol is the drinking type of alcohol.- ASREC : Alcohol Facts to Share With Others 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.utexas.edu [Source type: Academic]
.^ Ethanol is the type of alcohol in alcoholic beverages.- MISSOURI BREATH ALCOHOL PROGRAM 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.dhss.mo.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The tax is on all ; types of alcoholic beverages.- State of New Jersey 26 May 2010 9:48 UTC www.nj.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Dried residues ; on 9000-year-old pottery found in northern China imply the use of alcoholic beverages ; even among Neolithic peoples.- MISSOURI BREATH ALCOHOL PROGRAM 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.dhss.mo.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Ethanol is perhaps the world's most studied drug and possibly the oldest known drug.- MISSOURI BREATH ALCOHOL PROGRAM 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.dhss.mo.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Alcohol (ethanol) is one of the most organ-toxic (liver, brain, heart, gastrointestinal tract) drugs of all.- ASREC : Alcohol Facts to Share With Others 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.utexas.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ Ethyl alcohol (ethanol, beverage alcohol) has many uses, in addition to its reputation as one of the most abused drugs.- ASREC : Alcohol Facts to Share With Others 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.utexas.edu [Source type: Academic]
.^ It is also ; referred to as ethyl alcohol, grain alcohol, spirits, or simply ; alcohol.- MISSOURI BREATH ALCOHOL PROGRAM 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.dhss.mo.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Wine-, malt-, and spirit-based coolers containing 37% alcohol are widely available and are often marketed to young people and packaged to look like sodas.- A new proposed guidance system for beverage consumption in the United States -- Popkin et al. 83 (3): 529 -- American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 26 May 2010 9:48 UTC www.ajcn.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Distilled spirits advertising and marketing materials should not refer to alcohol content ; except in a straightforward and factual manner.- Alcohol Marketing and Advertising, A Report to Congress 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.ftc.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Ethanol (the alcohol in beverages) is toxic because of its own molecular effects on tissues.- ASREC : Alcohol Facts to Share With Others 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.utexas.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ Therefore, the general formula ; for straight-chain alkanes is CH ; 3 ; -(CH ; 2 ; ) ; n ; -CH ; 3 ; .- Biodiesel Production Technology: August 2002--January 2004 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.methanol.org [Source type: Reference]
^ Drunk straight as "absolute" alcohol (ethanol) it really "burns" on the way down, even for heavy-duty drinkers.- ASREC : Alcohol Facts to Share With Others 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.utexas.edu [Source type: Academic]
.^ Alcohol is the generic name for any chemical ; compound with a hydroxyl (-OH) functional group bound to a carbon atom of an alkyl ; group.- MISSOURI BREATH ALCOHOL PROGRAM 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.dhss.mo.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Solvents containing a hydroxyl (OH) group, such as ; water or primary alcohols, take on the properties of super-acids.- Biodiesel Production Technology: August 2002--January 2004 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.methanol.org [Source type: Reference]
^ Similarly, in an alcohol such as methanol (CH ; 3 ; OH), the proton attached to the oxygen ; atom can be replaced by, for example, Na + .- Biodiesel Production Technology: August 2002--January 2004 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.methanol.org [Source type: Reference]
.^ So dimethyl ether boils much lower than the isomeric ethanol.- Latest posts of: shelanachium 9 October 2009 5:33 UTC www.chemicalforums.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Ethanol (or ethyl alcohol, grain alcohol -- EtOH, C2H5OH) also goes by various other well-known names, such as whisky, vodka, gin, and so on, while methanol is a poison.- Make your own biodiesel: Journey to Forever 10 September 2009 15:52 UTC journeytoforever.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Such changes in ; nomenclature, especially rational nomenclature, are common in organic chemistry.- Biodiesel Production Technology: August 2002--January 2004 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.methanol.org [Source type: Reference]
^ Another common ; abbreviation that is commonly used is FAME (fatty acid methyl ester).- Biodiesel Production Technology: August 2002--January 2004 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.methanol.org [Source type: Reference]
.^ The dry mill process converts the starch from the kernel of corn into sugar and then the sugar into ethanol.- Alternative Energy Stocks: Ethanol Archives 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC www.altenergystocks.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ At one point they became interested in work on cellulose conversion to fermentable sugar being performed by Prof. Harold Hibbert at Yale University.- The Fuel of the Future 9 February 2010 14:014 UTC www.radford.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Fermentation is the procedure by which yeast consume sugar or starch, and ; in turn, excrete ethanol.- MISSOURI BREATH ALCOHOL PROGRAM 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.dhss.mo.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Cigarette smoke, a known coronary risk factor, contains four times as much methanol as formaldehyde and only traces of ethanol.
^ These ; materials should not portray persons in a state of intoxication or in any way suggest that ; intoxication is socially acceptable conduct, and they should not promote the intoxicating ; effects of beverage alcohol consumption.- Alcohol Marketing and Advertising, A Report to Congress 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.ftc.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Sail% S.L. (1978) ; A ; trial closure of Alko retail outlets on Saturdays and its effect ; on alcohol consumption ; and disturbances caused ; by intoxication.- LEGAL, ADMINISTRATIVE AND CONTROLS 26 May 2010 9:48 UTC whqlibdoc.who.int [Source type: Academic]
.^ As ethanol production increases, gasoline use should decrease.- The Oil Drum: Net Energy | The Effect of Natural Gradients on the Net Energy Profits from Corn Ethanol 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC netenergy.theoildrum.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Surprise, surprise Detroit doesn't want to be forced to make more fuel efficient vehicles, but they want the oil industry to be forced to use ethanol.
^ Currently, the majority of ethanol production is based on a dry milling technique that utilizes more than 1 billion bushels of corn to produce 3 billion gallons per year of ethanol.- Alternative Energy Stocks: Ethanol Archives 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC www.altenergystocks.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[1]
.^ The data characterizing individual ethanol tolerance were obtained, which can be used for differential diagnosis of ethanol poisoning in practical forensic medicine."- Ethyl Alcohol Hangover Research -- Neurotransmitter.net 9 February 2010 14:014 UTC www.neurotransmitter.net [Source type: Academic]
^ The compound has widespread solvent applications, and is used ; as a component of household and personal products including aerosol ; sprays, topically applied pharmaceutical products, and cosmetics.- Propanol, 2- (EHC 103, 1990) 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Alcohol consumption is also associated with high-risk behaviors, ; including unsafe sex and the use of other psychoactive ; substances.- Alcohol and Public Health in the Americas A CASE FOR ACTION 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.who.int [Source type: Academic]
.^ Occupational Exposure ; ; Workers are potentially exposed to 2-propanol during production ; of the compound itself or of acetone and other derivatives, or ; during its use in solvent type applications.- Propanol, 2- (EHC 103, 1990) 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Synthesis from Petrochemical Feedstocks ; 2.3.3.1 Ziegler-Alcohol-Processes ; Two processes for the production of synthetic fatty alcohols are based on the work of Prof. Dr.- Dr. Z Presents All about fatty alcohols 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.zenitech.com [Source type: Academic]
^ Workers are exposed to 2-propanol during the production of the ; compound itself, and of acetone and other derivatives, and also ; during its use as a solvent.- Propanol, 2- (EHC 103, 1990) 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
.^ So this is energy that can't be released in internal combustion engines.- John Stossel : The Many Myths of Ethanol - Townhall.com 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC townhall.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Reduced engine emissions and long term fuel cost savings make Autogas the fuel of the future.
^ This is why the first trains operated on steam and did not change when the automobile, with its internal combustion engine, was invented.- John Stossel : The Many Myths of Ethanol - Townhall.com 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC townhall.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
History
Ethanol being used as fuel for a burner
.^ Ethyl alcohol (ethanol) is grain alcohol, the main ingredient in alcoholic beverages.- ASREC : Alcohol Facts to Share With Others 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.utexas.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ For beverages containing ethanol , see alcoholic beverage.
^ Licensing of bakeries using alcoholic beverages as ingredients; fee; restriction on use.- S.C. Code of Laws Title 61 Chapter 6 Alcoholic Beverage Control Act - www.scstatehouse.gov-LPITS 26 May 2010 9:48 UTC www.scstatehouse.gov [Source type: Original source]
.^ Alcoholic beverages for use in air; commerce.
^ Dried residues ; on 9000-year-old pottery found in northern China imply the use of alcoholic beverages ; even among Neolithic peoples.- MISSOURI BREATH ALCOHOL PROGRAM 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.dhss.mo.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Alcoholic beverages for use on oceangoing; ships.
[2] Its isolation as a relatively pure compound was first achieved by the Persian
alchemist,
Muhammad ibn Zakarīya Rāzi (Rhazes, 865–925).
.^ The Hannoverians developed their own version of a wheat ale, the Broyhan beer, so-named after Cord Broyhan, a Hannoverian native who had left his home town to apprentice with a Hamburg brewer.
^ RETAIL DEALER ; WHO IS CONSIDERED A "RETAIL DEALER" UNDER FEDERAL LAW? ; Every person who sells, or offers for sale, distilled spirits, wine or beer to any person other than a dealer is ; considered a retail dealer.- State of New Jersey 26 May 2010 9:48 UTC www.nj.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The Alcoholic Beverage Control Law prohibits any person ; who has an interest in an alcoholic beverage license which is revoked from having any interest in any other ; license for a period of two years from the effective date of revocation.- State of New Jersey 26 May 2010 9:48 UTC www.nj.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Writings attributed to Geber (721–815) mention the flammable vapors of boiled wine. Al-Kindi (801–873) unambiguously described the distillation of wine.
[3]
.^ These results suggest that acetaldehyde, induced by blocking ethanol metabolism, is able to activate the HPA axis operating through a central mechanism."- Ethyl Alcohol Hangover Research -- Neurotransmitter.net 9 February 2010 14:014 UTC www.neurotransmitter.net [Source type: Academic]
^ Distilled (Drinkable) Spirits Distilled (drinkable) spirits are normally produced through a process that can produce a maximum ethanol concentration of 95.6% by weight.- The Super Cat Alcohol Stove 9 February 2010 14:014 UTC jwbasecamp.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Beverage alcohol (ethanol, ethyl alcohol) is a simple compound consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.- ASREC : Alcohol Facts to Share With Others 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.utexas.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ Molecules with a certain chemical formula (calculated without hydrogens) can be selected by the a_ formula1,formula2..- ICM Language Reference : Functions 9 October 2009 5:33 UTC www.molsoft.com [Source type: Reference]
^ The bonds can be ; formed to a mixture of other atoms, for example, one carbon atom can form a bond to one ; hydrogen, one oxygen and two carbon atoms to meet the requirement of four bonds.- Biodiesel Production Technology: August 2002--January 2004 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.methanol.org [Source type: Reference]
[4] .^ Ethanol , CH3CH2OH, is an alcohol, a group of chemical compounds whose molecules ...
^ A compound is a chemically distinct substance formed by the union of two or more ingredients ; (as elements) in definite proportion by weight and with definite structural arrangement.- Biodiesel Production Technology: August 2002--January 2004 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.methanol.org [Source type: Reference]
^ For a first offense, the license must either be revoked for one year, or the licensee must pay a penalty of two hundred fifty dollars to the department.- S.C. Code of Laws Title 61 Chapter 6 Alcoholic Beverage Control Act - www.scstatehouse.gov-LPITS 26 May 2010 9:48 UTC www.scstatehouse.gov [Source type: Original source]
[5]
Ethanol was first prepared synthetically in 1826 through the independent efforts of Henry Hennel in Great Britain and S.G. Sérullas in France.
.^ While no specific process technology is favored in this description, ; an effort has been made to describe the major approaches currently in use in the industry.- Biodiesel Production Technology: August 2002--January 2004 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.methanol.org [Source type: Reference]
^ There are approximately 80,000 chemicals in common industrial use today (almost none of which existed before World War II).
^ The following discussion ; describes current practice for processing soybean oil in the U.S. Similar processes are used for ; rapeseed oil in Europe.- Biodiesel Production Technology: August 2002--January 2004 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.methanol.org [Source type: Reference]
[6].^ "Alcohol use is a serious problem among ; teenagers in the United States.
^ Paul_the_engineer on January 14, 2009 - 8:46am A little known historical note is the switch over of rail gauge in the Southern States following the Civil War.- The Oil Drum: Net Energy | The Effect of Natural Gradients on the Net Energy Profits from Corn Ethanol 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC netenergy.theoildrum.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ I think petro-fuels should have a floor price the same time as the ethanol tax credit is phased out.- The Oil Drum: Net Energy | The Effect of Natural Gradients on the Net Energy Profits from Corn Ethanol 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC netenergy.theoildrum.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ In April, 1906, a bill to repeal the alcohol sales tax sailed through the House on a 224 to 7 vote with widespread support from farm-belt representatives.
^ Over $5 billion in 2006 to subsidize ethanol as hybrid tax credits run out .
^ Yet, Ford sells Ford Explorers and receives a tax advantage from the government because those Explorers 'could' fill up with ethanol gasoline, but don't.
[8] .^ Ethanol Fueling a New Economy?, Billions of dollars are being spent on new technologies and industries dealing with the advent of ethanol as an energy ...
^ Across the Midwest, farmers are building facilities to turn corn into clean-burning ethanol fuel.
^ Atheism turns people into animals, and the results are clear from the rivers of blood of the 20th Century.- John Polkinghorne Q&A 9 October 2009 5:33 UTC www.starcourse.org [Source type: Original source]
Physical properties
Ethanol burning with its spectrum depicted
.^ Reacts with strong hydrochloric acid to form tert-butyl chloride, a; volatile liquid.
^ At room temperature ethyl alcohol is a clear, colorless liquid that has a slight odor and is ; miscible with water.- MISSOURI BREATH ALCOHOL PROGRAM 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.dhss.mo.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ It burns with a clean, blue flame similar to that seen with most denatured alcohols.- The Super Cat Alcohol Stove 9 February 2010 14:014 UTC jwbasecamp.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ SUMMARY ; ; 1.1 Identity, Physical and Chemical Properties, Analytical Methods ; ; 2-Propanol is a colourless highly flammable liquid with an ; odour resembling that of a mixture of ethanol and acetone.- Propanol, 2- (EHC 103, 1990) 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Triglycerides are esters of ; glycerol (see above; an alcohol with a hydroxy group on each of its three carbon atoms) with ; long-chain acids, commonly called fatty acids .- Biodiesel Production Technology: August 2002--January 2004 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.methanol.org [Source type: Reference]
^ It markets its ; products primarily through distributors, wholesalers, corporate chains, ; and cooperative buying groups that distribute the product through retail ; outlets .- Beverage, Food, and Health Stocks Directory - BeverageStocks.com - Beverage Stocks Research: Beverage Stocks, Beverage Industry, Beverage Stock News, Bottled Water News, Beverage News and Articles, Health and Nutrition News, Exclusive BeverageStocks.com A 26 May 2010 9:48 UTC www.investorideas.com [Source type: Reference]
.^ Sugars have numerous hydrogen-bonding O-H groups.- Latest posts of: shelanachium 9 October 2009 5:33 UTC www.chemicalforums.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The C-O bond in alcohols is also polar, but the attached organic group such as C2H5 (in ethanol) is much larger than a hydrogen atom so the positive charge in it is less concentrated, and its attraction to negative ions much less.- Latest posts of: shelanachium 9 October 2009 5:33 UTC www.chemicalforums.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The maximum initial velocity (V max ) ; of rat liver ADH and the substrate 2-propanol in vivo was 1.7 times ; less than that with the substrate ethanol.- Propanol, 2- (EHC 103, 1990) 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
.^ Methanol is fully miscible with water and with glycerol.- Biodiesel Production Technology: August 2002--January 2004 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.methanol.org [Source type: Reference]
^ The compound is completely miscible with water, ethanol, acetone, ; chloroform, and benzene.- Propanol, 2- (EHC 103, 1990) 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Worldwide capacity was; projected to rise to 30 million tonnes by 1995.; ; Methanol is used in the industrial production of many important; organic compounds, principally methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE),; formaldehyde, acetic acid, glycol methyl ethers, methylamine, methyl; halides and methyl methacrylate.; ; Methanol is a constituent of a large number of commercially; available solvents and consumer products including paints, shellacs,; varnishes, paint thinners, cleansing solutions, antifreeze solutions,; automotive windshield washer fluids and deicers, duplicating fluids,; denaturant for ethanol, and in hobby and craft adhesives.- Methanol (EHC 196, 1997) 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
[9][10] .^ PEER; REVIEWED** ; ; ; Solubilities: ; MISCIBLE IN ESTERS, AROMATIC AND ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBONS ; ; [Clayton, G. D. and F. E. Clayton (eds.
[10]
.^ A non-alcoholic drink made from extracts of various roots and prepared for the; fountain by the addition of syrup and carbonated water.- The;Food Timeline--beverages 26 May 2010 9:48 UTC www.foodtimeline.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ According to one pamphlet, alcohol cost five to ten times more than gasoline, depending on the price of corn, and had technical problems.- The Fuel of the Future 9 February 2010 14:014 UTC www.radford.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ If a rise in food prices results from corn ethanol, the decrease in our collective carbon footprint from what we eat.- Alternative Energy Stocks: Ethanol Archives 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC www.altenergystocks.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[11] .^ Some companies also ; used higher placement standards to limit the likelihood that ads would appear on shows of this ; type.- Alcohol Marketing and Advertising, A Report to Congress 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.ftc.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The amount of ethanol in the urine is proportional, within certain limits, to the ; ethanol concentration in the blood.- MISSOURI BREATH ALCOHOL PROGRAM 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.dhss.mo.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The ; maximum alcohol concentration produced by this method is about 12-15% because any ; higher alcohol concentration kills the yeast.- MISSOURI BREATH ALCOHOL PROGRAM 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.dhss.mo.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Anisotropic growth of the {001} plane is ; reflected in an increased mean diameter of the needles in materials activated at higher ; temperature.- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Berlin 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.fhi-berlin.mpg.de [Source type: Academic]
^ Lager yeasts, on the other hand, can still ferment wort at higher temperatures, but then produce off-flavors that tend to be undesirable in beer.
^ Dreger observes that ethanol and higher alcohols allow the use of higher reaction temperatures ; but he says that this increases the tendency toward soap formation.- Biodiesel Production Technology: August 2002--January 2004 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.methanol.org [Source type: Reference]
.^ The maximum initial velocity (V max ) ; of rat liver ADH and the substrate 2-propanol in vivo was 1.7 times ; less than that with the substrate ethanol.- Propanol, 2- (EHC 103, 1990) 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
^ At $4 per gallon for gasoline ethanol is an alternative - at $2 per gallon , it is not , mainly because the corn , which can be regrown is more expensive than crude oil per unit volume .- John Stossel : The Many Myths of Ethanol - Townhall.com 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC townhall.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Studies indicate that the standard mixture of 90 percent ethanol and 10 percent gasoline pollutes worse than gasoline.- John Stossel : The Many Myths of Ethanol - Townhall.com 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC townhall.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ In the life cycle of making corn ethanol, 99% of the water used grows the corn, and only 1% is used in the industrial process.- The Oil Drum: Net Energy | The Effect of Natural Gradients on the Net Energy Profits from Corn Ethanol 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC netenergy.theoildrum.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ But even after 1516, when only barley, hops and water were used, the result of the brewing process was still a matter of luck.
^ As a result of the slow reaction rate, only very minor amounts of free fatty acids are formed ; during transesterification if the reaction is free of water at the beginning.- Biodiesel Production Technology: August 2002--January 2004 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.methanol.org [Source type: Reference]
[9][13] Mixing ethanol and water is
exothermic.
.^ For purposes of simplification, I'll describe fueling and lighting a "naked" Super Cat stove that's set up in a wind-free environment.- The Super Cat Alcohol Stove 9 February 2010 14:014 UTC jwbasecamp.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Ethanol forms an azeotrope with water so it is expensive to purify ; the ethanol during recovery.- Biodiesel Production Technology: August 2002--January 2004 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.methanol.org [Source type: Reference]
^ The temperature required to induce gelling ; (freezing) in biodiesel is generally higher than that of conventional diesel fuel and depends on ; the composition of the biodiesel.- Biodiesel Production Technology: August 2002--January 2004 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.methanol.org [Source type: Reference]
^ Type III Operator Manual - Ethanol ; Page 10 of 15 ; Last modified: 07/08 by BML ; ; ; • Another form of natural tolerance is physical tolerance.- MISSOURI BREATH ALCOHOL PROGRAM 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.dhss.mo.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Thermophysical properties of mixtures of ethanol with water and dodecane
Excess volume of the mixture of ethanol and water (volume contraction)
|
Heat of mixing of the mixture of ethanol and water
|
Vapor-liquid equilibrium of the mixture of ethanol and water (including azeotrope)
|
Miscibility gap in the mixture of dodecane and ethanol
|
Hydrogen bonding in solid ethanol at −186 °C
.^ Unfortunately, all the lower alcohols are hygroscopic and are capable of ; absorbing water from the air.- Biodiesel Production Technology: August 2002--January 2004 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.methanol.org [Source type: Reference]
^ Ethanol is readily absorbed through all ; mucosal surfaces, including the oral cavity and gastrointestinal tract.- MISSOURI BREATH ALCOHOL PROGRAM 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.dhss.mo.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The fact that alcohol mixes easily with water is because it easily forms hydrogen bonds with water.- ASREC : Alcohol Facts to Share With Others 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.utexas.edu [Source type: Academic]
.^ Sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide can cause severe burns and death.- Make your own biodiesel: Journey to Forever 10 September 2009 15:52 UTC journeytoforever.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Water dissolves many ionic compounds because it is itself highly polar, the bent H2O molecule has a positive end, the H atoms, which are attracted to the negative ions (anions), so the water molecules surround them with the H atoms next to the anion.- Latest posts of: shelanachium 9 October 2009 5:33 UTC www.chemicalforums.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Actually, common table salt (NaCl) is an example as it can be seen ; as arising from sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid: NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H ; 2 ; O. ; Many other salts are possible.- Biodiesel Production Technology: August 2002--January 2004 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.methanol.org [Source type: Reference]
[10] .^ Measure out the lye and mix it with the methanol to make sodium methoxide or potassium methoxide -- it will get slightly hotter and take a little longer to mix as there's more lye this time.- Make your own biodiesel: Journey to Forever 10 September 2009 15:52 UTC journeytoforever.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The Na+ and Cl- ions remain in solution as sodium chloride is soluble in water.- Latest posts of: shelanachium 9 October 2009 5:33 UTC www.chemicalforums.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[10] .^ At $4 per gallon for gasoline ethanol is an alternative - at $2 per gallon , it is not , mainly because the corn , which can be regrown is more expensive than crude oil per unit volume .- John Stossel : The Many Myths of Ethanol - Townhall.com 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC townhall.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Can alternative fuels, such as ethanol or biodiesel, end the world's oil dependency?
^ Water dissolves many ionic compounds because it is itself highly polar, the bent H2O molecule has a positive end, the H atoms, which are attracted to the negative ions (anions), so the water molecules surround them with the H atoms next to the anion.- Latest posts of: shelanachium 9 October 2009 5:33 UTC www.chemicalforums.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Hybrid technology can make any vehicle 20 - 30 percent more fuel efficient, today, whether that vehicle is fueled by gasoline, diesel, ethanol or even hydrogen.
^ David was the first one to convince me at least that ethanol could "reduce oil imports", even if due more to nonliquid fossil fuels, and value of coproducts.- The Oil Drum: Net Energy | The Effect of Natural Gradients on the Net Energy Profits from Corn Ethanol 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC netenergy.theoildrum.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The projections are that reduced weight, bulk and friction would cut fuel consumption by roughly 30%, far more than the few percent of ethanol consumed.- The Oil Drum: Net Energy | The Effect of Natural Gradients on the Net Energy Profits from Corn Ethanol 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC netenergy.theoildrum.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
This property partially explains the “
tears of wine” phenomenon. When wine is swirled in a glass, ethanol evaporates quickly from the thin film of wine on the wall of the glass.
.^ If a woman has one glass of wine before she knows she's pregnant, she should not be consumed with guilt if the child grows up with a perceived cognitive deficit (even ADHD).- ASREC : Alcohol Facts to Share With Others 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.utexas.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ This reactivity can be related to the ; presence of C=C (olefinic) bonds in the fuel with increased content of the C=C bonds correlated ; to decreased oxidative stability of the diesel fuel.- Biodiesel Production Technology: August 2002--January 2004 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.methanol.org [Source type: Reference]
^ This can be reached in most people by the continuous drinking of 3-4 standard drinks (defined as a beer, a glass of wine, a mixed drink), with women requiring less alcohol to reach the level than men.- ASREC : Alcohol Facts to Share With Others 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.utexas.edu [Source type: Academic]
.^ No wholesale ; distributor of beverages containing not more than 5% ; alcohol by weight shall purchase such beverages ; from anyone other than a licensed manufacturer, ; importer, or other Tennessee wholesaler.- 2009 Alcoholic Beverage Tax Guide 26 May 2010 9:48 UTC state.tn.us [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ This article from the Green Car Congress provides details on a proposed piece of legislation that, if adopted, would grant significantly more regulatory certainty to the ethanol industry than to just about any other alternative energy industry in America.- Alternative Energy Stocks: Ethanol Archives 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC www.altenergystocks.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Currently, the majority of ethanol production is based on a dry milling technique that utilizes more than 1 billion bushels of corn to produce 3 billion gallons per year of ethanol.- Alternative Energy Stocks: Ethanol Archives 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC www.altenergystocks.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Nonetheless, this 95%+ pure, waterless ethanol is probably the best alcohol stove fuel available.- The Super Cat Alcohol Stove 9 February 2010 14:014 UTC jwbasecamp.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The practice was to start the tractors with gasoline (which cost 40 to 50 cents per gallon) and then run them on alcohol (at 5 cents per gallon) for the rest of the day.- The Fuel of the Future 9 February 2010 14:014 UTC www.radford.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Because the genetics of alcohol problems have been studied for over 20 years, and such studies have clearly shown that over 50% of the causes of alcohol dependence are related to the genetic tendency to develop the disease.- ASREC : Alcohol Facts to Share With Others 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.utexas.edu [Source type: Academic]
[18] .^ How much to use.- Make your own biodiesel: Journey to Forever 10 September 2009 15:52 UTC journeytoforever.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Ethanol (or ethyl alcohol, grain alcohol -- EtOH, C2H5OH) also goes by various other well-known names, such as whisky, vodka, gin, and so on, while methanol is a poison.- Make your own biodiesel: Journey to Forever 10 September 2009 15:52 UTC journeytoforever.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Methanol, which is used in a wide range of applications, is also known as methyl alcohol, wood alcohol, carbinol, wood naphtha and wood spirits.- The Super Cat Alcohol Stove 9 February 2010 14:014 UTC jwbasecamp.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ The commissioner will determine the full ; value of the goods or property seized, and such ; determination will be presumed to be correct in the ; absence of any proof to the contrary being submitted ; by the claimant.- 2009 Alcoholic Beverage Tax Guide 26 May 2010 9:48 UTC state.tn.us [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Regular Heet ("Yellow Heet") The first variety is named just "Heet" and is packaged in a yellow bottle (and hence often called "Yellow Heet").- The Super Cat Alcohol Stove 9 February 2010 14:014 UTC jwbasecamp.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ The typical glycerol ; produced by a biodiesel plant is 50% glycerol or less and contains water, salts, methanol, methyl ; esters, and unreacted glycerides, color and odor bodies, dimers, timers, and other minor ; compounds.- Biodiesel Production Technology: August 2002--January 2004 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.methanol.org [Source type: Reference]
^ The maximum initial velocity (V max ) ; of rat liver ADH and the substrate 2-propanol in vivo was 1.7 times ; less than that with the substrate ethanol.- Propanol, 2- (EHC 103, 1990) 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
^ A bottle charge of; one cent (1¢) on each bottle containing 50 milliliters or less and five cents; (5¢) on each bottle containing more than 50 milliliters.
.^ Then, boil off the alcohol and water.- Biodiesel Production Technology: August 2002--January 2004 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.methanol.org [Source type: Reference]
^ When ignited, Red Heet burns with a low temperature, yellow flame that will quickly deposit a coating of black soot on cook pots.- The Super Cat Alcohol Stove 9 February 2010 14:014 UTC jwbasecamp.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ When the alcoholic vapors come into contact with the lungs and ; mucous membranes lining the nasal passages and throat, then the ethanol can diffuse ; through these membranes into the blood.- MISSOURI BREATH ALCOHOL PROGRAM 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.dhss.mo.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ At $4 per gallon for gasoline ethanol is an alternative - at $2 per gallon , it is not , mainly because the corn , which can be regrown is more expensive than crude oil per unit volume .- John Stossel : The Many Myths of Ethanol - Townhall.com 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC townhall.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Assuming the same body ; type, a 200 pound man must consume more ethanol ; than a 100 pound man to reach the same alcohol ; concentration.- MISSOURI BREATH ALCOHOL PROGRAM 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.dhss.mo.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ MJ/kg of ethanol far more than the refinery input of 19.2 MJ/kg.- The Oil Drum: Net Energy | The Effect of Natural Gradients on the Net Energy Profits from Corn Ethanol 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC netenergy.theoildrum.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[9]
Chemical properties
For more details on this topic, see
Alcohol.
.^ The C-O bond in alcohols is also polar, but the attached organic group such as C2H5 (in ethanol) is much larger than a hydrogen atom so the positive charge in it is less concentrated, and its attraction to negative ions much less.- Latest posts of: shelanachium 9 October 2009 5:33 UTC www.chemicalforums.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ There are two primary ways that tolerance to alcohol occurs.- ASREC : Alcohol Facts to Share With Others 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.utexas.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ Ammonium fluoride is strongly hydrogen-bonded, since two highly electronegative small atoms, N and F, are involved.- Latest posts of: shelanachium 9 October 2009 5:33 UTC www.chemicalforums.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Chemical Properties ; The industrial importance of fatty alcohols is based on the large number of reactions the hydroxyl group may ; undergo.- Dr. Z Presents All about fatty alcohols 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.zenitech.com [Source type: Academic]
^ Half-lives of 7-18 days have; been reported for the atmospheric reaction of methanol with hydroxyl; radicals.; ; Many genera and strains of microorganisms are capable of using; methanol as a growth substrate.- Methanol (EHC 196, 1997) 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
Ester formation
- RCOOH + HOCH2CH3 → RCOOCH2CH3 + H2O
.^ If the water is not removed it will interfere with the reactions.- Biodiesel Production Technology: August 2002--January 2004 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.methanol.org [Source type: Reference]
^ If ; part of the V=O groups is removed by electron irradiation, methanol adsorption leads to ; the formation of methoxy groups which are transformed to FA above 470 K. Also ; methane and water form.- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Berlin 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.fhi-berlin.mpg.de [Source type: Academic]
^ The ; problem with this strategy is that the soapstock system contains a large amount of water that ; must be removed before the product esters can meet the biodiesel standard.- Biodiesel Production Technology: August 2002--January 2004 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.methanol.org [Source type: Reference]
.^ People who really don't need to drink will cut back on alcohol consumption (or give it up altogether), whereas people with the disease will use alcohol any way they can get it.- ASREC : Alcohol Facts to Share With Others 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.utexas.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ Since biodiesel is a ; mono-alkyl fatty acid ester, the primary alcohol used to form the ester is the other major ; feedstock.- Biodiesel Production Technology: August 2002--January 2004 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.methanol.org [Source type: Reference]
^ Presumably [MnO4]- and Mn2+ react to give other Mn species - Mn(III) and/or (IV) presumably as the V and VI states are unstable in acid solution.- Latest posts of: shelanachium 9 October 2009 5:33 UTC www.chemicalforums.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ However, stainless steel will not be good choice for use in the acid-catalyzed ; esterification reaction because stainless steel is subject to attack by acids.- Biodiesel Production Technology: August 2002--January 2004 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.methanol.org [Source type: Reference]
^ Dreger observes that ethanol and higher alcohols allow the use of higher reaction temperatures ; but he says that this increases the tendency toward soap formation.- Biodiesel Production Technology: August 2002--January 2004 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.methanol.org [Source type: Reference]
^ KIE of 146 at 498 K. Although an accurate PES is not known, Austin Model ; 1 (AM1) gives a reasonable PES, and we used it to study this reaction.- chapter for Isotope Effects in Chemistry and Biology , edited by Hans Limbach and Amnon Kohen, to be published by Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, 2004 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC static.msi.umn.edu [Source type: Academic]
.^ H 2 , forms esters with carboxylic; acids or acid chlorides.- Isomerism 1. Introduction Structural Isomerism chain positional isomers functional group isomers tautomerism 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.docbrown.info [Source type: Academic]
^ Ethanol can also form esters with inorganic acids.- Ethanol - Drug information from Medic8.com 9 October 2009 5:33 UTC www.medic8.com [Source type: Academic]
- evidence of life in the universe. 9 October 2009 5:33 UTC setiathome.ssl.berkeley.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Ethanol - Psychology Wiki 9 February 2010 14:014 UTC psychology.wikia.com [Source type: Academic]
^ Ethanol oxidises to form acetic acid.- Home Distillation of Alcohol (Homemade Alcohol to Drink) 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC distillers.tastylime.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Diethyl sulfate and
triethyl phosphate are prepared by treating ethanol with sulfur trioxide and
phosphorus pentoxide respectively.
.^ Hydrothermal synthesis has been performed ; using ammonium heptamolybdate, telluric acid, vanadyl sulfate and ammonium ; niobium oxalate as starting materials.- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Berlin 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.fhi-berlin.mpg.de [Source type: Academic]
.^ In 1860, Otto used ethyl alcohol as a fuel in an early engine because it was widely available for spirit lamps throughout Europe.- The Fuel of the Future 9 February 2010 14:014 UTC www.radford.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Novel preparation method of Co/SiO2 catalyst for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reaction using chelating agents .- http://www.shokubai.org/intern/TOCAT5/scientific_program.html 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.shokubai.org [Source type: Academic]
^ However, stainless steel will not be good choice for use in the acid-catalyzed ; esterification reaction because stainless steel is subject to attack by acids.- Biodiesel Production Technology: August 2002--January 2004 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.methanol.org [Source type: Reference]
Dehydration
.^ Unfortunately the conditions also favour the formation of side-products ; and coke, which is a major cause of deactivation of dehydrogenation catalysts.- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Berlin 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.fhi-berlin.mpg.de [Source type: Academic]
^ Conclusion: Although ethanol produces vasodilation at the level of the distribution artery as well as at an arteriolar level, it causes a decrease in flow-mediated vasodilation.- CORK Bibliography: Alcohol, Beneficial Effects 26 May 2010 9:48 UTC www.projectcork.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Certain Canadian-produced beer qualified under the ; statutes, although some Canadian brewers had apparently chosen not to compete in this market.
Millions of kilograms of diethyl ether are produced annually using sulfuric acid catalyst:
- 2 CH3CH2OH → CH3CH2OCH2CH3 + H2O (on 120'C)
Combustion
- C2H5OH + 3 O2 → 2 CO2 + 3 H2O(l);(ΔHc = −1371 kJ/mol[19]) specific heat = 2.44 kJ/(kg·K)
Acid-base chemistry
Ethanol is a neutral molecule and the
pH of a solution of ethanol in water is nearly 7.00. Ethanol can be quantitatively converted to its
conjugate base, the
ethoxide ion (CH
3CH
2O
−), by reaction with an
alkali metal such as
sodium:
[11]
- 2 CH3CH2OH + 2 Na → 2 CH3CH2ONa + H2
- CH3CH2OH + NaH → CH3CH2ONa + H2
.^ Ethanol is also a commodity, but it has the interesting property that it can't be shipped through the same pipelines as other liquid fuels because it's water soluble.- Alternative Energy Stocks: Ethanol Archives 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC www.altenergystocks.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Canada indicated that, with respect to Minnesota , to the extent that the tax credit applied to all ; qualifying brewers, it relied on its arguments in paragraph 3.16.
^ Canada ; indicated that the same arguments it made with respect to the reduced federal excise tax for beer were ; fully applicable with respect to these state measures.
Thus, sodium ethoxide and
sodium hydroxide exist in an equilbrium that is closely balanced:
- CH3CH2OH + NaOH
CH3CH2ONa + H2O
Halogenation
.^ Surprise, surprise Detroit doesn't want to be forced to make more fuel efficient vehicles, but they want the oil industry to be forced to use ethanol.
^ The only process that has been used in an industrial scale is the EPAL ® process developed by the Ethyl ; Corporation (today BP/Amoco).- Dr. Z Presents All about fatty alcohols 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.zenitech.com [Source type: Academic]
^ In the life cycle of making corn ethanol, 99% of the water used grows the corn, and only 1% is used in the industrial process.- The Oil Drum: Net Energy | The Effect of Natural Gradients on the Net Energy Profits from Corn Ethanol 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC netenergy.theoildrum.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Ethanol reacts with
hydrogen halides to produce
ethyl halides such as
ethyl chloride and
ethyl bromide:
- CH3CH2OH + HCl → CH3CH2Cl + H2O
.^ As discussed elsewhere, these free ; fatty acids will react with alkali catalysts to produce soaps that inhibit the reaction.- Biodiesel Production Technology: August 2002--January 2004 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.methanol.org [Source type: Reference]
^ Alkane isomerization catalysts such as chlorided alumina, mordenite and anion- ; modified zirconia require Pt doping and addition of H ; 2 ; to the feed to stabilize ; performance 5,6 .- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Berlin 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.fhi-berlin.mpg.de [Source type: Academic]
^ The spectrum of the 1% V/alumina post-reaction catalyst ; contained a shoulder similar to that of styrene, which is in agreement with literature ; which suggests that the carbon is similar to that of polyaromatic compounds such as ; polystyrene [3].- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Berlin 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.fhi-berlin.mpg.de [Source type: Academic]
[20] .^ Acid catalysts include sulfuric acid and phosphoric acid.- Biodiesel Production Technology: August 2002--January 2004 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.methanol.org [Source type: Reference]
^ In this case, an acid-resistant catalyst is required, and catalyst ; consumption is increased.- Dr. Z Presents All about fatty alcohols 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.zenitech.com [Source type: Academic]
^ Direct esterification may also require rather large amounts of the acid ; catalyst depending on the process used.- Biodiesel Production Technology: August 2002--January 2004 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.methanol.org [Source type: Reference]
[20] .^ Currently, the majority of ethanol production is based on a dry milling technique that utilizes more than 1 billion bushels of corn to produce 3 billion gallons per year of ethanol.- Alternative Energy Stocks: Ethanol Archives 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC www.altenergystocks.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Methyl halides produced from; methanol include methyl chloride, methylene chloride and chloroform.; ; Nearly all the formaldehyde manufactured worldwide is produced by; oxidation of methanol with atmospheric oxygen.- Methanol (EHC 196, 1997) 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
^ The differences in enzyme concentrations of the species suggest that animals studied are more sensitive to the more common ethanol found in alcoholic beverages.
[11][20]
- CH3CH2OH + SOCl2 → CH3CH2Cl + SO2 + HCl
.^ Heterogeneous hydrogenation of the oxo aldehydes at 5 - 20 MPa and 150 - 250°C in the presence of catalysts ; based on nickel, molybdenum, copper or cobalt yields the corresponding alcohols.- Dr. Z Presents All about fatty alcohols 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.zenitech.com [Source type: Academic]
This conversion is called the
haloform reaction.
[21]" An intermediate in the reaction with chlorine is the
aldehyde called
chloral:
- 4 Cl2 + CH3CH2OH → CCl3CHO + 5 HCl
Oxidation
.^ Palladium-containing supported ; catalysts are also frequently used in selective oxidation of hydrocarbons, for example of ; ethylene to acetaldehyde or acetic acid and of ethylene plus acetic acid to vinyl acetate.- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Berlin 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.fhi-berlin.mpg.de [Source type: Academic]
^ CH ; 3 ; OH ; CH ; 3 ; -CH ; 2 ; -OH CH ; 3 ; -CH ; 2 ; -CH ; 2 ; -OH CH ; 3 ; -CH-CH ; 3 ; CH ; 2 ; —CH---CH ; 2 ; Methanol Ethanol 1-Propanol 2-Propanol Glycerol ; ( ; iso -Propanol) ; (Glycerine; ; 1,2,3-Propanetriol) ; O ; O O ; || ; || ; || ; CH ; 3 ; -C-OH ; CH ; 3 ; -C-OCH ; 3 ; CH ; 3 ; -C-O-CH ; 2 ; CH ; 3 ; Acetic acid ; Methyl acetate ; Ethyl acetate ; (Acetic acid methyl ester) (Acetic acid ethyl ester) ; Figure 9.- Biodiesel Production Technology: August 2002--January 2004 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.methanol.org [Source type: Reference]
[20] .^ Alcohol dehydrogenase is the primary enzyme for the oxidation of methanol to formaldehyde, and this oxidation reaction is the rate-limiting step in the metabolism of methanol.
^ LUNDBERG, I. & HAKANSSON, M. (1985) Normal serum activities ; of liver enzymes in Swedish paint industry workers with heavy ; exposure to organic solvents.- Propanol, 2- (EHC 103, 1990) 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Alcohol is partially metabolized (broken down) in the stomach by an enzyme called gastric alcohol dehydrogenase (GADH).- ASREC : Alcohol Facts to Share With Others 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.utexas.edu [Source type: Academic]
.^ If that free market doesn't want and encourage the use of Ethanol, then this 'alternative energy source' just won't fly.- John Stossel : The Many Myths of Ethanol - Townhall.com 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC townhall.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ As ethanol production increases, gasoline use should decrease.- The Oil Drum: Net Energy | The Effect of Natural Gradients on the Net Energy Profits from Corn Ethanol 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC netenergy.theoildrum.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Test animals being used are 8 -10 times less sensitive than humans to the effects of aspartic acid and glutamates (Bowen and Evangelista, 2002).
Industrial uses
As a fuel
Main article:
Ethanol fuel.^ Chrysler, Ford, and General Motors all recommend ethanol fuels, ...
^ For decades GM has used fuel cell vehicles as an excuse not to compete with Japanese efficiency, now they are using ethanol.
^ Ford's interest in using ethanol as an alternative fuel goes back to the days ...
.^ Surprise, surprise Detroit doesn't want to be forced to make more fuel efficient vehicles, but they want the oil industry to be forced to use ethanol.
^ The food processing industry has even more reason to dislike fuel ethanol.- Alternative Energy Stocks: Ethanol Archives 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC www.altenergystocks.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Infrastructure requirements for an expanded fuel ethanol industry.- The Oil Drum: Net Energy | The Effect of Natural Gradients on the Net Energy Profits from Corn Ethanol 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC netenergy.theoildrum.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Finished gasoline contains ethanol.- The Oil Drum: Net Energy | The Effect of Natural Gradients on the Net Energy Profits from Corn Ethanol 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC netenergy.theoildrum.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Ethyl alcohol , (ethanol) made from farm crops or cellulose, which can be blended with gasoline to boost octane (anti-knock) ratings; and .
^ In recent years ethyl alcohol blends in gasoline have been called "gasohol" or "ethanol enhanced" gasoline.
[25] .^ Ethanol can be blended with gasoline to create E85, a blend of 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline.
^ Ethanol is a liquid that can be used as a fuel by itself or blended with gasoline.
^ Vehicles fueled by ethanol actually use E85, a blend of 85 percent ethanol ...
.^ More than 90 % of the vegetable oils are used in food applications.- Dr. Z Presents All about fatty alcohols 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.zenitech.com [Source type: Academic]
^ Nuclear plants will produce more electricity than we can ever use to heat our homes and to produce more SUVs.- John Stossel : The Many Myths of Ethanol - Townhall.com 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC townhall.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ KMnO4 could indeed be used, but is a much more powerful oxidant than dichromate.- Latest posts of: shelanachium 9 October 2009 5:33 UTC www.chemicalforums.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ As such, it can promote products that pose risks to health (eg, high fat and high sugar foods) or it can promote health-supporting products ( eg, sporting equipment and services).- CORK Bibliography: Alcohol Beverage Industry 26 May 2010 9:48 UTC www.projectcork.org [Source type: Academic]
^ With high gas prices making alternative fuels increasingly attractive, no alternative fuel has received as much attention as ethanol .
^ Redline Oil makes the most advanced synthetic engine oils, fuel additives, coolant products, and high performance fluids available for your street or race ...
[26]
.^ Chrysler, Ford, and General Motors all recommend ethanol fuels, ...
^ General Motors sees ethanol , fuel cell future while hybrids are ...
^ So this is energy that can't be released in internal combustion engines.- John Stossel : The Many Myths of Ethanol - Townhall.com 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC townhall.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[27]
.^ So this is energy that can't be released in internal combustion engines.- John Stossel : The Many Myths of Ethanol - Townhall.com 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC townhall.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Otherwise we just have to realize that pollution is a by-product of the internal combustion engine.- Damn Interesting • The Ethyl-Poisoned Earth 9 February 2010 14:014 UTC www.damninteresting.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Tom Kloza, a gasoline-markets analyst for the Oil Price Information Service, figures ethanol producers such as Archer Daniels Midland (ADM) are enjoying profits as high as $65 out of every $115 barrel.
[28] .^ In this case, however, I believe many of your ideas could be expressed much more simply resulting in a wider accessibility to your ideas by the general public.- John Polkinghorne Q&A 9 October 2009 5:33 UTC www.starcourse.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Only significantly more fuel efficient automobiles can lead to real change.
^ The consequences of this document are likely to be much more serious for public health and safety, as it is intended to eviscerate any possibility of effective action on alcohol issues at the local level.- CORK Bibliography: Alcohol Beverage Industry 26 May 2010 9:48 UTC www.projectcork.org [Source type: Academic]
[29] .^ I think petro-fuels should have a floor price the same time as the ethanol tax credit is phased out.- The Oil Drum: Net Energy | The Effect of Natural Gradients on the Net Energy Profits from Corn Ethanol 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC netenergy.theoildrum.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Chrysler, Ford, and General Motors all recommend ethanol fuels, ...
^ That the addition of benzene and other aromatic hydrocarbons to paraffin base gasoline greatly reduces the tendency of these fuels to detonate [knock] ...
When this is added into the custom "Localised Pollution Index (LPI)" of The Clean Fuels Report the local pollution, i.e. that which contributes to smog, is 1.7 on a scale where gasoline is 1.0 and higher numbers signify greater pollution.
.^ Air emissions can be controlled by incineration, gas stripping, ; or biological oxidation in biofiltration systems [72].- Propanol, 2- (EHC 103, 1990) 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Creates the California Gambling Control Board and delegates specified duties to the board.- http://www.senate.ca.gov/sfa/1997/_7sfa10.htm 26 May 2010 9:48 UTC www.senate.ca.gov [Source type: Original source]
^ The consequences of this document are likely to be much more serious for public health and safety, as it is intended to eviscerate any possibility of effective action on alcohol issues at the local level.- CORK Bibliography: Alcohol Beverage Industry 26 May 2010 9:48 UTC www.projectcork.org [Source type: Academic]
[31]
.^ I get that ethanol has a lower energy content than gasoline.- John Stossel : The Many Myths of Ethanol - Townhall.com 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC townhall.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Ethanol Fueling a New Economy?, Billions of dollars are being spent on new technologies and industries dealing with the advent of ethanol as an energy ...
^ Labels: clean diesel , energy independence , Ethanol , Flex-fuel , Ford , fuel efficiency , hybrid trucks , Hybrid Vehicles , plug-in hybrids , toyota .
.^ Boof on January 13, 2009 - 3:49pm We may have to produce some liquid or gaseous fuel with low or perhaps even slightly negative net energy.- The Oil Drum: Net Energy | The Effect of Natural Gradients on the Net Energy Profits from Corn Ethanol 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC netenergy.theoildrum.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Int Arch Occup Environ Health, 48 :; 257-271.; ; Seizinger DE & Dimitriades B (1972) Oxygenates in exhaust from simple; hydrocarbon fuels.- Methanol (EHC 196, 1997) 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
^ However, they have ; high densities and thus help elevate the energy contained in a gallon of the fuel.- Biodiesel Production Technology: August 2002--January 2004 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.methanol.org [Source type: Reference]
.^ In the absence of a free market, however, we are forced to use some methology to provide a comparison between ethanol and gasoline, for example.- The Oil Drum: Net Energy | The Effect of Natural Gradients on the Net Energy Profits from Corn Ethanol 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC netenergy.theoildrum.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ M-85 methanol-fuelled engines (methanol with 15%; gasoline), without a catalyst, on Fischer-344 rats for periods up to; 12 weeks.- Methanol (EHC 196, 1997) 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Thus, vehicles could fill up with gasoline that is 85% ethanol, and this ethanol doesn't have to be just corn.
.^ Ethanol is a liquid that can be used as a fuel by itself or blended with gasoline.
^ I get that ethanol has a lower energy content than gasoline.- John Stossel : The Many Myths of Ethanol - Townhall.com 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC townhall.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Ethanol is also a commodity, but it has the interesting property that it can't be shipped through the same pipelines as other liquid fuels because it's water soluble.- Alternative Energy Stocks: Ethanol Archives 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC www.altenergystocks.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ So this is energy that can't be released in internal combustion engines.- John Stossel : The Many Myths of Ethanol - Townhall.com 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC townhall.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ This is why the first trains operated on steam and did not change when the automobile, with its internal combustion engine, was invented.- John Stossel : The Many Myths of Ethanol - Townhall.com 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC townhall.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ According to an interesting article, Ethanol: Is it the answer ?, a combination of cheap oil and droughts - which caused poor harvests and less ethanol - led Brazilians back to oil.
[citation needed]
.^ Detroit area that supplies our products to thousands of locations around the United States.
^ About one out of every 40 cars and trucks in the United States can now run on a commercial mix of gasoline and ethanol , mostly made from corn.
^ David Murphy on January 13, 2009 - 10:49pm New strains of corn will increase US ethanol production and efficiency greatly in a few years.- The Oil Drum: Net Energy | The Effect of Natural Gradients on the Net Energy Profits from Corn Ethanol 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC netenergy.theoildrum.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[32] .^ Labels: Ethanol , flex fuel .
^ "Injecting small quantities of ethanol into car engines at moments of peak demand -- such as accelerating sharply or climbing a steep hill -- could improve the fuel economy of gasoline engines by 20 percent to 30 percent, a scientist said on Wednesday."
^ Nuclear plants will produce more electricity than we can ever use to heat our homes and to produce more SUVs.- John Stossel : The Many Myths of Ethanol - Townhall.com 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC townhall.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[33] .^ Labels: Ethanol , flex fuel .
^ Flex-fuel credit all but guaranteed .
^ Chrysler, Ford, and General Motors all recommend ethanol fuels, ...
.^ Ethanol is a liquid that can be used as a fuel by itself or blended with gasoline.
^ A blend of 85 percent ethanol and 15 percent unleaded gasoline ...
^ Over two trillion miles have been driven on ethanol -blended fuels in the US since 1980.
.^ Finally, Brazil produces 4.5 billion gallons of ethanol from sugar cane and blends ...
^ Canada maintained that the exception to national treatment for subsidies to ; domestic producers did not permit the exemption of such producers from an internal tax nor allowed for ; a credit against such taxes.
^ Besides the US, cellulosic ethanol will undoubtedly, once it can be produced on a cost-competitive basis, spread to other ethanol majors, most notably Brazil .- Alternative Energy Stocks: Ethanol Archives 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC www.altenergystocks.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ After all chaotic dynamics itself is a relatively new area and is much better understood now than 30 years ago.- John Polkinghorne Q&A 9 October 2009 5:33 UTC www.starcourse.org [Source type: Original source]
^ In fact, if you are worried about the environment, or foreign oil dependency, many flex fuel vehicles cause much more harm than good.
^ Ethanol is a domestic fuel, that puts corn to a much better use than high fructose corn syrup that contributes to growing epidemics of obesity and diabetes.- Alternative Energy Stocks: Ethanol Archives 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC www.altenergystocks.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Nuclear plants will produce more electricity than we can ever use to heat our homes and to produce more SUVs.- John Stossel : The Many Myths of Ethanol - Townhall.com 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC townhall.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Surprise, surprise Detroit doesn't want to be forced to make more fuel efficient vehicles, but they want the oil industry to be forced to use ethanol.
^ Larger volumes of material are processed in plants that produce so-called "inedible" products, ; although the products are suitable for use in animal feeds.- Biodiesel Production Technology: August 2002--January 2004 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.methanol.org [Source type: Reference]
[citation needed]
.^ A large scale ethanol plant in Stanley, Wisconsin, United States.
^ The United States provided a statement from the Oklahoma ; Alcoholic Beverage Law Enforcement Commission, the state agency with jurisdiction over the alcoholic ; beverage industry, which indicated that this was the case.
^ Also, even though Lutz defended ethanol, he did admit that corn-based ethanol has some problems and he stated that cellulosic ethanol was needed.
.^ In the United States, ethanol is typically produced from corn and other grain products.
^ The US ethanol industry produced more than 3.4 billion gallons in 2004, ...
^ It wastes more than 2.3 billion gallons of fuel each year."
.^ Additionally, yesterday I blogged about the potential of a billion new drivers from Asia and asked, "Where will the oil come from?"
^ From a pre-war peak production of 100 million gallons of alcohol per year, well over 600 million gallons of new capacity was created.
^ Workforce Factors Given the volume of growth expected in the stores, the agency projects additional new classified positions within the next two years and further increases over the next ten years.
.^ There is not a market when gasoline is $.89 per gallon.- John Stossel : The Many Myths of Ethanol - Townhall.com 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC townhall.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ There is a market for ethanol when gasoline is $2.25 per gallon wholesale.- John Stossel : The Many Myths of Ethanol - Townhall.com 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC townhall.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ It wastes more than 2.3 billion gallons of fuel each year."
[34]
.^ Most ethanol is blended into the gasoline as E10.- The Oil Drum: Net Energy | The Effect of Natural Gradients on the Net Energy Profits from Corn Ethanol 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC netenergy.theoildrum.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The gasoline tax for ethanol-blended gasoline is 19 cpg.
^ There is a market for ethanol when gasoline is $2.25 per gallon wholesale.- John Stossel : The Many Myths of Ethanol - Townhall.com 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC townhall.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Tax on gasoline is based on the amount of ethanol sold in the state.
^ Ethanol is a liquid that can be used as a fuel by itself or blended with gasoline.
^ The energy bill passed by Congress in 2005 requires an increase in ethanol use by refiners to 7.5 billion gallons by the year 2012.- Alternative Energy Stocks: Ethanol Archives 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC www.altenergystocks.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[36] .^ Butyl alcohol is also a likely; degradation product of methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) and has been detected in; MTBE contaminated wells.
^ Beverage alcohol contains ethyl alcohol (ethanol), a simple molecule consisting of two carbon atoms, 6 hydrogen atoms, and one oxygen atom.- ASREC : Alcohol Facts to Share With Others 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.utexas.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ PEER REVIEWED** ; ; t-Butyl alcohol is a likely degradation product of methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE); and has been detected in MTBE contaminated wells(1).
.^ At these 2 ; sites, used for the disposal of domestic waste, the 2-propanol ; concentrations were 17 mg/m 3 and more than 46 mg/m 3 , respectively ; [288].- Propanol, 2- (EHC 103, 1990) 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Surprise, surprise Detroit doesn't want to be forced to make more fuel efficient vehicles, but they want the oil industry to be forced to use ethanol.
^ In order for that happen, more than just 600 of the Nation's 180,000 gas pumps will have to start selling ethanol.
[36]
.^ Upgrading legacy communications system to improve local, long distance and international voice and data solutions through a single network, ?
^ Since 2-propanol is completely ; miscible with water, it can be expected to be very mobile in the ; soil [72] and it has been shown to increase the permeability of ; soil to aromatic hydrocarbons [81].- Propanol, 2- (EHC 103, 1990) 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Alcohol does not cause alcohol dependence ("alcoholism") - it is merely one drug through which a brain chemistry problem is manifested.- ASREC : Alcohol Facts to Share With Others 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.utexas.edu [Source type: Academic]
[37]
.^ For decades GM has used fuel cell vehicles as an excuse not to compete with Japanese efficiency, now they are using ethanol.
^ Ford's interest in using ethanol as an alternative fuel goes back to the days ...
^ Ethanol is a domestic fuel, that puts corn to a much better use than high fructose corn syrup that contributes to growing epidemics of obesity and diabetes.- Alternative Energy Stocks: Ethanol Archives 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC www.altenergystocks.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Able to run on both gasoline, ethanol, or a mixture of the two, flex fuel vehicles allow Brazilians to take advantage of which ever fuel they choose.
.^ The maximum initial velocity (V max ) ; of rat liver ADH and the substrate 2-propanol in vivo was 1.7 times ; less than that with the substrate ethanol.- Propanol, 2- (EHC 103, 1990) 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
^ If the mandate was fulfilled only by ethanol produced in Iowa, which has a refinery-gate EROI of 1.32:1 (Table 1), the net energy profit provided by the ethanol is actually 9 billion gallons.- The Oil Drum: Net Energy | The Effect of Natural Gradients on the Net Energy Profits from Corn Ethanol 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC netenergy.theoildrum.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ This matter is significant because the energy credits allotted to the use of co-products as a by-product of the corn-based ethanol process account for 19% of the total energy gains of the corn-based ethanol process (co-products are allotted 4.13 MJ/L while ethanol is 21.46 MJ/L).- The Oil Drum: Net Energy | The Effect of Natural Gradients on the Net Energy Profits from Corn Ethanol 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC netenergy.theoildrum.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[38].
.^ About one out of every 40 cars and trucks in the United States can now run on a commercial mix of gasoline and ethanol, mostly made from corn.
^ According to your argument, the entire Indy Car racing sport is as stupid as I am, as they run their 200+ mph cars on ethanol.- John Stossel : The Many Myths of Ethanol - Townhall.com 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC townhall.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ About one out of every 40 cars and trucks in the United States can now run on a commercial mix of gasoline and ethanol , mostly made from corn.
Food versus fuel debate
.^ We conclude that the net energy value of corn ethanol has become ...
^ If the mandate was fulfilled only by ethanol produced in Iowa, which has a refinery-gate EROI of 1.32:1 (Table 1), the net energy profit provided by the ethanol is actually 9 billion gallons.- The Oil Drum: Net Energy | The Effect of Natural Gradients on the Net Energy Profits from Corn Ethanol 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC netenergy.theoildrum.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ This matter is significant because the energy credits allotted to the use of co-products as a by-product of the corn-based ethanol process account for 19% of the total energy gains of the corn-based ethanol process (co-products are allotted 4.13 MJ/L while ethanol is 21.46 MJ/L).- The Oil Drum: Net Energy | The Effect of Natural Gradients on the Net Energy Profits from Corn Ethanol 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC netenergy.theoildrum.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Even more corn-ethanol?
^ Thus, 70 percent more energy is required to produce ethanol than the energy ...
^ Also, even though the neon sign list is updated frequently, many more neon beer signs are available than pictured at this site.- Neon Beer Signs List From NeonSign.com 19 January 2010 8:48 UTC www.neonsign.com [Source type: General]
.^ Values for non-spatial costs include: herbicides, insecticides, seed, transport energy, gasoline, diesel, natural gas, LPG, electricity, farm labor, labor transportation, farm machinery, and inputs packaging.- The Oil Drum: Net Energy | The Effect of Natural Gradients on the Net Energy Profits from Corn Ethanol 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC netenergy.theoildrum.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ He mentioned the local supply of corn, access to rail transport, other uses of corn in the area, access to water, and local demand for distiller's grains, all unsurprising considerations.- Alternative Energy Stocks: Ethanol Archives 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC www.altenergystocks.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Other potential substitutes for corn in feed include some of the other options which are being considered for cellulosic ethanol, such as corn cobs (which have long been fed to cattle) and stover .- Alternative Energy Stocks: Ethanol Archives 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC www.altenergystocks.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Virginia’s line of distilled spirit products, however, is 42% larger than operations in North Carolina and more than double the distilled spirits product line found in Pennsylvania.
^ That is if you wanted to increase copper production by 20% then you would need 20% more labor, 20% more capital, 20% more energy, etc.- The Oil Drum: Net Energy | The Effect of Natural Gradients on the Net Energy Profits from Corn Ethanol 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC netenergy.theoildrum.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ This article from the Green Car Congress provides details on a proposed piece of legislation that, if adopted, would grant significantly more regulatory certainty to the ethanol industry than to just about any other alternative energy industry in America.- Alternative Energy Stocks: Ethanol Archives 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC www.altenergystocks.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[41][42] .^ Using those energy yields, the gross costs of producing 36 billion gallons of ethanol would be 576 x 10 9 MJ in Iowa and 952 x 10 9 MJ in Texas (0.4 liters ethanol/kg corn, 25.4 kg/bushel of corn).- The Oil Drum: Net Energy | The Effect of Natural Gradients on the Net Energy Profits from Corn Ethanol 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC netenergy.theoildrum.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Ethanol uses the starch in corn to create sugar, then ethanol .
^ It is obvious that the intent of the EROEI folks is to 'taint' biomass as an energy source using incomplete analysis of corn, an agricultural crop which is not a true energy crop such as switchgrass, sugar cane and miscanthus.- The Oil Drum: Net Energy | The Effect of Natural Gradients on the Net Energy Profits from Corn Ethanol 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC netenergy.theoildrum.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[43] .^ Corn is not an energy crop!- The Oil Drum: Net Energy | The Effect of Natural Gradients on the Net Energy Profits from Corn Ethanol 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC netenergy.theoildrum.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Recently, cellulosic ethanol has been much in the news.- Alternative Energy Stocks: Ethanol Archives 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC www.altenergystocks.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Ethanol is a fuel that comes from agricultural crops such as corn, barley, ...
[44] .^ With the reduced demand for liquid fuel, it is possible that we could fuel most cars with the ethanol WE ALREADY PRODUCE...- John Stossel : The Many Myths of Ethanol - Townhall.com 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC townhall.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ At its most basic, ethanol is grain alcohol, produced from crops such as corn.
^ January 14, 2009 - 11:35pm As I posted above, corn ethanol is not an energy crop--a crop grown solely to produce energy.- The Oil Drum: Net Energy | The Effect of Natural Gradients on the Net Energy Profits from Corn Ethanol 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC netenergy.theoildrum.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ In a way, ethanol is the co-product, an by-product of a food system and a net positive energy one at that!- The Oil Drum: Net Energy | The Effect of Natural Gradients on the Net Energy Profits from Corn Ethanol 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC netenergy.theoildrum.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Purchases Allowed.; – Without a permit, a person may purchase at one time: .
^ Neither increases in government subsidies to corn-based ethanol fuel nor hikes in the price of petroleum can overcome what one Cornell University ...
.^ Pursuing energy independence is ironically using more resources than not pursuing it!!"- The Oil Drum: Net Energy | The Effect of Natural Gradients on the Net Energy Profits from Corn Ethanol 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC netenergy.theoildrum.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ This potential change will increase the cost of refining and also greatly increase the usage ethanol.- Alternative Energy Stocks: Ethanol Archives 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC www.altenergystocks.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Pursuing energy independence is ironically using more resources than not pursuing it!!- The Oil Drum: Net Energy | The Effect of Natural Gradients on the Net Energy Profits from Corn Ethanol 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC netenergy.theoildrum.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Climate change demands fuel efficiency, not ethanol .
^ Hantas 12 December 2007 at 01:29 pm sd9sd said: But is this problem similar to the tetra ethyl lead cover up?- Damn Interesting • The Ethyl-Poisoned Earth 9 February 2010 14:014 UTC www.damninteresting.com [Source type: Original source]
^ For decades, GM has lobbied Congress and the White House not to increase fuel economy standards.
[47][48]
.^ I think petro-fuels should have a floor price the same time as the ethanol tax credit is phased out.- The Oil Drum: Net Energy | The Effect of Natural Gradients on the Net Energy Profits from Corn Ethanol 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC netenergy.theoildrum.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ As ethanol production increases, gasoline use should decrease.- The Oil Drum: Net Energy | The Effect of Natural Gradients on the Net Energy Profits from Corn Ethanol 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC netenergy.theoildrum.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ That is if you wanted to increase copper production by 20% then you would need 20% more labor, 20% more capital, 20% more energy, etc.- The Oil Drum: Net Energy | The Effect of Natural Gradients on the Net Energy Profits from Corn Ethanol 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC netenergy.theoildrum.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ But at some point, falling away from this (due to arrogance and greed) led humans to become dispersed.- John Polkinghorne Q&A 9 October 2009 5:33 UTC www.starcourse.org [Source type: Original source]
^ I seem to recall that John recently published the findings of a group that dealt with the after life and had some interesting things to say about Purgatory.- John Polkinghorne Q&A 9 October 2009 5:33 UTC www.starcourse.org [Source type: Original source]
^ This is why some liquid cold and vitamin remedies (which are easier to consume than tablets or capsules) are on the market, especially for older patients who cannot swallow tablets or capsules.- ASREC : Alcohol Facts to Share With Others 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.utexas.edu [Source type: Academic]
[49]
.^ Ethanol uses the starch in corn to create sugar, then ethanol .
^ Corn ethanol production is easy to establish.- Alternative Energy Stocks: Ethanol Archives 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC www.altenergystocks.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ As ethanol production increases, gasoline use should decrease.- The Oil Drum: Net Energy | The Effect of Natural Gradients on the Net Energy Profits from Corn Ethanol 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC netenergy.theoildrum.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[50]
.^ Using Non-food crops .- Alternative Energy Stocks: Ethanol Archives 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC www.altenergystocks.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Each commissioner at the time of appointment and qualification shall be a resident of this state and shall have resided in this state for at least five years next preceding appointment and qualification.- http://landru.leg.state.or.us/ors/471.html 26 May 2010 9:48 UTC landru.leg.state.or.us [Source type: Original source]
^ As new products have been introduced over the last five years, these expenditures have ; increased dramatically, from 2% of beer advertising in 1998 to approximately 17% of beer ; advertising in 2002.- Alcohol Marketing and Advertising, A Report to Congress 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.ftc.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Conversely, the opportunity to double the amount of corn available to ethanol production may confound analysts who expect the ethanol boom to end due to rising corn prices.- Alternative Energy Stocks: Ethanol Archives 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC www.altenergystocks.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The facility infrastructure will be capable of expanding to 60 million gallons per year (and further expansion capabilities could reach 100-million gallons per year), ranking them among the largest fuel production facilities in the world.- Alternative Energy Stocks: Ethanol Archives 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC www.altenergystocks.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Thus, a promotion that limits the offer to one free drink on the DJ would be lawful because the ; licensee itself could conduct such a promotion.- State of New Jersey 26 May 2010 9:48 UTC www.nj.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[51] .^ Grains traders have forecast tortilla prices to rise between 20 percent and 25 percent during the last quarter of 2006 and the first quarter of 2007.- Alternative Energy Stocks: Ethanol Archives 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC www.altenergystocks.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ "Even more funny, in the story I heard on NPR, Wal-Mart Mexico is taking advantage of the tortilla price run up to undercut independent tortilla shops.- Alternative Energy Stocks: Ethanol Archives 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC www.altenergystocks.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ I think petro-fuels should have a floor price the same time as the ethanol tax credit is phased out.- The Oil Drum: Net Energy | The Effect of Natural Gradients on the Net Energy Profits from Corn Ethanol 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC netenergy.theoildrum.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ If a rise in food prices results from corn ethanol, the decrease in our collective carbon footprint from what we eat.- Alternative Energy Stocks: Ethanol Archives 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC www.altenergystocks.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ USA Today Money comments about a potential for future increases in gas prices and also shortages in Ethanol.- Alternative Energy Stocks: Ethanol Archives 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC www.altenergystocks.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[52] .^ Like many environmentalists, I'm not a big fan of the ethanol industry , especially corn ethanol.- Alternative Energy Stocks: Ethanol Archives 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC www.altenergystocks.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Clearly, we are not going to see 1.8 billion bushels of corn a year diverted from cattle feed to ethanol overnight, but the changing economics are likely already having an effect.- Alternative Energy Stocks: Ethanol Archives 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC www.altenergystocks.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ As a local value added product to low value commodity corn, they keep more jobs in the community, which in turn create more jobs through economic multiplier effects...- Alternative Energy Stocks: Ethanol Archives 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC www.altenergystocks.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Because ethanol retards the elimination of 2-propanol and is ; also a CNS depressant, interaction between ethanol and propanol may ; be expected to increase the CNS effects of either agent.- Propanol, 2- (EHC 103, 1990) 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
^ For example, if we triple or quadruple ethanol consumption, how much will food prices increase?
[53]
.^ Biodiesel produced from crude soybean oil ; retains somewhat more color than biodiesel from refined oil but phosphorus and free fatty acid ; levels seem to be equivalent [8].- Biodiesel Production Technology: August 2002--January 2004 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.methanol.org [Source type: Reference]
^ In reality, the proportion of corn used for corn-based ethanol production will come from both optimal and marginal land, but some marginal land will be required.- The Oil Drum: Net Energy | The Effect of Natural Gradients on the Net Energy Profits from Corn Ethanol 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC netenergy.theoildrum.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ While I'd rather use my tax dollars to subsidize American industries, such as ethanol producers, rather than foreign oil companies, I'd rather subsidize hybrid cars and other clean vehicle technologies more than ethanol.
[54] .^ Surprise, surprise Detroit doesn't want to be forced to make more fuel efficient vehicles, but they want the oil industry to be forced to use ethanol.
^ Gasoline originally referred to any liquid used as the fuel for a ...
^ In the absence of a free market, however, we are forced to use some methology to provide a comparison between ethanol and gasoline, for example.- The Oil Drum: Net Energy | The Effect of Natural Gradients on the Net Energy Profits from Corn Ethanol 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC netenergy.theoildrum.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Oil & Gas Journal Online focuses on oil and gas, petroleum, refining, petrochemicals, processing, oil and gas news, oil exploration, oil drilling, ...
.^ If the mandate was fulfilled only by ethanol produced in Iowa, which has a refinery-gate EROI of 1.32:1 (Table 1), the net energy profit provided by the ethanol is actually 9 billion gallons.- The Oil Drum: Net Energy | The Effect of Natural Gradients on the Net Energy Profits from Corn Ethanol 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC netenergy.theoildrum.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The ; energy difference between the lowest-energy saddle point and the energy of the reactant ; is called the classical barrier height or zero-point exclusive barrier height, denoted V ‡ .- chapter for Isotope Effects in Chemistry and Biology , edited by Hans Limbach and Amnon Kohen, to be published by Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, 2004 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC static.msi.umn.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ Boof on January 13, 2009 - 3:49pm We may have to produce some liquid or gaseous fuel with low or perhaps even slightly negative net energy.- The Oil Drum: Net Energy | The Effect of Natural Gradients on the Net Energy Profits from Corn Ethanol 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC netenergy.theoildrum.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ We conclude that the net energy value of corn ethanol has become ...
^ If the mandate was fulfilled only by ethanol produced in Iowa, which has a refinery-gate EROI of 1.32:1 (Table 1), the net energy profit provided by the ethanol is actually 9 billion gallons.- The Oil Drum: Net Energy | The Effect of Natural Gradients on the Net Energy Profits from Corn Ethanol 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC netenergy.theoildrum.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ I’ve seen at least one piece predicting that additions to ethanol production have been under estimated and that significant corn feedstock shortages will occur in 2008."- Alternative Energy Stocks: Ethanol Archives 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC www.altenergystocks.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ By substituting 2 MJ for the “Gross Energy Gains”, and 0.5 for the EROI, the Net Energy Profit calculates to -2, which means that the production of ethanol is a net energy loss, even though it has a gross energy gain of 2MJ, in this example.- The Oil Drum: Net Energy | The Effect of Natural Gradients on the Net Energy Profits from Corn Ethanol 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC netenergy.theoildrum.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ In other words, without the energy contained in the co-products, the production of corn-based ethanol on marginal lands creates net energy losses rather than profits.- The Oil Drum: Net Energy | The Effect of Natural Gradients on the Net Energy Profits from Corn Ethanol 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC netenergy.theoildrum.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The Effect of Natural Gradients on the Net Energy Profits from Corn Ethanol The Oil Drum: Net Energy Discussions about Energy and Our Future .- The Oil Drum: Net Energy | The Effect of Natural Gradients on the Net Energy Profits from Corn Ethanol 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC netenergy.theoildrum.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ MTBE did *not* replace TEL in gasoline.- Damn Interesting • The Ethyl-Poisoned Earth 9 February 2010 14:014 UTC www.damninteresting.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Cellulosic ethanol also has the potential to alleviate the greatest stumbling block of corn ethanol as a potential replacement of gasoline: that there is simply not enough of it.- Alternative Energy Stocks: Ethanol Archives 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC www.altenergystocks.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ This price also does not include the added cost of disposing of the water after it is removed ; or the cost of landfilling the solids.- Biodiesel Production Technology: August 2002--January 2004 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.methanol.org [Source type: Reference]
.^ Over the years, the practice of placing branded products within films has gained popularity worldwide.- CORK Bibliography: Alcohol Beverage Industry 26 May 2010 9:48 UTC www.projectcork.org [Source type: Academic]
^ As ethanol production increases, gasoline use should decrease.- The Oil Drum: Net Energy | The Effect of Natural Gradients on the Net Energy Profits from Corn Ethanol 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC netenergy.theoildrum.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ That is if you wanted to increase copper production by 20% then you would need 20% more labor, 20% more capital, 20% more energy, etc.- The Oil Drum: Net Energy | The Effect of Natural Gradients on the Net Energy Profits from Corn Ethanol 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC netenergy.theoildrum.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[55] .^ Even more corn-ethanol?
^ Philippines, is known to be 3-4 times more productive than sugar cane in producing alcohol.- CORK Bibliography: Alcohol Beverage Industry 26 May 2010 9:48 UTC www.projectcork.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Ethanol uses the starch in corn to create sugar, then ethanol .
.^ Hunt Oil Company is a leading independent energy company, with oil exploration and production operations worldwide.
^ You say we can reduce oil consumption after I post that we can reduce phosphate use which results in water pollution and show how to do it.- The Oil Drum: Net Energy | The Effect of Natural Gradients on the Net Energy Profits from Corn Ethanol 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC netenergy.theoildrum.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ They increase every year, even faster than total oil consumption because domestic production is post-peak.- The Oil Drum: Net Energy | The Effect of Natural Gradients on the Net Energy Profits from Corn Ethanol 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC netenergy.theoildrum.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[56]
.^ We conclude that the net energy value of corn ethanol has become ...
^ In a way, ethanol is the co-product, an by-product of a food system and a net positive energy one at that!- The Oil Drum: Net Energy | The Effect of Natural Gradients on the Net Energy Profits from Corn Ethanol 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC netenergy.theoildrum.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Feasibility of large-scale biofuel production.- The Oil Drum: Net Energy | The Effect of Natural Gradients on the Net Energy Profits from Corn Ethanol 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC netenergy.theoildrum.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
It has been estimated that "if every bushel of U.S.
corn,
wheat,
rice and
soybean were used to produce ethanol, it would only cover about 4% of
U.S. energy needs on a net basis."
[57] Many of the issues raised could likely be fixed by techniques now in development that produce ethanol from agricultural waste, such as paper waste, switchgrass, and
other materials, but EIA Forecasts Significant Shortfall in Cellulosic Biofuel Production Compared to Target Set by Renewable Fuel Standard.
[58]
.^ For decades, GM has lobbied Congress and the White House not to increase fuel economy standards.
^ Still, demand fueled by the increase in domestic ethanol production capacity is expected to outpace the production rise.- Alternative Energy Stocks: Ethanol Archives 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC www.altenergystocks.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Ethanol is a domestic fuel, that puts corn to a much better use than high fructose corn syrup that contributes to growing epidemics of obesity and diabetes.- Alternative Energy Stocks: Ethanol Archives 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC www.altenergystocks.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Better yet, we can dispense with calculated predictions altogether, and look at actual experience with ethanol vs. We are now producing enough ethanol that there should be a noticeable effect on gasoline consumption, if ethanol is really a benefit.- The Oil Drum: Net Energy | The Effect of Natural Gradients on the Net Energy Profits from Corn Ethanol 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC netenergy.theoildrum.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The ; burdens resulting from these regulations thus do not fall more heavily on Canadian than on ; United States producers.
^ Cellulosic ethanol also has the potential to alleviate the greatest stumbling block of corn ethanol as a potential replacement of gasoline: that there is simply not enough of it.- Alternative Energy Stocks: Ethanol Archives 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC www.altenergystocks.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[59] .^ Pursuing energy independence is ironically using more resources than not pursuing it!!"- The Oil Drum: Net Energy | The Effect of Natural Gradients on the Net Energy Profits from Corn Ethanol 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC netenergy.theoildrum.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Pursuing energy independence is ironically using more resources than not pursuing it!!- The Oil Drum: Net Energy | The Effect of Natural Gradients on the Net Energy Profits from Corn Ethanol 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC netenergy.theoildrum.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ This article from the Green Car Congress provides details on a proposed piece of legislation that, if adopted, would grant significantly more regulatory certainty to the ethanol industry than to just about any other alternative energy industry in America.- Alternative Energy Stocks: Ethanol Archives 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC www.altenergystocks.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[60]
.^ Ethanol fuels: Energy balance, economics and environmental impacts are negative.- The Oil Drum: Net Energy | The Effect of Natural Gradients on the Net Energy Profits from Corn Ethanol 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC netenergy.theoildrum.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ I think petro-fuels should have a floor price the same time as the ethanol tax credit is phased out.- The Oil Drum: Net Energy | The Effect of Natural Gradients on the Net Energy Profits from Corn Ethanol 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC netenergy.theoildrum.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Oregon exempted from the normal tax the first 40,000 gallons of wine sold ; annually in Oregon from small United States manufacturers of alcoholic beverages.
.^ Labels: Congress , E85 , Ethanol , fuel efficiency , GM , Hybrid Vehicles .
^ I have not been a big fan of E85 or Flex-fuel vehicles.
^ Ethanol is a liquid that can be used as a fuel by itself or blended with gasoline.
[61] .^ For decades, GM has lobbied Congress and the White House not to increase fuel economy standards.
^ CHP can displace heating fuels such as natural gas, propane, or electricity, and often have combined efficiency from 50% to 80%.- Alternative Energy Stocks: Ethanol Archives 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC www.altenergystocks.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Labels: clean diesel , Ethanol , fuel efficiency , Hybrid Vehicles , prius , toyota .
[62] .^ The Environmental Protection Agency has mandated that sulfur levels for petroleum-based ; diesel fuel must drop to 15 ppm from 500 ppm by 2006.- Biodiesel Production Technology: August 2002--January 2004 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.methanol.org [Source type: Reference]
^ Recent research [see links at end of post] supports his focus on the methanol to formaldehyde toxic process: The United States Environmental Protection Agency in their Multimedia Environmental Goals for Environmental Assessment recommends a minimum acute toxicity concentration of methanol in drinking water at 3.9 parts per million, with a recommended limit of consumption below 7.8 mg/day (8).
^ Recent research [see links at end of post] supports his focus on the methanol to formaldehyde toxic process: "The United States Environmental Protection Agency in their Multimedia Environmental Goals for Environmental Assessment recommends a minimum acute toxicity concentration of methanol in drinking water at 3.9 parts per million, with a recommended limit of consumption below 7.8 mg/day (8).
[63] .^ Ethanol is a liquid that can be used as a fuel by itself or blended with gasoline.
^ The ; burdens resulting from these regulations thus do not fall more heavily on Canadian than on ; United States producers.
^ Gasoline originally referred to any liquid used as the fuel for a ...
[65]
.^ Corn ethanol already is a substitute for gasoline.- The Oil Drum: Net Energy | The Effect of Natural Gradients on the Net Energy Profits from Corn Ethanol 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC netenergy.theoildrum.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Current corn- ethanol production technologies are far less petroleum-intensive than gasoline, though both fuels have similar greenhouse gas emissions, ...
^ Thus, a promotion that limits the offer to one free drink on the DJ would be lawful because the ; licensee itself could conduct such a promotion.- State of New Jersey 26 May 2010 9:48 UTC www.nj.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Labels: biofuels , Congress , Ethanol , Foreign Oil Dependency , global warming , Hybrid Vehicles , tax credits .
^ The fact that as I study the climate in depth I become more and more convinced that global warming is a non-issue.- Damn Interesting • The Ethyl-Poisoned Earth 9 February 2010 14:014 UTC www.damninteresting.com [Source type: Original source]
^ If you do, then you realize how important it is that humans start taking much more responsibility for their contribution to global warming.
[66] .^ An estimated seven million tons of the stuff were burned through gasoline in Ethyl’s sixty-three years of use; and since lead does not decay, every particle that traversed a tailpipe still lingers in the air today, aside from some that settled onto the ground and into the sea.- Damn Interesting • The Ethyl-Poisoned Earth 9 February 2010 14:014 UTC www.damninteresting.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Even if the in-state wholesaler were wholly owned and operated by the Canadian producer, that ; wholesaler still represented an additional layer of distribution and costs through which Canadian ; products had to pass before reaching the in-state retailer.
^ If Godel's work does through a wrench into the works, why hasn't the physics community caught on to this?- John Polkinghorne Q&A 9 October 2009 5:33 UTC www.starcourse.org [Source type: Original source]
.^ As it is the newer ones are down to about 2.5 gallons/gal of ethanol.- The Oil Drum: Net Energy | The Effect of Natural Gradients on the Net Energy Profits from Corn Ethanol 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC netenergy.theoildrum.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The new strains of corn planned for ethanol in the US actually DO NOT require traditional feed corn fertilizers.- The Oil Drum: Net Energy | The Effect of Natural Gradients on the Net Energy Profits from Corn Ethanol 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC netenergy.theoildrum.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ However, it remains the case that there are inputs into the ethanol production process which are clearly not renewable.- The Oil Drum: Net Energy | The Effect of Natural Gradients on the Net Energy Profits from Corn Ethanol 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC netenergy.theoildrum.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Corn Ethanol can produce about 200 gallons per acre, while soy biodiesel can produce about 50 gallons per acre of biodiesel .- Alternative Energy Stocks: Ethanol Archives 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC www.altenergystocks.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Today, the 1 billion bushels of corn currently used in the dry mill ethanol process contain roughly 300 million gallons of corn oil that is currently sold for about $0.03 per pound as commercial feed.- Alternative Energy Stocks: Ethanol Archives 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC www.altenergystocks.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ January 13, 2009 - 10:09pm New strains of corn will increase US ethanol production and efficiency greatly in a few years.- The Oil Drum: Net Energy | The Effect of Natural Gradients on the Net Energy Profits from Corn Ethanol 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC netenergy.theoildrum.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Corn ethanol production is easy to establish.- Alternative Energy Stocks: Ethanol Archives 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC www.altenergystocks.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Already, ethanol is an incredibly subsidized product, as is the corn from which most ethanol is derived.
^ Although only about 10-15% of price rises in food are due to ethanol-induced corn price rises , ethanol makes a convenient whipping boy for price rises which arise from many factors, most importantly the rising price of energy.- Alternative Energy Stocks: Ethanol Archives 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC www.altenergystocks.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ He mentioned the local supply of corn, access to rail transport, other uses of corn in the area, access to water, and local demand for distiller's grains, all unsurprising considerations.- Alternative Energy Stocks: Ethanol Archives 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC www.altenergystocks.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ And, since distiller's grains, a byproduct of ethanol production is usually fed to cattle, not all of the current feed corn would have to be replaced with hay to do so.- Alternative Energy Stocks: Ethanol Archives 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC www.altenergystocks.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Value and use of ‘new generation’ distiller’s dried grains with solubles in swine diets.- The Oil Drum: Net Energy | The Effect of Natural Gradients on the Net Energy Profits from Corn Ethanol 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC netenergy.theoildrum.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Currently, the majority of ethanol production is based on a dry milling technique that utilizes more than 1 billion bushels of corn to produce 3 billion gallons per year of ethanol.- Alternative Energy Stocks: Ethanol Archives 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC www.altenergystocks.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The new strains of corn planned for ethanol in the US actually DO NOT require traditional feed corn fertilizers.- The Oil Drum: Net Energy | The Effect of Natural Gradients on the Net Energy Profits from Corn Ethanol 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC netenergy.theoildrum.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Besides the US, cellulosic ethanol will undoubtedly, once it can be produced on a cost-competitive basis, spread to other ethanol majors, most notably Brazil .- Alternative Energy Stocks: Ethanol Archives 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC www.altenergystocks.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ When it comes to greenhouse gas reduction, ethanol, even corn ethanol, is not the enemy.- Alternative Energy Stocks: Ethanol Archives 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC www.altenergystocks.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Advanced biofuels are defined as fuels other than corn-based ethanol and with greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions half that of the fuel they replace.- Alternative Energy Stocks: Ethanol Archives 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC www.altenergystocks.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ He claims a 61% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions for corn ethanol compared to gasoline.- Alternative Energy Stocks: Ethanol Archives 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC www.altenergystocks.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ I think petro-fuels should have a floor price the same time as the ethanol tax credit is phased out.- The Oil Drum: Net Energy | The Effect of Natural Gradients on the Net Energy Profits from Corn Ethanol 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC netenergy.theoildrum.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Chrysler, Ford, and General Motors all recommend ethanol fuels, ...
^ Cellulosic ethanol also has the potential to alleviate the greatest stumbling block of corn ethanol as a potential replacement of gasoline: that there is simply not enough of it.- Alternative Energy Stocks: Ethanol Archives 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC www.altenergystocks.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Larger volumes of material are processed in plants that produce so-called "inedible" products, ; although the products are suitable for use in animal feeds.- Biodiesel Production Technology: August 2002--January 2004 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.methanol.org [Source type: Reference]
^ Hydrogen Amplification Technology Development using a by-product gas (hot COG(Coke Oven Gas)) in the steel making process .- http://www.shokubai.org/intern/TOCAT5/scientific_program.html 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.shokubai.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Since the same batteries used by gasoline hybrid vehicles will probably be used by fuel cell vehicles, fuel cell vehicles could also gain from these advancements.
.^ Cornell ecologist's study finds that producing ethanol and biodiesel from corn and ...
^ In the life cycle of making corn ethanol, 99% of the water used grows the corn, and only 1% is used in the industrial process.- The Oil Drum: Net Energy | The Effect of Natural Gradients on the Net Energy Profits from Corn Ethanol 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC netenergy.theoildrum.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ In the United States, ethanol is typically produced from corn and other grain products.
[citation needed] .^ THE; CONDITION OF THIS OBLIGATION IS SUCH, That whereas, the Principal has made; application for either a class “A” beer permit, class “A” wine permit, or a; class “F” beer permit to be issued by the Alcoholic Beverages Division.- 185 Alcoholic Beverages Division 26 May 2010 9:48 UTC www.legis.state.ia.us [Source type: Original source]
^ My main problem with corn ethanol lies in the negative externalities of corn production, such as high water use, fertilizer runoff , and soil mineral depletion .- Alternative Energy Stocks: Ethanol Archives 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC www.altenergystocks.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Whatever indirect land use impact we attribute to ethanol , we should be attributing a similar indirect land-use impact to the soda we drink that's so full of high fructose corn syrup.- Alternative Energy Stocks: Ethanol Archives 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC www.altenergystocks.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[citation needed]
.^ However, it remains the case that there are inputs into the ethanol production process which are clearly not renewable.- The Oil Drum: Net Energy | The Effect of Natural Gradients on the Net Energy Profits from Corn Ethanol 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC netenergy.theoildrum.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Now that it's obvious that fuel cells are still decades away, GM has switched to ethanol - not just as an alternative fuel, but as a bridge to hydrogen.
^ Moreover, there are plenty of questions still left unresolved regarding bio-fuels, especially until cellulosic ethanol is economically achieved.
.^ The fact is: I can do More Work with a gallon of ethanol than you can with a gallon of "gasoline."- The Oil Drum: Net Energy | The Effect of Natural Gradients on the Net Energy Profits from Corn Ethanol 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC netenergy.theoildrum.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Around 95% of the (rather minimal) research on alcohol and the problems it produces is funded by the federal government (National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism) in this nation.- ASREC : Alcohol Facts to Share With Others 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.utexas.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ This article from the Green Car Congress provides details on a proposed piece of legislation that, if adopted, would grant significantly more regulatory certainty to the ethanol industry than to just about any other alternative energy industry in America.- Alternative Energy Stocks: Ethanol Archives 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC www.altenergystocks.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[68]
Ethanol fuel cells
.^ Carbon monoxide poisoning from use of gasoline -fueled powered washers in an ...
^ Ethanol is also a commodity, but it has the interesting property that it can't be shipped through the same pipelines as other liquid fuels because it's water soluble.- Alternative Energy Stocks: Ethanol Archives 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC www.altenergystocks.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ As ethanol production increases, gasoline use should decrease.- The Oil Drum: Net Energy | The Effect of Natural Gradients on the Net Energy Profits from Corn Ethanol 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC netenergy.theoildrum.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[69] .^ For decades GM has used fuel cell vehicles as an excuse not to compete with Japanese efficiency, now they are using ethanol.
^ Since the same batteries used by gasoline hybrid vehicles will probably be used by fuel cell vehicles, fuel cell vehicles could also gain from these advancements.
^ While I'm not opposed to alternative fuels, technologies, such as hybrid cars, demonstrate that fuel is becoming less and less important.
.^ Will increases in production be accompanied by increases in profit, or will ethanol producers find they cannot sell their product at a price high enough to cover their full costs?- Alternative Energy Stocks: Ethanol Archives 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC www.altenergystocks.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Thermocouples are categorized by the metals used in their junctions, with ; different metal junction combinations being more appropriate for different temperature ranges.- Biodiesel Production Technology: August 2002--January 2004 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.methanol.org [Source type: Reference]
^ The first, "Difficult Diagnosis: A Guide to the Interpretation of Obscure Illness (W.B. Saunders Company, 1958), has been used by more than 60,000 physicians in the United States.
^ Why not make gas more expensive while using the gas tax revenue to reward consumers whom buy more fuel efficient technologies?
[70] .^ Case in Point "Imagine a car that gets 82 miles a gallon -- doubling the average fuel efficiency of the green-automotive market leader Toyota Prius .
^ Surprise, surprise Detroit doesn't want to be forced to make more fuel efficient vehicles, but they want the oil industry to be forced to use ethanol.
^ For decades GM has used fuel cell vehicles as an excuse not to compete with Japanese efficiency, now they are using ethanol.
[71]
Rocket fuel
.^ Surprise, surprise Detroit doesn't want to be forced to make more fuel efficient vehicles, but they want the oil industry to be forced to use ethanol.
^ Where are the flex-fuel hybrid vehicles, such as this Saab flex-fuel hybrid ?
^ Labels: clean diesel , Ethanol , Ford , fuel efficiency , global warming , GM , Hybrid Vehicles , toyota .
.^ There are approximately 80,000 chemicals in common industrial use today (almost none of which existed before World War II).
^ In the life cycle of making corn ethanol, 99% of the water used grows the corn, and only 1% is used in the industrial process.- The Oil Drum: Net Energy | The Effect of Natural Gradients on the Net Energy Profits from Corn Ethanol 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC netenergy.theoildrum.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Most biodiesel processes use ; relatively intense mixing, at least at the beginning of the reaction, to incorporate the sparingly ; soluble alcohol into the oil phase.- Biodiesel Production Technology: August 2002--January 2004 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.methanol.org [Source type: Reference]
[72][73] .^ There are approximately 80,000 chemicals in common industrial use today (almost none of which existed before World War II).
^ Can alternative fuels, such as ethanol or biodiesel, end the world's oil dependency?
^ The Oregon ethanol facility will provide ethanol for the Pacific Northwest gasoline markets, helping to increase supply in that area and provide a CO2-reducing fuel for the transportation sector.- Alternative Energy Stocks: Ethanol Archives 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC www.altenergystocks.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[74] .^ Along the way, any number of hybrid breakthroughs just might result in even more efficient, fuel cell hybrid vehicles - available at cost-effective prices.
^ Hybrid technology can make any vehicle 20 - 30 percent more fuel efficient, today, whether that vehicle is fueled by gasoline, diesel, ethanol or even hydrogen.
^ Toyota, for example, has focused on incentives for building more fuel efficient automobiles , such as hybrid cars .
[73]
Alcoholic beverages
.^ For beverages containing ethanol , see alcoholic beverage.
^ The major effects are gastritis, depression of the ; central nervous system with hypothermia and respiratory depression, ; and hypotension.- Propanol, 2- (EHC 103, 1990) 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Propanol depresses the central nervous system.- Propanol, 2- (EHC 103, 1990) 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
.^ The easy answer is "most of them", since ethanol affects most neurotransmitter systems.- ASREC : Alcohol Facts to Share With Others 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.utexas.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ Which brain neurotransmitter receptors are affected by alcohol?- ASREC : Alcohol Facts to Share With Others 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.utexas.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ In reality, alcohol affects several receptors that exist for other brain chemicals to act upon.- ASREC : Alcohol Facts to Share With Others 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.utexas.edu [Source type: Academic]
[75] .^ Recent research is focusing on glutamate, GABA, and NMDA brain receptors and how alcohol changes those receptors to produce its pharmacologic effects.- ASREC : Alcohol Facts to Share With Others 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.utexas.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ The fatty acids whose methyl esters are now used as biodiesel also ; are long-chain compounds similar to long-chain alkanes such as hexadecane which make good ; petrodiesel.- Biodiesel Production Technology: August 2002--January 2004 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.methanol.org [Source type: Reference]
^ What is GABA? GABA, or gamma-amino butyric acid, is one of the major message-carrying chemicals called neurotransmitters in the brain.- ASREC : Alcohol Facts to Share With Others 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.utexas.edu [Source type: Academic]
[76] .^ Citric acid is a common ; chelator used in the food industry [1].- Biodiesel Production Technology: August 2002--January 2004 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.methanol.org [Source type: Reference]
^ Owing to a lowered level of oxidative metabolism and low glucose levels in the cells, pyruvate would not be converted into acetyl CoA, necessary for production of acetylcholine in synapses (Figure 6).
^ If the mandate was fulfilled only by ethanol produced in Iowa, which has a refinery-gate EROI of 1.32:1 (Table 1), the net energy profit provided by the ethanol is actually 9 billion gallons.- The Oil Drum: Net Energy | The Effect of Natural Gradients on the Net Energy Profits from Corn Ethanol 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC netenergy.theoildrum.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ The alcoholic content varies from 7-16; percent.- Fibers & Fiber Plants 26 May 2010 9:48 UTC www.faculty.ucr.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ For beverages containing ethanol , see alcoholic beverage.
^ Main article: Alcoholic beverage Alcoholic beverages vary considerably in their ethanol content and in the foodstuffs from which they are produced.
.^ For beverages containing ethanol , see alcoholic beverage.
^ Alcohol (ethanol) is made from fermentation of various plant products.- ASREC : Alcohol Facts to Share With Others 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.utexas.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ No samplings of distilled spirits, beers or malt alcoholic beverages may be provided by a ; Plenary Retail Distribution Licensee.- State of New Jersey 26 May 2010 9:48 UTC www.nj.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ For beverages containing ethanol , see alcoholic beverage.
^ The ; alcoholic content of wine is indicated in percentage by volume.- State of New Jersey 26 May 2010 9:48 UTC www.nj.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The term can also be ; used to describe the alcohol equivalence, or the ratio of volume to percentage of alcohol.- State of New Jersey 26 May 2010 9:48 UTC www.nj.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Fermented beverages can be broadly classified by the foodstuff from which they are fermented.
^ Most alcoholic beverages can be broadly classified as fermented beverages , beverages made by the action of yeast on sugary foodstuffs, or as distilled beverages , beverages whose preparation involves concentrating the ethanol in fermented beverages by distillation .
^ Main article: Alcoholic beverage Alcoholic beverages vary considerably in their ethanol content and in the foodstuffs from which they are produced.
.^ Wine means any beverage containing more than 5; percent, but not more than 17 percent, of alcohol by weight obtained by the; fermentation of the natural sugar content of fruits or other agricultural; products by excluding any product containing alcohol derived from malt or by; the distillation process from grain cereal, molasses, or cactus.- 185 Alcoholic Beverages Division 26 May 2010 9:48 UTC www.legis.state.ia.us [Source type: Original source]
^ The commission may not refuse to issue a winery license to a person for the production of wine or cider on specified premises based on the fact that other winery licensees also produce wine or cider on those premises.- http://landru.leg.state.or.us/ors/471.html 26 May 2010 9:48 UTC landru.leg.state.or.us [Source type: Original source]
^ RETAIL DEALER ; WHO IS CONSIDERED A "RETAIL DEALER" UNDER FEDERAL LAW? ; Every person who sells, or offers for sale, distilled spirits, wine or beer to any person other than a dealer is ; considered a retail dealer.- State of New Jersey 26 May 2010 9:48 UTC www.nj.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Cultures around the world have made fermented beverages from numerous other foodstuffs, and local and national names for various fermented beverages abound.- Ethanol: Encyclopedia of chemistry, analytics & pharmaceutics with 64,557 entries. 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.chemie.de [Source type: Academic]
- Ethanol - Psychology Wiki 9 February 2010 14:014 UTC psychology.wikia.com [Source type: Academic]
^ Distilled beverages are made by distilling fermented beverages.- Ethanol: Encyclopedia of chemistry, analytics & pharmaceutics with 64,557 entries. 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.chemie.de [Source type: Academic]
- Ethanol - Psychology Wiki 9 February 2010 14:014 UTC psychology.wikia.com [Source type: Academic]
^ "Wine" means all beverages made from fresh fruits, berries, or grapes, either by natural fermentation or by natural fermentation with brandy added, in the ...- Florida Statutes - Alcoholic Beverages And Tobacco - Florida Attorney Resources - Florida Laws 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC law.onecle.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ Distilled beverages are made by distilling fermented beverages.- Ethanol: Encyclopedia of chemistry, analytics & pharmaceutics with 64,557 entries. 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.chemie.de [Source type: Academic]
- Ethanol - Psychology Wiki 9 February 2010 14:014 UTC psychology.wikia.com [Source type: Academic]
^ "Wine" means all beverages made from fresh fruits, berries, or grapes, either by natural fermentation or by natural fermentation with brandy added, in the ...- Florida Statutes - Alcoholic Beverages And Tobacco - Florida Attorney Resources - Florida Laws 19 January 2010 8:47 UTC law.onecle.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Applejack is traditionally made by freeze distillation, by which water is frozen out of fermented apple cider, leaving a more ethanol-rich liquid behind.- Ethanol: Encyclopedia of chemistry, analytics & pharmaceutics with 64,557 entries. 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.chemie.de [Source type: Academic]
.^ "Spirituous; liquor" or "liquor" means distilled spirits or ethyl alcohol,; including spirits of wine, whiskey, rum, brandy, gin and all other distilled; spirits and mixtures of cordials, liqueur, and premixed cocktails, in closed; containers for beverage use regardless of their dilution.
^ Wine means any beverage containing more than 5; percent, but not more than 17 percent, of alcohol by weight obtained by the; fermentation of the natural sugar content of fruits or other agricultural; products by excluding any product containing alcohol derived from malt or by; the distillation process from grain cereal, molasses, or cactus.- 185 Alcoholic Beverages Division 26 May 2010 9:48 UTC www.legis.state.ia.us [Source type: Original source]
^ Why are there no fermented beverages from some fruits or vegetables such as broccoli, asparagus, cantaloupe, cauliflower, etc.?- ASREC : Alcohol Facts to Share With Others 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.utexas.edu [Source type: Academic]
.^ Trayed distillation columns are the most common.- Biodiesel Production Technology: August 2002--January 2004 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.methanol.org [Source type: Reference]
^ No samplings of distilled spirits, beers or malt alcoholic beverages may be provided by a ; Plenary Retail Distribution Licensee.- State of New Jersey 26 May 2010 9:48 UTC www.nj.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The concentration of methanol in 50% grain alcohol was; found to be approximately 1 mg/litre (Majchrowicz & Mendelson,; 1971).The presence of methanol in distilled spirits is directly linked; to the pectin content of the raw materials.- Methanol (EHC 196, 1997) 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
.^ RETAIL DEALER ; WHO IS CONSIDERED A "RETAIL DEALER" UNDER FEDERAL LAW? ; Every person who sells, or offers for sale, distilled spirits, wine or beer to any person other than a dealer is ; considered a retail dealer.- State of New Jersey 26 May 2010 9:48 UTC www.nj.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ While gin is a clear alcoholic spirit made from the fermentation of juniper berries, sloe gin is a cordial or liqueur flavored with sloe -- a small, sour, blackish fruit of the blackthorn shrub.- ASREC : Alcohol Facts to Share With Others 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.utexas.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ It is a 38-50% distilled spirit, with over a hundred different flavors, which is drunk chilled, straight, or in various mixed drinks.- ASREC : Alcohol Facts to Share With Others 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.utexas.edu [Source type: Academic]
.^ While gin is a clear alcoholic spirit made from the fermentation of juniper berries, sloe gin is a cordial or liqueur flavored with sloe -- a small, sour, blackish fruit of the blackthorn shrub.- ASREC : Alcohol Facts to Share With Others 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.utexas.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ Distilling grain into alcohol has been around for all of human history, and while the techniques have been refined, the basic production process is well known.- Alternative Energy Stocks: Ethanol Archives 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC www.altenergystocks.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Distilled liquor” means any alcoholic beverage other than a wine, cider or malt beverage.- http://landru.leg.state.or.us/ors/471.html 26 May 2010 9:48 UTC landru.leg.state.or.us [Source type: Original source]
^ In a few beverages, ethanol is concentrated by means other than distillation.- Ethanol: Encyclopedia of chemistry, analytics & pharmaceutics with 64,557 entries. 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.chemie.de [Source type: Academic]
- Ethanol - Psychology Wiki 9 February 2010 14:014 UTC psychology.wikia.com [Source type: Academic]
^ Alcoholic liquor ; means any spirits, wine, beer, ale or other liquid containing more than one ; half ( 2 ) ; of one percent (1%) of alcohol by volume, which is fit for beverage purposes ; and being capable of being consumed as a beverage by a human being.
.^ Ethanol is also a commodity, but it has the interesting property that it can't be shipped through the same pipelines as other liquid fuels because it's water soluble.- Alternative Energy Stocks: Ethanol Archives 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC www.altenergystocks.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ For the purposes of this chapter, “cider” means an alcoholic beverage made from the fermentation of the juice of apples or pears that contains not more than seven percent of alcohol by volume, including, but not limited to, flavored, sparkling or carbonated cider.- http://landru.leg.state.or.us/ors/471.html 26 May 2010 9:48 UTC landru.leg.state.or.us [Source type: Original source]
^ Rogue Ales ; Rogue Ales are made with the finest hops and barley malt, free range coastal water and Pacman top fermenting proprietary...
.^ Beer containing not more than 3.2% alcohol is classified as a nonintoxicating ; beverage and is sold for off-premises consumption only in packages at licensed retail stores.
^ No samplings of distilled spirits, beers or malt alcoholic beverages may be provided by a ; Plenary Retail Distribution Licensee.- State of New Jersey 26 May 2010 9:48 UTC www.nj.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ While many people think of ale as a type of beer, it is traditionally a malt beverage, darker, heavier, and more bitter than beer.- ASREC : Alcohol Facts to Share With Others 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.utexas.edu [Source type: Academic]
.^ To purchase from or through the commission brandy or other distilled liquors for fortifying wines.- http://landru.leg.state.or.us/ors/471.html 26 May 2010 9:48 UTC landru.leg.state.or.us [Source type: Original source]
^ RETAIL DEALER ; WHO IS CONSIDERED A "RETAIL DEALER" UNDER FEDERAL LAW? ; Every person who sells, or offers for sale, distilled spirits, wine or beer to any person other than a dealer is ; considered a retail dealer.- State of New Jersey 26 May 2010 9:48 UTC www.nj.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ WHOLESALE DEALER ; WHO IS CONSIDERED A "WHOLESALE DEALER" UNDER FEDERAL LAW? ; Every person who sells, or offers for sale, distilled spirits, wine or beer to another dealer is considered a ; wholesale dealer.- State of New Jersey 26 May 2010 9:48 UTC www.nj.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ In a few beverages, ethanol is concentrated by means other than distillation.- Ethanol: Encyclopedia of chemistry, analytics & pharmaceutics with 64,557 entries. 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.chemie.de [Source type: Academic]
^ However, some Scotches are more Scotch than others.- Nuts's Guide to Alcoholic Beverages 26 May 2010 9:48 UTC www.anandnatrajan.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Some diesel engines are more suitable than others.- Straight vegetable oil as diesel fuel: Journey to Forever 10 September 2009 15:52 UTC journeytoforever.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Alcoholic beverages for use in air; commerce.
^ Alcoholic beverages for use on oceangoing; ships.
^ Retailers may also advertise a reduction in the cost of an ; alcoholic beverage product based on a manufacturer's rebate provided the retailer has the rebates to ; distribute and if the retailer conspicuously advertises that the reduction in cost is because of the ; manufacturer's rebate.- State of New Jersey 26 May 2010 9:48 UTC www.nj.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ For beverages containing ethanol , see alcoholic beverage.
^ Distilled liquor” means any alcoholic beverage other than a wine, cider or malt beverage.- http://landru.leg.state.or.us/ors/471.html 26 May 2010 9:48 UTC landru.leg.state.or.us [Source type: Original source]
^ Is alcohol found only in social beverages (beer, wine, spirits)?- ASREC : Alcohol Facts to Share With Others 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.utexas.edu [Source type: Academic]
Feedstock
.^ And, what about the pollution from chemical fertilizers and other pesticides that will run off into our ever more important aquifers, lakes and rivers?
^ Surprise, surprise Detroit doesn't want to be forced to make more fuel efficient vehicles, but they want the oil industry to be forced to use ethanol.
^ There are approximately 80,000 chemicals in common industrial use today (almost none of which existed before World War II).
.^ His suggestions for acceptable acids include formic, acetic, propionic, hydrochloric, sulfuric, ; sulfamic, and phosphoric.- Biodiesel Production Technology: August 2002--January 2004 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.methanol.org [Source type: Reference]
^ CH ; 3 ; OH ; CH ; 3 ; -CH ; 2 ; -OH CH ; 3 ; -CH ; 2 ; -CH ; 2 ; -OH CH ; 3 ; -CH-CH ; 3 ; CH ; 2 ; —CH---CH ; 2 ; Methanol Ethanol 1-Propanol 2-Propanol Glycerol ; ( ; iso -Propanol) ; (Glycerine; ; 1,2,3-Propanetriol) ; O ; O O ; || ; || ; || ; CH ; 3 ; -C-OH ; CH ; 3 ; -C-OCH ; 3 ; CH ; 3 ; -C-O-CH ; 2 ; CH ; 3 ; Acetic acid ; Methyl acetate ; Ethyl acetate ; (Acetic acid methyl ester) (Acetic acid ethyl ester) ; Figure 9.- Biodiesel Production Technology: August 2002--January 2004 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.methanol.org [Source type: Reference]
Antiseptic use
.^ The most common ; pressure measurement instruments used in chemical processes are electrical sensing devices, ; which are known as strain gauges.- Biodiesel Production Technology: August 2002--January 2004 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.methanol.org [Source type: Reference]
^ The term can also be ; used to describe the alcohol equivalence, or the ratio of volume to percentage of alcohol.- State of New Jersey 26 May 2010 9:48 UTC www.nj.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Isn't it ironic that most buying this technology aren't using ethanol, yet GM still receives CAFE credits for using the technology?
.^ Ethyl alcohol (ethanol, beverage alcohol) has many uses, in addition to its reputation as one of the most abused drugs.- ASREC : Alcohol Facts to Share With Others 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.utexas.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ Ethanol is expensive most places it's offered, and ethanol isn't offered in very many places.
[77]
Antidote use
.^ Since biodiesel is a ; mono-alkyl fatty acid ester, the primary alcohol used to form the ester is the other major ; feedstock.- Biodiesel Production Technology: August 2002--January 2004 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.methanol.org [Source type: Reference]
^ The minimum lethal dose of methanol in the rat, rabbit, and dog is 9.5, 7.0 , and 8.0 g/kg, respectively (43); ethyl alcohol is more toxic than methanol to these test animals (43)."
^ There is substantial clinical and; experimental evidence that formic acid is the toxic metabolite; responsible for the metabolic and visual toxicity characteristic of; methanol poisoning.- Methanol (EHC 196, 1997) 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
.^ What is alcohol's effect on the kidney?- ASREC : Alcohol Facts to Share With Others 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.utexas.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ The main metabolizing (break-down) enzyme for alcohol is known as alcohol dehydrogenase.- ASREC : Alcohol Facts to Share With Others 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.utexas.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ The conversion of; methanol to its toxic by-products is slowed in the presence of ethanol; due to competition for the enzyme.; ; 4-Methyl pyrazole (4-MP) is a more specific inhibitor of alcohol; dehydrogenase, less toxic than pyrazole and has been shown to; dramatically inhibit production of formic acid from methanol in; experimental animals (Blomstrand et al., 1979; McMartin et al.,; 1980b).- Methanol (EHC 196, 1997) 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
Other uses
.^ Methanol is miscible with water, alcohols,; esters, ketones and most other solvents and forms many azeotropic; mixtures.- Methanol (EHC 196, 1997) 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
^ The compound is completely miscible with water, ethanol, acetone, ; chloroform, and benzene.- Propanol, 2- (EHC 103, 1990) 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
^ The ; compound is completely miscible with water, ethanol, acetone, ; chloroform, and benzene.- Propanol, 2- (EHC 103, 1990) 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
Ethanol is less polar than water and is used in
perfumes,
paints and
tinctures.
Ethanol is also used in design and sketch art markers, such as Copic, and Tria.
Ethanol is also found in certain kinds of deodorants.
Use in history
.^ Using figures up to 2006 (before the wild swings in financial and energy markets), ethanol production had no effect on gasoline use.- The Oil Drum: Net Energy | The Effect of Natural Gradients on the Net Energy Profits from Corn Ethanol 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC netenergy.theoildrum.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Isopropyl alcohol (isopropanol) is used as rubbing alcohol for disinfecting skin and instruments (although ethanol is also used for this purpose, check the label on the bottle).- ASREC : Alcohol Facts to Share With Others 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.utexas.edu [Source type: Academic]
It has been known to be used as a
truth drug (as hinted at by the maxim
"in vino veritas"), as medicine for
depression and as an
anesthetic.
Pharmacology
.^ Another recent study suggests that ethanol affects cannabis (i.e., for marijuana-like effects) binding sites, called CB1 receptors, in the brain.- ASREC : Alcohol Facts to Share With Others 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.utexas.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ Recent research is focusing on glutamate, GABA, and NMDA brain receptors and how alcohol changes those receptors to produce its pharmacologic effects.- ASREC : Alcohol Facts to Share With Others 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.utexas.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ As discussed above, aspartame may act on the NMDA receptors, leading to continuous activation of these receptor sites, resulting in no binding space for glutamate.
[80]
Drug effects
.^ Especially fatty ; alcohols with a shorter C-chain length irritate the skin in higher concentrations, in animal tests eye irritations ; were observed as well.- Dr. Z Presents All about fatty alcohols 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.zenitech.com [Source type: Academic]
^ Skin and eye irritation; sensitization ; 7.5.- Methanol (EHC 196, 1997) 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Guido, J. und Martens, M. (1987): Skin and Eye Irritation Tests on Hexanol, ; J. Am.- Dr. Z Presents All about fatty alcohols 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.zenitech.com [Source type: Academic]
.^ Abstract] "Many of the signs and symptoms of intoxication due to methanol ingestion are not specific to methyl alcohol.
^ Many of the signs and symptoms of intoxication due to methanol ingestion are not specific to methyl alcohol.
.^ The story concluded by reporting that fortunately no one had suffered any serious, long-term, or irremediable harm.
^ Alcohol causes shrinkage of brain tissue in people after long-term use of large amounts of alcohol, according to new brain-imaging studies.- ASREC : Alcohol Facts to Share With Others 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.utexas.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ This study did not monitor long-term use of aspartame.
[81] .^ After one week of static exposure to ; 2-propanol in an open system at 30 °C, 100% growth inhibition ; occurred at concentrations of 80 000 - 100 000 mg/litre of medium.- Propanol, 2- (EHC 103, 1990) 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Geneva, International Labour Office, vol 2,; pp 1356-1358.; ; ILO (1991) Occupational exposure limits for airborne toxic substances,; 3rd ed.- Methanol (EHC 196, 1997) 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
^ The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) recommends an exposure limit of 0.016 ppm.
[81]
Short-term
| BAC (mg/dL) |
BAC
(% v/v) |
Symptoms[82] |
| 50 |
0.05% |
Euphoria, talkativeness, relaxation |
| 100 |
0.1 % |
Central nervous system depression, nausea, possible vomiting, impaired motor and sensory function, impaired cognition |
| >140 |
>0.14% |
Decreased blood flow to brain |
| 300 |
0.3% |
Stupefaction, possible unconsciousness |
| 400 |
0.4% |
Possible death |
| >550 |
>0.55% |
Death |
Effects on the central nervous system
.^ Is there any effect of alcohol on the body's immune system?- ASREC : Alcohol Facts to Share With Others 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.utexas.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ For beverages containing ethanol , see alcoholic beverage.
^ The major effects are gastritis, depression of the ; central nervous system with hypothermia and respiratory depression, ; and hypotension.- Propanol, 2- (EHC 103, 1990) 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
Based on its abilities to change the
human consciousness, ethanol is considered a
psychoactive drug.
[83] .^ What does "blood alcohol level" mean?- ASREC : Alcohol Facts to Share With Others 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.utexas.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ What happens at certain blood alcohol levels?- ASREC : Alcohol Facts to Share With Others 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.utexas.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ INTOXICATION WITH ETHANOL ; When the alcohol concentration reaches a certain level, the individual concerned is ; intoxicated.- MISSOURI BREATH ALCOHOL PROGRAM 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.dhss.mo.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
A blood level of 0.5% or more is commonly fatal.
.^ The levels of GADH are higher in men than women, so that when women drink, less alcohol is broken down in the stomach.- ASREC : Alcohol Facts to Share With Others 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.utexas.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ Species such as rodents with; high hepatic THF levels are less sensitive to the toxic effects of; methanol than species with low hepatic THF levels such as humans and; non-human primates.- Methanol (EHC 196, 1997) 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
^ This can be reached in most people by the continuous drinking of 3-4 standard drinks (defined as a beer, a glass of wine, a mixed drink), with women requiring less alcohol to reach the level than men.- ASREC : Alcohol Facts to Share With Others 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.utexas.edu [Source type: Academic]
[84]
.^ Kansas ; Beer with an alcohol content of over 3.2 per cent by weight is classified as an "alcoholic liquor" ; and must be sold at separate retail premises than beer under 3.2 per cent.
^ For example, in Kansas , beer over 3.2 per cent by weight was ; required to be labelled as "Kansas strong", whereas no such labelling requirement was imposed on beer ; of lower alcohol content.
^ A number of states restrict the ; location at which beer with over 3.2 per cent alcohol content may be sold, while not imposing the same ; restrictions on sales of beer at 3.2 per cent alcohol content or lower.
The table at right summarizes the symptoms of ethanol consumption.
.^ Each of these symptoms may be continuous or ; periodic.- The Business of Alcohol 26 May 2010 9:48 UTC www.voai.org [Source type: Academic]
^ [Translator's Note] 75 Alcohol also affects the mood, as it causes an initial euphoria and aggression, then anxiety, panic attacks and depression; it also affects the intellect by impeding the drinker’s sense of judgment, leading to poor memory and loss of inhibitions.- Alcoholic Beverages 6 February 2010 10:12 UTC www.scribd.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Ethanol producers have taken a beating in the stock market, but if this campaign and others like it are successful, they may spur demand for ethanol in precisely the region where we have over-capacity.- Alternative Energy Stocks: Ethanol Archives 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC www.altenergystocks.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ This is a phenomenon produced by alcohol causing nervous system depression.- ASREC : Alcohol Facts to Share With Others 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.utexas.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ This is because alcohol is primarily a depressant of the central nervous system.- ASREC : Alcohol Facts to Share With Others 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.utexas.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ Last year ethanol producers received subsidies and tax incentives worth more than $5 billion dollars, and those subsidies will probably be much higher next year.
.^ Does alcohol damage brain receptors?- ASREC : Alcohol Facts to Share With Others 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.utexas.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ Why does alcohol cause hangovers in some people but not other people?- ASREC : Alcohol Facts to Share With Others 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.utexas.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ A new animal study suggests that a brain chemical (called galanin) increases the tendency to overeat and is also linked to increased alcohol consumption.- ASREC : Alcohol Facts to Share With Others 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.utexas.edu [Source type: Academic]
.^ "Public-health problems associated with alcohol consumption have reached alarming proportions and alcohol has become one of the most important risks to health globally," the report said.- ASREC : Alcohol Facts to Share With Others 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.utexas.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ The health benefits of alcohol are always of concern to those who see only the dangerous side of the beverages.- ASREC : Alcohol Facts to Share With Others 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.utexas.edu [Source type: Academic]
.^ Not all the deaths were related to alcohol overdose.- ASREC : Alcohol Facts to Share With Others 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.utexas.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ About one-half to two-thirds of boating accidents are alcohol-related.- ASREC : Alcohol Facts to Share With Others 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.utexas.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ While this might seem like a way to increase drinking because of convenience (or an invasion of personal privacy), the advantage might be in tracking alcohol use and abuse in alcohol-related car crashes, homicides, or overdose deaths.- ASREC : Alcohol Facts to Share With Others 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.utexas.edu [Source type: Academic]
[86] .^ What happens at certain blood alcohol levels?- ASREC : Alcohol Facts to Share With Others 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.utexas.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ What does "blood alcohol level" mean?- ASREC : Alcohol Facts to Share With Others 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.utexas.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ Acetone levels in alveolar air, blood, and urine increase ; with the extent and the duration of exposure to 2-propanol.- Propanol, 2- (EHC 103, 1990) 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
[87] .^ Driving with excessive blood alcohol content.- MISSOURI BREATH ALCOHOL PROGRAM 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.dhss.mo.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ While state laws set the blood alcohol content (BAC) limit at 0.08%, there is evidence that lower BACs can also affect driving skills.- ASREC : Alcohol Facts to Share With Others 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.utexas.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ The most accurate measure of blood alcohol content is through blood samples.- ASREC : Alcohol Facts to Share With Others 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.utexas.edu [Source type: Academic]
.^ People who really don't need to drink will cut back on alcohol consumption (or give it up altogether), whereas people with the disease will use alcohol any way they can get it.- ASREC : Alcohol Facts to Share With Others 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.utexas.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ Both of these types of tolerance are at work when a person drinks large amounts of alcohol - leading to the eventual consumption of quantities that would kill a social drinker.- ASREC : Alcohol Facts to Share With Others 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.utexas.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ Alcohol, 6 :; 451-454.; ; Jones AW (1986) Abnormally high concentrations of methanol in breath:; A useful biochemical marker of recent heavy drinking.- Methanol (EHC 196, 1997) 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
.^ This mistaken impression is held by many who don't understand the way benzodiazepines block potentially lethal withdrawal seizures during alcohol dependence treatment.- ASREC : Alcohol Facts to Share With Others 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.utexas.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ How much alcohol can cause withdrawal signs and symptoms?- ASREC : Alcohol Facts to Share With Others 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.utexas.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ In drinkers who consume alcohol on a constant, heavy basis, and then stop drinking for a few days, withdrawal can consist of anxiety, sleeplessness, muscle pains, and craving for alcohol.- ASREC : Alcohol Facts to Share With Others 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.utexas.edu [Source type: Academic]
.^ People who really don't need to drink will cut back on alcohol consumption (or give it up altogether), whereas people with the disease will use alcohol any way they can get it.- ASREC : Alcohol Facts to Share With Others 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.utexas.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ In addition, people will think they can drink more without gaining weight and with a reduced chance of alcohol abuse and "addiction".- ASREC : Alcohol Facts to Share With Others 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.utexas.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ If the examination required under this section shows that the person has a problem condition involving alcohol, a program for rehabilitation for alcoholism approved by the director.- http://landru.leg.state.or.us/ors/471.html 26 May 2010 9:48 UTC landru.leg.state.or.us [Source type: Original source]
Effects on metabolism
.^ In addition, Mehl-Madrona (2005) observed that when the temperature of aspartame exceeds 86 degrees F, the wood alcohol in aspartame is converted into formaldehyde and then to formic acid, which in turn causes metabolic acidosis.
^ Any remaining free fatty acids will be converted into soaps in the ; transesterification stage.- Biodiesel Production Technology: August 2002--January 2004 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.methanol.org [Source type: Reference]
^ However, they can be converted into ; aldehydes or carboxylic acids using strong oxidants or by catalytic oxidation with air or oxygen [16] -[20].- Dr. Z Presents All about fatty alcohols 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.zenitech.com [Source type: Academic]
.^ In addition, its first breakdown product (acetaldehyde) is even more toxic.- ASREC : Alcohol Facts to Share With Others 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.utexas.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ Virginia’s line of distilled spirit products, however, is 42% larger than operations in North Carolina and more than double the distilled spirits product line found in Pennsylvania.
^ The minimum lethal dose of methanol in the rat, rabbit, and dog is 9.5, 7.0 , and 8.0 g/kg, respectively (43); ethyl alcohol is more toxic than methanol to these test animals (43)."
.^ In man, the most likely acute effects of exposure to high ; levels of 2-propanol through ingestion or inhalation are alcoholic ; intoxication and narcosis.- Propanol, 2- (EHC 103, 1990) 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
^ The fascinating similarities linking unusual clinical features of methanol toxicity and alcoholism are worth noting.
^ In man, the most likely acute effects of exposure to high ; levels of 2-propanol by ingestion or inhalation are alcoholic ; intoxication and narcosis.- Propanol, 2- (EHC 103, 1990) 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
.^ Can alcohol increase stomach cancer?- ASREC : Alcohol Facts to Share With Others 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.utexas.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ Does alcohol increase the risk of some types of cancer?- ASREC : Alcohol Facts to Share With Others 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.utexas.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ Therefore, phenylalanine (formed by breakdown of aspartame) will increase in the brain owing to the ingestion of aspartame, and tyrosine will increase as a breakdown byproduct of phenylalanine in the liver (Fernstorm, 1988; Filer and Stegink, 1988).
Drug interactions
Magnitude of effects
.^ With the reduced demand for liquid fuel, it is possible that we could fuel most cars with the ethanol WE ALREADY PRODUCE...- John Stossel : The Many Myths of Ethanol - Townhall.com 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC townhall.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ How the writer could have determined within one day that no one would suffer any long-term or irreversible adverse effects was not explained.
^ Most importantly, delocalization effects are corrected so that ; artifact-free imaging of the perimeter of a sample is possible.- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Berlin 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.fhi-berlin.mpg.de [Source type: Academic]
Additionally, in pregnant women, it causes
fetal alcohol syndrome.
.^ It is a more severe form than the so-called Type I, which occurs in both men and women.- ASREC : Alcohol Facts to Share With Others 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.utexas.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ (B) Malt beverages containing six percent or less alcohol by volume and that contain at least 51 percent alcohol by volume obtained by the fermentation of grain, as long as not more than 49 percent of the beverage’s overall alcohol content is obtained from flavors and other added nonbeverage ingredients containing alcohol; and .- http://landru.leg.state.or.us/ors/471.html 26 May 2010 9:48 UTC landru.leg.state.or.us [Source type: Original source]
^ As little as 15 ml of 40% methanol resulted in; the death of one individual while others survived following the; consumption of 500 ml of the same solution in the Atlanta, Georgia,; epidemic of 1951.- Methanol (EHC 196, 1997) 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
.^ Of course those who profit from making ethanol will defend it.- The Oil Drum: Net Energy | The Effect of Natural Gradients on the Net Energy Profits from Corn Ethanol 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC netenergy.theoildrum.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The differences in enzyme concentrations of the species suggest that animals studied are more sensitive to the more common ethanol found in alcoholic beverages.
^ Both of these types of tolerance are at work when a person drinks large amounts of alcohol - leading to the eventual consumption of quantities that would kill a social drinker.- ASREC : Alcohol Facts to Share With Others 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.utexas.edu [Source type: Academic]
[89]
Long-term
Birth defects
Ethanol is classified as a
teratogen.
.^ These are some or lesser problems (compared to fetal alcohol syndrome, FAS) seen in a child, caused by a mother's drinking during pregnancy.- ASREC : Alcohol Facts to Share With Others 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.utexas.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is a major cause of birth defects around the world.- ASREC : Alcohol Facts to Share With Others 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.utexas.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ Is the fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) a100% preventable birth defect?- ASREC : Alcohol Facts to Share With Others 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.utexas.edu [Source type: Academic]
Other effects
.^ What happens at certain blood alcohol levels?- ASREC : Alcohol Facts to Share With Others 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.utexas.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ What does "blood alcohol level" mean?- ASREC : Alcohol Facts to Share With Others 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.utexas.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ The United States provided a statement from the Oklahoma ; Alcoholic Beverage Law Enforcement Commission, the state agency with jurisdiction over the alcoholic ; beverage industry, which indicated that this was the case.
[90]
Ethanol is not a
carcinogen.
[91][92] .^ In addition, its first breakdown product (acetaldehyde) is even more toxic.- ASREC : Alcohol Facts to Share With Others 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.utexas.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ However, it remains the case that there are inputs into the ethanol production process which are clearly not renewable.- The Oil Drum: Net Energy | The Effect of Natural Gradients on the Net Energy Profits from Corn Ethanol 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC netenergy.theoildrum.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ However, soon after ingestion by a creature, its 11% methanol component is released and quickly metabolized into the potent, cumulative, mutagenic toxicants, formaldehyde and formic acid.
Production
94% denatured ethanol sold in a bottle for household use
.^ However, humans have learned how to make alcoholic beverages through fermentation, which produces lower concentrations of alcohol, plus a generally pleasant taste.- ASREC : Alcohol Facts to Share With Others 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.utexas.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ Additionally, Brazil uses sugar to produce its ethanol fuel, the U.S. uses corn, which is far less efficient than sugar.
^ The ethanol produced from the fermentation of corn kernals represents less than 20% of the weight of the plant.- The Oil Drum: Net Energy | The Effect of Natural Gradients on the Net Energy Profits from Corn Ethanol 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC netenergy.theoildrum.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[93] .^ For many, this isn't a problem because of the belief than ethanol is more green than petroleum, or that ethanol helps reduce foreign oil dependency.
Ethylene hydration
Ethanol for use as an industrial feedstock or solvent (sometimes referred to as synthetic ethanol) is often made from
petrochemical feed stocks, primarily by the
acid-
catalyzed hydration of ethylene, represented by the
chemical equation
- C2H4(g) + H2O(g) → CH3CH2OH(l).
.^ Acid catalysts include sulfuric acid and phosphoric acid.- Biodiesel Production Technology: August 2002--January 2004 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.methanol.org [Source type: Reference]
^ The most commonly used catalyst is sodium hydroxide, with potassium hydroxide also used.- Biodiesel Production Technology: August 2002--January 2004 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.methanol.org [Source type: Reference]
^ The most ; common catalysts used are strong mineral bases such as sodium hydroxide and potassium ; hydroxide.- Biodiesel Production Technology: August 2002--January 2004 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.methanol.org [Source type: Reference]
.^ Background in the commercialization process of food products within the food industry.
^ Feasibility of large-scale biofuel production.- The Oil Drum: Net Energy | The Effect of Natural Gradients on the Net Energy Profits from Corn Ethanol 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC netenergy.theoildrum.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The production process and the other materials used in this process.- Biodiesel Production Technology: August 2002--January 2004 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.methanol.org [Source type: Reference]
In an older process, first practiced on the industrial scale in 1930 by Union Carbide,
[96] but now almost entirely obsolete, ethylene was hydrated indirectly by reacting it with concentrated
sulfuric acid to produce
ethyl sulfate which was
hydrolysed to yield ethanol and regenerate the sulfuric acid:
[20]
- C2H4 + H2SO4 → CH3CH2SO4H
- CH3CH2SO4H + H2O → CH3CH2OH + H2SO4
Fermentation
.^ Persons; producing fuel alcohol .- 185 Alcoholic Beverages Division 26 May 2010 9:48 UTC www.legis.state.ia.us [Source type: Original source]
^ For alcoholic beverages, ethyl alcohol and water account for the vast majority of the ; beverage.- MISSOURI BREATH ALCOHOL PROGRAM 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.dhss.mo.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Ethanol is the type of alcohol in alcoholic beverages.- MISSOURI BREATH ALCOHOL PROGRAM 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.dhss.mo.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ This means the possibility of metabolism in the GI tract to methanol, formaldehyde, formic acid, and, finally, carbon dioxide and water, was bypassed.
^ In step 2, formaldehyde is oxidized by; formaldehyde dehydrogenase to formic acid/or formate depending on the; pH. In step 3, formic acid is detoxified to carbon dioxide by folate-; dependent reactions.; ; Elimination of methanol from the blood via the urine and exhaled; air and by metabolism appears to be slow in all species, especially; when compared to ethanol.- Methanol (EHC 196, 1997) 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
^ However, the liver metabolizes acetaldehyde very quickly through enzymatic action, to acetate, water and carbon dioxide.- ASREC : Alcohol Facts to Share With Others 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.utexas.edu [Source type: Academic]
The chemical equation below summarizes the conversion:
- .^ CH ; 2 ; -O-C-R ; CH ; 2 ; -OH ; Triacylglycerol ; Alcohol ; Alkyl ester ; Glycerol ; (Vegetable oil) ; (Biodiesel) ; Figure 12.
- Biodiesel Production Technology: August 2002--January 2004 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.methanol.org [Source type: Reference]
^ Gupta ML, McGrath MP, Cicerone RJ, Rowland FS, Wolfsberg M. 12 C/ 13 C ; kinetic isotope effects in the reactions of CH ; 4 ; with OH and Cl.- chapter for Isotope Effects in Chemistry and Biology , edited by Hans Limbach and Amnon Kohen, to be published by Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, 2004 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC static.msi.umn.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ CH ; 2 ; - O - C - (CH ; 2 ; ) ; 7 ; CH=CH(CH ; 2 ; ) ; 7 ; CH ; 3 ; Triolein ; Methanol ; (885.46 g) ; (3 x 32.04 = 96.12 g) ; O ; CH ; 2 ; - OH ; || ; .- Biodiesel Production Technology: August 2002--January 2004 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.methanol.org [Source type: Reference]
.^ Larger volumes of material are processed in plants that produce so-called "inedible" products, ; although the products are suitable for use in animal feeds.- Biodiesel Production Technology: August 2002--January 2004 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.methanol.org [Source type: Reference]
^ If the examination required under this section shows that the person has a problem condition involving alcohol, a program for rehabilitation for alcoholism approved by the director.- http://landru.leg.state.or.us/ors/471.html 26 May 2010 9:48 UTC landru.leg.state.or.us [Source type: Original source]
^ A malt beverage produced under this; subdivision may not contain more than six percent (6%) alcohol by volume.
.^ To get the same output work out of an identical volume of ethanol would require roughly 40% better thermal efficiency: 60% or so.- The Oil Drum: Net Energy | The Effect of Natural Gradients on the Net Energy Profits from Corn Ethanol 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC netenergy.theoildrum.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ To overcome this limitation a combination of molecular dynamics and ; Brownian dynamics simulations were carried out to calculate the EPR line shape and ; gain molecular insight into the molecular dynamics involved.- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Berlin 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.fhi-berlin.mpg.de [Source type: Academic]
^ The amount of ethanol in the urine is proportional, within certain limits, to the ; ethanol concentration in the blood.- MISSOURI BREATH ALCOHOL PROGRAM 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.dhss.mo.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ While most processes ; can tolerate up to 1% water, even this low level will increase soap production and measurably ; affect the completeness of the transesterification reaction.- Biodiesel Production Technology: August 2002--January 2004 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.methanol.org [Source type: Reference]
[97]
.^ This means that a person must drink more and more alcohol to produce the same effects as the first time they drank.- ASREC : Alcohol Facts to Share With Others 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.utexas.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ For a convicted person to be employed by a licensee, such person must first apply to the Division of A.B.C. ; for a Rehabilitation Employment Permit by filing an application together with the appropriate fee.- State of New Jersey 26 May 2010 9:48 UTC www.nj.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ In the United States, ethanol is typically produced from corn and other grain products.
.^ Malt Beverage suppliers include Beck's, High Falls Brewing Co., Boston Beer...
^ "Brew" also relates to the making of beer or other concoctions by steeping, boiling, and fermenting ingredients such as malts and hops.- ASREC : Alcohol Facts to Share With Others 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.utexas.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ Sprecher Brewing Co Inc ; Sprecher Brewing Company, established 1985 in Milwaukee-Wisconsin, produces over eleven fine European styles of beer and seven different ...
.^ Any remaining free fatty acids will be converted into soaps in the ; transesterification stage.- Biodiesel Production Technology: August 2002--January 2004 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.methanol.org [Source type: Reference]
.^ Surprise, surprise Detroit doesn't want to be forced to make more fuel efficient vehicles, but they want the oil industry to be forced to use ethanol.
^ Therefore, biodiesel producers needs to be aware of the ; sulfur content of their fuel, and must incorporate sulfur reduction technology if needed before ; that date.- Biodiesel Production Technology: August 2002--January 2004 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.methanol.org [Source type: Reference]
^ Hydrolysis is a chemical reaction ; between the oil and water that produces free fatty acids and glycerin.- Biodiesel Production Technology: August 2002--January 2004 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.methanol.org [Source type: Reference]
[98]
Cellulosic ethanol
Sugars for
ethanol fermentation can be obtained from
cellulose.
[99][100] Until recently, however, the cost of the
cellulase enzymes capable of hydrolyzing cellulose has been prohibitive. The Canadian firm
Iogen brought the first cellulose-based ethanol plant on-stream in 2004.
[101] Its primary consumer so far has been the Canadian government, which, along with the
United States Department of Energy, has invested heavily in the commercialization of cellulosic ethanol.
.^ However, it remains the case that there are inputs into the ethanol production process which are clearly not renewable.- The Oil Drum: Net Energy | The Effect of Natural Gradients on the Net Energy Profits from Corn Ethanol 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC netenergy.theoildrum.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Such technology would probably cost about $1000.00 per vehicle and could be mass produced by 2011.
^ The remainder of ABC’s positions is contained in the Richmond Central Office performing functions such as Information Technology, Financial Management, Property Management, Public Relations, Human Resources, Policy, Analysis & Support Services and Internal Audit.
.^ Some people have a vulnerability for the disease (some of which is genetic), while others will never develop the disease.- ASREC : Alcohol Facts to Share With Others 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.utexas.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ It was originally developed (38,151) ; for reactions catalyzed by enzymes, and implementation details (151,152,161) were also ; worked out in that context, but it is also applicable to other condensed-phase reactions.- chapter for Isotope Effects in Chemistry and Biology , edited by Hans Limbach and Amnon Kohen, to be published by Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, 2004 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC static.msi.umn.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ Itching eczematous lesions developed in a laboratory worker, in ; a company manufacturing hair cosmetics, in patch tests with ; chemically pure 2-propanol solutions (2.5 - 99.7% by volume).- Propanol, 2- (EHC 103, 1990) 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
.^ Corn is not an energy crop!- The Oil Drum: Net Energy | The Effect of Natural Gradients on the Net Energy Profits from Corn Ethanol 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC netenergy.theoildrum.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ This would then apply to the crops sugar cane, sugar beet and sweet sorghum.- The Oil Drum: Net Energy | The Effect of Natural Gradients on the Net Energy Profits from Corn Ethanol 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC netenergy.theoildrum.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Ethanol is a fuel that comes from agricultural crops such as corn, barley, ...
[102].^ Tens of thousands of posters, brochures and other printed materials are available to key communities including K-12 schools, colleges, business and community groups free of charge.
^ These materials contain triglycerides, free fatty acids, and other contaminants ; depending on the degree of pretreatment they have received prior to delivery.- Biodiesel Production Technology: August 2002--January 2004 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.methanol.org [Source type: Reference]
^ A proposed rule may incorporate other materials by; reference only if it complies with all of the requirements applicable to the; incorporation by reference of other materials in an adopted rule that are; contained in subrule 2.12 (2) of this chapter.- 185 Alcoholic Beverages Division 26 May 2010 9:48 UTC www.legis.state.ia.us [Source type: Original source]
.^ In a fire, it may ; decompose to form toxic gases, such as carbon monoxide.- Propanol, 2- (EHC 103, 1990) 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
.^ S. cerevisiae , the yeast most commonly used for ethanol production, cannot metabolize xylose.- Ethanol: Encyclopedia of chemistry, analytics & pharmaceutics with 64,557 entries. 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.chemie.de [Source type: Academic]
- Ethanol - Psychology Wiki 9 February 2010 14:014 UTC psychology.wikia.com [Source type: Academic]
^ Ethanol is used in medical wipes and in most common antibacterial hand sanitizer gels at a concentration of about 62% ( percentage by weight, not volume) as an antiseptic .
^ Like making bread, wine, or beer, ethanol production depends on fermentation , the process by which certain species of yeast or bacteria metabolize simple sugars and convert them into alcohol and carbon dioxide.- Ethanol Opportunities and Questions 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC attra.ncat.org [Source type: Academic]
Other yeasts and bacteria are under investigation to ferment xylose and other
pentoses into ethanol.
[103]
On January 14, 2008,
General Motors announced a partnership with Coskata, Inc.
.^ Why cellulosic ethanol will not save us.- The Oil Drum: Net Energy | The Effect of Natural Gradients on the Net Energy Profits from Corn Ethanol 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC netenergy.theoildrum.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ From seed to fuel, this requires 1,500 gallons of water per gallon of ethanol.- The Oil Drum: Net Energy | The Effect of Natural Gradients on the Net Energy Profits from Corn Ethanol 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC netenergy.theoildrum.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Yahoo.com Save $.20 $.50 per Gallon Help Stop Global Warming Patented Fuel Catalyst That Works!
.^ Boof on January 13, 2009 - 3:49pm We may have to produce some liquid or gaseous fuel with low or perhaps even slightly negative net energy.- The Oil Drum: Net Energy | The Effect of Natural Gradients on the Net Energy Profits from Corn Ethanol 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC netenergy.theoildrum.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ January 13, 2009 - 2:44pm It's simply criminal to produce fuel from food in a world in which hunger exists.- The Oil Drum: Net Energy | The Effect of Natural Gradients on the Net Energy Profits from Corn Ethanol 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC netenergy.theoildrum.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ January 2010 December 2009 November 2009 October 2009 September 2009 August 2009 July 2009 June 2009 May 2009 April 2009 March 2009 February 2009 January 2009 December 2008 November 2008 .- The Oil Drum: Net Energy | The Effect of Natural Gradients on the Net Energy Profits from Corn Ethanol 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC netenergy.theoildrum.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Sizes: 50 ML 200 ML .
^ A 15 million gallon a year dry mill ethanol plant.
^ Sizes: 50 ML 200 ML 375 ML .
[104]Prospective technologies
.^ Cellulosic ethanol production substitutes biomass for fossil fuels, ...
^ The artificial sweetener aspartame is widely used and,; on hydrolysis, 10% (by weight) of the molecule is converted to free; methanol, which is available for absorption.; ; About 20 million tonnes of methanol were produced worldwide in; 1991, principally by catalytic conversion of pressurized synthesis gas; (hydrogen, carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide).- Methanol (EHC 196, 1997) 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Methanol was also produced as; one of the products of the non-catalytic oxidation of hydrocarbons (a; procedure discontinued in the USA in 1973), and as a by-product of; Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, which is no longer industrially important; (Grayson, 1981).; ; Modern industrial scale methanol production is based exclusively; on the catalytic conversion of pressurized synthesis gas (hydrogen,; carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide) in the presence of metallic; heterogenous catalysts.- Methanol (EHC 196, 1997) 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
.^ A subset ; of these configurations will also be used in stage 2.- chapter for Isotope Effects in Chemistry and Biology , edited by Hans Limbach and Amnon Kohen, to be published by Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, 2004 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC static.msi.umn.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ Larger volumes of material are processed in plants that produce so-called "inedible" products, ; although the products are suitable for use in animal feeds.- Biodiesel Production Technology: August 2002--January 2004 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.methanol.org [Source type: Reference]
^ This is steam reformed to produce synthesis gas, which is; converted to methanol by low-pressure processes.- Methanol (EHC 196, 1997) 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
[105]. The BRI technology has been purchased by INEOS.
.^ Another prospective technology is the closed-loop ethanol plant.- Ethanol: Encyclopedia of chemistry, analytics & pharmaceutics with 64,557 entries. 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.chemie.de [Source type: Academic]
- Ethanol - Psychology Wiki 9 February 2010 14:014 UTC psychology.wikia.com [Source type: Academic]
^ However, the closed-loop ethanol plant attempts to address this criticism.- Ethanol: Encyclopedia of chemistry, analytics & pharmaceutics with 64,557 entries. 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.chemie.de [Source type: Academic]
- Ethanol - Psychology Wiki 9 February 2010 14:014 UTC psychology.wikia.com [Source type: Academic]
^ This plant is another step forward for a rapidly growing ethanol industry in Kansas, according to the Kansas Corn Growers Association (KCGA) and Kansas Grain Sorghum Producers Association (KGSPA).- Ethanol News--Kansas Ethanol Info 20 September 2009 12:40 UTC www.ksgrains.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[106] .^ This is because in cellulose ethanol, the entire plant can be utilized instead of just the grain as in corn ethanol.- Biofuel Guide - Ethanol and Biodiesel as alternative energy 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC biofuelguide.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ It is the fossil fuel forms of energy that are limited.- The Oil Drum: Net Energy | The Effect of Natural Gradients on the Net Energy Profits from Corn Ethanol 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC netenergy.theoildrum.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ "The minuscule amount of net energy derived from growing corn for fuel."- Why is there ethanol in gasoline? — Autoblog Green 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC green.autoblog.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ I understand there are some definitional issues, but corn is used to make an energy product, so......- The Oil Drum: Net Energy | The Effect of Natural Gradients on the Net Energy Profits from Corn Ethanol 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC netenergy.theoildrum.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ She eventually suspected that there was a possible link between her symptoms and artificial sweeteners, which she had begun using in diet sodas and other foods 18 months earlier.
^ Nonbeverage food products described in subsection (6) of this section may be imported, stored and distributed in this state without a license issued by the commission.- http://landru.leg.state.or.us/ors/471.html 26 May 2010 9:48 UTC landru.leg.state.or.us [Source type: Original source]
.^ Another prospective technology is the closed-loop ethanol plant.
^ However, the closed-loop ethanol plant attempts to address this criticism.
^ However, there are ; only two commercial whey-ethanol plants with an ; annual production of 8 million gallons.- Whey to Ethanol: A Biofuel Role for Dairy Cooperatives? 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.rurdev.usda.gov [Source type: Academic]
.^ Alcohol (ethanol) is made from fermentation of various plant products.- ASREC : Alcohol Facts to Share With Others 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.utexas.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ Ethanol is a clean-burning, renewable, domestically produced product made from fermented ...
^ Products from ruminants(cattle) are not ; fed to other cattle.- Biodiesel Production Technology: August 2002--January 2004 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.methanol.org [Source type: Reference]
.^ In the life cycle of making corn ethanol, 99% of the water used grows the corn, and only 1% is used in the industrial process.- The Oil Drum: Net Energy | The Effect of Natural Gradients on the Net Energy Profits from Corn Ethanol 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC netenergy.theoildrum.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Food and fertilizer policy, farmer education, research and technology development, and other actions will be required to counter soil nutrient depletion.- The Oil Drum: Net Energy | The Effect of Natural Gradients on the Net Energy Profits from Corn Ethanol 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC netenergy.theoildrum.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Conclusion]..While the model does not include the soil nutrients from animal manure or the N fixed by legumes, it provides a preliminary global perspective on the relationship of fertilizer demand and soil fertility maintenance.- The Oil Drum: Net Energy | The Effect of Natural Gradients on the Net Energy Profits from Corn Ethanol 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC netenergy.theoildrum.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ For biodiesel, this test is an important indicator of the quantity of residual metals in the fuel that ; came from the catalyst used in the esterification process.- Biodiesel Production Technology: August 2002--January 2004 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.methanol.org [Source type: Reference]
^ For decades GM has used fuel cell vehicles as an excuse not to compete with Japanese efficiency, now they are using ethanol.
^ Ford's interest in using ethanol as an alternative fuel goes back to the days ...
[107]
.^ Biodiesel Production Process Options ; Batch Processing ; The simplest method for producing alcohol esters is to use a batch, stirred tank reactor.- Biodiesel Production Technology: August 2002--January 2004 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.methanol.org [Source type: Reference]
^ Alcohol is also used as a solvent in pharmaceuticals, which is why some products contain relatively high concentrations of alcohol (e.g., Nyquil, Geritol liquid, cough medicines, etc.- ASREC : Alcohol Facts to Share With Others 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.utexas.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ Noradrenergic neurons appear at an early stage in the development of the central nervous system.
[108]
Testing
.^ Construction on two plants to produce ethanol in Oregon is scheduled to ...
^ Two methods are used to process corn into ethanol – wet milling and dry.
.^ The increase in gasoline use parallels the increase in miles driven, with no measurable benefit from ethanol.- The Oil Drum: Net Energy | The Effect of Natural Gradients on the Net Energy Profits from Corn Ethanol 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC netenergy.theoildrum.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ We first used this approach to measure the infrared radiative lifetime of ; vibrationally excited OH radicals, and we have more recently used this to measure the ; radiative lifetimes of CO molecules in the electronically excited, metastable a 3 Π ; state.- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Berlin 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.fhi-berlin.mpg.de [Source type: Academic]
^ Recently, level measurement devices have ; been developed that use signal reflectance from an ; ultrasonic transducer or radio frequency, which measures the change in impedance between two ; capacitor electrodes.- Biodiesel Production Technology: August 2002--January 2004 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.methanol.org [Source type: Reference]
.^ This method uses a relatively inexpensive solid state sensor that compares the CH band with a reference band to calculate the ethanol content.- Ethanol: Encyclopedia of chemistry, analytics & pharmaceutics with 64,557 entries. 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.chemie.de [Source type: Academic]
- Ethanol - Psychology Wiki 9 February 2010 14:014 UTC psychology.wikia.com [Source type: Academic]
^ Unlike modern cars, small engines lack an oxygen sensor feedback control and cannot compensate for higher oxygen content in ethanol-containing fuels.- Mulch Blog: Search Results 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC www.mulchblog.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Calcium hypochlorite is cheap, relatively stable, and easily stored and used solid hypochlorite oxidant, was found to oxidize secondary alcohols to ketones in excellent yields.
.^ The Beer-Lambert law ; states that the amount of energy absorbed by a particular substance is directly ; proportional to the number of absorbing molecules in the sample.- MISSOURI BREATH ALCOHOL PROGRAM 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.dhss.mo.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The; local authority by itself, in the case of retail beer permits, shall make the; refund on a quarterly use basis starting from the effective date of the; permit.- 185 Alcoholic Beverages Division 26 May 2010 9:48 UTC www.legis.state.ia.us [Source type: Original source]
^ The Beer-Lambert law ; states that the amount of energy absorbed by a particular substance is proportional to the ; number of absorbing molecules in the sample.- MISSOURI BREATH ALCOHOL PROGRAM 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.dhss.mo.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ The production process and the other materials used in this process.- Biodiesel Production Technology: August 2002--January 2004 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.methanol.org [Source type: Reference]
^ That not all ; fifty states maintained discriminatory distribution systems indicated that such alternative measures ; existed.
^ Larger volumes of material are processed in plants that produce so-called "inedible" products, ; although the products are suitable for use in animal feeds.- Biodiesel Production Technology: August 2002--January 2004 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.methanol.org [Source type: Reference]
.^ Sierra Nevada Brewing Company has a proud history as one of the pioneers of the; craft brewing industry ...
Purification
.^ It's polluting our water systems, and it probably takes as much energy to produce ethanol as it provides, if not more.
^ It is also possible to use fluids such as glycerol and ethylene glycol to ; wash the water from the mixture.- Biodiesel Production Technology: August 2002--January 2004 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.methanol.org [Source type: Reference]
.^ For most industrial and fuel uses, the ethanol must be purified.- Ethanol: Encyclopedia of chemistry, analytics & pharmaceutics with 64,557 entries. 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.chemie.de [Source type: Academic]
- Ethanol - Psychology Wiki 9 February 2010 14:014 UTC psychology.wikia.com [Source type: Academic]
^ Ethanol is used in medical wipes and in most common antibacterial hand sanitizer gels at a concentration of about 62% ( percentage by weight, not volume) as an antiseptic .
^ The study provided USCP with the most current data concerning the use of sorghum to produce ethanol, any obstacles facing the increased use of sorghum in ethanol and possible solutions to removing those obstacles.- Sorghum playing bigger role in ethanol production 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC southeastfarmpress.com [Source type: News]
Fractional distillation can concentrate ethanol to 95.6% by volume (89.5 mole%).
.^ Distillation ; Another means of separating chemicals in a fluid mixture is by exploiting the differences in ; boiling points between the chemicals.- Biodiesel Production Technology: August 2002--January 2004 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.methanol.org [Source type: Reference]
^ An important separation device for miscible fluids with similar boiling points (e.g., methanol and ; water) is the distillation column.- Biodiesel Production Technology: August 2002--January 2004 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.methanol.org [Source type: Reference]
^ Separation in a distillation column is predicated on the ; difference in volatilities (boiling points) between chemicals in a liquid mixture.- Biodiesel Production Technology: August 2002--January 2004 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.methanol.org [Source type: Reference]
.^ Ethanol uses the starch in corn to create sugar, then ethanol .
^ In the life cycle of making corn ethanol, 99% of the water used grows the corn, and only 1% is used in the industrial process.- The Oil Drum: Net Energy | The Effect of Natural Gradients on the Net Energy Profits from Corn Ethanol 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC netenergy.theoildrum.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ At its most basic, ethanol is grain alcohol, produced from crops such as corn.
.^ Surprise, surprise Detroit doesn't want to be forced to make more fuel efficient vehicles, but they want the oil industry to be forced to use ethanol.
^ For decades GM has used fuel cell vehicles as an excuse not to compete with Japanese efficiency, now they are using ethanol.
^ If ethanol were useful as a fuel source, it should be viable without a government subsidy.- The Oil Drum: Net Energy | The Effect of Natural Gradients on the Net Energy Profits from Corn Ethanol 27 January 2010 23:50 UTC netenergy.theoildrum.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Another direct method for the ; determination of C 1 - C 3 alcohols and water in gasoline is size-; exclusion liquid chromatography and detection by a differential ; refractometry [292].- Propanol, 2- (EHC 103, 1990) 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
^ No samplings of distilled spirits, beers or malt alcoholic beverages may be provided by a ; Plenary Retail Distribution Licensee.- State of New Jersey 26 May 2010 9:48 UTC www.nj.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ WHOLESALE DEALER ; WHO IS CONSIDERED A "WHOLESALE DEALER" UNDER FEDERAL LAW? ; Every person who sells, or offers for sale, distilled spirits, wine or beer to another dealer is considered a ; wholesale dealer.- State of New Jersey 26 May 2010 9:48 UTC www.nj.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Absolute alcohol is obtained in the third fraction, which distills over at 78.3 °C (351.4 K).
[11] .^ Larger volumes of material are processed in plants that produce so-called "inedible" products, ; although the products are suitable for use in animal feeds.- Biodiesel Production Technology: August 2002--January 2004 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.methanol.org [Source type: Reference]
^ Small amounts of alcohol itself are lost from the body through sweat, urine, and expired air.- ASREC : Alcohol Facts to Share With Others 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.utexas.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ This "toxicity" is experienced as a small withdrawal syndrome in which certain body systems have been depressed by high amounts of alcohol.- ASREC : Alcohol Facts to Share With Others 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.utexas.edu [Source type: Academic]
[109]
.^ The production process and the other materials used in this process.- Biodiesel Production Technology: August 2002--January 2004 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.methanol.org [Source type: Reference]
^ Hydrogen Amplification Technology Development using a by-product gas (hot COG(Coke Oven Gas)) in the steel making process .- http://www.shokubai.org/intern/TOCAT5/scientific_program.html 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.shokubai.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Supercritical esterification process ; The refining of glycerol is discussed in a separate chapter, although it is a topic of great ; importance to the choice of biodiesel production process.- Biodiesel Production Technology: August 2002--January 2004 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.methanol.org [Source type: Reference]
.^ What does calling alcohol a "solvent" mean?- ASREC : Alcohol Facts to Share With Others 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.utexas.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ However, humans have learned how to make alcoholic beverages through fermentation, which produces lower concentrations of alcohol, plus a generally pleasant taste.- ASREC : Alcohol Facts to Share With Others 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.utexas.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ The so-called Type II alcoholism is also known as early onset alcoholism.- ASREC : Alcohol Facts to Share With Others 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.utexas.edu [Source type: Academic]
Grades of ethanol
Denatured alcohol
.^ For beverages containing ethanol , see alcoholic beverage.
^ Alcoholic beverages were heavily taxed.
^ Many alcohols have been used to make biodiesel.- Biodiesel Production Technology: August 2002--January 2004 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.methanol.org [Source type: Reference]
.^ Sure it would be expensive, but not too expensive if we simply made better use of current tax subsidies - Not by adding new ones.
^ Plug-in technology could be added to these hybrid vehicles and most urban drivers might rarely, if ever, need any fuel other than a little electricity.
^ One of the most widely used screening tests for problem drinking is the CAGE: - Have you ever felt the need to Cut down on your drinking?- ASREC : Alcohol Facts to Share With Others 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.utexas.edu [Source type: Academic]
.^ These include antianxiety agents (benzodiazepines such as Xanax, Valium), antihistamines (Benadryl, Claritin), and powerful pain-killers (opioids, such as Vicodin and Percocet).- ASREC : Alcohol Facts to Share With Others 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.utexas.edu [Source type: Academic]
Products of this kind are called
denatured alcohol.[110][111]
Absolute ethanol
.^ This has been considered as a feedstock for biodiesel as its cost is low, but its high ; water content and converting the soaps to methyl esters are significant obstacles to cost-effective ; utilization.- Biodiesel Production Technology: August 2002--January 2004 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.methanol.org [Source type: Reference]
^ When they present their original data relating to the methanol content of French wines (range 14-265 ppm) or when the methanol content of any alcoholic beverage is given, the ration of methanol to ethanol is also presented.
^ The ; initial free fatty acid content and the water content are generally low.- Biodiesel Production Technology: August 2002--January 2004 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.methanol.org [Source type: Reference]
.^ Heating the oil under pressure and then spraying into a vacuum chamber can bring the ; water content to a very low level.- Biodiesel Production Technology: August 2002--January 2004 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.methanol.org [Source type: Reference]
^ When they present their original data relating to the methanol content of French wines (range 14-265 ppm) or when the methanol content of any alcoholic beverage is given, the ration of methanol to ethanol is also presented.
^ Because alcohol is freely miscible with water, any bodily fluid with significant water ; content will also possess meaningful levels of alcohol during intoxication.- MISSOURI BREATH ALCOHOL PROGRAM 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.dhss.mo.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Alcohol ; synthetically produced is not sold for human consumption and is therefore ; not taxed by the federal government.- MISSOURI BREATH ALCOHOL PROGRAM 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.dhss.mo.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Certain practices, however, which do unduly promote the consumption of alcoholic beverages, are ; absolutely prohibited.- State of New Jersey 26 May 2010 9:48 UTC www.nj.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ The ; problem with this strategy is that the soapstock system contains a large amount of water that ; must be removed before the product esters can meet the biodiesel standard.- Biodiesel Production Technology: August 2002--January 2004 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.methanol.org [Source type: Reference]
^ Under no circumstance may a licensee use as a container for the pre-mixed drink a previously filled ; or emptied originally labeled alcoholic beverage container.- State of New Jersey 26 May 2010 9:48 UTC www.nj.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ FFA may be the limit if traces ; of water are present.- Biodiesel Production Technology: August 2002--January 2004 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.methanol.org [Source type: Reference]
.^ No, alcohol (ethanol) is also used as a solvent for pharmaceutical preparations.- ASREC : Alcohol Facts to Share With Others 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.utexas.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ Ethanol is used as a solvent, an antiseptic, or as an additive in certain fuels.- MISSOURI BREATH ALCOHOL PROGRAM 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.dhss.mo.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Surprise, surprise Detroit doesn't want to be forced to make more fuel efficient vehicles, but they want the oil industry to be forced to use ethanol.
Pure ethanol is classed as 200
proof in the USA, equivalent to 175 degrees proof in the UK system.
Wine spirits
.^ For purposes of this text, one ; "drink" equals one 12 ounce serving of regular beer, one and a half ; ounces of 80 proof distilled spirits, or 5-6 ounces of wine.- MISSOURI BREATH ALCOHOL PROGRAM 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.dhss.mo.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ One standard "beverage unit" of alcohol consists of one 5-ounce glass of wine, one 12-ounce beer, or one cocktail containing 1.5 ounce of 80 proof spirits.- ASREC : Alcohol Facts to Share With Others 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.utexas.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ (A beverage unit is one beer, 5 oz of wine, or one drink containing about 1.5 ounces of 40% spirits.- ASREC : Alcohol Facts to Share With Others 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.utexas.edu [Source type: Academic]
The impurities are different from those in 190 proof laboratory ethanol.
[112]
See also
Notes
- ^ Myers, Richard L.; Myers, Rusty L. (2007). The 100 most important chemical compounds: a reference guide. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. p. 122. ISBN 0313337586. http://books.google.com/books?id=0AnJU-hralEC&pg=PA122.
- ^ Roach, J. (July 18, 2005). "9,000-Year-Old Beer Re-Created From Chinese Recipe". National Geographic News. http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2005/07/0718_050718_ancientbeer.html. Retrieved 2007-09-03.
- ^ Hassan, Ahmad Y. "Alcohol and the Distillation of Wine in Arabic Sources". History of Science and Technology in Islam. http://www.history-science-technology.com/Notes/Notes%207.htm. Retrieved 2008-03-29.
- ^ Alcohol in the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition
- ^ Couper AS (1858). "On a new chemical theory" (online reprint). Philosophical magazine 16 (104–16). http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/couper/couper.html. Retrieved 2007-09-03.
- ^ Hennell, H. (1828). "On the mutual action of sulfuric acid and alcohol, and on the nature of the process by which ether is formed". Philosophical Transactions 118: 365. doi:10.1098/rstl.1828.0021.
- ^ a b Siegel, Robert (2007-02-15). "Ethanol, Once Bypassed, Now Surging Ahead". NPR. http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=7426827. Retrieved 2007-09-22.
- ^ DiPardo, Joseph. "Outlook for Biomass Ethanol Production and Demand" (PDF). United States Department of Energy. http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/FTPROOT/features/biomass.pdf. Retrieved 2007-09-22.
- ^ a b c Lide, D. R., ed (2000). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 81st edition. CRC press. ISBN 0849304814.
- ^ a b c d Windholz, Martha (1976). The Merck index: an encyclopedia of chemicals and drugs (9th ed.). Rahway, N.J., U.S.A: Merck. ISBN 0-911910-26-3.
- ^ a b c d Morrison, Robert Thornton; Boyd, Robert Neilson (1972). Organic Chemistry (2nd ed.). Allyn and Bacon, inc..
- ^ Dahlmann U, Schneider GM (1989). "(Liquid + liquid) phase equilibria and critical curves of (ethanol + dodecane or tetradecane or hexadecane or 2,2,4,4,6,8,8-heptamethylnonane) from 0.1 MPa to 120.0 MPa". J Chem Thermodyn. 21: 997. doi:10.1016/0021-9614(89)90160-2.
- ^ "Encyclopedia of chemical technology". Encyclopedia of chemical technology. 9. 1991. p. 813.
- ^ Costigan MJ, Hodges LJ, Marsh KN, Stokes RH, Tuxford CW (1980). "The Isothermal Displacement Calorimeter: Design Modifications for Measuring Exothermic Enthalpies of Mixing". Aust. J. Chem. 33 (10): 2103. doi:10.1071/CH9802103 (inactive 2010-01-08).
- ^ Lei Z, Wang H, Zhou R, Duan Z (2002). "Influence of salt added to solvent on extractive distillation". Chem Eng J. 87: 149. doi:10.1016/S1385-8947(01)00211-X.
- ^ Pemberton RC, Mash CJ (1978). "Thermodynamic properties of aqueous non-electrolyte mixtures II. Vapour pressures and excess Gibbs energies for water + ethanol at 303.15 to 363.15 K determined by an accurate static method". J Chem Thermodyn. 10: 867. doi:10.1016/0021-9614(78)90160-X.
- ^ Merck Index of Chemicals and Drugs, 9th ed.; monographs 6575 through 6669
- ^ Anil K. Rajvanshi, S.M. Patil, and B. Mendonca (2007). "Low-concentration ethanol stove for rural areas in India". Energy for Sustainable Development 11: 94. doi:10.1016/S0973-0826(08)60568-2.
- ^ Frederick D. Rossini (1937). "Heats of Formation of Simple Organic Molecules". Ind. Eng. Chem. 29: 1424. doi:10.1021/ie50336a024.
- ^ a b c d e Streitweiser, Andrew Jr.; Heathcock, Clayton H. (1976). Introduction to Organic Chemistry. MacMillan. ISBN 0-02-418010-6.
- ^ Chakrabartty, in Trahanovsky, Oxidation in Organic Chemistry, pp 343-370, Academic Press, New York, 1978
- ^ Appendix B, Transportation Energy Data Book from the Center for Transportation Analysis of the Oak Ridge National Laboratory
- ^ Calculated from heats of formation. Does not correspond exactly to the figure for MJ/l divided by density.
- ^ Thomas, George (2000). "Overview of Storage Development DOE Hydrogen Program". Sandia National Laboratories. http://www1.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/pdfs/storage.pdf. Retrieved 2009-08-01.
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- ^ Reel, M. (August 19, 2006) "Brazil's Road to Energy Independence", Washington Post.
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- ^ "Renewable Fuels Association Industry Statistics". http://www.ethanolrfa.org/industry/statistics/#E.
- ^ "Tecnologia flex atrai estrangeiros". Agência Estado. http://www.estadao.com.br/economia/not_eco178105,0.htm.
- ^ "First Commercial U.S. Cellulosic Ethanol Biorefinery Announced". Renewable Fuels Association. 2006-11-20. http://www.ethanolrfa.org/view/?id=909. Retrieved May 21, 2006.
- ^ "Renewable Fuel Standard Program". United States Environmental Protection Agency. 2007-04-10. http://www.epa.gov/otaq/renewablefuels/. Retrieved May 21, 2007.
- ^ a b "Ethyl tertiary butyl ether (ETBE) and methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE); status review and alternative use". http://www.envirofacs.org/Pre-prints/Vol%2040%20No%201/mtbe/Session%207/p241.PDF. Retrieved 2009-08-01.
- ^ W. Horn and F. Krupp. Earth: The Sequel: The Race to Reinvent Energy and Stop Global Warming. 2006, 85
- ^ Dual purpose lantern run on ethanol
- ^ Ethanol Powered Car, Youtube
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- ^ The Politics of Ethanol Outshine its Costs
- ^ Herbst, Moira (March 19, 2007). "Ethanol's Growing List of Enemies". Business Week. http://www.businessweek.com/bwdaily/dnflash/content/mar2007/db20070316_016207.htm?campaign_id=rss_topStories. Retrieved 2007-09-03.
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- ^ Fuel, Food Demand Raise Corn, Soybean Prices
- ^ Edith M. Lederer, Associated Press (2007-10-27). "UN Expert Calls Biofuel 'Crime Against Humanity'". http://www.livescience.com/environment/071027-ap-biofuel-crime.html.
- ^ Mexicans stage tortilla protest , BBC News, February 7, 2007.
- ^ Posted by Hans Bader (2008-04-08). "Ethanol Subsidies Cause Food Riots in Mexico, Pakistan, Indonesia, Yemen, and Egypt". Open Market blog. http://www.openmarket.org/2008/04/08/ethanol-subsidies-cause-food-riots-in-mexico-pakistan-indonesia-yemen-and-egypt.
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- ^ "Ethanol". http://www.valentinebiofuels.com/Ethanol.html. Retrieved 2009-08-01.
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- ^ "Forget the Ethanol Myth -- Avoid Biofuel Bubble: John F. Wasik". Bloomberg.com. 2007-07-23. http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601039&refer=columnist_wasik&sid=aOS8e5kvDESE. Retrieved 2007-07-25.
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- ^ "Study: Ethanol may add to global warming". USA Today. 2/8/2008. http://www.usatoday.com/weather/climate/globalwarming/2008-02-08-ethanol-study_N.htm.
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- ^ Offenburg students test world's first ethanol powered fuel cell vehicle Acta.
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- ^ David Darling. "The Internet Encyclopedia of Science: V-2". http://daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/V/V-2.html.
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- ^ "The Brain from Top to Bottom - Alcohol (Intermediate, Molecular)". Canadian Institute of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Addiction. McGill University. http://thebrain.mcgill.ca/flash/i/i_03/i_03_m/i_03_m_par/i_03_m_par_alcool.html. Retrieved 2010-02-13.
- ^ a b Safety data for ethyl alcohol
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- ^ MedlinePlus Encyclopedia Alcohol Use
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^ Kirk-Othmer encyclopedia of chemical technology,; 3rd ed.- Methanol (EHC 196, 1997) 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
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Further reading
.^ Around 95% of the (rather minimal) research on alcohol and the problems it produces is funded by the federal government (National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism) in this nation.- ASREC : Alcohol Facts to Share With Others 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.utexas.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ But when physicians, who have great opportunities to affect patients' drinking habits (or refer to treatment if necessary), are not trained about the effects of alcohol, then public health suffers.- ASREC : Alcohol Facts to Share With Others 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.utexas.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ "Alcohol is a solvent that dissolves people" is an old quotation relating to the "addictive" effects of alcohol.- ASREC : Alcohol Facts to Share With Others 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.utexas.edu [Source type: Academic]
ETOH Archival Database (1972–2003) Alcohol and Alcohol Problems Science Database.
"Alcohol." (1911). In Hugh Chisholm (Ed.) Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition. Online reprint
Boyce, John M., and Pittet Didier. (2003). .
Lodgsdon, J.E (1991).^ Too much of the oil industry is controlled outside of the United States.
^ The Oregon Liquor Control Commission may issue a wine self-distribution permit to a United States manufacturer of wine or cider.- http://landru.leg.state.or.us/ors/471.html 26 May 2010 9:48 UTC landru.leg.state.or.us [Source type: Original source]
^ This dosage is much less than the acceptable daily intake for humans, with current limits set at 50 mg/kg in the United States and 40 mg/kg in Europe.
.^ Kirk-Othmer encyclopedia of chemical technology,; 3rd ed.- Methanol (EHC 196, 1997) 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Encyclopedia of ; chemical technology, 3rd ed., New York, Wiley Interscience.- Propanol, 2- (EHC 103, 1990) 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
.^ Encyclopedia of ; chemical technology, 3rd ed., New York, Wiley Interscience.- Propanol, 2- (EHC 103, 1990) 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Kirk-Othmer encyclopedia of chemical technology,; 3rd ed.- Methanol (EHC 196, 1997) 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
9 (4th ed.). .^ Edible Oil and Fat Products: ; Oils and Oilseeds, Chapter 11 Soybean Oil, Fifth Edition, Wiley-Interscience, New York.- Biodiesel Production Technology: August 2002--January 2004 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.methanol.org [Source type: Reference]
^ Encyclopedia of ; chemical technology, 3rd ed., New York, Wiley Interscience.- Propanol, 2- (EHC 103, 1990) 18 May 2010 14:42 UTC www.inchem.org [Source type: Academic]
pp. 812–60. .
Rene Martinez VitalSensors Technologies LLC. "VS1000A Series In-Line Ethanol Sensors for the Beverage and BioFuel Industry" (PDF).^ For many years this technology was simply used to violate CAFE, and I seriously doubt that a line of Flex Fuel Hummers or Tahoes is really going to help the world.
^ [PDF] The US Dry-Mill Ethanol Industry Biobased Products and Bioenergy ...
.. Martinez describes the theory and practice of measuring brix on-line in beverages.
Sci-toys website explanation of US denatured alcohol designations
Smith, M.G., and M. Snyder.^ Standard Beverage Corp ; Standard Beverage Corporation is a full-line wholesale distributor of alcoholic beverages to licensed customers in Kansas...
^ Malt beverages may not be labeled or otherwise designated as beer for purposes of retail sale in this state unless the malt beverage contains six percent or less alcohol by volume.- http://landru.leg.state.or.us/ors/471.html 26 May 2010 9:48 UTC landru.leg.state.or.us [Source type: Original source]
^ PROOF - See "Measurement of Alcoholic Content" ; PROOF GALLON ; WHAT IS A "PROOF GALLON?" ; "Proof Gallon" is a term used to describe the alcoholic strength of distilled spirits.- State of New Jersey 26 May 2010 9:48 UTC www.nj.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
(2005). .^ Denatured Fuel Ethanol as specified in The American Society for Testing and Materials ...
June 5 – June 9. Atlanta.
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