| Eurasian Brown Bear | |
|---|---|
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| Conservation status | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Carnivora |
| Family: | Ursidae |
| Genus: | Ursus |
| Species: | U. arctos |
| Subspecies: | U. arctos arctos |
| Trinomial name | |
| Ursus arctos arctos Linnaeus, 1758 |
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The Eurasian Brown Bear (Ursus arctos arctos) is a subspecies of the brown bear (Ursus arctos), and found across northern Eurasia. The brown bear is also known as the "common brown bear", and colloquially by many other names.
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The Eurasian brown bear has brown fur, which can shift from yellow-brownish to dark brown, red brown, and almost black in some cases; albinism has also been recorded.[2] The fur is dense to varying degree and the hair can grow up to 10 cm in length. The shape of the head is normally quite round with relatively small and round ears, a wide skull and a mouth equipped with 42 teeth, including predatory teeth. It has a powerful bone structure, large paws, equipped with big claws, which can grow up to 10 cm in length. The weight varies depending on habitat and time of the year. A full grown male weighs on average 265–355 kg (583-780 lb) and a female 150–250 kg (330-550 lb). The largest Eurasian brown bear recorded was 481 kg (1,058 lb) and was nearly 2.5 m (8.2 ft) long.[3]
The bears east of Ural have to a larger extent brighter and more reddish colours. The Asian bears also seem to be more aggressive than the European bears.
Brown bears were present in Britain until around 500 A.D. when they were exterminated through hunting.[4]
Eurasian brown bears were used in Ancient Rome for fighting in arenas. The strongest bears apparently came from Caledonia and Dalmatia.[5]
In antiquity, the Eurasian brown bear was largely carnivorous, with 80% of its diet consisting of animal matter. However, as its habitat increasingly disappeared, meat consisted of only 40% of its dietary intake in the late Middle Ages, till modern times where meat now amounts to little more than 10-15% of its diet.[5]
Unlike in America, where an average of two people a year are killed by bears, Scandinavia only has records of three fatal bear attacks in the last century. [4]
Modern research[6] has made it possible to track the origin of the species. It is difficult to tell anything about the brown bear, but it might have developed about 5 million years ago. Researchers have also found that the Eurasian brown bear was separated about 850,000 years ago, one branch based in Western Europe and the other branch in Russia, Eastern Europe and Asia. Through research of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) researchers have found that the European family has been divided into two subgroups, one in the Iberian peninsula and the other in the Balkans.
There are four major populations in Scandinavia, all with their core area in Sweden. By analyzing the mtDNA of the southern population researchers have found that they probably have come from populations in the Pyrenees in southern France and Spain and the Cantabrian Mountains (Spain). Bears from these populations spread to southern Scandinavia after the last ice age. The northern bear populations has its origin in the Finnish/Russian population. Their ancestors probably survived the ice age in the ice-free areas, west of the Ural mountains, and thereafter spread to Northern Europe.
Although their inclusion as of Least Concern on the 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species refers to their global population, local populations are increasingly becoming scarcer. And as the IUCN itself adds
Least Concern does not always mean that species are not at risk. There are declining species that are evaluated as Least Concern.
Brown bears could once be found across most of northern Eurasia.
The brown bear has long been extinct in Britain and Ireland, but it still exists in northeast Europe and in Russia. There is a tiny population in the Pyrenees, on the border between Spain and France, which is on the edge of extinction, as well as an equally threatened group in the Cantabrian Mountains in Spain. There are also populations in the Abruzzi mountains and in the Trentino valley in Italy.
Populations in Scandinavia are steadily and slowly increasing - they include over 2000 bears in Sweden, another 1200 in Finland and around 70 in Norway. [7][8]
Large populations can be found in Romania, Slovakia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Slovenia and Bulgaria; smaller, but still significant populations can also be found in Albania, Greece, Serbia and Montenegro; these populations are part of two distinct metapopulations: the Carpathian (over 5,000 individuals), and the Dinaric-Pindos (Balkans), with around 3,000 individuals.[9]
The largest brown bear population in Europe can be found in Russia; it has now recovered from an all-time low caused by intensive hunting prior to the Russian revolution of 1917
Globally, the largest population is found east of the Ural mountain range, in the large Siberian forests; brown bears are also present in smaller numbers in parts of central Asia (former Soviet states).
Other subspecies of brown bear persist in small, isolated and for the most part highly threatened populations in Turkey, Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, parts of northwest India, central China, and on the island of Hokkaidō in Japan.
The historic distribution of bears and the impression it made on people has been reflected in the names of a number of localities (some notable examples include Berne, Medvednica and Ayu-Dag), as well as personal names (Xiong,熊, Bernard, Ursula, Urs, Björn, Nedved, Medvedev).
The bear is traditionally regarded as the symbol of the Russian (military and political) might; it is also Finland's national animal; and in Croatia, a brown bear is depicted on the reverse of the Croatian 5 kuna coin, minted since 1993.[10]
The Eurasian Brown Bear (Ursus arctos arctos) is a subspecies of the Brown Bear (Ursus arctos). It is found across northern Eurasia. It is the national animal of many countries including Finland.
Bears are known to attack humans for many reasons but actually they avoid attacking. One reason is that if you suprise a bear it is likely to attack. The other one, is that bears enjoy to eat food, which is why people tend to avoid leaving food in the forest where bears are.
The Eurasian brown bear is a omnivore (which eats everything). For example, they eat:
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