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Updated live from Wikipedia, last check: June 01, 2012 10:39 UTC (45 seconds ago)

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Europe
Europe (orthographic projection).svg
Area 10,180,000 km2 (3,930,000 sq mi)o[›]
Population 731,000,000o[›]
Pop. density 70/km2 (181/sq mi)
Demonym European
Countries 50 (List of countries)
Languages List of languages
Time Zones UTC to UTC+5
Internet TLD .eu (European Union)
Largest cities List of cities
.Europe (/ˈjʊrəp/, YOOR-əp) is, by convention, one of the world's seven continents.^ I would suggest that the above question is the one that the present convention on the future Europe should be considering.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

.Comprising the westernmost peninsula of Eurasia, Europe is generally divided from Asia to its east by the water divide of the Ural Mountains, the Ural River, the Caspian Sea, the Caucasus Mountains (or the Kuma-Manych Depression),[1] and the Black Sea to the southeast.^ Further east are the Bug and the Dneper (Dnieper), entering the Black Sea near Kherson, not far east of Odessa.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ The next large river is the Dneister, which enters the Black Sea at Odessa.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ Remarkably, they appear to have populated the region north of the Caucasus and between the Black and Caspian Seas until overcome much later by the Khazars and Mongols.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

[2] .Europe is bordered by the Arctic Ocean and other bodies of water to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, the Mediterranean Sea to the south, and the Black Sea and connected waterways to the southeast.^ Numerous available ports on the Black and Azov seas, river transportation routes, porous borders, and inadequately financed and under-equipped border and customs control forces make Ukraine susceptible to drug trafficking, especially on the north-east border with other former Soviet Republics, Belarus and Russia.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Lately, experts noted an increase in heroin traffic from Turkey into Ukraine by sea and then across Ukraine’s western border into Western Europe.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Remarkably, they appear to have populated the region north of the Caucasus and between the Black and Caspian Seas until overcome much later by the Khazars and Mongols.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

.Yet the borders for Europe—a concept dating back to classical antiquity—are somewhat arbitrary, as the term continent can refer to a cultural and political distinction or a physiographic one.^ At which point those of us who want to can get back to liking Europe without having to make those subtle distinctions can do so.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Instead, I predict that, within five years, there will be a serious political movement in Eastern Europe dedicated to bringing back the Iron Curtain.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Political assassination is common enough in Europe not to have to ascribe a conspiracy to this one.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

.Europe is the world's second-smallest continent by surface area, covering about 10,180,000 square kilometres (3,930,000 sq mi) or 2% of the Earth's surface and about 6.8% of its land area.^ We have written records from the Semitic lands, so we know much more about their history than about that of Europe and the steppes.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ The population is about 3,500,000, 95% Albanian, and the total area a little less than that of Maryland.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ It is a recent sea, formed after the last Ice Age about 10,000 BCE by the rise of sea level, drowning a river valley.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

.Of Europe's approximately 50 states, Russia is the largest by both area and population, while Vatican City is the smallest.^ Keeping Britain both in the [United States of Europe] and outside of it militarily, diplomatically, and monetarily should become a prime U.S. objective in foreign policy.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Video/C 8071 Young, Muslim, and French Europe's Muslim population has doubled in the last decade, with the largest numbers settling in France.
  • Western and Northern Europe History and Politics: Media Resources Center, UC Berkeley 26 January 2010 1:01 UTC www.lib.berkeley.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Fertility rates across Europe are now so low that the continent's population is likely to drop markedly over the next 50 years.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

.Europe is the third-most populous continent after Asia and Africa, with a population of 731 million or about 11% of the world's population.^ "Europe" still lectures places like China as if places like China are the Third World, and Europe, obviously, is the first.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ The most frequent statistic cited is the number of live births per woman in a population: in order for the population to replace itself and remain stable, that number must be about 2.1.
  • Global Politician - Europe 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC globalpolitician.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ This episode of the Great War, the third of eight, examines the evolution of World War I from a conflict fought across the landscape of Europe to a global war.
  • Western and Northern Europe History and Politics: Media Resources Center, UC Berkeley 26 January 2010 1:01 UTC www.lib.berkeley.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.However, according to the United Nations (medium estimate), Europe's share may fall to about 7% by 2050.[3] In 1900, Europe's share of the world's population was 25%.^ The passion that the romantic vision of a united Europe once provoked was the result of a world-view which we cannot understand.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ The UN, whose past population predictions have been fairly accurate, predicts that the world's population will increase from just over 6 billion in 2000 to 8.9 billion by 2050.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Experts estimate the number of conventional, illicit drug abusers at around 20,000 (0.25 percent of total population).
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

[4]
.Europe, in particular Ancient Greece, is the birthplace of Western culture.^ In Western Europe in particular, the state does neither, as most laws are passed by unelected EU bureaucrats...
  • Global Politician - Europe 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC globalpolitician.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ This article is an attempt at explaining, using as few words as possible, why Europe in particular, and the entire Western world in general, is in a deep crisis.
  • Global Politician - Europe 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC globalpolitician.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

[5] .It played a predominant role in global affairs from the 16th century onwards, especially after the beginning of colonialism.^ These segments look at the establishment of the island of Macau as a Portuguese colony in the 16th century.
  • Western and Northern Europe History and Politics: Media Resources Center, UC Berkeley 26 January 2010 1:01 UTC www.lib.berkeley.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.Between the 16th and 20th centuries, European nations controlled at various times the Americas, most of Africa, Oceania, and large portions of Asia.^ The program also will intensify law enforcement cooperation with Portugal’s countries of interest, largely in Africa and South America.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The Turkish National Police (TNP), under Interior Ministry control, is responsible for security in large urban areas.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Malta has a mixed and varied history, as rich as that of any much bigger European nation.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

.Both World Wars were largely focused upon Europe, greatly contributing to a decline in Western European dominance in world affairs by the mid-20th century as the United States and Soviet Union took prominence.^ Examines European state of affairs at the turn of the 20th century.
  • Western and Northern Europe History and Politics: Media Resources Center, UC Berkeley 26 January 2010 1:01 UTC www.lib.berkeley.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The GoA continues to welcome assistance from the United States and Western Europe.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Ecstasy transits Poland en route to both Western Europe and the United States.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

[6] .During the Cold War, Europe was divided along the Iron Curtain between NATO in the west and the Warsaw Pact in the east.^ The EU is by far the largest donor to Poland’s counternarcotics activities, which serves as a motivating force for even closer collaboration between Poland and its neighbors to the East and the West.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Romania also lies along a developing route for the transit of synthetic drugs from Western and Northern Europe to the East.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Europe must avoid an ideological war between free-market capitalism and the welfare state after the rejection of the EU's constitution, [he] said on Saturday Wrong.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

European integration led to the formation of the Council of Europe and the European Union in Western Europe, both of which have been expanding eastward since the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991.

Contents

Definition

A medieval T and O map from 1472 showing the division of the world into 3 continents, allocated to the three sons of Noah
.The use of the term "Europe" has developed gradually throughout history.^ To imagine that Britain will be immune from this is absurd; what happens in mainland Europe will directly impact upon us as it has throughout our history.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

[7][8] .In antiquity, the Greek historian Herodotus mentioned that the world had been divided by unknown persons into the three continents of Europe, Asia, and Libya (Africa), with the Nile and the river Phasis forming their boundaries—though he also states that some considered the River Don, rather than the Phasis, as the boundary between Europe and Asia.^ Georgia’s geography and transit status between Europe and Asia make it a potential narcotics trafficking route.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Or, rather, when they don't because if this thing ever actually makes it into space then my name is Buzz Lightyear.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Hunnic hegemony in Europe ended in 454, and the remnants of the Huns withdrew into Asia.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

[9] .Flavius Josephus and the Book of Jubilees described the continents as the lands given by Noah to his three sons; Europe was defined as between the Pillars of Hercules at Cadiz, separating it from Africa, and the Don, separating it from Asia.^ Georgia’s geography and transit status between Europe and Asia make it a potential narcotics trafficking route.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The chances are that this particular item of fruitbattery is the result of the idiot collision between the separately sane - but when combined in Britain fruitbatarian legal traditions of Britain and of Continental Europe.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Malta serves as a transfer point for travelers between North Africa and Europe.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

[10]
.This division—as much cultural as geographical—was used until the Late Middle Ages, when it was challenged by the Age of Discovery.^ Until the end of the middle ages and the arrival of a flood of silver from the New World, gold was worth about nine times an equal weight of silver.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ In the middle ages and earlier, Latin and Greek (Koine) were standardized written languages of Europe that could be used for official purposes and literature.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

[11][12] .The problem of redefining Europe was finally resolved in 1730 when, instead of waterways, the Swedish geographer and cartographer von Strahlenberg proposed the Ural Mountains as the most significant eastern boundary, a suggestion that found favour in Russia and throughout Europe.^ Migration To Eastern Europe Sam Vaknin, Ph.D. - 8/10/2005 The 2003 census in Russia, the first since 1989, found more than 2 million immigrants in residence.
  • Global Politician - Europe 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC globalpolitician.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Stress and pollution conspire to reap a grim harvest throughout the wastelands of eastern Europe.
  • Global Politician - Europe 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC globalpolitician.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ While there is no significant drug production in Uzbekistan, several transshipment routes for opium, heroin, and hashish originate in Afghanistan and cross Uzbekistan for destinations in Russia and Europe.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

[13]
.Europe is now generally defined by geographers as the westernmost peninsula of Eurasia, with its boundaries marked by large bodies of water to the north, west and south; Europe's limits to the far east are usually taken to be the Urals, the Ural River, and the Caspian Sea; to the southeast, the Caucasus Mountains, the Black Sea and the waterways connecting the Black Sea to the Mediterranean Sea.^ The southern boundary is the Black Sea.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ The next large river is the Dneister, which enters the Black Sea at Odessa.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ This is bounded on the north by the Danube, on the west by the Adriatic and Ionian Seas, on the south by the Aegean, and on the east by the Black Sea.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

[14]
.Sometimes, the word 'Europe' is used in a geopolitically limiting way[15] to refer only to the European Union or, even more exclusively, a culturally defined core.^ The British Council belongs to EUNIC , the European Union National Institutes for Culture, and this new organisation was launched on the 21st February 2007 (pdf file).
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ January 21, 2002 Monday All animals are equal David Carr (London) European Union But some animals are more equal than others .
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ June 10, 2002 Monday Americans against the EU Brian Micklethwait (London) European Union Pellerito wants more links from this to other blogs.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

On the other hand, the Council of Europe has 47 member countries, and only 27 member states are in the EU.[16] In addition, people living in insular areas such as Ireland, the United Kingdom, the North Atlantic and Mediterranean islands and also in Scandinavia may routinely refer to "continental" or "mainland" Europe simply as Europe or "the Continent".[17]
Clickable map of Europe, showing one of the most commonly used geographical boundaries[18] (legend: blue = states in both Europe and Asia; green = sometimes included within Europe but geographically outside Europe's boundaries)
.
Far.^ As England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland all use the same coins, one of the four coins has to feature a bridge from each of the four constituent countries of the United Kingdom.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ My definition of Central Europe embraces the Czech Republic, Slovak Republic, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Serbia, Croatia, and Slovenia.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ "The World", reduced to 44 countries and 38,000 interviewees, included 3500 respondent from central and east Europe: Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Poland, Russia, Slovakia and Ukraine.
  • Global Politician - Europe 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC globalpolitician.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

(Dk)

Etymology

In ancient Greek mythology, Europa was a Phoenician princess whom Zeus abducted after assuming the form of a dazzling white bull. He took her to the island of Crete where she gave birth to Minos, Rhadamanthus and Sarpedon. .For Homer, Europe (Greek: Εὐρώπη, Eurṓpē; see also List of traditional Greek place names) was a mythological queen of Crete, not a geographical designation.^ Yes, it is the type of EU law Gabriel Syme was talking about recently, in which the EU has been drawing up lists of geographical (and other) names used for food products, and has been insisting that the names be used only on food produced in that exact place.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Greece strongly denies any Slavic heritage, even changing Slavic place names to Greek names wherever they can be found.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

.Later, Europa stood for central-north Greece, and by 500 BC its meaning had been extended to the lands to the north.^ Macedonia was a mountainous country north of classical Greece, that extended from Illyria on the west to the Aegean Sea on the east.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

The name of Europa is of uncertain etymology.[19] One theory suggests that it is derived from the Greek roots meaning broad (eur-) and eye (op-, opt-), hence Eurṓpē, "wide-gazing", "broad of aspect" (compare with glaukōpis (grey-eyed) Athena or boōpis (ox-eyed) Hera). .Broad has been an epithet of Earth itself in the reconstructed Proto-Indo-European religion.^ These people were once called Caucasian, now Proto Indo-European.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

[20] .Another theory suggests that it is actually based on a Semitic word such as the Akkadian erebu meaning "to go down, set" (cf.^ While Islamists are rather open promoters of anti-Semitic theme, leftists and atheists promote such theory in a very tricky way.
  • Global Politician - Europe 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC globalpolitician.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

Occident),[21] cognate to Phoenician 'ereb "evening; west" and Arabic Maghreb, Hebrew ma'ariv (see also Erebus, PIE *h1regʷos, "darkness"). However, M. L. West states that "phonologically, the match between Europa's name and any form of the Semitic word is very poor".[22]
.Most major world languages use words derived from "Europa" to refer to the continent.^ Crime syndicates from around the world try to exploit the underground narcotics market and use the UK as a major transshipping route.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ This article is an attempt at explaining, using as few words as possible, why Europe in particular, and the entire Western world in general, is in a deep crisis.
  • Global Politician - Europe 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC globalpolitician.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Cannabis is the most commonly used drug, followed by heroin, cocaine, and MDMA (ecstasy), which are available in major towns.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.Chinese, for example, uses the word Ōuzhōu (歐洲), which is an abbreviation of the translitreated name Ōuluóbā zhōu (歐羅巴洲); however, in some Turkic languages the name Frengistan (land of the Franks) is used casually in referring to much of Europe, besides official names such as Avrupa or Evropa.^ Now, this is problematic, because as I use the word, "parmesan" is a name for a particular type of strong flavoured hard cheese.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ We have written records from the Semitic lands, so we know much more about their history than about that of Europe and the steppes.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ Scandinavians prefer to use the term to refer only to Danes, Norwegians and Swedes, who speak related languages.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

[23]

History

Prehistory

.Homo georgicus, which lived roughly 1.8 million years ago in Georgia, is the earliest hominid to have been discovered in Europe.^ Denis Schulz - 6/20/2007 Sure, one million pounds could to itthats a lot of lootmaybe if it had been offered twenty or thirty years ago.
  • Global Politician - Europe 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC globalpolitician.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ It is years ago now, but for some reason, I remembered it recently when watching the political situation in Europe.
  • Global Politician - Europe 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC globalpolitician.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

[24] .Other hominid remains, dating back roughly 1 million years, have been discovered in Atapuerca, Spain.^ Spain pledged $100 million to support Plan Colombia in 2003 and has pledged to continue to support the program in the coming years.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Illicit refining and manufacturing of drugs in Spain is minimal, although small-scale laboratories of synthetic drugs such as LSD are discovered and confiscated each year.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

[25] .Neanderthal man (named for the Neander Valley in Germany) first migrated to Europe 150,000 years ago and disappeared from the fossil record about 30,000 years ago.^ "I was first in Sweden 35 years ago.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Having visited Estonia for several days about twelve years ago, I know all about that place.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ We have written records from the Semitic lands, so we know much more about their history than about that of Europe and the steppes.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

.The Neanderthals were supplanted by modern humans (Cro-Magnons), who appeared in Europe around 40,000 years ago.^ Violators who put human lives at risk face fines up to $161,000 (SFr 200,000) or imprisonment.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ There are an estimated total of 250,000 people who regularly smoke cannabis—nearly twice as many as a decade ago.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ A man who was caught by police with Euro 108,000 worth of heroin and cocaine in 2004 was jailed for six years by the Dublin Circuit Criminal Court.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

[26]
.During the European Neolithic, a period of megalith construction took place, with many megalithic monuments, such as Stonehenge[27] and the Megalithic Temples of Malta, being constructed throughout Western and Southern Europe.^ American military) and it is NATO, not the EEC/EU, that was responsible for the peace of post war Western Europe, which may well be why so many Europeans hate the United States - people often hate those they have long depended on.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Macedonia is on the southern variant of the Balkan Route used to ship southwest Asian heroin to the western European consumer market.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Human Geography, People Places and Change ; 9) Many of the issues that Germany and eastern Europe now confront are seen in microcosm in Berlin.
  • Western and Northern Europe History and Politics: Media Resources Center, UC Berkeley 26 January 2010 1:01 UTC www.lib.berkeley.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

[28] The Corded ware cultural horizon flourished at the transition from the Neolithic to the Chalcolithic. .The European Bronze Age began in the late 3rd millennium BC with the Beaker culture.^ The Germans began to press southwards in the late first millennium BCE. The migration of the Goths and Vandals was a major stage in these events.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ Consideration of the events on the north shore of the Black Sea from the Bronze Age and after shows that migrations from the east were a regular event, not something that began to occur in the Dark Ages.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

The European Iron Age began around 800 BC, with the Hallstatt culture. .Iron Age colonisation by the Phoenicians gave rise to early Mediterranean cities.^ Framing the Early Middle Ages: Europe and the Mediterranean, 400-800 .
  • Book Listing by Subject: European Union Economics (Economics Network) 1 February 2010 7:48 UTC www.economicsnetwork.ac.uk [Source type: Academic]

.Early Iron Age Italy and Greece from around the 8th century BC gradually gave rise to historical Classical Antiquity.^ Here interviewees from Europe, Asia and the United States (boasting an average age of 102), recount the part they played in the century's early history.
  • Western and Northern Europe History and Politics: Media Resources Center, UC Berkeley 26 January 2010 1:01 UTC www.lib.berkeley.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

Classical antiquity

The Greek Temple of Apollo, Paestum, Italy
Ancient Greece had a profound impact on Western civilisation. Western democratic and individualistic culture are often attributed to Ancient Greece.[29] .The Greeks invented the polis, or city-state, which played a fundamental role in their concept of identity.^ Philip V (reigned 221-179 BCE) strove to subjugate Greek city-states, who appealed to Rome for aid.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

[30] .These Greek political ideals were rediscovered in the late 18th century by European philosophers and idealists.^ Led by the radical intellectuals of the "Romantic generation," Britain experienced a flowering of political discourse in the 18th century, based on an appreciation of nature and the common man.
  • Western and Northern Europe History and Politics: Media Resources Center, UC Berkeley 26 January 2010 1:01 UTC www.lib.berkeley.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The Wrong Empire (Pt.11): By the 18th century with political stability and commercial prosperity at home, Britain turned its sights outward.
  • Western and Northern Europe History and Politics: Media Resources Center, UC Berkeley 26 January 2010 1:01 UTC www.lib.berkeley.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.Greece also generated many cultural contributions: in philosophy, humanism and rationalism under Aristotle, Socrates, and Plato; in history with Herodotus and Thucydides; in dramatic and narrative verse, starting with the epic poems of Homer;[29] and in science with Pythagoras, Euclid, and Archimedes.^ Officers and representatives of Greece’s law enforcement agencies are generally under-trained, underpaid, under-appreciated, and overworked.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ General History Spanish Civil War Portugal Spanish History & Culture Spanish cinema General History .
  • Western and Northern Europe History and Politics: Media Resources Center, UC Berkeley 26 January 2010 1:01 UTC www.lib.berkeley.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

[31][32][33]
The Roman Empire at its greatest extent
.Another major influence on Europe came from the Roman Empire which left its mark on law, language, engineering, architecture, and government.^ Greek had always been the common and cultured language of the Roman Empire, except in the west and the Balkans, and it eventually replaced Latin.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ Note: William has started another Ideal Government project, this time about Europe, Ideal Government Europe .
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ It would be a major mistake for the new Europe to follow a Platonic pattern of government, but a mistake that daily appears more likely.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

[34] .During the pax romana, the Roman Empire expanded to encompass the entire Mediterranean Basin and much of Europe.^ World War I brought the collapse of four empires, the death of nine million soldiers and the ruin of much of Europe.
  • Western and Northern Europe History and Politics: Media Resources Center, UC Berkeley 26 January 2010 1:01 UTC www.lib.berkeley.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ By 1355, the Eastern Roman Empire had been reduced to Thrace, with the Kingdom of Bulgaria north of it (very much like modern Bulgaria in size).
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

[35]
.Stoicism influenced Roman emperors such as Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, and Marcus Aurelius, who all spent time on the Empire's northern border fighting Germanic, Pictish and Scottish tribes.^ Not all German tribes wandered, however.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ The Roman Empire changed over time.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ As in past years, all production sites were located along the northern border with the Netherlands.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

[36][37] Christianity was eventually legitimised by Constantine I after three centuries of imperial persecution.

Early Middle Ages

.During the decline of the Roman Empire, Europe entered a long period of change arising from what historians call the "Age of Migrations". There were numerous invasions and migrations amongst the Ostrogoths, Visigoths, Goths, Vandals, Huns, Franks, Angles, Saxons, Slavs, Avars, Bulgars and, later still, the Vikings and Magyars.^ The Roman Empire changed over time.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ Visigoth means "noble Goth"; the Gothic name was Tervingi, and we often call them West Goths.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ The Visigoths still formed part of the Roman army, commanded by Flavius Aëtius, and fought at the battle of Châlons in 451, where Attila was decisively defeated, and thousands of his Ostrogothic allies fell.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

[35] .Renaissance thinkers such as Petrarch would later refer to this as the "Dark Ages".[38] Isolated monastic communities were the only places to safeguard and compile written knowledge accumulated previously; apart from this very few written records survive and much literature, philosophy, mathematics, and other thinking from the classical period disappeared from Europe.^ But TQM is one of many such philosophies (and lately very much out of favour).
  • Global Politician - Europe 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC globalpolitician.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ We have written records from the Semitic lands, so we know much more about their history than about that of Europe and the steppes.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ It has called itself a community of values and has been tirelessly repeating to would-be members that full embrace of democracy and human and minority rights is the only way into the club.
  • Global Politician - Europe 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC globalpolitician.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

[39]
.During the Dark Ages, the Western Roman Empire fell under the control of various barbarian tribes.^ When the Senate failed, the Western Empire fell apart.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ On the separation of the Eastern and Western Empires, the Balkans fell to Constantinople, and remained one of the core regions of the Eastern Empire as long as it lasted.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ The feudal-manorial system was very unlike the organization of the nomadic barbarian kingdoms, but the concept of fealty was easily understood, and so the system took hold in what had been the Roman empire.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

.The Germanic and Slav tribes established their domains over Western and Eastern Europe respectively.^ For administrative efficiency, the Empire was divided into Eastern and Western parts in 395, governed from Constantinople and Rome, respectively.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ Sam Vaknin, Ph.D. - 8/14/2005 Could Western management techniques be successfully implemented in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe (CEE)?
  • Global Politician - Europe 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC globalpolitician.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Heroin from Afghanistan transits from Eastern Europe to Western Europe, especially to the Netherlands.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

[40] .Eventually the Frankish tribes were united under Clovis I.^ Poland became a Christian kingdom under the traditional King Piast in 962, who united a number of tribes along the Vistula.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

[41] .Charlemagne, a Frankish king of the Carolingian dynasty who had conquered most of Western Europe, was anointed "Holy Roman Emperor" by the Pope in 800. This led to the founding of the Holy Roman Empire, which eventually became centred in the German principalities of central Europe.^ For a start, there are no good ideas in Western Europe but there is a mountain of 'Very Bad Ideas' and no shortage of people who know how to disseminate them very effectively.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Bohemia became one of the very few kingdoms in the Holy Roman Empire (most large states were duchies).
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ He was awarded the Order of the Dragon by the Holy Roman Emperor and King of Hungary, Sigismund, from which his epithet Dracul ("The Dragon") comes, for his services against the Turks.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

[42]
.The predominantly Greek speaking Eastern Roman Empire became known in the west as the Byzantine Empire.^ Bohemia became one of the very few kingdoms in the Holy Roman Empire (most large states were duchies).
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ Greek had always been the common and cultured language of the Roman Empire, except in the west and the Balkans, and it eventually replaced Latin.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ Illyria and Moesia were thoroughly Romanized, speaking Latin instead of the Greek that was common elsewhere.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

Its capital was Constantinople. .Emperor Justinian I presided over Constantinople's first golden age: he established a legal code, funded the construction of the Hagia Sophia and brought the Christian church under state control.^ When Theodoric died in 526, the resulting chaos stimulated Emperor Justinian to send an army under the great admiral Belisarius in 535.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ Bolshevik theory demanded that land be brought under state ownership, and this doctrine was implemented, with disastrous results.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ The first two of these to be built were in the United States: the George Washington Bridge in New York and the Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

[43] .Fatally weakened by the sack of Constantinople during the Fourth Crusade, the Byzantines fell in 1453 when they were conquered by the Ottoman Empire.^ Muhammad II (Sultan 1451-81) captured Constantinople on 29 May 1453, and the Ottoman capital was moved from Adrianople.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ The name Romania was first applied to the Latin Empire at Constantinople that was the result of the Fourth Crusade.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ The Fourth and final crusade, launched as a commercial operation, sacked and looted Constantinople, the Christian city that originally inspired the holy movement.
  • Western and Northern Europe History and Politics: Media Resources Center, UC Berkeley 26 January 2010 1:01 UTC www.lib.berkeley.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

[44]

Middle Ages

.The Middle Ages were dominated by the two upper echelons of the social structure: the nobility and the clergy.^ The elective principle struggles with the hereditary principle, and the nobles struggle with the central, royal power, throughout the middle ages.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

.Feudalism developed in France in the Early Middle Ages and soon spread throughout Europe.^ Framing the Early Middle Ages: Europe and the Mediterranean, 400-800 .
  • Book Listing by Subject: European Union Economics (Economics Network) 1 February 2010 7:48 UTC www.economicsnetwork.ac.uk [Source type: Academic]

^ The elective principle struggles with the hereditary principle, and the nobles struggle with the central, royal power, throughout the middle ages.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ It is pretty clear to anybody following the developments in Europe that the situation in France is starting to become rather serious.
  • Global Politician - Europe 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC globalpolitician.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

[45] A struggle for influence between the nobility and the monarchy in England led to the writing of the Magna Carta and the establishment of a parliament.[46] The primary source of culture in this period came from the Roman Catholic Church. .Through monasteries and cathedral schools, the Church was responsible for education in much of Europe.^ The National Institute of Public Health, and municipal governments, are responsible for providing compulsory drug education in schools.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ It is thought that much of the heroin distributed in Europe is transported through Bulgaria.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

[45]
.The Papacy reached the height of its power during the High Middle Ages.^ The elective principle struggles with the hereditary principle, and the nobles struggle with the central, royal power, throughout the middle ages.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ Video/C 5548 The Middle Ages This program traces the evolution of Europe during the Middle Ages from a group of loosely tied kingdoms to a prosperous community of nations.
  • Western and Northern Europe History and Politics: Media Resources Center, UC Berkeley 26 January 2010 1:01 UTC www.lib.berkeley.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.A East-West Schism in 1054 split the former Roman Empire religiously, with the Eastern Orthodox Church in the Byzantine Empire and the Roman Catholic Church in the former Western Roman Empire.^ Exceptions had been made regarding other Protestant, Roman Catholic, and Russian Orthodox religions (after all, the Grand Duke himself, as Emperor of Russia, was Orthodox).
  • Global Politician - Europe 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC globalpolitician.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ This atrocity horrified everyone, West and East, and lowered regard for the Pope and Church.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ On the separation of the Eastern and Western Empires, the Balkans fell to Constantinople, and remained one of the core regions of the Eastern Empire as long as it lasted.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

.In 1095 Pope Urban II called for a crusade against Muslims occupying Jerusalem and the Holy Land.^ In this segment historians and theologians discuss the roots of the First Crusade as a political exercise, initiated by Pope Urban II to solidify his political power in the East.
  • Western and Northern Europe History and Politics: Media Resources Center, UC Berkeley 26 January 2010 1:01 UTC www.lib.berkeley.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Teutonic Knights did indeed come this way in 1211, invited by András II to come from Venice after the Crusades to guard Hungary against the Cumans.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ Jerusalem's Arab leader, Nur ed-Din declares a Jihad, or holy war, against the invaders.
  • Western and Northern Europe History and Politics: Media Resources Center, UC Berkeley 26 January 2010 1:01 UTC www.lib.berkeley.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

[47] In Europe itself, the Church organised the Inquisition against heretics. .In Spain, the Reconquista concluded with the fall of Granada in 1492, ending over seven centuries of Muslim rule in the Iberian Peninsula.^ In the country of Spain, which has a proud history of civilizing the acolytes of Satan in Mexico, combating the hordes of Muslims in the Levant, and expelling the Islamic savages from the Iberian Peninsula, the men chose to fight.
  • Global Politician - Europe 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC globalpolitician.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ There are a few exceptions, for instance with the Reconquista in the Iberian Peninsula, but this took centuries.
  • Global Politician - Europe 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC globalpolitician.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Hashish comes predominantly from Morocco through Spain, entering the Iberian Peninsula (and the rest of Europe) via sea access points using fast boats.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

[48]
The Battle of Crécy in 1346, from a manuscript of Jean Froissart's Chronicles; the battle established England as a military power.
.In the 11th and 12th centuries, constant incursions by nomadic Turkic tribes, such as the Pechenegs and the Kipchaks, caused a massive migration of Slavic populations to the safer, heavily forested regions of the north.^ In the 11th century, they were defeated by the Empire, Cumans and the Kievan Rus', and the Cumans or Polovtsy, another Turkic tribe, took their place.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ Remarkably, they appear to have populated the region north of the Caucasus and between the Black and Caspian Seas until overcome much later by the Khazars and Mongols.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ It remained a constant standard until the 11th century, known in the west as a bezant (from Byzantium).
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

[49] .Like many other parts of Eurasia, these territories were overrun by the Mongols.^ These documents were the basis of Stalin's Red Army purge of 1938, in which Marshal Tukachevsky and many others were executed.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ Asparouch, like many other warriors, claimed descent from Attila.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ And like many other blacks from Africa considered "undesirable" by European governments such as Sweden and Germany, he was forcibly deported, but not to his home country.
  • Western and Northern Europe History and Politics: Media Resources Center, UC Berkeley 26 January 2010 1:01 UTC www.lib.berkeley.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

[50] .The invaders, later known as Tatars, formed the state of the Golden Horde, which ruled the southern and central expanses of Russia for over three centuries.^ The majority of the Bulgars remained here, and later became the Russian Tatars of the Volga, after conquest by the Mongols in the 13th century.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ Opiates (and hashish to a lesser degree) from Afghanistan are carried across the Central Asian states and into Russia.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ After overcoming the Tatars in their own country during the 18th century, Russia turned to the driving of the Turks from Europe, freeing the subjugated Slavic populations.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

[51]
.The Great Famine of 1315–1317 was the first crisis that would strike Europe in the late Middle Ages.^ In the middle ages and earlier, Latin and Greek (Koine) were standardized written languages of Europe that could be used for official purposes and literature.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ In fact in 1957 Western Europe was in the middle of great period of advance.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Framing the Early Middle Ages: Europe and the Mediterranean, 400-800 .
  • Book Listing by Subject: European Union Economics (Economics Network) 1 February 2010 7:48 UTC www.economicsnetwork.ac.uk [Source type: Academic]

[52] The period between 1348 and 1420 witnessed the heaviest loss. The population of France was reduced by half.[53][54] .Medieval Britain was afflicted by 95 famines,[55] and France suffered the effects of 75 or more in the same period.^ In the first six months of 2005 police seized nearly three times more drugs than in the same period of the previous year.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ But if more people just keep talking publicly about withdrawal then that emboldens others to do the same and eventually the drip, drip effect begins to eat away at the consensus.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

[56] .Europe was devastated in the mid-14th century by the Black Death, one of the most deadly pandemics in human history which killed an estimated 25 million people in Europe alone—a third of the European population at the time.^ Not all the people of Europe are Indo-European.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ The Macedonian Ministry of the Interior, based on initial census figures, estimates that there are well over 20,000 foreigners in this country of 2 million people.
  • Global Politician - Europe 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC globalpolitician.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ One day soon, America may wake to find itself facing a wealthy superpower of 470 million people.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

[57]
.The plague had a devastating effect on Europe's social structure; it induced people to live for the moment as illustrated by Giovanni Boccaccio in The Decameron (1353).^ No, what Western Europe has to export Eastwards is a plague of social-worker types (of which the West has vast reserves).
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ But Romani people have lived in Europe for over a thousand years, and they originally came from India, not Egypt.
  • Western and Northern Europe History and Politics: Media Resources Center, UC Berkeley 26 January 2010 1:01 UTC www.lib.berkeley.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

It was a serious blow to the Roman Catholic Church and led to increased persecution of Jews, foreigners, beggars and lepers.[58] The plague is thought to have returned every generation with varying virulence and mortalities until the 1700s.[59] .During this period, more than 100 plague epidemics swept across Europe.^ We have written records from the Semitic lands, so we know much more about their history than about that of Europe and the steppes.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ We do not have to be ruled by EUrope in order to have European style cafés in London, any more than we have to be ruled by China to have Chinese Restaurants.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Europe's political landscape is more fragmented than ever and populist movements, which had been subdued during recent years, are increasingly beginning to surface.
  • Global Politician - Europe 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC globalpolitician.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

[60]

Early modern period

The School of Athens by Raphael: Contemporaries such as Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci (centre) are portrayed as classical scholars
.The Renaissance was a period of cultural change originating in Italy in the fourteenth century.^ Albania - culturally, a veritable part of Italy in the past - was cut off from it and from the Renaissance it spawned.
  • Global Politician - Europe 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC globalpolitician.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

The rise of a new humanism was accompanied by the recovery of forgotten classical and Arabic knowledge from monastic libraries and the Islamic world.[61][62][63] .The Renaissance spread across Europe between the 14th and 16th centuries: it saw the flowering of art, philosophy, music, and the sciences, under the joint patronage of royalty, the nobility, the Roman Catholic Church, and an emerging merchant class.^ However, this is not really about the practices of the Roman Catholic Church or even about the status of the late Mr. Schuman but more about Europe's elite seeking divine provenance for their transnational machine.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ The struggle between the aristocracy and the plebeians died with the Roman empire, and was not resurrected until the 18th century.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

[64][65][66] .Patrons in Italy, including the Medici family of Florentine bankers and the Popes in Rome, funded prolific quattrocento and cinquecento artists such as Raphael, Michelangelo, and Leonardo da Vinci.^ Life of Leonardo da Vinci Sam Vaknin, Ph.D. - 10/4/2005 Leonardo da Vinci was a painter, sculptor, architect, cartographer, engineer, scientist and inventor in the 15th century.
  • Global Politician - Europe 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC globalpolitician.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ In 452, Attila again devastated northern Italy but Rome was saved by the mediation of Pope Leo I, and Attila withdrew.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

[67][68]
Political intrigue within the Church in the mid-14th century caused the Great Schism. .During this forty-year period, two popes—one in Avignon and one in Rome—claimed rulership over the Church.^ Two farms, one with 1500 plants, were destroyed during the reporting period.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Britain has been growing continuously for 12 years, during which time other EU countries have suffered at least one recession and in some cases two.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

Although the schism was eventually healed in 1417, the papacy's spiritual authority had suffered greatly.[69]
.The Church's power was further weakened by the Protestant Reformation (1517–1648), initially sparked by the works of German theologian Martin Luther, a result of the lack of reform within the Church.^ Also in 2005, Austria, together with Italy, continued work on a project within the UNODC for reform of the justice system in Afghanistan.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.The Reformation also damaged the Holy Roman Empire's power, as German princes became divided between Protestant and Roman Catholic faiths.^ Bohemia became one of the very few kingdoms in the Holy Roman Empire (most large states were duchies).
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ Initially, the Magyars were a terror, raiding as far as Rome and Constantinople, westward into the Holy Roman Empire, and eastward into Bulgaria.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ Exceptions had been made regarding other Protestant, Roman Catholic, and Russian Orthodox religions (after all, the Grand Duke himself, as Emperor of Russia, was Orthodox).
  • Global Politician - Europe 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC globalpolitician.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

[70] .This eventually led to the Thirty Years War (1618–1648), which crippled the Holy Roman Empire and devastated much of Germany, killing between 25 and 40% of its population.^ He began wars with the Roman Empire, which were continued by his successors.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ Cocaine imports are estimated at 25-40 tons a year and emanate chiefly from Colombia.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ This was not an easy war; in fact, it lasted 50 years, but the Teutonic Knights eventually prevailed, founding Königsberg in 1255 on the way.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

[71] .In the aftermath of the Peace of Westphalia, France rose to predominance within Europe.^ France is a transshipment point for drugs moving into, from and within Europe.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ It established France as the predominant power in Europe, and retarded the unification of Germany.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

[72] .The 17th century in southern and eastern Europe was a period of general decline.^ Seized ecstasy comes mainly from the Netherlands; cannabis from Morocco and southern Europe; and khat from Eastern Africa via Amsterdam and London.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Ecstasy transits from the Netherlands through Germany to Eastern and Southern Europe.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

[73]
Battle of Vienna in 1683 broke the advance of the Ottoman Empire into Europe
.The Renaissance and the New Monarchs marked the start of an Age of Discovery, a period of exploration, invention, and scientific development.^ If it fails, then this moment will be seen as a turning point that marked the start of the EU's decline and not its new beginning."
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

.In the 15th century, Portugal and Spain, two of the greatest naval powers of the time, took the lead in exploring the world.^ The two dominant world religions in a constant clash with each other since the 7th century have been Islam and Christianity.
  • Global Politician - Europe 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC globalpolitician.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ It is in the world's interest, as it is in the interests of the world's greatest power, that leadership should be exercised in partnership.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

[74][75] .Christopher Columbus reached the New World in 1492, and soon after the Spanish and Portuguese began establishing colonial empires in the Americas.^ A new revolt in 1204 drove Isaac from power, and Baldwin seized the opportunity to establish the Latin Empire with himself as emperor, and to cruelly sack and ravage the city.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

[76] .France, the Netherlands and England soon followed in building large colonial empires with vast holdings in Africa, the Americas, and Asia.^ The program also will intensify law enforcement cooperation with Portugal’s countries of interest, largely in Africa and South America.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Countries like Britain, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, have large 'welfare' states but they do so by parasitically drawing wealth out of their large wealth creating capitalist economies...
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ All of the Near East and Africa was lost to the Empire, which then consisted of Asia Minor, the Balkan peninsula, Sardinia and Sicily.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

18th and 19th centuries

The Age of Enlightenment was a powerful intellectual movement during the eighteenth century promoting scientific and reason-based thoughts.[77][78][79] .Discontent with the aristocracy and clergy's monopoly on political power in France resulted in the French Revolution and the establishment of the First Republic as a result of which the monarchy and many of the nobility perished during the initial reign of terror.^ During his reign, many Slavs and Vlachs fled the Balkans, fleeing the Turks, into southern Hungary and the plains of Wallachia.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ Their wealth attracted the avarice of the French King Philip IV, who arrested all Templars in France on 13 October 1307, the first "Friday the 13th".
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ France and Germany should be left to take care of the neccessary fence-mending; since when has it been in Britains interests to increase French political influence?
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

[80] .Napoleon Bonaparte rose to power in the aftermath of the French Revolution and established the First French Empire that, during the Napoleonic Wars, grew to encompass large parts of Europe before collapsing in 1815 with the Battle of Waterloo.^ Both Tilly and Gustaf Adolf were killed in battle during the war.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ By the year 558, the date of foundation of the Avar Empire, they were a predominant power in Europe, and exacted a large tribute from Constantinople.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ In 1918, after the First World War, two new countries were created as a result of cynical French policy, Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia, on the ruins of Austria-Hungary.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

[81][82]
.Napoleonic rule resulted in the further dissemination of the ideals of the French Revolution, including that of the nation-state, as well as the widespread adoption of the French models of administration, law, and education.^ Reykjavik Customs continued with a national drug education program developed in 1999 and formalized in an agreement with the state (Lutheran) church in 2003.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ In law enforcement cooperation, the program aims at strengthening cooperation among all security forces within Portugal as well as within the 25 EU member states.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The French are loudest in expressing their objections and looking at the history of the evolution of the nation state, perhaps they have a point.
  • Global Politician - Europe 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC globalpolitician.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

[83][84][85] .The Congress of Vienna, convened after Napoleon's downfall, established a new balance of power in Europe centred on the five "Great Powers": the United Kingdom, France, Prussia, Habsburg Austria, and Russia.^ I like the Centre for the New Europe , for example.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ It established France as the predominant power in Europe, and retarded the unification of Germany.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ Communist theory was centred around a worker proletariat, which did not exist to any great extent in predominantly agricultural Russia.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

[86]
.This balance would remain in place until the Revolutions of 1848, during which liberal uprisings affected all of Europe except for Russia and Great Britain.^ After overcoming the Tatars in their own country during the 18th century, Russia turned to the driving of the Turks from Europe, freeing the subjugated Slavic populations.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ A similar process is now under way with Britain's similarly vaunted NHS, the best healthcare system in the world except for all the others.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ In the Great Purges of 1936-1938, practically all the original Bolsheviks of the October revolution were eliminated, except for Stalin, the sole survivor of the original Politburo.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

These revolutions were eventually put down by conservative elements and few reforms resulted.[87] .In 1867, the Austro-Hungarian empire was formed; and 1871 saw the unifications of both Italy and Germany as nation-states from smaller principalities.^ The Mongol empire was transitory, soon falling apart into smaller and smaller states, and leaving no cultural heritage.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ The Magyars established their nation on the Danube and Tisza, and soon possessed the Hungarian Plain, both the Pannonian and the Dacian regions.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

[88]
.The Industrial Revolution started in Great Britain in the last part of the 18th century and spread throughout Europe.^ After overcoming the Tatars in their own country during the 18th century, Russia turned to the driving of the Turks from Europe, freeing the subjugated Slavic populations.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ Since, unlike Europe, China did not take off onto a path leading from the scientific to the Industrial Revolution, some ...
  • Global Politician - Europe 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC globalpolitician.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Turkey's death throes lasted centuries and its decomposition was taken to be so certain that its division and partition (the "Eastern Question") animated European geopolitics for the better part of two centuries.
  • Global Politician - Europe 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC globalpolitician.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.The invention and implementation of new technologies resulted in rapid urban growth, mass employment, and the rise of a new working class.^ Full Employment and High Growth in Europe : A New Cycle of Reforms to Play a Leading Role in the New World Economy .
  • Book Listing by Subject: European Union Economics (Economics Network) 1 February 2010 7:48 UTC www.economicsnetwork.ac.uk [Source type: Academic]

[89] .Reforms in social and economic spheres followed, including the first laws on child labour, the legalisation of trade unions,[90] and the abolition of slavery.^ On January 31, 2005, the Ministry of Social Affairs opened the first injection control room (in Oslo) for drug addicts; more are slated to follow.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The Center for Combating Economic Crimes and Corruption (CCECC) is the law enforcement agency responsible for investigating corruption allegations, including those related to narcotics-related public corruption.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The Union shall work for a Europe of sustainable development based on balanced economic growth, with a social market economy aiming at full employment and social progress.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

[91] .In Britain, the Public Health Act 1875 was passed, which significantly improved living conditions in many British cities.^ According to Dalrymple, Many in Britain believe that he has been the worst prime minister in recent British history, morally and possibly financially corrupt, shallow and egotistical.
  • Global Politician - Europe 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC globalpolitician.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The "Proceeds of Crime Act," which took effect in January 2003, has significantly improved the government’s ability to track down and recover criminal assets.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ In Britain, unemployment more than doubled from 1980 to 1984, but conditions then quickly improved.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

[92] .Europe’s population doubled during the 18th century, from roughly 100 million to almost 200 million, and doubled again during the 19th century.^ An Historian by training, his interests include British 18th and 19th Century History.
  • Global Politician - Europe 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC globalpolitician.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ After overcoming the Tatars in their own country during the 18th century, Russia turned to the driving of the Turks from Europe, freeing the subjugated Slavic populations.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

[93] .In the 19th century, 70 million people left Europe in migrations to various European colonies abroad and to the United States.^ Not all the people of Europe are Indo-European.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ Romania is a recent state, founded in the latter half of the 19th century.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ American military) and it is NATO, not the EEC/EU, that was responsible for the peace of post war Western Europe, which may well be why so many Europeans hate the United States - people often hate those they have long depended on.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

[94]

20th century to present

European military alliances during WWI: Central Powers purplish-red, Entente powers grey and neutral countries yellow
.Two World Wars and an economic depression dominated the first half of the 20th century.^ His father died in the first world war.
  • Global Politician - Europe 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC globalpolitician.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ In the 20th century, bridge design came to be more and more dominated by the Americans, but British engineers still did some impressive things.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Labour has suffered the lowest share of the vote since the First World War, albeit on a very low turnout of voters.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

.World War I was fought between 1914 and 1918. It started when Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria was assassinated by the Bosnian Serb Gavrilo Princip.^ A Croatian member of the Serbian secret Black Hand society assassinated Archduke Ferdinand in Sarajevo in 1914, setting off the First World War.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ In 1918, after the First World War, two new countries were created as a result of cynical French policy, Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia, on the ruins of Austria-Hungary.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ There are many interesting stories of communist agitation between the World Wars, many of which can be found on the Internet.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

[95] .Most European nations were drawn into the war, which was fought between the Entente Powers (France, Belgium, Serbia, Portugal, Russia, the United Kingdom, and later Italy, Greece, Romania, and the United States) and the Central Powers (Austria-Hungary, Germany, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire).^ When it appeared that the Central Powers were losing the war, Romania changed sides and attacked Austria-Hungary.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ France, Italy and Portugal look set to copy Germany in this trend.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ It occupied the western Balkans between Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria and Greece.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

The War left around 40 million civilians and military dead.[96] Over 60 million European soldiers were mobilised from 1914–1918.[97]
.Partly as a result of its defeat Russia was plunged into the Russian Revolution, which threw down the Tsarist monarchy and replaced it with the communist Soviet Union.^ If she is correct (and I must say that the facts on the ground do somewhat bear her out) then it appears as if the European Union has stepped into the role once played by the old Soviet Union.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ This acquisition threw into sharp relief the post-Communist Mittel-European strategy of Austrian banks, big and small.
  • Global Politician - Europe 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC globalpolitician.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Attempts to create communist governments in Europe were made after the Russian Revolution of 1917, but without success.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

[98] .Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire collapsed and broke up into separate nations, and many other nations had their borders redrawn.^ The Ottoman Empire was fraying at the edges in the 18th century, with many peripheral beys and pashas acting independently.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ The need for any currency, of any kind, will then disappear, of course, as we all collapse into each others' arms in a brotherhood of love and not-for-profit compassion.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ During his reign, many Slavs and Vlachs fled the Balkans, fleeing the Turks, into southern Hungary and the plains of Wallachia.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

.The Treaty of Versailles, which officially ended World War I in 1919, was harsh towards Germany, upon whom it placed full responsibility for the war and imposed heavy sanctions.^ Why We Need Germany Fjordman - 8/10/2009 Im tired of people who are busy losing this world war because they are still obsessed with the previous one, which ended generations ago.
  • Global Politician - Europe 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC globalpolitician.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The Northern (Turkish) sector of Cyprus has been the subject of official sanctions imposed by just about every European country since it was established in 1974.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ This is not an eccentric position; it has been the standard assumption of the American foreign policy establishment from the end of the Second World War.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

[99]
.Economic instability, caused in part by debts incurred in the First World War and 'loans' to Germany played havoc in Europe in the late 1920s and 1930s.^ His father died in the first world war.
  • Global Politician - Europe 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC globalpolitician.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Labour has suffered the lowest share of the vote since the First World War, albeit on a very low turnout of voters.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Indeed, economically speaking, a preference for any other part of the late Federation over Slovenia would indicate mental deformity.
  • Global Politician - Europe 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC globalpolitician.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

This and the Wall Street Crash of 1929 brought about the worldwide Great Depression. .Helped by the economic crisis, social instability and the threat of communism, fascist movements developed throughout Europe placing Adolf Hitler of Nazi Germany, Francisco Franco of Spain and Benito Mussolini of Italy in power.^ Europe's economic and social development: 64 comments.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Communism proved that it was about power, not about helping the economic underclass.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ The BBC reported (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4670370.stm) that seven publications in France, Germany, the Netherlands, Italy and Spain all carried some of the drawings.
  • Global Politician - Europe 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC globalpolitician.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

[100][101]
The "Big Three" at the Yalta Conference in 1945; seated (from the left): Winston Churchill, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and Joseph Stalin
.In 1933, Hitler became the leader of Germany and began to work towards his goal of building Greater Germany.^ Uzbekistan continues to work toward the goals of the 1988 UN Drug Convention on combating illicit cultivation and production within its borders.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ With a German Pope and a conservative Christian government in Germany (the CDU is a largely Catholic party), there could be a greater move towards combining religion and politics.
  • Global Politician - Europe 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC globalpolitician.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.Germany re-expanded and took back the Saarland and Rhineland in 1935 and 1936. In 1938, Austria became a part of Germany too, following the Anschluss.^ Thrace became part of the Roman Empire in 45 CE, followed by Illyria and Moesia.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

.Later that year, Germany annexed the German Sudetenland, which had become a part of Czechoslovakia after the war.^ After the war, Germans were expelled from Czechoslovakia.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ About 15-10 BCE they were replaced by the Germanic Marcomanni, and the Quadi moved into what would later become Moravia and Slovakia.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ Slovakia, which was part of the same country as the Czech part of the former Czech Republic for more than sixty years until 1993, has the worst indicators eleven years after Czechoslovakia split.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

.This move was highly contested by the other powers, but ultimately permitted in the hopes of avoiding war and appeasing Hitler.^ Communism created powerful enemies between the Wars, such as Mussolini, Franco, Antonescu, J. Edgar Hoover, and Hitler.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

.Shortly afterwards, Poland and Hungary started to press for the annexation of parts of Czechoslovakia with Polish and Hungarian majorities.^ Rather than assign them to Soviet Russia, or give them back to Hungary (since there was a sizable Hungarian minority there), the cynical meddlers of the Entente tacked them on to Czechoslovakia.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ The western part of Prussia became Royal Prussia, a territory of the Polish King, while the eastern part became Ducal (later Electoral) Prussia, held feudally from Poland.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

.Hitler encouraged the Slovaks to do the same and in early 1939, the remainder of Czechoslovakia was split into the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, controlled by Germany, and the Slovak Republic, while other smaller regions went to Poland and Hungary.^ The case of Czech is similar, since the Slavic languages of Bohemia, Moravia and Slovakia each consisted of a collection of similar local dialects, out of which standard Czech and Slovak arose.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ The 15 old members welcomed in Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia and Slovenia at midnight.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Reinhard Heydrich (1904-1942) arrived in September 1941 as Protector of Bohemia and Moravia, and organized the suppression of the Jews.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

.With tensions mounting between Germany and Poland over the future of Danzig, the Germans turned to the Soviets, and signed the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact.^ Poland was re-established after World War I including a good deal of German (Danzig corridor) and Russian territory.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ On 25 March 1941, Prince Paul, regent for the minor King Peter II, signed the Tripartite Pact, becoming an ally of Germany and Italy.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ The Kingdom was again partitioned between Russia and Germany by 1871, and an independent Poland again disappeared.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

.Germany invaded Poland on 1 September 1939, prompting France and the United Kingdom to declare war on Germany on 3 September, opening the European theatre of World War II.^ Poland was re-established after World War I including a good deal of German (Danzig corridor) and Russian territory.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ The rebranding will engulf the company's central and east European units, including Biochemie in Austria and Azupharma in Germany - but not Lek in Slovenia.
  • Global Politician - Europe 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC globalpolitician.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The leaders of the U.S., France and the European Commission will ask other world leaders to join in a series of summits on the global financial crisis beginning in the U.S. soon after the Nov.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

[102][103] The Soviet invasion of Poland started on 17 September and Poland fell soon thereafter.
.On 24 September, the Soviet Union attacked the Baltic countries and later, Finland.^ The U.S. has worked with Finland and the other Nordic countries through multilateral organizations in an effort to combat narcotics trafficking in the Nordic-Baltic region.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ McShane recognises the hostility with which the smaller countries attacked the removal of their representation on the Commission and yet, defends the existing Constitution as a "coherent response" to the problems of the European Union.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

The British hoped to land at Narvik and send troops to aid Finland, but their primary objective in the landing was to encircle Germany and cut the Germans off from Scandinavian resources. Nevertheless, the Germans knew of Britain's plans and got to Narvik first, repulsing the attack. .Around the same time, Germany moved troops into Denmark, which left no room for a front except for where the last war had been fought or by landing at sea.^ This was because there was no dramatic difference, as there had been when it was taken from room temperature and dropped into hot water.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ We have been hearing about the housing market crises around the globe for the longest time and the global panic has thrown investors into a frenzy of: "What will happen now?"
  • Global Politician - Europe 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC globalpolitician.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ It is connected to the North Sea by the channels of the Skagerrak and the Kattegat around Denmark, dividing into the Gulf of Bothnia and the Gulf of Finland in the east.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

The Phoney War continued.
.In May 1940, Germany attacked France through the Low Countries.^ Countries like Britain, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, have large 'welfare' states but they do so by parasitically drawing wealth out of their large wealth creating capitalist economies...
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ The disease, which enters the gut of birds and attacks their liver, has broken out in France, Germany and the Netherlands and farmers fear that it will be carried into Britain by migrating birds.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Some European countries, such as Italy, Germany and Sweden, have a significant number of non-state airports, but not France.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

.France capitulated in June 1940. However, the British refused to negotiate peace terms with the Germans and the war continued.^ The USSR seized Bessarabia on 28 June 1940, but Romania reconquered it with German help in 1941.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ Like it or not, there is a widespread not universal but widespread opposition in Britain to the Iraq war, and now to the presence of victorious British troops staying out there to try to win the peace.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

.By August, Germany began a bombing offensive on Britain, but failed to convince the Britons to give up.^ If the emerging European constitution is ever implemented, Britain seems destined to give up its remaining veto in home affairs.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ It is entertaining to see how brave and resolute Dave is already setting up his wiggle room for refusing to give Britain the referendum it overwhelmingly demands.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ He keeps on saying that Britain will never give up sovereignty, although she already has.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

[104] In 1941, Germany invaded the Soviet Union in the ultimately unsuccessful Operation Barbarossa.[105] .On 7 December 1941 Japan's attack on Pearl Harbour drew the United States into the conflict as allies of the British Empire and other allied forces.^ On 3 August 1918, British, United States, French and Japanese forces arrived to meet them.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ An extradition treaty between Ireland and the United States is also in force.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Both an extradition and a mutual legal assistance treaty are in force between Romania and the United States.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

[106][107]
.After the staggering Battle of Stalingrad in 1943, the German offensive in the Soviet Union turned into a continual fallback.^ After World War II, the Soviet Union reclaimed its territory in eastern Poland and eastern Galicia, and compensated Poland with a great swath of German territory.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ If she is correct (and I must say that the facts on the ground do somewhat bear her out) then it appears as if the European Union has stepped into the role once played by the old Soviet Union.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

.In 1944, British and American forces invaded France in the D-Day landings, opening a new front against Germany.^ With all eyes fixed on the American presidential elections, the scale of the looming crisis in France and Germany has gone largely unremarked.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ British state to use force against both you and your employer if you will insist on contributing to economic growth for longer than 48 hours in a week.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ France and Germany which have problems with anti-Americanism at the highest levels.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

.Berlin finally fell in 1945, ending World War II in Europe.^ I cant remember the Berlin Wall falling down; the second world war seems ancient history.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ During the world wars, however, Berlin elevated its Middle East policy to primary status by instigating jihad in the enemy's hinterland.
  • Global Politician - Europe 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC globalpolitician.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ After World War II, the Soviet Union reclaimed its territory in eastern Poland and eastern Galicia, and compensated Poland with a great swath of German territory.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

.The war was the largest and most destructive in human history, with 60 million dead across the world.^ He describes the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) as "the most stupid, immoral state-subsidised policy in human history, give or take Communism".
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ The most stupid, immoral state-subsidised policy in human history, give or take Communism.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Constantinople may have been the largest and most prosperous city in the world for a thousand years, whether the Empire was weak or strong.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

[108] .More than 40 million people in Europe had lost their lives by the time World War II ended,[109] including between 11 and 17 million people who perished during the Holocaust.^ Perhaps we feel more like citizens of the world than citizens of Europe?
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ For a start, there are no good ideas in Western Europe but there is a mountain of 'Very Bad Ideas' and no shortage of people who know how to disseminate them very effectively.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Will the people of this country not accept more readily the institutions of the EU if they are confident that decisions are taken by democratically elected Ministers, rather than by unelected bureaucrats?
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

[110] .The Soviet Union lost around 27 million people during the war, about half of all World War II casualties.^ All Romania lost in the war was Bessarabia, which Stalin insisted on recovering.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ In this terrible war, about half of the population of Germany was killed, and the country ruined.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ Writers, artists, policy-makers and business leaders from all over the world are set to be present at the public event, where up to 1000 people will be able to attend.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

[111] .By the end of World War II, Europe had more than 40 million refugees.^ We have written records from the Semitic lands, so we know much more about their history than about that of Europe and the steppes.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ According to the same NR report, 2004 drug seizures around the world that could be related to the Netherlands involved more than 10 million MDMA tablets (2003: 12.9 million) and more than 1,000 kilograms (2003: 870 kilograms) of MDMA powder.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Romania established a communist state in 1947, with more enthusiasm than was usual in central Europe.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

[112] .Several post-war expulsions in Central and Eastern Europe displaced a total of about 20 million people.^ But then people began to talk about a single currency, a master race that would sweep throughout Europe.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ American military) and it is NATO, not the EEC/EU, that was responsible for the peace of post war Western Europe, which may well be why so many Europeans hate the United States - people often hate those they have long depended on.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ However if you want to see a glimpse of the true future of 'democratic' Europe, don't look at Italy or Austria, look at post-war 'democratic' Bosnia-Herzegovina.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

[113]
Refugees arrive in Travnik, central Bosnia, during the Yugoslav wars, 1993.
.World War I and especially World War II diminished the eminence of Western Europe in world affairs.^ Heroin from Afghanistan transits from Eastern Europe to Western Europe, especially to the Netherlands.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Heroin transits Germany from Eastern Europe via the Balkan route to Western Europe, especially the Netherlands.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ This article is an attempt at explaining, using as few words as possible, why Europe in particular, and the entire Western world in general, is in a deep crisis.
  • Global Politician - Europe 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC globalpolitician.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.After World War II the map of Europe was redrawn at the Yalta Conference and divided into two blocs, the Western countries and the communist Eastern bloc, separated by what was later called by Winston Churchill an "iron curtain". The United States and Western Europe established the NATO alliance and later the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe established the Warsaw Pact.^ The GoA continues to welcome assistance from the United States and Western Europe.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The two countries called for international action in a resolution presented at the annual session of the UN Commission on Narcotic Drugs in Vienna.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The political classes of Europe may disagree on many things but of on one issue there is no dissent: the European Union and the overriding importance of creating a country called 'Europe'.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

[114]
.The two new superpowers, the United States and the Soviet Union, became locked in a fifty-year long Cold War, centred on nuclear proliferation.^ American military) and it is NATO, not the EEC/EU, that was responsible for the peace of post war Western Europe, which may well be why so many Europeans hate the United States - people often hate those they have long depended on.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ The first two of these to be built were in the United States: the George Washington Bridge in New York and the Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Very few people sympathized with the Slovenes, when the war began, just as the Slovenes themselves unanimously closed the doors of their new state immediately after the war.
  • Global Politician - Europe 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC globalpolitician.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.At the same time decolonisation, which had already started after World War I, gradually resulted in the independence of most of the European colonies in Asia and Africa.^ On May 1, 2004, Estonia joined the European Union, having already been a member of the World Trade Organization.
  • Global Politician - Europe 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC globalpolitician.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The people who are trying to complete the creation of a European Unionist state see the USA as a competitor, a rival, a model and a partner, often all at the same time.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ When even the most ardent and passionate supporters are starting to sniff the foul wind of failure, then you just know that the European Union is heading for the rocks.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

[6] .In the 1980s the reforms of Mikhail Gorbachev and the Solidarity movement in Poland accelerated the collapse of the Eastern bloc and the end of the Cold War.^ The end of European communism began in Poland in 1989 with the Solidarnosc movement, which rapidly spread to other countries in various forms.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ After the First World War, western Galica went to the resurrected Poland, while eastern Galicia, Ruthenia, went to Russia.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ After World War II, the Soviet Union reclaimed its territory in eastern Poland and eastern Galicia, and compensated Poland with a great swath of German territory.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

.Germany was reunited, after the symbolic fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989, and the maps of Eastern Europe were redrawn once more.^ Migration To Eastern Europe Sam Vaknin, Ph.D. - 8/10/2005 The 2003 census in Russia, the first since 1989, found more than 2 million immigrants in residence.
  • Global Politician - Europe 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC globalpolitician.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Heroin transits Germany from Eastern Europe via the Balkan route to Western Europe, especially the Netherlands.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ I cant remember the Berlin Wall falling down; the second world war seems ancient history.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

[115] .European integration also grew in the post-World War II years.^ The Iraq war has wrecked plans for closer European integration.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ After World War II, the Soviet Union reclaimed its territory in eastern Poland and eastern Galicia, and compensated Poland with a great swath of German territory.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ The post-war settlement guaranteed the Second World War and the hideous Shoah.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

.The Treaty of Rome in 1957 established the European Economic Community between six Western European states with the goal of a unified economic policy and common market.^ The European Community: Economic and political aspects .
  • Book Listing by Subject: European Union Economics (Economics Network) 1 February 2010 7:48 UTC www.economicsnetwork.ac.uk [Source type: Academic]

^ Macedonia is on the southern variant of the Balkan Route used to ship southwest Asian heroin to the western European consumer market.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ That is, to influence the thinking of policy-makers at the European Commission and in the Brussels community generally.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

[116] .In 1967 the EEC, European Coal and Steel Community and Euratom formed the European Community, which in 1993 became the European Union.^ The European Union is not remotely as bad as Communism.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ There is no doubt that 2004 ought to have been a great year, the year East Europeans became full members of a revived, streamlined and more democratised European Union.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ The end of European communism began in Poland in 1989 with the Solidarnosc movement, which rapidly spread to other countries in various forms.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

.The EU established a parliament, court and central bank and introduced the euro as a unified currency.^ Head of the European Central Bank, Dutchman Wim Duisenberg has said that the new Euro currency will lead to tax harmonisation in the long run.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Establishing a Central Bank: Issues in Europe and Lessons from the U.S. (Centre for Economic Policy Research International Monetary Fund) .
  • Book Listing by Subject: European Union Economics (Economics Network) 1 February 2010 7:48 UTC www.economicsnetwork.ac.uk [Source type: Academic]

^ Establishing a Central Bank: Issues in Europe and Lessons from the U.S. (Centre for Economic Policy Research International Monetary Fund) Onorato Castellino , Elsa Fornero (Eds.
  • Book Listing by Subject: European Union Economics (Economics Network) 1 February 2010 7:48 UTC www.economicsnetwork.ac.uk [Source type: Academic]

[117] .In 2004 and 2007, Eastern European countries began joining, expanding the EU to its current size of 27 European countries, and once more making Europe a major economical and political centre of power.^ The European Community: Economic and political aspects .
  • Book Listing by Subject: European Union Economics (Economics Network) 1 February 2010 7:48 UTC www.economicsnetwork.ac.uk [Source type: Academic]

^ Perry de Havilland (London) European Union • Immigration (12) Although the EU is expanding eastwards, clutching more of the nations of Eastern Europe to its regulating breast on May 1st, only Britain and Ireland will actually be welcoming the people of those countries as residents.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Taxonomy of Political Conflict In Central and Eastern Europe Sam Vaknin, Ph.D. - 7/21/2005 When the current government of Macedonia came to power and I signed on as its economic advisor, I was asked by local journalists, with genuine amazement: "what are you doing with these villagers?"
  • Global Politician - Europe 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC globalpolitician.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

[118]

Geography and extent

.
Satellite image of Caucasus Mountains, Black Sea (l.
^ Remarkably, they appear to have populated the region north of the Caucasus and between the Black and Caspian Seas until overcome much later by the Khazars and Mongols.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ Cimmeria, the lands north of the Black Sea and the Caucasus, could have been the original home of the Indo-Europeans, before the first millennium BCE. .
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ The earliest people known in history who occupied the steppes north of the Black Sea and the Caucasus were the Cimmerians (Kimmerioi), equestrian nomads speaking an Iranian language.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

) and Caspian Sea (r.)
.Physiographically, Europe is the northwestern constituent of the larger landmass known as Eurasia, or Afro-Eurasia: Asia occupies the eastern bulk of this continuous landmass and all share a common continental shelf.^ [Editor replies: Daniel asks some interesting questions which I think demonstrate the profound difference between the Anglosphere and much (though not all) of continental Europe.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

.Europe's eastern frontier is now commonly delineated by the Ural Mountains in Russia.^ Ireland, they all argued, has done well out of Brussels; now let's give eastern Europe the same opportunity.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ The Slavs were people of the plains of Eastern Europe, between the Oder and the Urals.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ While the US borders have changed little since 1848, the EU is about to swallow eastern Europe up to the edge of Russia and Ukraine.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

[14] .The first century AD geographer Strabo, took the River Don "Tanais" to be the boundary to the Black Sea[119], as did early Judaic sources.^ The southern boundary is the Black Sea.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ The next large river is the Dneister, which enters the Black Sea at Odessa.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ The Don enters the Black Sea via the Sea of Azov at Rostov, and is the last large river flowing into the Black Sea.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

The southeast boundary with Asia is not universally defined, with the Ural River, or alternatively, the Emba River most commonly serving as possible boundaries. .The boundary continues to the Caspian Sea, the crest of the Caucasus Mountains or, alternatively, the Kura River in the Caucasus, and on to the Black Sea; the Bosporus, the Sea of Marmara, the Dardanelles, and the Aegean Sea conclude the Asian boundary.^ The southern boundary is the Black Sea.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ Caspian Sea ferry traffic from Turkmenistan to Azerbaijan and Russia continues to be a viable smuggling route.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The next large river is the Dneister, which enters the Black Sea at Odessa.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

.The Mediterranean Sea to the south separates Europe from Africa.^ The sea-going Phoenicians attacked their fellow Semites and founded colonies around the Mediterranean, notably in Iberia and at Carthage in North Africa.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

.The western boundary is the Atlantic Ocean; Iceland, though nearer to Greenland (North America) than mainland Europe, is generally included in Europe.^ Cocaine imports from South America transit Western Europe into Lithuania and then on to neighboring countries.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ But even that does not mean that Western Europe is without something to offer the East, though certainly not workers (unless they are prepared to export their own immigrants).
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ In economic terms, it is somewhere in the mid-Atlantic - half way between Europe and America."
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

.Because of sociopolitical and cultural differences, there are various descriptions of Europe's boundary; in some sources, some territories are not included in Europe, while other sources include them.^ The other four included a mixture of countries from various parts of Europe.
  • Homosexuality and HIV/AIDS prevention: the challenge of transferring lessons learned from Western Europe to Central and Eastern European Countries -- WRIGHT 20 (1): 91 -- Health Promotion International 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC heapro.oxfordjournals.org [Source type: Academic]

^ On the other hand, some other territories do not belong to the E.U., although they are geographically and historically part of Europe : Jersey and the other Channel Islands (75 sq.mi., pop.
  • France in Europe ; European issues ; economic and cultural ; questions about Europe 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.understandfrance.org [Source type: Original source]

^ Since they did not determine a new boundary, there is officially no East Europe, allowing eurodominion to spread unbounded.
  • Europe - Uncyclopedia, the content-free encyclopedia 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC uncyclopedia.wikia.com [Source type: Original source]

.For instance, geographers from Russia and other post-Soviet states generally include the Urals in Europe while including Caucasia in Asia.^ Other institutions involved in reducing drug demand include the Ministry of Health, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ministry of Education, Committee on State Security (BKGB), and the State Customs Committee.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Lithuania remains a transit route for heroin and other illicit drugs from Asia and Russia to Western Europe.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Evidence suggests that drugs from the Balkans, Russia, the Baltic countries and central Europe pass through Denmark en route to other EU states and the U.S., although the amount flowing to the U.S. is relatively small.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.Similarly, Cyprus is approximate to Anatolia (or Asia Minor), but is often considered part of Europe and currently is a member state of the EU.^ EU member states are currently chewing over the list.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ In law enforcement cooperation, the program aims at strengthening cooperation among all security forces within Portugal as well as within the 25 EU member states.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The EU, with its member states, is a massive provider of development assistance.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

In addition, Malta was considered an island of Africa for centuries.[120]

Physical geography

Relief map of Europe and surrounding regions
.Land relief in Europe shows great variation within relatively small areas.^ The establishment of biosphere reserves, which allow for the sustainable use of land and resources within reserve borders, has proved successful in areas where state authorities recognize their value.
  • Biological diversity in the Mediterranean Basin - Encyclopedia of Earth 10 January 2010 7:21 UTC www.eoearth.org [Source type: Academic]

^ Although the number of people living with HIV and AIDS in Europe is relatively small when compared to the number of people living with HIV in areas such as Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, HIV/AIDS in Western and Central Europe is still considered a major public health issue.
  • HIV and AIDS in Western and Central Europe 26 January 2010 1:01 UTC www.avert.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Spain is the largest country in land area of Southern Europe.
  • SOUTHERN EUROPE 9 February 2010 16:27 UTC maps.unomaha.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.The southern regions, however, are more mountainous, while moving north the terrain descends from the high Alps, Pyrenees and Carpathians, through hilly uplands, into broad, low northern plains, which are vast in the east.^ Mountainous terrain, poor road conditions, and an inhospitable climate for much of the year make detection and apprehension of drug traffickers more difficult.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The fictional Castle Dracula is more like the actual castle of Tepes in the Southern Carpathians, but is located in far northern Transylvania, north of Bistritz, in the Borgo pass on the road to Bukovina.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ The Tisza meanders to the north from near Beograd, reaching the foothills of the Carpathians and then making a hairpin bend and draining northern Transylvania through its tributary the Szamos.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

.This extended lowland is known as the Great European Plain, and at its heart lies the North German Plain.^ The area known as Lusatia, Lausitz or Sorbia lies in south eastern Germany on both sides of the River Spree, east of Dresden, and extends into Poland.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

.An arc of uplands also exists along the north-western seaboard, which begins in the western parts of the islands of Britain and Ireland, and then continues along the mountainous, fjord-cut, spine of Norway.^ Hemp grows mostly in the Ararat Valley in the south-western part of Armenia; poppy grows in the northern part of Armenia, particularly in the Lake Sevan basin and some mountainous areas.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ U.S. support for Ireland’s counternarcotics program, along with U.S. and Irish cooperative efforts, continues to work to prevent Ireland from becoming a transit point for narcotics trafficking to the United States.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

This description is simplified. .Sub-regions such as the Iberian Peninsula and the Italian Peninsula contain their own complex features, as does mainland Central Europe itself, where the relief contains many plateaus, river valleys and basins that complicate the general trend.^ South of them were the Celts, occupying all of western and central Europe, and pressing into the Iberian peninsula, displacing the original inhabitants.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ Magyar does, however, contain many loan words from Indo-European Slavic and German, as well as from Turkish.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ But even that does not mean that Western Europe is without something to offer the East, though certainly not workers (unless they are prepared to export their own immigrants).
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

.Sub-regions like Iceland, Britain and Ireland are special cases.^ Britain has always been very relaxed about alternative health remedies and self-help as have countries like Ireland and Holland.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

.The former is a land unto itself in the northern ocean which is counted as part of Europe, while the latter are upland areas that were once joined to the mainland until rising sea levels cut them off.^ Not since the last Ice Age, over 8,000 years ago, had the United Kingdom been joined with mainland Europe.
  • Europe: News & Videos about Europe - CNN.com 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC topics.cnn.com [Source type: News]

^ No Comments Blizzards across central Europe blocked roads and cut off hundreds of villages in Hungary, Slovakia and the Czech Republic last week.

^ Several villages, including the resort town of Grindelwald, were cut off and floods threatened parts of Interlaken and Bern, the [ read more ] .

Climate

Biomes of Europe and surrounding regions:
     tundra      alpine tundra      taiga      montane forest
     temperate broadleaf forest      mediterranean forest      temperate steppe      dry steppe
Europe lies mainly in the temperate climate zones, being subjected to prevailing westerlies.
The climate is milder in comparison to other areas of the same latitude around the globe due to the influence of the Gulf Stream.[121] .The Gulf Stream is nicknamed "Europe's central heating", because it makes Europe's climate warmer and wetter than it would otherwise be.^ Germany’s central location in Europe and its well-developed infrastructure make it a major transit hub.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Romania established a communist state in 1947, with more enthusiasm than was usual in central Europe.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ For most young musicians trying to make it jail would be warmer, cleaner and have better food that they can afford.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

.The Gulf Stream not only carries warm water to Europe's coast but also warms up the prevailing westerly winds that blow across the continent from the Atlantic Ocean.^ Europe: The Manic-Depressive Continent Wolfgang Bruno - 5/15/2007 Everybody experiences their ups and downs.
  • Global Politician - Europe 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC globalpolitician.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ EU across the Atlantic is to preserve the UK's ability to support the US in foreign policy matters and to work for US interests from within the bastions of Fortress Europe.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Fertility rates across Europe are now so low that the continent's population is likely to drop markedly over the next 50 years.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

.Therefore the average temperature throughout the year of Naples is 16 °C (60.8 °F), while it is only 12 °C (53.6 °F) in New York City which is almost on the same latitude.^ The amount of amphetamines authorities expect to have seized at year’s end will be almost the same as in 2004 or about 16 kilograms.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ On average, narcotics dealers only receive a sentence of three years imprisonment.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The MIA requested $16.5 million for its new three-year counternarcotics program including over $5 million for first-year operations in 2006.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.Berlin, Germany; Calgary, Canada; and Irkutsk, in the Asian part of Russia, lie on around the same latitude; January temperatures in Berlin average around 8 °C (15 °F) higher than those in Calgary, and they are almost 22 °C (40 °F) higher than average temperatures in Irkutsk.^ Software patents are a very bad idea as many have discovered in the US. They put a fence around parts of mathematics.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ The unhealthy mood swings of people suffering from manic depression are far more extreme than those experienced by average people.
  • Global Politician - Europe 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC globalpolitician.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ These figures are significantly higher than FSKN statistics cited in 2004 and suggest a new willingness by the GOR to acknowledge and combat drug use in Russia.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

[121]

Geology

.The Geology of Europe is hugely varied and complex, and gives rise to the wide variety of landscapes found across the continent, from the Scottish Highlands to the rolling plains of Hungary.^ But what these sort of cases do is not to suggest that we need to give a centralised, international body coercive powers over people living across a whole continent.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Fertility rates across Europe are now so low that the continent's population is likely to drop markedly over the next 50 years.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

[122]
.Europe's most significant feature is the dichotomy between highland and mountainous Southern Europe and a vast, partially underwater, northern plain ranging from the British Isles in the west to the Ural Mountains in the east.^ The EU is by far the largest donor to Poland’s counternarcotics activities, which serves as a motivating force for even closer collaboration between Poland and its neighbors to the East and the West.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ In many ways the most significant feature of this is that it has made the intellectual and social disconnect between whole peoples in the EU's constituent nations impossible to paper over.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Unlike most of continental Europe, there is a significant anti-statist element in the mainstream of British society...
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

.These two halves are separated by the mountain chains of the Pyrenees and Alps/Carpathians.^ The Dinaric Alps separate these drainages from the Adriatic.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

.The northern plains are delimited in the west by the Scandinavian Mountains and the mountainous parts of the British Isles.^ The Harz mountains to the west are part of this assembly.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ Hemp grows mostly in the Ararat Valley in the south-western part of Armenia; poppy grows in the northern part of Armenia, particularly in the Lake Sevan basin and some mountainous areas.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.Major shallow water bodies submerging parts of the northern plains are the Celtic Sea, the North Sea, the Baltic Sea complex and Barents Sea.^ It was presumed that the herring migrated from the Baltic to the North Sea, but the real reason was overfishing that led to the collapse of the ecosystem.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ The southernmost part was classic Greece, to the north of which was Macedonia, and then Thrace, which is mostly a plain.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

.The northern plain contains the old geological continent of Baltica, and so may be regarded geologically as the "main continent", while peripheral highlands and mountainous regions in the south and west constitute fragments from various other geological continents.^ I met with him for well over an hour to enlighten him as to what the origins of the West are, what constitutes Western culture, and why the West issimply putsuperior than the other alleged civilizations.
  • Global Politician - Europe 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC globalpolitician.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Ms Dark, from Richmond in south-west London, was arrested in France in 1989 in a car containing several kilos of cannabis.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Then come the West Beskids and the East Beskids, separated by the High Tatra, which is a little south of the main summit line.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

.Most of the older geology of Western Europe existed as part of the ancient microcontinent Avalonia.^ War damage had (in most of Western Europe) been to a great extent repaired by 1957, partly by the efforts of Europeans and partly by American aid.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

Geological history

.The geological history of Europe traces back to the formation of the Baltic Shield (Fennoscandia) and the Sarmatian craton, both around 2.25 billion years ago, followed by the Volgo-Uralia shield, the three together leading to the East European craton (≈ Baltica) which became a part of the supercontinent Columbia.^ Pegged at $3.5 billion, this is the biggest defense order ever issued by an east or central European country.
  • Global Politician - Europe 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC globalpolitician.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The Albanian language is a rather newer development (less than 1500 years old) - but it is also traced back either to Thracian or to Illyrian.
  • Global Politician - Europe 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC globalpolitician.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Scotland: Independence in Europe or Loss of Identity Lorna Thomas - 5/2/2007 On March 25, 2007 the European Union celebrated 50 years since the signing of the Treaties of Rome brought it into existence.
  • Global Politician - Europe 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC globalpolitician.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.Around 1.1 billion years ago, Baltica and Arctica (as part of the Laurentia block) became joined to Rodinia, later resplitting around 550 million years ago to reform as Baltica.^ Around 9.7 percent of 16-59 year-olds (3.04 million) reported using cannabis at least once in the past year.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The western part of Prussia became Royal Prussia, a territory of the Polish King, while the eastern part became Ducal (later Electoral) Prussia, held feudally from Poland.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ The worlds population, estimated at 6.4 billion in 2006, grows by more than 70 million people per year.
  • Global Politician - Europe 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC globalpolitician.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.Around 440 million years ago Euramerica was formed from Baltica and Laurentia; a further joining with Gondwana then leading to the formation of Pangea.^ Around 9.7 percent of 16-59 year-olds (3.04 million) reported using cannabis at least once in the past year.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Denis Schulz - 6/20/2007 Sure, one million pounds could to itthats a lot of lootmaybe if it had been offered twenty or thirty years ago.
  • Global Politician - Europe 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC globalpolitician.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.Around 190 million years ago, Gondwana and Laurasia split apart due to the widening of the Atlantic Ocean.^ Azerbaijan emerged as a narcotics transit route several years ago because of the disruption of the "Balkan Route" due to the wars in and among the countries of the former Yugoslavia.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Around 9.7 percent of 16-59 year-olds (3.04 million) reported using cannabis at least once in the past year.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ If I'm due for hearing loss, the damage was done and finished with over 20 years ago standing in front of a speaker stack with my Hagstrom III cranked up to eleven.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

.Finally, and very soon afterwards, Laurasia itself split up again, into Laurentia (North America) and the Eurasian continent.^ Portugal is a significant gateway into Europe for drug shipments from South America and North Africa.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

The land connection between the two persisted for a considerable time, via Greenland, leading to interchange of animal species. .From around 50 million years ago, rising and falling sea levels have determined the actual shape of Europe, and its connections with continents such as Asia.^ Instead, Europe is in its worst shape for years.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ It is a recent sea, formed after the last Ice Age about 10,000 BCE by the rise of sea level, drowning a river valley.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ Around 9.7 percent of 16-59 year-olds (3.04 million) reported using cannabis at least once in the past year.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.Europe's present shape dates to the late Tertiary period about five million years ago.^ Instead, Europe is in its worst shape for years.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Having visited Estonia for several days about twelve years ago, I know all about that place.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ I am moved to write about a communist I met thirty years ago because the second referendum in Ireland on the Lisbon Treaty will be held tomorrow.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

[123]

Biodiversity

Biogeographic regions of Europe and bordering regions
Floristic regions of Europe and neighbouring areas, according to Wolfgang Frey and Rainer Lösch
.Having lived side-by-side with agricultural peoples for millennia, Europe's animals and plants have been profoundly affected by the presence and activities of man.^ Externalities are costs or benefits arising from an economic activity that affect somebody other than the people engaged in the economic activity and are not reflected fully in PRICES .
  • Economics A-Z | Economist.com 1 February 2010 7:48 UTC www.economist.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Tips For Enjoying Cheap Holidays In Europe -- Martin Shane Jones When it comes to holidays, few people can resist having one should the opportunity arise.

^ Ask how young people want their lives, what education they want, how to live together in a multicultural Europe of rapid change .

.With the exception of Fennoscandia and northern Russia, few areas of untouched wilderness are currently found in Europe, except for various national parks.^ It holds the first place in Central Europe (excepting Russia) as a leading provider of financing.
  • Global Politician - Europe 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC globalpolitician.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Afghan opiates transported along the Northern Route supply Russia’s internal user demand, as well as transit through Russia to the rest of Europe.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The Protestants maintained their existence in northern countries, while the Catholics re-established themselves in Poland, Bavaria, Carinthia and Carniola, Hungary, and a few areas in western Germany.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

The main natural vegetation cover in Europe is mixed forest. .The conditions for growth are very favourable.^ The climatic conditions of Europe are very favourable.
  • CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Europe 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.newadvent.org [Source type: Original source]

In the north, the Gulf Stream and North Atlantic Drift warm the continent. .Southern Europe could be described as having a warm, but mild climate.^ An oceanic climate prevails in this region which means it plays hosts to relatively mild winters, warm summers, and abundant rainfall that occurs throughout the whole year.
  • Holiday Weather - Search for weather locations in Southern Europe, Europe 9 February 2010 16:27 UTC www.holiday-weather.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ An oceanic climate is typified by a narrow annual temperature range, precipitation throughout the year, mild winters and warm summers.
  • Holiday Weather - Search for weather locations in Western Europe, Europe 26 January 2010 1:01 UTC www.holiday-weather.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The tree grows best in a Mediterranean-type climate with cool, not cold, winters, mild to warm springs, and warm to hot summers with little rain.

There are frequent summer droughts in this region. Mountain ridges also affect the conditions. .Some of these (Alps, Pyrenees) are oriented east-west and allow the wind to carry large masses of water from the ocean in the interior.^ On November 1, Interior Ministry officials carried out a large raid involving over 160 officials.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ West Slavs occupied the interior regions, from the Oder and Vistula to the east.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

.Others are oriented south-north (Scandinavian Mountains, Dinarides, Carpathians, Apennines) and because the rain falls primarily on the side of mountains that is oriented towards sea, forests grow well on this side, while on the other side, the conditions are much less favourable.^ The Baltic is the Mediterranean of the North, but is much less well-known.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ Mountainous terrain, poor road conditions, and an inhospitable climate for much of the year make detection and apprehension of drug traffickers more difficult.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Nonetheless, the growing popularity of these drugs poses much less a threat to Kazakhstan than does the country’s ever-expanding heroin problem.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.Few corners of mainland Europe have not been grazed by livestock at some point in time, and the cutting down of the pre-agricultural forest habitat caused disruption to the original plant and animal ecosystems.^ A synthetic drug supply originates out of Western and Central Europe: amphetamines, ecstasy, and LSD have been traced to sources in the Netherlands and Poland; some originates in the UK. .
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ In the last 50 years, it has adapted to a change in its original natural habitat from large forested ministerial departments to smaller, murkier quango marshlands.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ With its extensive transportation infrastructure and some of the most active maritime ports in Europe, the Netherlands is one of the leading distribution points for illegal drugs to and from Europe.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.Probably eighty to ninety per cent of Europe was once covered by forest.^ If you vote no to the Euro next month, that probability will rise to 100 per cent.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ In continental Europe, by contrast, unemployment has been stuck between 8 and 11 per cent since 1991 and growth has reached 3 per cent only once in those 14 years.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ "At the moment, let me assure you, there is an 80 per cent probability that Britain will not join the Euro.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

[124] It stretched from the Mediterranean Sea to the Arctic Ocean. .Though over half of Europe's original forests disappeared through the centuries of deforestation, Europe still has over one quarter of its land area as forest, such as the taiga of Scandinavia and Russia, mixed rainforests of the Caucasus and the Cork oak forests in the western Mediterranean.^ Drugs are also smuggled through Azerbaijan to Russia, then on to Central and Western Europe.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Ukraine is a significant transit corridor for narcotics originating in East, Central and Southwest Asia (Afghanistan) and transiting through Russia, the Caucasus and Turkey, and then through Ukraine further into Western Europe.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Cocaine, on the other hand remains relatively rare in the Czech Republic, and frequently is imported through Western Europe.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.During recent times, deforestation has been slowed and many trees have been planted.^ How many times during the day?
  • Get a Free Sample Menu of the New Mediterranean Diet Meal Plan 10 January 2010 7:21 UTC www.mediterraneanbook.com [Source type: General]

^ Tree management of this crop has undergone many changes in recent decades including increased planting densities (100 to 300 trees/ha), new methods of propagation, improved cultural practices and mechanical harvesting, are some examples.

.However, in many cases monoculture plantations of conifers have replaced the original mixed natural forest, because these grow quicker.^ Resource constraints, however, have limited the GOU’s ability to investigate these cases.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ In many cases, these were women accompanied by small children.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ What's really sad, is that many consumers in this dirigiste continent will agree with the plan; what many of these supporters won't realise however, until it's too late, is that they will also pay for it.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

.The plantations now cover vast areas of land, but offer poorer habitats for many European forest dwelling species which require a mixture of tree species and diverse forest structure.^ This compact capital offers bustling street and night life and encompasses more museums than many other European cities.
  • Moving To Central Europe & The Balkans ~ Living In Central Europe & The Balkans ~ Real Estate In Central Europe & The Balkans 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.escapeartist.com [Source type: News]

^ However, that should not be done through a proportional representation system whereby Members of the European Parliament represent a vast area.
  • European Union: 21 Jul 2009: Westminster Hall debates (TheyWorkForYou.com) 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.theyworkforyou.com [Source type: Original source]

^ In addition, the European Arrest Warrant covers Racism and Xenophobia which is such a grey area and is being monitored by a thought police that would do Orwells 1984 proud!

.The amount of natural forest in Western Europe is just 2–3% or less, in European Russia 5–10%.^ The President confirmed Russias wish to strengthen its engagement within the Council of Europe and its commitment to enhance respect for human rights across the European continent.
  • Council of Europe 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.coe.int [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Western Europeans sometimes talk about “Europe and Eastern Europe.” It is pretty arrogant, and it may soon be less true than ever.
  • Europe and Western Europe | The Brussels Journal 26 January 2010 1:01 UTC www.brusselsjournal.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Enlarge Image The Last Ancient Forests of Europe combine Europe's few remaining tracts of ancient forest in Scandinavia with the adjoining forest of European Russia (from the western flanks of the Ural mountains).
  • Europe | Greenpeace International 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.greenpeace.org [Source type: News]

.The country with the smallest percentage of forested area (excluding the micronations) is Iceland (1%), while the most forested country is Finland (77%).^ Most drugs that are consumed in Finland are produced elsewhere, and Finland is not a source country for the export of narcotics abroad.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The Cyrillic alphabet, used in most Slavic countries, was invented in this area.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

[125]
In temperate Europe, mixed forest with both broadleaf and coniferous trees dominate. .The most important species in central and western Europe are beech and oak.^ South of them were the Celts, occupying all of western and central Europe, and pressing into the Iberian peninsula, displacing the original inhabitants.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ Central banks today are the most important feature of the financial systems of most countries of the world.
  • Global Politician - Europe 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC globalpolitician.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Albania is a transit point for heroin from Central Asia, which is smuggled via the "Balkan Route" of Turkey-Bulgaria-Macedonia-Albania to Italy, Greece, and the rest of Western Europe.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

In the north, the taiga is a mixed sprucepinebirch forest; further north within Russia and extreme northern Scandinavia, the taiga gives way to tundra as the Arctic is approached. In the Mediterranean, many olive trees have been planted, which are very well adapted to its arid climate; Mediterranean Cypress is also widely planted in southern Europe. .The semi-arid Mediterranean region hosts much scrub forest.^ The mammal and bird faunas are largely derived from extra-Mediterranean biogeographical zones, with Eurasian and African elements dominating the mammal fauna, whereas Eurasian and semi-arid southern elements dominate the avifauna.
  • Biological diversity in the Mediterranean Basin - Encyclopedia of Earth 10 January 2010 7:21 UTC www.eoearth.org [Source type: Academic]

.A narrow east-west tongue of Eurasian grassland (the steppe) extends eastwards from Ukraine and southern Russia and ends in Hungary and traverses into taiga to the north.^ The Dacian tribes were the Apuli in Transylvania, Carpi on the eastern slopes of the Carpathians, the Costoboci in what is now southern Ukraine, and the Suci in Oltenia (East Wallachia).
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ The steppes of southern Russia were successively dominated by Indo-Europeans, Persians, Huns, Turks and Mongols.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ The eastern, or wooded, Carpathians curve around Transylvania and then join the est-west Southern Carpathians that extend to the Iron Gate near Orsova.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

Cave lion became extinct in southeastern Europe about 2,000 years ago
Glaciation during the most recent ice age and the presence of man affected the distribution of European fauna. .As for the animals, in many parts of Europe most large animals and top predator species have been hunted to extinction.^ As in many illicit trades, this concept of the cocaine trade is a thesis: other well-informed observers believe that most cocaine enters Europe through Spanish ports.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

The woolly mammoth was extinct before the end of the Neolithic period. Today wolves (carnivores) and bears (omnivores) are endangered. .Once they were found in most parts of Europe.^ Turkey (the most populous, the most Islamic, the least developed, the least democratic, overly patriotic and hardly in Europe, Istanbul sits on the small part across the Bosphorus).
  • European Union - Uncyclopedia, the content-free encyclopedia 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC uncyclopedia.wikia.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Image Tours was founded in 1939 on the belief that everyone, at least once in their lifetime, should experience the rich beauty, culture, and history of Europe.
  • Heart of Europe Tour from Image Tours: Superior value escorted European tours with a personal touch 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.heartofeurope.com [Source type: News]

^ Once regarded as Europe's grandest, most beautiful city, Palermo is still quite impressive.
  • Mediterranean Cruises - Cheap Mediterranean Cruises, Discount Mediterranean Cruises, Deals on Cruises to the Mediterranean 10 January 2010 7:21 UTC www.cruisebrothers.com [Source type: General]

However, deforestation and hunting caused these animals to withdraw further and further. .By the Middle Ages the bears' habitats were limited to more or less inaccessible mountains with sufficient forest cover.^ These mountains are the outer limits of the Alpine orogeny of early Tertiary age.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

.Today, the brown bear lives primarily in the Balkan peninsula, Scandinavia, and Russia; a small number also persist in other countries across Europe (Austria, Pyrenees etc.^ Lithuania remains a transit route for heroin and other illicit drugs from Asia and Russia to Western Europe.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Evidence suggests that drugs from the Balkans, Russia, the Baltic countries and central Europe pass through Denmark en route to other EU states and the U.S., although the amount flowing to the U.S. is relatively small.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Traffickers in Turkey illegally acquire the heroin precursor chemical, acetic anhydride, from sources in Western Europe, the Balkans and Russia.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

), but in these areas brown bear populations are fragmented and marginalised because of the destruction of their habitat. In addition, polar bears may be found on Svalbard, a Norwegian archipelago far north of Scandinavia. .The wolf, the second largest predator in Europe after the brown bear, can be found primarily in Eastern Europe and in the Balkans, with a handful of packs in pockets of Western Europe (Scandinavia, Spain, etc.^ Cocaine, on the other hand remains relatively rare in the Czech Republic, and frequently is imported through Western Europe.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ However, narcotics smuggling, particularly heroin, through the Balkans route to Western Europe remains a serious concern.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ On the separation of the Eastern and Western Empires, the Balkans fell to Constantinople, and remained one of the core regions of the Eastern Empire as long as it lasted.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

).
Once roaming the great temperate forests of Eurasia, European bison now live in nature preserves in Poland, Russia, and other parts of Eastern Europe
.Other important European carnivores are Eurasian lynx, European wild cat, foxes (especially the red fox), jackal and different species of martens, hedgehogs, different species of reptiles (like snakes such as vipers and grass snakes) and amphibians, different birds (owls, hawks and other birds of prey).^ But a central government any central government is just as likely to stir up hostilities between different provinces (each blaming the others for the combined mess) as it is to make everyone like one another.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Synthetic drugs such as ecstasy (MDMA) are transported into Hungary, frequently via car, from the Netherlands and other Western European countries.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ I come from a country which could never dream of such a liberal legal order like the European Community law, and which would never get such a liberal constitution as the European one will be.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

.Important European herbivores are snails, larvae, fish, different birds, and mammals, like rodents, deer and roe deer, boars, and living in the mountains, marmots, steinbocks, chamois among others.^ But a central government any central government is just as likely to stir up hostilities between different provinces (each blaming the others for the combined mess) as it is to make everyone like one another.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ The Eurosceptic critique of the project needs to respond to the flanking movement of pro-Europeans like McShane, who borrow their ideas in order to promote different conclusions.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

The extinction of the dwarf hippos and dwarf elephants has been linked to the earliest arrival of humans on the islands of the Mediterranean.
.Sea creatures are also an important part of European flora and fauna.^ Europeans, even members of the farming industry, are willing to pay a considerable price in order to continue their traditional culture, and protecting small farms with the CAP is an important part of that.
  • Going All In: The Gamble of Globalization and European Economic Integration | Pepperdine Policy Review | School of Public Policy | Pepperdine University 1 February 2010 7:48 UTC publicpolicy.pepperdine.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The Ukraine, for its part, is an especially important part of the European geopolitical environment, and Russia without the Ukraine is a one-armed giant, and the Ukraine will be careful to balance its independence and its relations with its eastern neighbor.
  • NATO EXPANSION IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.fas.org [Source type: Original source]

The sea flora is mainly phytoplankton. Important animals that live in European seas are zooplankton, molluscs, echinoderms, different crustaceans, squids and octopuses, fish, dolphins, and whales.
.Biodiversity is protected in Europe through the Council of Europe's Bern Convention, which has also been signed by the European Community as well as non-European states.^ Well, we have been smacked; smacked with the bill for paying for all this recycling which Europe's state-backed monopoly giants will simply pass onto us consumers.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ American military) and it is NATO, not the EEC/EU, that was responsible for the peace of post war Western Europe, which may well be why so many Europeans hate the United States - people often hate those they have long depended on.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ But the political and economic renaissance of Europe that was predicted at the European convention is likely to be stillborn.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

Demographics

Population growth and decline in and around Europe[126]
.Since the Renaissance, Europe has had a major influence in culture, economics and social movements in the world.^ But the political and economic renaissance of Europe that was predicted at the European convention is likely to be stillborn.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Europe's economic and social development: 64 comments.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ The relative economic decline of "old" Europe since the early 1990s - especially of Germany and Italy, but also of the Netherlands and France - has been a disaster almost unparalleled in modern history.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

.The most significant inventions had their origins in the Western world, primarily Europe and the United States.^ The GoA continues to welcome assistance from the United States and Western Europe.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Despite these successes, Hungary continues to be a significant transshipment point for narcotics destined for, and sent from, Western Europe.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ In Western Europe in particular, the state does neither, as most laws are passed by unelected EU bureaucrats...
  • Global Politician - Europe 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC globalpolitician.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

[127] .Some current and past issues in European demographics have included religious emigration, race relations, economic immigration, a declining birth rate and an aging population.^ Yes, perhaps the French, rather than attempting to prevent some horrific "race to the bottom" on tax rates, should instead admit that tax competition, including that which comes from those dreadful offshore centres, is a good thing.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Demographers predict a precipitous decline of one third in Russia's impoverished, inebriated, disillusioned, and ageing citizenry.
  • Global Politician - Europe 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC globalpolitician.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ EU paralysis over immigration policies deepens hostility along the policy divide Patrick Sabatier - 7/12/2006 Europes working-age population is aging and falling in numbers, and the continent needs workers to do jobs that Europeans either will not or cannot do.
  • Global Politician - Europe 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC globalpolitician.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.In some countries, such as Ireland and Poland, access to abortion is currently limited; in the past, such restrictions and also restrictions on artificial birth control were commonplace throughout Europe.^ It is obvious that the deficit in RM has seriously restricted its economic development (as distinct from some other countries), which complicates the problem.
  • Global Politician - Europe 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC globalpolitician.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The BBC notes that "many European countries have legislation in place restricting the preservation of dead bodies in such a way."
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ While synthetic drugs are manufactured in Poland (the precursors are usually imported from other countries), heroin, hashish, and cocaine frequently transit Poland en route to Western Europe.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

Abortion remains illegal on the island of Malta where Catholicism is the state religion. .Furthermore, three European countries (the Netherlands, Belgium, and Switzerland) and the Autonomous Community of Andalusia (Spain)[128][129] have allowed a limited form of voluntary euthanasia for some terminally ill people.^ Cocaine shipments off-loaded in Spain and the Netherlands are eventually transported to Italy and other European countries by means of vehicles.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Spain’s autonomous communities provide treatment programs for drug addicts, including methadone programs and needle exchanges.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Synthetic drugs such as ecstasy (MDMA) are transported into Hungary, frequently via car, from the Netherlands and other Western European countries.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.In 2005, the population of Europe was estimated to be 731 million according to the United Nations,[3] which is slightly more than one-ninth of the world's population.^ In 2005, the National Program budget was decreased slightly from $3.6 million in 2004 to $3.2 million.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Perhaps we feel more like citizens of the world than citizens of Europe?
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ According to a July 2005 report by the National Crime Squad (NR), 197 ecstasy suspects were arrested in 2004, down from 214 in 2003.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.A century ago, Europe had nearly a quarter of the world's population.^ After overcoming the Tatars in their own country during the 18th century, Russia turned to the driving of the Turks from Europe, freeing the subjugated Slavic populations.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

.The population of Europe has grown in the past century, but in other areas of the world (in particular Africa and Asia) the population has grown far more quickly.^ After overcoming the Tatars in their own country during the 18th century, Russia turned to the driving of the Turks from Europe, freeing the subjugated Slavic populations.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ The UN, whose past population predictions have been fairly accurate, predicts that the world's population will increase from just over 6 billion in 2000 to 8.9 billion by 2050.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Marijuana, both imported, and to a much lesser extent grown locally, is used more than any other drug.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

[3] .Among the continents, Europe has a relatively high population density, second only to Asia.^ Europe is probably the only case where an entire continent suffers from this condition.
  • Global Politician - Europe 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC globalpolitician.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Fertility rates across Europe are now so low that the continent's population is likely to drop markedly over the next 50 years.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

.The most densely populated country in Europe is the Netherlands, ranking third in the world after Bangladesh and South Korea.^ Dual-use precursor chemicals manufactured in Europe do transit Cyprus to third countries.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Cocaine imports from South America transit Western Europe into Lithuania and then on to neighboring countries.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ "Europe" still lectures places like China as if places like China are the Third World, and Europe, obviously, is the first.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

.Pan and Pfeil (2004) count 87 distinct "peoples of Europe", of which 33 form the majority population in at least one sovereign state, while the remaining 54 constitute ethnic minorities.^ The European Community is not a state, and is dominated by bureaucrats and swamped by petty regulations, but may still enable people to get along with one another.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ Europe must avoid an ideological war between free-market capitalism and the welfare state after the rejection of the EU's constitution, [he] said on Saturday Wrong.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Britain, From Parliament to Police State Fjordman - 8/24/2009 I am aware of the fact that some British people speak of Europe as somewhere else, to which they do not belong.
  • Global Politician - Europe 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC globalpolitician.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

[130]
.According to UN population projection, Europe's population may fall to about 7% of world population by 2050, or 653 million people (medium variant, 556 to 777 million in low and high variants, respectively).^ World Jewry stands at just 13 million people, so it has never been a titan in global affairs.
  • Global Politician - Europe 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC globalpolitician.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ One day soon, America may wake to find itself facing a wealthy superpower of 470 million people.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Millions were made and shared as artificially high prices were maintained by various means while cronies...
  • Global Politician - Europe 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC globalpolitician.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

[3] .Within this context, significant disparities exist between regions in relation to fertility rates.^ Continued cooperation with countries in the Baltic region, where significant trafficking routes exist, constitutes an ongoing and important element in Sweden’s counternarcotics efforts.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.The average number of children per female of child bearing age is 1.52.[131] According to some sources,[132] this rate is higher among Muslims in Europe.^ With no help from the Germans, they exterminated 250,000 Jews in Romania and 150,000 in North Transylvania, according to some sources.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ According to him, the riots in the suburbs of Paris in 2005 were only the beginning of the armed struggle of the Muslims against discrimination in Europe.
  • Global Politician - Europe 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC globalpolitician.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ A synthetic drug supply originates out of Western and Central Europe: amphetamines, ecstasy, and LSD have been traced to sources in the Netherlands and Poland; some originates in the UK. .
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.The UN predicts the steady population decline of vast areas of Eastern Europe.^ Should Europe's landscape change from a combined vast geographical area to individually portioned up countries again, this likely will overthow established international relations globally too.
  • Global Politician - Europe 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC globalpolitician.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The plan also provided funding (up to 1.2 million euros) for France’s contributions to EU and UN counternarcotics programs in four priority areas: Central and Eastern Europe, Africa, Central Asia, and Latin America/Caribbean.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ A territory as vast as Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) cannot and is not inhabited by one "race".
  • Global Politician - Europe 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC globalpolitician.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

[133] .The Russia's population is declining by at least 700,000 people each year.^ Roughly 30,000 people are addicted to heroin and/or cocaine, and more than 7.2 percent of the population uses a narcotic substance regularly.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The worlds population, estimated at 6.4 billion in 2006, grows by more than 70 million people per year.
  • Global Politician - Europe 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC globalpolitician.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

[134] The country now has 13,000 uninhabited villages.[135]
.Europe is home to the highest number of migrants of all global regions at 70.6 million people, the IOM's report said.^ World Jewry stands at just 13 million people, so it has never been a titan in global affairs.
  • Global Politician - Europe 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC globalpolitician.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ In an article in NYT, August 24 1933, he claimed any report of a famine is today an exaggeration or malignant propaganda, while millions of people were dying...
  • Global Politician - Europe 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC globalpolitician.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The worlds population, estimated at 6.4 billion in 2006, grows by more than 70 million people per year.
  • Global Politician - Europe 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC globalpolitician.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

[136] .In 2005 the EU had an overall net gain from immigration of 1.8 million people, despite having one of the highest population densities in the world.^ World Jewry stands at just 13 million people, so it has never been a titan in global affairs.
  • Global Politician - Europe 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC globalpolitician.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ One day soon, America may wake to find itself facing a wealthy superpower of 470 million people.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Millions of e-mails and letters have been sent to the EU Parliament from angry and frustrated people.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

This accounted for almost 85% of Europe's total population growth.[137] .The European Union plans to open the job centres for legal migrant workers from Africa.^ Left-wing Labour MPs are girding themselves for a rebellion over a European Union plan which they say could spell the end of the National Health Service .
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ France has dropped plans to push forward with tax harmonisation under its European Union presidency, following Ireland’s rejection of the Lisbon treaty.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ European Union - rather than just doing his job as just Britain's prime minister.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

[138][139]
Emigration from Europe began with Spanish settlers in the 16th century, and French and English settlers in the 17th century.[140] .But numbers remained relatively small until waves of mass emigration in the 19th century, when millions of poor families left Europe.^ It remained a constant standard until the 11th century, known in the west as a bezant (from Byzantium).
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ Moldavia and Wallachia were Turkish provinces from then until the 19th century.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ Of 3.3 million Jews in Poland in 1939, only 8,000 now remain after the emigration of those who managed to survive the war.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

[141]
.Today, large populations of European descent are found on every continent.^ Islamic radicals are today present in every West European country with a substantial Muslim minority.
  • Global Politician - Europe 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC globalpolitician.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.European ancestry predominates in North America, and to a lesser degree in South America (particularly in Argentina, Chile, Uruguay and southern Brazil).^ South America was the primary source in 2004-2005 for cocaine arriving in Portugal, largely from Brazil and Venezuela, both of which have large resident Portuguese populations.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ As in the past, some drugs have been seized in commercial vessels arriving from elsewhere on the European continent and from Central/South America.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Portugal is a significant gateway into Europe for drug shipments from South America and North Africa.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.Also, Australia and New Zealand have large European derived populations.^ 'First World' will come to mean the USA, Switzerland, Japan (maybe), Canada (maybe), Australia and new Zealand and, if it finally breaks clear of the European suicide pact, Britain and possibly even Ireland.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

.Africa has no countries with European-derived majorities, but there are significant minorities, such as the White South Africans.^ The political classes of Europe may disagree on many things but of on one issue there is no dissent: the European Union and the overriding importance of creating a country called 'Europe'.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ In April 2003, at a joint press conference with Bulgaria's President Parvanov, he cast both countries as "central-south European" rather than the derogatory "Balkan".
  • Global Politician - Europe 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC globalpolitician.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The BBC notes that "many European countries have legislation in place restricting the preservation of dead bodies in such a way."
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

In Asia, European-derived populations (specifically Russians) predominate in Northern Asia.

Political geography

Europe according to a widely accepted definition is shown in green (countries sometimes associated with European culture in dark blue, Asian parts of European states in light blue).
Modern political map of Europe and the surrounding region
Regional grouping according to the UN
Regional grouping according to The World Factbook
European Union and its candidate countries
Map showing European membership of the EU and NATO
According to different definitions, the territories may be subject to various categorisations. .The 27 European Union member states are highly integrated economically and politically; the European Union itself forms part of the political geography of Europe.^ The European Community: Economic and political aspects .
  • Book Listing by Subject: European Union Economics (Economics Network) 1 February 2010 7:48 UTC www.economicsnetwork.ac.uk [Source type: Academic]

^ On May 1, 2004, Estonia joined the European Union, having already been a member of the World Trade Organization.
  • Global Politician - Europe 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC globalpolitician.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Towards an Islamist Totalitarian Europe Fjordman - 5/17/2007 Former Soviet dissident Vladimir Bukovksy has warned that the European Union is on its way to becoming another Soviet Union.
  • Global Politician - Europe 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC globalpolitician.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.The table below shows the scheme for geographic subregions used by the United Nations,[142] alongside the regional grouping published in the CIA factbook.^ This is the basic message from a recently published reportby the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime.
  • Global Politician - Europe 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC globalpolitician.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The colourful terms used in describing many peoples and regions are the Chinese expressions for geographic directions.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

The socio-geographical data included are per sources in cross-referenced articles.
Name of country, with flag Area
(km²)
Population
(1 July 2002 est.)
Population density
(per km²)
Capital
 Albania 28,748 3,600,523 125.2 Tirana
 Andorra 468 68,403 146.2 Andorra la Vella
 Armenia k[›] 29,800 3,229,900 101 Yerevan
 Austria 83,858 8,169,929 97.4 Vienna
 Azerbaijan l[›] 86,600 9,000,000 97 Baku
 Belarus 207,600 10,335,382 49.8 Minsk
 Belgium 30,510 10,274,595 336.8 Brussels
 Bosnia and Herzegovina 51,129 4,448,500 77.5 Sarajevo
 Bulgaria 110,910 7,621,337 68.7 Sofia
 Croatia 56,542 4,437,460 77.7 Zagreb
 Cyprus e[›] 9,251 788,457 85 Nicosia
 Czech Republic 78,866 10,256,760 130.1 Prague
 Denmark 43,094 5,368,854 124.6 Copenhagen
 Estonia 45,226 1,415,681 31.3 Tallinn
 Finland 336,593 5,157,537 15.3 Helsinki
 France h[›] 547,030 59,765,983 109.3 Paris
 Georgia m[›] 69,700 4,661,473 64 Tbilisi
 Germany 357,021 83,251,851 233.2 Berlin
 Greece 131,940 10,645,343 80.7 Athens
 Hungary 93,030 10,075,034 108.3 Budapest
 Iceland 103,000 307,261 2.7 Reykjavík
 Ireland 70,280 4,234,925 60.3 Dublin
 Italy 301,230 58,751,711 191.6 Rome
 Kazakhstan j[›] 2,724,900 15,217,711 5.6 Astana
 Latvia 64,589 2,366,515 36.6 Riga
 Liechtenstein 160 32,842 205.3 Vaduz
 Lithuania 65,200 3,601,138 55.2 Vilnius
 Luxembourg 2,586 448,569 173.5 Luxembourg
 Republic of Macedonia 25,713 2,054,800 81.1 Skopje
 Malta 316 397,499 1,257.9 Valletta
 Moldova b[›] 33,843 4,434,547 131.0 Chişinău
 Monaco 1.95 31,987 16,403.6 Monaco
 Montenegro 13,812 616,258 44.6 Podgorica
 Netherlands i[›] 41,526 16,318,199 393.0 Amsterdam
 Norway 324,220 4,525,116 14.0 Oslo
 Poland 312,685 38,625,478 123.5 Warsaw
 Portugal f[›] 91,568 10,409,995 110.1 Lisbon
 Romania 238,391 21,698,181 91.0 Bucharest
 Russia c[›] 17,075,400 142,200,000 26.8 Moscow
 San Marino 61 27,730 454.6 San Marino
 Serbia[143] 88,361 7,495,742 89.4 Belgrade
 Slovakia 48,845 5,422,366 111.0 Bratislava
 Slovenia 20,273 1,932,917 95.3 Ljubljana
 Spain 504,851 45,061,274 89.3 Madrid
 Sweden 449,964 9,090,113 19.7 Stockholm
 Switzerland 41,290 7,507,000 176.8 Bern
 Turkey n[›] 783,562 71,517,100 93 Ankara
 Ukraine 603,700 48,396,470 80.2 Kiev
 United Kingdom 244,820 61,100,835 244.2 London
 Vatican City 0.44 900 2,045.5 Vatican City
Total 10,180,000o[›] 731,000,000o[›] 70
.Within the above-mentioned states are several regions, enjoying broad autonomy, as well as several de facto independent countries with limited international recognition or unrecognised.^ In law enforcement cooperation, the program aims at strengthening cooperation among all security forces within Portugal as well as within the 25 EU member states.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The State Border Service, with 1,968 officers, is now operational and is responsible for controlling the country’s four international airports as well as Bosnia’s 55 international border crossings covering 1,551 kilometers.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ People need to understand that the interests of a 'country' usually means the interests of the political class of a state, not the people within that country.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

None of them are UN members:
Name of territory, with flag Area
(km²)
Population
(1 July 2002 est.)
Population density
(per km²)
Capital
 Abkhazia r[›] 8,432 216,000 29 Sukhumi
 Åland (Finland) 1,552 26,008 16.8 Mariehamn
 Faroe Islands (Denmark) 1,399 46,011 32.9 Tórshavn
 Gibraltar (UK) 5.9 27,714 4,697.3 Gibraltar
 Guernsey d[›] (UK) 78 64,587 828.0 St. Peter Port
 Isle of Man d[›] (UK) 572 73,873 129.1 Douglas
 Jersey d[›] (UK) 116 89,775 773.9 Saint Helier
 Kosovo p[›] 10,887 2,126,708 220 Pristina
 Nagorno-Karabakh 11,458 138,800 12 Stepanakert
 Northern Cyprus 3,355 265,100 78 Nicosia
 South Ossetia r[›] 3,900 70,000 18 Tskhinvali
Svalbard and Jan
Mayen Islands
(Norway)
62,049 2,868 0.046 Longyearbyen
 Transnistria b[›] 4,163 537,000 133 Tiraspol

Economy

European and bordering nations by GDP (nominal) per capita in 2006
GDP real growth rate in 2007
.As a continent, the economy of Europe is currently the largest on Earth and it is the richest region as measured by assets under management with over $32.7 trillion compared to North America's $27.1 trillion[144].^ Belgium is among the largest suppliers of ecstasy to the U.S. (much of which is shipped via Canada), and plays a significant role in the transshipment of cocaine from South America to Europe.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Portugal is a significant gateway into Europe for drug shipments from South America and North Africa.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.As with other continents, Europe has a large variation of wealth among its countries.^ While synthetic drugs are manufactured in Poland (the precursors are usually imported from other countries), heroin, hashish, and cocaine frequently transit Poland en route to Western Europe.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Countries like Britain, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, have large 'welfare' states but they do so by parasitically drawing wealth out of their large wealth creating capitalist economies...
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

.The richer states tend to be in the West; some of the Eastern economies are still emerging from the collapse of the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia.^ It is as if the Soviet Union is still the blueprint for them (while being an object lesson for everybody else) .
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

.The European Union, an intergovernmental body composed of 27 European states, comprises the largest single economic area in the world.^ He denounced the European Union's economic tariffs most effectively by holding up a bag of sugar and pointed out that the price of the bag is inflated fourfold by tariffs.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ David Carr (London) European Union • North American affairs The world is a complex and confusing place oftentimes.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ This new legal body would be based in Brussels, dealing with serious crimes affecting more than one European Union member state, reports the Ananova.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

.Currently, 16 EU countries share the euro as a common currency.^ (Euro coins have one common side and one side that the country that would issues the particular coin into circulation can do what it likes with.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ If England are knocked out playing badly, by a EU country, I predict a swing to the euro.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ They promise to slash the monstrous bill of 43bn euro ($50) that EU countries' taxpayers have to foot in order to subsidise ehem...French...
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

.Five European countries rank in the top ten of the worlds largest national economies in GDP (PPP).^ Spain also ranks in the top four of all EU nations in its consumption of designer drugs and hashish.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.This includes (ranks according to the CIA): Germany (5), the UK (6), Russia (7), France (8), and Italy (10).^ Countries like Britain, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, have large 'welfare' states but they do so by parasitically drawing wealth out of their large wealth creating capitalist economies...
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ France, Italy and Portugal look set to copy Germany in this trend.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ The relative economic decline of "old" Europe since the early 1990s - especially of Germany and Italy, but also of the Netherlands and France - has been a disaster almost unparalleled in modern history.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

[145]

Pre–1945: Industrial growth

Capitalism has been dominant in the Western world since the end of feudalism.[146] .From Britain, it gradually spread throughout Europe.^ To imagine that Britain will be immune from this is absurd; what happens in mainland Europe will directly impact upon us as it has throughout our history.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

[147] .The Industrial Revolution started in Europe, specifically the United Kingdom in the late 18th century,[148] and the 19th century saw Western Europe industrialise.^ For a start, there are no good ideas in Western Europe but there is a mountain of 'Very Bad Ideas' and no shortage of people who know how to disseminate them very effectively.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Lately, experts noted an increase in heroin traffic from Turkey into Ukraine by sea and then across Ukraine’s western border into Western Europe.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Traffickers use Belgium’s busy seaports and two international airports to move drugs to their primary markets in the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, and elsewhere in Western Europe, as well as to the United States.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.Economies were disrupted by World War I but by the beginning of World War II they had recovered and were having to compete with the growing economic strength of the United States.^ American military) and it is NATO, not the EEC/EU, that was responsible for the peace of post war Western Europe, which may well be why so many Europeans hate the United States - people often hate those they have long depended on.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Having been ordered to compete with the USA one wonders what fate awaits European bio-engineers should they fail?
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Well, now the smug grins of satisfaction are on the other faces and the Wankers of the world are united in their creeping realisation that they bought a pup.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

.World War II, again, damaged much of Europe's industries.^ War damage had (in most of Western Europe) been to a great extent repaired by 1957, partly by the efforts of Europeans and partly by American aid.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

1945–1990: The Cold War

.After World War II the economy of the UK was in a state of ruin,[149] and continued to suffer relative economic decline in the following decades.^ Labour has suffered the lowest share of the vote since the First World War, albeit on a very low turnout of voters.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ The United States looks forward to continued close cooperation with the UK on all counternarcotics fronts.
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^ The relative economic decline of "old" Europe since the early 1990s - especially of Germany and Italy, but also of the Netherlands and France - has been a disaster almost unparalleled in modern history.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

[150] Italy was also in a poor economic condition but regained a high level of growth by the 1950s. West Germany recovered quickly and had doubled production from pre-war levels by the 1950s.[151] .France also staged a remarkable comeback enjoying rapid growth and modernisation; later on Spain, under the leadership of Franco, also recovered, and the nation recorded huge unprecedented economic growth beginning in the 1960s in what is called the Spanish miracle.^ There is effective control of precursor shipments within Spain from the point of origin to destination, administered under the National Drug Plan (PND).
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^ These hugely subsidised exports are dumped on developing countries, snuffing out potential economic growth that could enable them to work their way out of poverty.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Judging by the woes of Germany and France, economic growth would be lower and unemployment higher.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

[152] .The majority of Eastern European states came under the control of the USSR and thus were members of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON).^ An extradition treaty and mutual legal assistance treaty are in force between Austria and the U.S. In 2004, Austria enacted legislation to implement the EU council framework decision on the European arrest warrant and the surrender procedure between member states.
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^ Russia came under pressure from the European Union at the weekend to ratify the Kyoto protocol on greenhouse gases, amid fears that Moscow's commitment may be wavering.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ If the EU really wants freer trade, it should start by challenging the price control systems of its own member states.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

[153]
.The states which retained a free-market system were given a large amount of aid by the United States under the Marshall Plan.^ The aircraft will cost Thailand some £1.3 billion nearly the amount that all 25 EU members states have pledged in tsunami aid to the whole affected region.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Mr Bush has lost the thread entirely if he really thinks a transnational "reform" of the financial system can do other than damage "free markets, free enterprise and free trade".
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Europe must avoid an ideological war between free-market capitalism and the welfare state after the rejection of the EU's constitution, [he] said on Saturday Wrong.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

[154] .The western states moved to link their economies together, providing the basis for the EU and increasing cross border trade.^ The EU, with its member states, is a massive provider of development assistance.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ The Czech Republic is, at present, the last country to stand in the way of what will be a dangerous acceleration in the move of the EU towards the status of being a complete state in its own right.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Lately, experts noted an increase in heroin traffic from Turkey into Ukraine by sea and then across Ukraine’s western border into Western Europe.
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.This helped them to enjoy rapidly improving economies, while those states in COMECON were struggling in a large part due to the cost of the Cold War.^ Countries like Britain, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, have large 'welfare' states but they do so by parasitically drawing wealth out of their large wealth creating capitalist economies...
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ The quantity of synthetic narcotics trafficked in Macedonia in 2005 appeared to increase, largely due to the low cost of such drugs.
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.Until 1990, the European Community was expanded from 6 founding members to 12. The emphasis placed on resurrecting the West German economy led to it overtaking the UK as Europe's largest economy.^ The posts covered a range of topics from strikes in the UK to German economy, Gordon Brown, the EU, etc.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ The leaders of Europe could not inspire their voters and the European economy was ruined by: .
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Europe Day is May 9, commemorating a historic speech by French Foreign Minister Robert Schuman, one of the EU's founding fathers , proposing the creation of a European Coal and Steel Community.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

.
Russia is Europe's key oil and gas supplier.
^ Afghan opiates transported along the Northern Route supply Russia’s internal user demand, as well as transit through Russia to the rest of Europe.
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[155]

1991–2007: The rise of the EU

.With the fall of communism in Eastern Europe in 1991 the Eastern states had to adapt to a free market system.^ Ukraine’s domestic market is increasingly influenced by synthetic drugs trafficked from both Asia and Central and Eastern Europe (Poland, Romania, Baltic Republics).
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^ However, Norway remained a popular market and transit country for drugs produced in Central/Eastern Europe and elsewhere.
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.There were varying degrees of success with Central European countries such as Poland, Hungary, and Slovenia adapting reasonably quickly, while eastern states like Ukraine and Russia taking far longer.^ Countries like Britain, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, have large 'welfare' states but they do so by parasitically drawing wealth out of their large wealth creating capitalist economies...
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Opiates (and hashish to a lesser degree) from Afghanistan are carried across the Central Asian states and into Russia.
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^ Evidence suggests that drugs from the Balkans, Russia, the Baltic countries and central Europe pass through Denmark en route to other EU states and the U.S., although the amount flowing to the U.S. is relatively small.
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.Western Europe helped Eastern Europe by forming economic ties with it.^ However, improving economic conditions and increased ease of travel to Western Europe have increased its significance as a consumer market and a producer of amphetamines.
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^ Heroin from Afghanistan transits from Eastern Europe to Western Europe, especially to the Netherlands.
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^ Ecstasy and other pill-form narcotics are smuggled into Croatia from Western Europe in small quantities for domestic use.
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.After East and West Germany were reunited in 1990, the economy of West Germany struggled as it had to support and largely rebuild the infrastructure of East Germany.^ Countries like Britain, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, have large 'welfare' states but they do so by parasitically drawing wealth out of their large wealth creating capitalist economies...
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

.Yugoslavia lagged farthest behind as it was ravaged by war and in 2003 there were still many EU and NATO peacekeeping troops in Kosovo, the Republic of Macedonia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina, with only Slovenia making any real progress.^ None of the above is new and has been bemoaned on Samizdata.net many times, but it gets more frightening as the process of EU imposition on the UK progresses .
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ American military) and it is NATO, not the EEC/EU, that was responsible for the peace of post war Western Europe, which may well be why so many Europeans hate the United States - people often hate those they have long depended on.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ However if you want to see a glimpse of the true future of 'democratic' Europe, don't look at Italy or Austria, look at post-war 'democratic' Bosnia-Herzegovina.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

.By the millennium change, the EU dominated the economy of Europe comprising the five largest European economies of the time namely Germany, the United Kingdom, France, Italy, and Spain.^ American military) and it is NATO, not the EEC/EU, that was responsible for the peace of post war Western Europe, which may well be why so many Europeans hate the United States - people often hate those they have long depended on.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Cocaine shipments off-loaded in Spain and the Netherlands are eventually transported to Italy and other European countries by means of vehicles.
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^ Countries like Britain, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, have large 'welfare' states but they do so by parasitically drawing wealth out of their large wealth creating capitalist economies...
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

.In 1999 12 of the 15 members of the EU joined the Eurozone replacing their former national currencies by the common euro.^ It is an entirely accurate and reasonable article about the process of stripping British (and other European national) institutions of power and replacing them with Euro-level institutions.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Like Britain, Sweden is actually a member of the European Union (remember, it's a process not a club) but has yet to ditch its currency (the Crown) in favour of adopting the Euro currency.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ The 12-nation eurozone is in even worse economic trouble than previously thought.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

.The three who chose to remain outside the Eurozone were: the United Kingdom, Denmark, and Sweden.^ However, there are three major bridges of this kind in the United Kingdom.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ The 1902 extradition treaty between the United States and the Kingdom of Serbia remains in force between the United States and Slovenia as a successor state.
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2008–2009: Recession

.The eurozone entered its first official recession in the third quarter of 2008, official figures confirmed in January 2009.[156] While beginning in the United States the late-2000s recession spread to Europe rapidly and has affected much of the region.^ The first two of these to be built were in the United States: the George Washington Bridge in New York and the Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ "Europe" still lectures places like China as if places like China are the Third World, and Europe, obviously, is the first.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ The aircraft will cost Thailand some £1.3 billion nearly the amount that all 25 EU members states have pledged in tsunami aid to the whole affected region.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

[157] .The official unemployment rate in the 16 countries that use the euro rose to 9.5% in May 2009.[158] Europe's young workers have been especially hard hit.^ Dual-use precursor chemicals manufactured in Europe do transit Cyprus to third countries.
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^ Albania is used by organized crime groups as a transit country for heroin from Central Asia destined for Western Europe.
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^ A Council of Europe report on organized crime, published in January, said Ireland had the highest rate of ecstasy and amphetamine use in Europe and the second highest rate of cocaine abuse.
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[159] .In the first quarter of 2009, the unemployment rate in the EU27 for those aged 15–24 was 18.3%.^ January 18, 2009 Sunday Europe's 'spring of discontent' Philip Chaston (London) European Union • Globalization/economics (9) First financial, then economic, finally political.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

[160]

Language

Simplified linguistic map within the Council of Europe nations
European languages mostly fall within three Indo-European language groups: the Romance languages, derived from the Latin language of the Roman Empire; the Germanic languages, whose ancestor language came from southern Scandinavia; and the Slavic languages.[123] While having the majority of its vocabulary descended from Romance languages, the English language is classified as a Germanic language.
.Romance languages are spoken primarily in south-western Europe as well as in Romania and Moldova.^ Romania also lies along a developing route for the transit of synthetic drugs from Western and Northern Europe to the East.
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^ Cocaine imports from South America transit Western Europe into Lithuania and then on to neighboring countries.
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^ Romania lies along the Northern Balkan Route, which is used to move heroin and other opiates from Southwest Asia to Central and Western Europe.
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.Germanic languages are spoken in north-western Europe and some parts of Central Europe.^ Albania is a transit point for heroin from Central Asia, which is smuggled via the "Balkan Route" of Turkey-Bulgaria-Macedonia-Albania to Italy, Greece, and the rest of Western Europe.
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^ Italy is a consumer country and a major transit point for heroin coming from southwest Asia through the Balkans en route to western and central Europe.
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^ Romania lies along the Northern Balkan Route, which is used to move heroin and other opiates from Southwest Asia to Central and Western Europe.
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.Slavic languages are spoken in Central, Eastern, and Southeastern Europe.^ Ukraine’s domestic market is increasingly influenced by synthetic drugs trafficked from both Asia and Central and Eastern Europe (Poland, Romania, Baltic Republics).
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^ However, Norway remained a popular market and transit country for drugs produced in Central/Eastern Europe and elsewhere.
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[123]
.Many other languages outside the three main groups exist in Europe.^ As in many illicit trades, this concept of the cocaine trade is a thesis: other well-informed observers believe that most cocaine enters Europe through Spanish ports.
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.Other Indo-European languages include the Baltic group (i.e., Latvian and Lithuanian), the Celtic group (i.e., Irish, Scottish Gaelic, Manx, Welsh, Cornish, and Breton[123]), Greek, Albanian, and Armenian.^ The group includes German Chancellor Angela Merkel, French President Jacques Chirac, and other conservative EU leaders, the magazine reported.
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.A distinct group of Uralic languages are Estonian, Finnish, and Hungarian, spoken in the respective countries as well as in parts of Romania, Russia, Serbia, and Slovakia.^ Slovakia, which was part of the same country as the Czech part of the former Czech Republic for more than sixty years until 1993, has the worst indicators eleven years after Czechoslovakia split.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Couriers traveling on commercial flights bring cocaine into Russia, often traveling through third countries in Europe as well as through the U.S. .
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^ Belgium is party to the 1988 UN Convention, and is part of the Dublin Group of countries concerned with combating narcotics trafficking.
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.Other Non-Indo-European languages are Maltese (the only Semitic language official to the EU), Basque, Georgian, Azerbaijani, Turkish in Eastern Thrace, and the languages of minority nations in Russia.^ June 10, 2002 Monday Americans against the EU Brian Micklethwait (London) European Union Pellerito wants more links from this to other blogs.
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^ Others are questioning the ability of the EU to enforce the tax on the grounds that European courts would not have jurisdiction over them.
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^ It is an entirely accurate and reasonable article about the process of stripping British (and other European national) institutions of power and replacing them with Euro-level institutions.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

.Multilingualism and the protection of regional and minority languages are recognised political goals in Europe today.^ Europe is arguably the world's most dynamic political bloc today.
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.The Council of Europe Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities and the Council of Europe's European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages set up a legal framework for language rights in Europe.^ While partly overshadowed by the recent war on terror and the Iraq campaign, a group of senior European politicians and bureaucrats have been working to set up the framework for a new European Constitution, which would effectively destroy the present EU member states as sovereign self governing nations.
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^ I mean, there is no way in hell that he would sign up the Tory Party to be a member of a group within the European 'parliament' who had a charter objective that included "the realisation of a United States of Europe", right?
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Estonia is also party to the 1990 Council of Europe (COE) Convention on Laundering, Search, Seizure and Confiscation of the Proceeds from Crime.
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Predominant religions in Europe and neighbouring regions:      Roman Catholic Christianity      Eastern Orthodox Christianity      Protestant Christianity      Sunni Islam      Shia Islam      Buddhism      Judaism

Religion

.Historically, religion in Europe has been a major influence on European art, culture, philosophy and law.^ Given the political will and a majority in Parliament, the United Kingdom could democratically withdraw from the European Union and assert the primacy of British law.
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.The majority religion in Europe is Christianity as practiced by Catholic, Eastern Orthodox and Protestant Churches.^ However, this is not really about the practices of the Roman Catholic Church or even about the status of the late Mr. Schuman but more about Europe's elite seeking divine provenance for their transnational machine.
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.Following these is Islam concentrated mainly in the south east (Bosnia and Herzegovina, Albania, Kosovo, Kazakhstan, North Cyprus, Turkey and Azerbaijan), and Tibetan Buddhism, found in Kalmykia.^ He has often said that Bosnia-Herzegovina must follow the same route as other countries in the region towards European Union membership.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ From North to South to East to West, the Empire continues its joyless advance with the all prosaic, depressing predictability of a tumour.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Foreign criminal groups from former East Bloc countries, Turkey, West Africa, and Central and South America dominate the organized drug trafficking scene.
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Other religions including Judaism and Hinduism are minority religions. .Europe is a relatively secular continent and has the largest number and proportion of irreligious, agnostic and atheistic people in the Western world, with a particularly high number of self-described non-religious people in the Czech Republic, Estonia, Sweden, Germany (East), and France.^ Cocaine, on the other hand remains relatively rare in the Czech Republic, and frequently is imported through Western Europe.
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^ For a start, there are no good ideas in Western Europe but there is a mountain of 'Very Bad Ideas' and no shortage of people who know how to disseminate them very effectively.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ However, narcotics smuggling, particularly heroin, through the Balkans route to Western Europe remains a serious concern.
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[161]

Culture

.The culture of Europe can be described as a series of overlapping cultures; cultural mixes exist across the continent.^ Fertility rates across Europe are now so low that the continent's population is likely to drop markedly over the next 50 years.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

.There are cultural innovations and movements, sometimes at odds with each other.^ However, there were similar movements in other Western European nations.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

Thus the question of "common culture" or "common values" is complex.

See also

Notes

^ a: Continental regions as per UN categorisations/map. .Depending on definitions, various territories cited below may be in one or both of Europe and Asia, or Africa.^ Ukraine’s domestic market is increasingly influenced by synthetic drugs trafficked from both Asia and Central and Eastern Europe (Poland, Romania, Baltic Republics).
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^ It is too early to tell if this forms an altered vision of Europe, one that may appeal to moderates and one nation Tories.
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^ Afghanistan-Iran-Azerbaijan-Georgia-western Europe; Afghanistan-Iran-Nagorno Karabakh and occupied territories of Azerbaijan-Armenia-Georgia-Western Europe; Afghanistan-Iran-Azerbaijan-Russia; or Afghanistan-Central Asia-the Caspian Sea-Azerbaijan-Georgia-western Europe.
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.^ b: Transnistria, internationally recognised as being a legal part of the Republic of Moldova, although de facto control is exercised by its internationally unrecognised government which declared independence from Moldova in 1990.
^ c: Russia is considered a transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and Northern Asia.
^ The Czech Republic is, at present, the last country to stand in the way of what will be a dangerous acceleration in the move of the EU towards the status of being a complete state in its own right.
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^ Lithuania remains a transit route for heroin and other illicit drugs from Asia and Russia to Western Europe.
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^ Under the UK’s devolved government system, Scotland and Northern Ireland have separately articulated policies and independent judicial systems.
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However the population and area figures include the entire state.
^ d: Guernsey, the Isle of Man and Jersey are Crown dependencies of the United Kingdom. Other Channel Islands legislated by the Bailiwick of Guernsey include Alderney and Sark.
^ e: Cyprus is sometimes considered transcontinental country. .Physiographically entirely in Western Asia it has strong historical and sociopolitical connections with Europe.^ Lithuania remains a transit route for heroin and other illicit drugs from Asia and Russia to Western Europe.
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^ Albania is a transit point for heroin from Central Asia, which is smuggled via the "Balkan Route" of Turkey-Bulgaria-Macedonia-Albania to Italy, Greece, and the rest of Western Europe.
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^ Italy is a consumer country and a major transit point for heroin coming from southwest Asia through the Balkans en route to western and central Europe.
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.The population and area figures refer to the entire state, including the de facto independent part Northern Cyprus.^ Hemp grows mostly in the Ararat Valley in the south-western part of Armenia; poppy grows in the northern part of Armenia, particularly in the Lake Sevan basin and some mountainous areas.
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^ Ireland is not a transit point for drugs to the United States, but it is occasionally used as a transit point for narcotics trafficking to other parts of Europe, including across its land border to Northern Ireland.
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^ f: Figures for Portugal include the Azores and Madeira archipelagos, both in Northern Atlantic.
^ g: Figures for Serbia include Kosovo, a province that unilaterally declared its independence from Serbia on 17 February 2008, and whose sovereign status is unclear.
.^ h: Figures for France include only metropolitan France: some politically integral parts of France are geographically located outside Europe.^ Epidemics can only be prevented by negotiating with the various diseases as part of the political process."
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^ Denmark’s strategic geographic location and status as one of Northern Europe’s primary transportation points make it an attractive drug transit country.
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^ Hungary continues to be a primary narcotics transit country between Southwest Asia and Western Europe, due to its unique combination of geographic location, a modern transportation system, and the unsettled political and social climate in the former Yugoslavia.
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.^ i: Netherlands population for July 2004. Population and area details include European portion only: Netherlands and two entities outside Europe (Aruba and the Netherlands Antilles, in the Caribbean) constitute the Kingdom of the Netherlands.^ (Note that, as of 2003, Home Office statistics only include seizure data for England and Wales; 2003 represents the most recent detailed statistics.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ I was in Darfur last week, on my way to co-chair the first ever meeting of the European Commission outside Europe, in Addis Ababa – the home of the Commission of the Africa Union.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Traffickers use Belgium’s busy seaports and two international airports to move drugs to their primary markets in the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, and elsewhere in Western Europe, as well as to the United States.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

Amsterdam is the official capital, while The Hague is the administrative seat.
.^ j: Kazakhstan is physiographically considered a transcontinental country in Central Asia (UN region) and Eastern Europe, with European territory west of the Ural Mountains and both the Ural and Emba rivers.^ Most illicit drugs enter Norway by road from other European countries including the Baltic states, the Netherlands, Belgium, Germany, Spain, Central, the Balkans and other countries in Eastern Europe and Asia.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ A large amount of precursor chemicals transit Romania from West European countries en route to Turkey.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ These countries will have to decide whether they want to continue cooperating with the core of Europe or whether they want to again retreat from the European integration process, Posselt says.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

.However, area and population figures refer to the entire country.^ During the same period, however, the population of the 27 countries that should be members of the EU by 2007 is predicted to fall by 6%, from 482m to 454m.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ As the power of monarchs declined and the entire population of a country became the sovereign, then betrayal of that entity amounted to treason.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]


.^ k: Armenia is physiographically entirely in Western Asia, but it has strong historical and sociopolitical connections with Europe.^ Lithuania remains a transit route for heroin and other illicit drugs from Asia and Russia to Western Europe.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Albania is a transit point for heroin from Central Asia, which is smuggled via the "Balkan Route" of Turkey-Bulgaria-Macedonia-Albania to Italy, Greece, and the rest of Western Europe.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Italy is a consumer country and a major transit point for heroin coming from southwest Asia through the Balkans en route to western and central Europe.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

The population and area figures include the entire state respectively.
.^ l: Azerbaijan is often considered a transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and Western Asia.^ Lithuania remains a transit route for heroin and other illicit drugs from Asia and Russia to Western Europe.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Cocaine imports from South America transit Western Europe into Lithuania and then on to neighboring countries.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Albania is a transit point for heroin from Central Asia, which is smuggled via the "Balkan Route" of Turkey-Bulgaria-Macedonia-Albania to Italy, Greece, and the rest of Western Europe.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

However the population and area figures are for the entire state. This includes the exclave of Nakhchivan and the region Nagorno-Karabakh that has declared, and de facto achieved, independence. Nevertheless, it is not recognised de jure by sovereign states.
.^ m: Georgia is often considered a transcontinental country in Western Asia and Eastern Europe.^ Lithuania remains a transit route for heroin and other illicit drugs from Asia and Russia to Western Europe.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Georgia’s geography and transit status between Europe and Asia make it a potential narcotics trafficking route.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Cocaine imports from South America transit Western Europe into Lithuania and then on to neighboring countries.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

However, the population and area figures include the entire state. .This also includes Georgian estimates for Abkhazia and South Ossetia, two regions that have declared and de facto achieved independence.^ Breakaway territories not controlled by Government of Georgia (GOG) South Ossetia and Abkhazia also provide additional routes for drugs flow and other contraband.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

The International recognition, however, is limited.
.^ n: Turkey is physiographically considered a transcontinental country in Western Asia and Eastern Europe.^ Lately, experts noted an increase in heroin traffic from Turkey into Ukraine by sea and then across Ukraine’s western border into Western Europe.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Lithuania remains a transit route for heroin and other illicit drugs from Asia and Russia to Western Europe.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Cocaine imports from South America transit Western Europe into Lithuania and then on to neighboring countries.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.However the population and area figures include the entire state, both the European and Asian portions.^ Less than half the population in the European Union's member states now support the EU project, according to polling results yesterday.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ A future European Union constitution will include a flag, an anthem, a motto and a Europe Day, despite British reticence about such state symbols.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Britain and Ireland may soon be the only two states willing to open their doors entirely to the 73 million people joining the European Union in May.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]


.^ o: The total figures for area and population include only European portions of transcontinental countries.^ Any insult which includes reference to national stereotypes can only be directed against a person or persons who is/are permanently domiciled in or citizens of the country to which the said stereotype is applicable.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ All I know is that he is just about the only European political figure with personality : .
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ It is a depressingly short list but includes only two European countries (Sweden and Switzerland).
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

.The precision of these figures is compromised by the ambiguous geographical extent of Europe and the lack of references for European portions of transcontinental countries.^ These countries will have to decide whether they want to continue cooperating with the core of Europe or whether they want to again retreat from the European integration process, Posselt says.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Most of these drugs come to Russia and Western European countries along the "northern route."
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Denmark’s strategic geographic location and status as one of Northern Europe’s primary transportation points make it an attractive drug transit country.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]


^ p: Kosovo unilaterally declared its independence from Serbia on 17 February 2008. Its sovereign status is unclear. Its population is a 2007 estimate.
.^ r: Abkhazia and South Ossetia unilaterally declared their independence from Georgia on 25 August 1990 and 28 November 1991 respectively.^ Breakaway territories not controlled by Government of Georgia (GOG) South Ossetia and Abkhazia also provide additional routes for drugs flow and other contraband.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

Their sovereign status is unclear. Population figures stated as of 2003 census and 2000 estimates respectively.

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Further reading

  • Williams, Glyndwr (1968) "The Expansion of Europe in the Eighteenth Century". London, Blandford Press, SRN 7-137-32723-5.

External links


Quotes

Up to date as of January 14, 2010

From Wikiquote

.Europe is one of the traditional seven political continents, and a peninsular sub-continent of the geographic continent Eurasia.^ Political assassination is common enough in Europe not to have to ascribe a conspiracy to this one.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

Contents

Sourced

Divisions of Europe

.
  • I have ever deemed it fundamental for the United States never to take active part in the quarrels of Europe.^ Keeping Britain both in the [United States of Europe] and outside of it militarily, diplomatically, and monetarily should become a prime U.S. objective in foreign policy.
    • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

    ^ The candidate should have strong political experience and international influence; the ability to communicate well; and the desire to draw the United States of America and Europe closer together.
    • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

    ^ Leaders from the EU's 25 member states are taking part in celebrations, after a night of festivities heralded its historic expansion.
    • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

    Their political interests are entirely distinct from ours... They are nations of eternal war.
  • Whoever lights the torch of war in Europe can wish for nothing but chaos. .
  • You know what the funniest thing about Europe is?^ Do you think we have said nasty things about you and want to reply regardless of our unwillingness to let you use our comment section?
    • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

    It’s the little differences.
  • That grand drama in a hundred acts, which is reserved for the next two centuries of Europe—the most terrible, most questionable and perhaps also the most hopeful of all dramas. .
  • I doubt that the evil spirits of the past, under which we in Europe have already suffered more than enough this century, have been banished for ever.^ I have no doubt whatsoever as to which side will emerge triumphant but what worries me deeply is that Britain is already more than half-way signed up to the wrong side.
    • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

    ^ More than Pakistan, more than Hungary – countries where the IMF has already been called in.
    • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

    ^ We do not have to be ruled by EUrope in order to have European style cafés in London, any more than we have to be ruled by China to have Chinese Restaurants.
    • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

Europe as a declining continent

.
  • There is no freedom in Europe - that's certain - it is besides a worn out portion of the globe.^ For a start, there are no good ideas in Western Europe but there is a mountain of 'Very Bad Ideas' and no shortage of people who know how to disseminate them very effectively.
    • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

    ^ However, in this case they are not needed - as there were no spoilt ballot papers and no opposing votes (work it out).
    • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

  • Soon nostalgia will be another name for Europe.
    • Angela Carter (1940–1992), British postmodern novelist. repr. Vintage (1992). .Expletives Deleted, review of John Berger, Once in Europa, The Washington Post (1989).
  • I am worn down, and worn out, with crusading and defending Europe, and protecting mankind; I must think a little of myself.^ Discuss our relations with Europe by all means and criticise the EU if you must but suggest we pull out?!!
    • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

    .
  • Positively I sit here, and look at Europe sink, first one deck disappearing, then another, and the whole ship slowly plunging bow-down into the abyss; until the nightmare gets to be howling.^ Brown will appoint one of his favourites to it, and have far reaching influence on Europe, and therefore Britain, even after he steps down.
    • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

    ^ Not content with absorbing the 'Vilnius 10', they have set their sights on outer space : "Europe's first mission to the Moon looks set for a July blast-off.
    • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

    ^ But when the Council of Europe start urging the EU to regulate blogs like this one, it should be clear that none of the arguments which can be applied to broadcast media and or the press apply here.
    • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

    The Roman Empire was a trifle to it.
  • The more I live here in western Europe, the more I am impressed by the sense of decay;not the graceful and dignified decay of an oriental, but the vulgar and sordid decay of a bankrupt cotton-mill.
  • The race of prophets is extinct. Europe is becoming set in its ways, slowly embalming itself beneath the wrappings of its borders, its factories, its law-courts and its universities. .
  • I have no more patience for this Europe where Autumn wears the face of Spring and Spring reeks of misery.^ Europe can no more prevent itself being swamped by, flooded with, etc.
    • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

    .
  • Let us rejoice, indeed, at having witnessed the death of a lying and comfort-loving Europe and at being faced with cruel truths.^ At which point those of us who want to can get back to liking Europe without having to make those subtle distinctions can do so.
    • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

    ^ And if we are not capable of running them, us being a province of EUrope will not change that.
    • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

    .
  • Over there, in Europe, all was shame and anger.^ There is widespread and angry opposition to this and not just from Britain but from all over Europe.
    • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

    ^ Above all there is her sheer refusal to concede that there might be any rational basis for British loathing, not of Europe itself, but of being ruled by EUrope.
    • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

    Here it was exile or solitude, among these languid and agitated madmen who danced in order to die.

Unification of Europe

.
  • One day, on the model of the United States of America, a United States of Europe will come into being.^ One day soon, America may wake to find itself facing a wealthy superpower of 470 million people.
    • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

    ^ Keeping Britain both in the [United States of Europe] and outside of it militarily, diplomatically, and monetarily should become a prime U.S. objective in foreign policy.
    • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

    ^ Countries such as Sweden, Holland, and Denmark, which initially pledged to let migrants from the 10 new states work freely in their countries from day one have changed their minds.
    • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

    .
  • That in order to achieve the triumph of liberty, justice and peace in the international relations of Europe, and to render civil war impossible among the various peoples which make up the European family, only a single course lies open: to constitute the United States of Europe
  • The Federated Republic of Europe—the United States of Europe—that is what must be.^ (I'm only making this up if Tony Robinson was too.
    • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

    ^ June 01, 2003 Sunday The British Government caught red-handed Perry de Havilland (London) European Union • UK affairs (40) Former Italian prime minister Lamberto Dini , one of the people drawing up the new European Constitution on the EU Convention on the Future of Europe , has flatly and explicitly contradicted British ministers who claimed that the new constitution is only a 'tidying up exercise'.
    • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

    ^ September 12, 2007 Wednesday Euro-Newspeak Perry de Havilland (London) Civil liberty/regulation • European Union (18) Orwell imagined a political order that would try to change people by expunging certain terms from the vocabulary in order to make the very concepts those words represent un-knowable.
    • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

    National autonomy no longer suffices. Economic evolution demands the abolition of national frontiers. .If Europe is to remain split into national groups, then Imperialism will recommence its work.^ With national socialists already on the march throughout much of Europe, that's going to be like throwing a match into a tinderbox .
    • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

    ^ Why must the nations of EUrope homogenise themselves into one nation?
    • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

    ^ Remaining EU 15 nations are projected to suffer losses in working population ranging from the manageable (France, minus 8%) to the catastrophic (Spain, minus 35%, Italy, minus 41%).
    • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

    .Only a Federated Republic of Europe can give peace to the world.^ Only the anarcho-capitalist option of voluntary exchange and contract seems capable of offering a peaceful alternative to a World State.
    • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

    ^ The only argument consistently employed by the federasts is that submission to the Euro and a federal Europe is inevitable so you might as well just plunge in right now and get it all over with.
    • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

    .
  • If Ireland is to become a new Ireland she must first become European.^ 'First World' will come to mean the USA, Switzerland, Japan (maybe), Canada (maybe), Australia and new Zealand and, if it finally breaks clear of the European suicide pact, Britain and possibly even Ireland.
    • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

    ^ In effect, the other European states must become petit France .
    • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

    ^ But it is only the first step in meeting the European and global political challenges that the new Europe must address.
    • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

    .
  • Whatever else may divide us, Europe is our common home; a common fate has linked us through the centuries, and it continues to link us today.^ This website is our invitation to you to discuss with us your ideas, hopes and worries for Europe's future.
    • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

    ^ In today's Telegraph's opinion section, Ambrose Evans-Pritchard is concerned that "while we liberate Iraq, Europe is busy planning to enslave us": .
    • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

    ^ Whatever else it may or may not have achieved, the Iraq war has driven a coach and horses through the fond ambitions of the enarques .
    • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

    .
  • We are asking the nations of Europe between whom rivers of blood have flowed to forget the feuds of a thousand years.^ They say that the EEUUGGHH! will end a thousand years of Britain's history as a sovereign nation.
    • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

    ^ In continental Europe, by contrast, unemployment has been stuck between 8 and 11 per cent since 1991 and growth has reached 3 per cent only once in those 14 years.
    • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

    ^ Between now and the Italian national polls next year, it would be smart to keep a very close eye on the euro zone financial markets indeed.
    • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

    .
  • Why should there not be a European group which could give a sense of enlarged patriotism and common citizenship to the distracted peoples of this turbulent and mighty continent?^ I do not even grasp what he is talking about, let alone understand why even more money should be appropriated from people to pay for that sublimely corrupt institution.
    • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

    ^ It does give us cause for a deeply ironic chuckle when we see him being compared to Winston Churchill in the foreign press.
    • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

    ^ Never again should Europeans be forced to watch in frustration as the Americans give some tinpot dictator a good kicking.
    • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

    .And why should it not take its rightful place with other great groupings and help to shape the onward destinies of men?^ On the other hand, according to the official, there was concern on the parliament's side that a national government should not be allowed to dictate the composition of the group.
    • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

    ^ Prodi is on an honesty roll as he notes: "I wonder what makes this great nation happy to be a junior partner in a transatlantic relationship, but afraid to take its rightful place alongside its European allies?"
    • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

    .
  • If Europe were once united in the sharing of its common inheritance there would be no limit to the happiness, the prosperity, and the glory which its 300,000,000 or 400,000,000 people would enjoy.^ But then people began to talk about a single currency, a master race that would sweep throughout Europe.
    • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

    ^ For a start, there are no good ideas in Western Europe but there is a mountain of 'Very Bad Ideas' and no shortage of people who know how to disseminate them very effectively.
    • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

    ^ The passion that the romantic vision of a united Europe once provoked was the result of a world-view which we cannot understand.
    • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

  • My revenge is fraternity! No more frontiers! The Rhine for everyone! .Let us be the same Republic, let us be the United States of Europe, let us be the continental federation, let us be European liberty, let us be universal peace!^ I mean, there is no way in hell that he would sign up the Tory Party to be a member of a group within the European 'parliament' who had a charter objective that included "the realisation of a United States of Europe", right?
    • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

    ^ Keeping Britain both in the [United States of Europe] and outside of it militarily, diplomatically, and monetarily should become a prime U.S. objective in foreign policy.
    • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

    ^ The candidate should have strong political experience and international influence; the ability to communicate well; and the desire to draw the United States of America and Europe closer together.
    • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

    .
    • Victor Hugo August 21, 1849 in Paris in his opening Address to the Peace Congress.
  • A day will come when all nations on our continent will form a European brotherhood...^ June 21, 2004 Monday Myth guided David Carr (London) European Union (6) Our Glorious Leader is seeking the Holy Grail of truth : .
    • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

    ^ The only thing we can do is save our nation and watch from the sidelines as this 'tide of history' drowns all those it engulfs.
    • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

    ^ But, aside from our relationship with the Americans, there is one issue on which the isolationists and I see eye-to-eye and that is the matter of the European Union; when it comes to the EU, I am the Mother-of-all-Isolationists.
    • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

    A day will come when we shall see... the .United States of America and the United States of Europe face to face, reaching out for each other across the seas.^ Keeping Britain both in the [United States of Europe] and outside of it militarily, diplomatically, and monetarily should become a prime U.S. objective in foreign policy.
    • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

    ^ Well, now the smug grins of satisfaction are on the other faces and the Wankers of the world are united in their creeping realisation that they bought a pup.
    • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

    ^ The candidate should have strong political experience and international influence; the ability to communicate well; and the desire to draw the United States of America and Europe closer together.
    • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

    .
  • Europe thus divided into nationalities freely formed and free internally, peace between States would have become easier: the United States of Europe would become a possibility.^ American military) and it is NATO, not the EEC/EU, that was responsible for the peace of post war Western Europe, which may well be why so many Europeans hate the United States - people often hate those they have long depended on.
    • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

    ^ In a world state, pesky local regulatory differences would be obliterated and replaced by a rational grid of laws from which no escape was possible.
    • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

    ^ With national socialists already on the march throughout much of Europe, that's going to be like throwing a match into a tinderbox .
    • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

    .
  • The ocean is rough and whirling, and the currents go to two possible endings: the autocrat, or the United States of Europe'.
    • Carlo Cattaneo
  • Does this boat go to Europe, France?^ The first two of these to be built were in the United States: the George Washington Bridge in New York and the Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco.
    • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

    ^ Keeping Britain both in the [United States of Europe] and outside of it militarily, diplomatically, and monetarily should become a prime U.S. objective in foreign policy.
    • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

    ^ The candidate should have strong political experience and international influence; the ability to communicate well; and the desire to draw the United States of America and Europe closer together.
    • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

    • Anita Loos

Politics of Europe

  • A spectre is haunting Europe—the spectre of communism.
  • When Paris sneezes, Europe catches cold.
    • Metternich

Definitions of Europe by geography or culture

.
  • So there is no single European people.^ For a start, there are no good ideas in Western Europe but there is a mountain of 'Very Bad Ideas' and no shortage of people who know how to disseminate them very effectively.
    • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

    ^ If the people who flew the aircraft into the WTC were mostly French and German, no doubt there would be more of an imperitive to secure French and German co-operation.
    • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

    ^ There is no doubt that 2004 ought to have been a great year, the year East Europeans became full members of a revived, streamlined and more democratised European Union.
    • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

    There is no single all-embracing community of culture and tradition among, say, Warsaw, Amsterdam, Berlin and Belgrade. In fact, there are at least four communities: the Northern Protestant, the Latin Catholic, the Greek Orthodox, and the Muslim Ottoman. .There is no single language - there are more than twenty.^ The rest does not matter (and, besides, UKIP are probably no more hostile to immigration than is our current Labour Home Secretary).
    • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

    ^ That is no more 'putting up shutters' than the manner in which the US and UK interacted with Nazi Germany.
    • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

    ^ I have no doubt whatsoever as to which side will emerge triumphant but what worries me deeply is that Britain is already more than half-way signed up to the wrong side.
    • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

    (...) .There are no real European political parties (...^ The political classes of Europe may disagree on many things but of on one issue there is no dissent: the European Union and the overriding importance of creating a country called 'Europe'.
    • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

    ^ Antoine Clarke (London) European Union (7) The election results from Belgium are the usual mess: there are two sets of political parties, which hate each other on linguistic as well as political grounds.
    • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

    ^ There is no doubt that 2004 ought to have been a great year, the year East Europeans became full members of a revived, streamlined and more democratised European Union.
    • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

    ). .And most significantly of all: unlike the United States, Europe still does not have a common story.^ Well, we have been smacked; smacked with the bill for paying for all this recycling which Europe's state-backed monopoly giants will simply pass onto us consumers.
    • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

    ^ Keeping Britain both in the [United States of Europe] and outside of it militarily, diplomatically, and monetarily should become a prime U.S. objective in foreign policy.
    • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

    ^ Unlike most of continental Europe, there is a significant anti-statist element in the mainstream of British society...
    • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

  • Europe is not really even a geographic entity; it is separated from Asia only at one point, the Bosphorus, by a small stretch of water. North of that there is continuity over the russians steppes, a complete terrestrial flow. I suggest that is also true of culture, and indeed of social organization. Indeed Europe has never been purely isolated, purely Christian. Instead of Christian Europe, one has to see the continent as penetrated by the three world religions that originated in the Near East and which indeed had a common mythology or sacred text; in order of arrival these were Judaism, Christianity and Islam. (...) All have equal entitlements to be present, and in this general ('objective') sense none can be considered only as the Other; they are part of Europe, part of our heritage.
  • As to the territorial limits of Europe, they may seem relatively clear on its seaward flanks, but many island groups far to the north and west—Svalbard, the Faroes, Iceland, and the Madeira and Canary islands—are considered European, while Greenland (though tied politically to Denmark) is conventionally allocated to North America. Furthermore, the Mediterranean coastlands of North Africa and southwestern Asia also exhibit some European physical and cultural affinities. Turkey and Cyprus in particular, while geologically Asian, possess elements of European culture and may be regarded as parts of Europe.
  • The peoples of Europe are a work in progress and always must be... .The history of the people of Europe has not ended -- it never will.^ The EU's leaders have never explained in a manner that makes simultaneous sense to all of EUrope's people.
    • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

    Ethnogenesis is a process of the present and future as much as it is the past. No efforts of romantics, politicians, or social scientists can preserve once and for all some essential soul of a people or nation. Nor can any effort ensure that nations, ethnic groups, and communities of today will not vanish utterly in the future. The past may have set the parameters within which one can build the future, but it cannot determine what that future must be.
    • Patrick J. Geary, The Myth of Nations: The Medieval Origins of Europe, Princeton University Press, 2003
  • Oui, c'est l'Europe, depuis l'Atlantique jusqu'à l'Oural, c'est l'Europe, c'est toute l'Europe, qui décidera du destin du monde!
    • Translation: Yes, it is Europe, from the Atlantic to the Urals, it is Europe, it is the whole of Europe, that will decide the fate of the world.
    • Charles de Gaulle, 23 November 1959, Strasbourg.
  • Whoever speaks of Europe is wrong: it is a geographical expression.
    • Otto Von Bismarck, speech to Reichstag, 14 May 1872
  • Europe is so well gardened that it resembles a work of art, a scientific theory, a neat metaphysical system. Man has re-created Europe in his own image.
  • If you live in Europe... things change... but continuity never seems to break. You don't have to throw the past away.
  • Europe has what we do not have yet, a sense of the mysterious and inexorable limits of life, a sense, in a word, of tragedy. And we have what they sorely need: a sense of life’s possibilities.
  • Two principles, according to the Settembrinian cosmogony, were in perpetual conflict for possession of the world: force and justice, tyranny and freedom, superstition and knowledge; the law of permanence and the law of change, of ceaseless fermentation issuing in progress. One might call the first the Asiatic, the second the European principle.
  • Purity of race does not exist. Europe is a continent of energetic mongrels.
    • Herbert Albert Laurens Fisher, A history of Europe, Houghton Mifflin Company, 1939, p.14
  • I know that Europe’s wonderful, yet something seems to lack; The Past is too much with her, and the people looking back.
  • Hey, this is Europe. We took it from nobody; we won it from the bare soil that the ice left. The bones of our ancestors, and the stones of their works, are everywhere. Our liberties were won in wars and revolutions so terrible that we do not fear our governors: they fear us. Our children giggle and eat ice-cream in the palaces of past rulers. We snap our fingers at kings. We laugh at popes. When we have built up tyrants, we have brought them down. And we have nuclear *fucking* weapons. .
    • Ken Macleod
  • Africa north of the Sahara, from a zoological point of view, is now, and has been since early Tertiary times, a part of Europe.^ The relative economic decline of "old" Europe since the early 1990s - especially of Germany and Italy, but also of the Netherlands and France - has been a disaster almost unparalleled in modern history.
    • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

    ^ But Mr Cameron also states that this time (1957) was a time when the European Economic Community (EEC, now the EU) had to deal with a Europe that had been devastated by war, that was under the threat of Soviet attack, and was on the point of economic collapse.
    • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

    This is true both of animals and of the races of man.
    • Madison Grant, The Passing of the Great Race, Scribner's sons, 1916, p.137

Europe and the World

  • The immense popularity of American movies abroad demonstrates that Europe is the unfinished negative of which America is the proof.
  • I've come to think of Europe as a hardcover book, America as the paperback version.
    • Don Delillo
  • It is a complex fate, being an American, and one of the responsibilities it entails is fighting against a superstitious evaluation of Europe.
  • Europe cannot confine itself to the cultivation of its own garden.
    • Juan Carlos of Spain
  • In America the cohesion was a matter of choice and will. But in Europe it was organic.
  • The time to enjoy a European tour is about three weeks after you unpack.
  • Until now when we have started to talk about the uniqueness of America we have almost always ended by comparing ourselves to Europe. Toward her we have felt all the attraction and repulsions of Oedipus.
    • Daniel J Boorstin

Reaction to European Constitution

  • "The EU Constitution is something new in human history. .Though it is not as eloquent as the French and U.S. constitutions, it is the first governing document of its kind to expand the human franchise to the level of global consciousness.^ In simply refusing to recognise the outcome of the first referendum, the government makes the point of the No campaigners more eloquently than a thousand speeches.
    • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

    ^ Tony Blair insisted, however, that the humiliating inability of heads of government to get beyond the first items on the summit agenda did not spell doom for the constitution.
    • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

    The language throughout the draft constitution speaks of universalism, making it clear that its focus is not a people, or a territory, or a nation, but rather the human race and the planet we inhabit."
    • Jeremy Rifkin in Utne, 24 October 2004
  • “[The Constitution] will seal the victory of the nation-states over the European 'super-state'".
    • Le Figaro (France), 21 April 2004
  • "The EU Constitution safeguards national sovereignty of Member States."
    • Guilherme Oliveira Martins (Portugese Socialist MP), 19 June 2004
  • "This is a Constitution … which consecrates the EU as a union of sovereign states, which continues not to opt for federal institutions."
    • El Mundo (Spain), 20 June 2004
  • "This Constitution does not reflect the thoughts, hopes and aspirations of ordinary people. It does nothing for jobs or economic growth and widens further still the democratic deficit. The gap between the governors and the governed is now a gaping chasm."
    • Nigel Farage (Leader of UK Independence Party), 24 September 2003
  • "A consensus [that] has been established … around the British concept of a market system stretching from the Atlantic to the Urals, accompanied by intergovernmental co-operation in areas where collective action is more efficient, and a security policy integrated with that of the USA."
    • Nicolas Baverez (French commentator and author), 2003
  • "There is no place for concern that it would change the structure and operation of the EU in a radical way. 90% of the constitution agreement is already in the current agreements. The innovations in the draft will clarify the structure of the EU and make its activity more efficient, as well as strengthen citizens’ rights."
    • Egils Levits (Latvian ECJ Judge), Quoted in “Latvijas avize”, 21 June 2004
  • "Europe is and will be a Union of States."
  • "The British won the day."
    • Corriere della Sera (Italy), 19 Jun 2004
  • "An extraordinary disappointment."
    • Elmar Brok MEP (German federalist), Economist, 31 May 2003
  • "I want to kill myself."
    • Giuliano Amato (Italian federalist),Telegraph, 24 May 2003

Travel guide

Up to date as of January 14, 2010

From Wikitravel

Europe [1] encompasses an area of 10,400,000 km² (4,000,000 square miles), stretching from Asia to the Atlantic, and from Africa to the Arctic. It is one of the world’s seven continents. .European countries welcome more than 480 million international visitors per year, more than half of the global market, and 7 of the 10 most visited countries are European nations.^ January 21, 2002 Monday All animals are equal David Carr (London) European Union But some animals are more equal than others .
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ The scoundrels in Brussels have sold the European people a lot of things: a single market, the euro, the lifting of many border controls and, most recently, a binding global climate policy.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Will the people of this country not accept more readily the institutions of the EU if they are confident that decisions are taken by democratically elected Ministers, rather than by unelected bureaucrats?
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

.It's easy to see why - a well preserved cultural heritage, open borders and efficient infrastructure makes visiting Europe a breeze, and rarely will you have to travel more than a few hours before you can immerse yourself in a new culture, and dive into a different Phrasebook.^ LOUIS: Why didn't you say so before?
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ However if you want to see a glimpse of the true future of 'democratic' Europe, don't look at Italy or Austria, look at post-war 'democratic' Bosnia-Herzegovina.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ The more it is absorbed into the European project the more it will distance itself from self-government and the more it will be excluded from the huge economic and technological successes for which it is qualified by history and culture.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

Understand

History

.Europe probably has more human history packed into it than any place on the earth.^ The rest does not matter (and, besides, UKIP are probably no more hostile to immigration than is our current Labour Home Secretary).
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ The more it is absorbed into the European project the more it will distance itself from self-government and the more it will be excluded from the huge economic and technological successes for which it is qualified by history and culture.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ We do not have to be ruled by EUrope in order to have European style cafés in London, any more than we have to be ruled by China to have Chinese Restaurants.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

.Starting with ancient Greece and the Roman Empire, the spread of Christianity, the Viking Age, through the Renaissance, to the development of the nation states which explored the world and built empires (Great Britain, Spain, Portugal, France and the Netherlands), and in the past century the World Wars and the growth of the European Union, ...^ Left-wing Labour MPs are girding themselves for a rebellion over a European Union plan which they say could spell the end of the National Health Service .
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ The British Council belongs to EUNIC , the European Union National Institutes for Culture, and this new organisation was launched on the 21st February 2007 (pdf file).
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ David Carr (London) European Union • North American affairs The world is a complex and confusing place oftentimes.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

in .Europe you won't go short on history.^ Go and buy a history book if you don't believe me.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

Geography

Europe's longest river is the Volga, which meanders 3,530 km (2,193 miles) through Russia, and flows into the Caspian Sea. Europe's highest point is Russia's Mt. Elbrus, which rises to 5,642 m (18,510 feet) above sea level. Western Europe's highest point is Mont Blanc in the French-Italian Alps, which rises to 4,810 m (15,771 feet) above sea level. .Other important high mountain ranges include the Pyrenees between France and Spain and the Carpathians that run through Central Europe to the Balkans.^ "In retrospect, all Sweden got was to put itself at a disadvantage in a car market that still includes, Britain, Japan, India, and various other important places.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Remaining EU 15 nations are projected to suffer losses in working population ranging from the manageable (France, minus 8%) to the catastrophic (Spain, minus 35%, Italy, minus 41%).
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

Cyprus is also considered part of Europe.

Climate

Europe's climate ranges from subtropical near the Mediterranean Sea in the south, to subarctic near the Barents Sea and Arctic Ocean in the northern latitudes. There is much here for the traveller to enjoy, with a bewildering array of diversity and languages and culture, cosmopolitan cities and spectacular scenery, let alone some of the leading cities of the world.
Map of Europe's regions
Map of Europe's regions
Balkans
Baltic states
Britain and Ireland
Caucasus
Central Europe
France and the Benelux
Greece, Turkey, and Cyprus
Iberia
Italy
Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus
Scandinavia
Note: Parts of Russia, Turkey and the Caucasus are sometimes considered to be a part of Asia due to both culture, history and geography.

Cities

These are the nine most visited European cities, in order of popularity:
  • Paris - The capital of romance (and France) on the banks of the Seine
  • London - Britain's vibrant and truly multicultural capital
  • Istanbul - The only major city to span two continents and a fascinating melting pot of East and West.
  • Rome - The eternal city of seven hills and two and a half thousand years of history
  • Barcelona - Gaudi's cosmopolitan home on Mediterranean coast
  • Moscow - Europe's largest city is famous for it's nightlife and the iconic Kremlin
  • Prague - Magic city with it's renowned bridges spanning the Vltava River
  • Athens - The cradle of western civilization is teeming with historic monuments
  • Amsterdam - Canals, Rembrandt, Hashish and red laterns, the epicentre of liberal atitudes
  • Alps - Very popular mountain range for skiing, with the Mont Blanc as its highest peak.
  • Cinque Terre National Park, Italy - A gorgeous national park, which connects five picturesque villages.
  • Bialowieza National Park - The last and largest remaining parts of the immense primeval forest that once spread across the European Plain.
  • Blue Lagoon - Amazing geothermal spa with the water temperature around 40 °C all year round, even in freezing conditions.
  • La Alhambra - Part fortress, part palace, part garden and part government city, a stunning medieval complex overlooking Granada.
  • Neuschwanstein Castle - The well-known fairy-tale castle in the Bavarian highlands.
  • Meteora - Six Eastern Orthodox monasteries built on natural sandstone rock pillars.
  • Plitvice National Park - Beautiful turquoise-colored lakes surrounded by a large forest complex.
  • Stonehenge - The well-known Neolithic and Bronze Age stone monument located on Salisbury Plain.

Countries

Europe is a continent of many wildly different countries. .A subset of these countries are in the slow and painful process of coming together as the European Union (EU).^ The European Union symbolises the ability of countries to come together to tackle common problems.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Natalie Solent (Essex) European Union (20) Over at EU Referendum under the heading "Caught red-handed" there is an instructive YouTube video.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ February 16, 2005 Wednesday Kyoto comes into effect Alex Singleton (London) European Union (20) The Kyoto Protocol comes into effect today.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

.Not all EU countries have adopted the euro (€), the European Union single currency (see Buy), while a few countries outside the EU have adopted it.^ January 21, 2002 Monday All animals are equal David Carr (London) European Union But some animals are more equal than others .
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ The reason for my discomfort, apart from the source of the paper , was its argument that the interaction of a single currency and e-commerce will forge powerful synergies across the euro zone, enhance European competitiveness and accelerate the emergence of pan-European capital market.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Natalie Solent (Essex) European Union (20) Over at EU Referendum under the heading "Caught red-handed" there is an instructive YouTube video.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

.Likewise, most — but not all — EU members and a few non-EU countries have have joined the Schengen agreement, which abolished border controls between them (see Get in).^ If the EU really wants freer trade, it should start by challenging the price control systems of its own member states.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ The Maltese will see, in its rudest form, what being a member of the EU means.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ If you live in a EU country, in a few years, you could be subjected to the new European arrest warrant .
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

Here is a handy reference table, up to date as of 2009:
Country Symbol Currency EU member Schengen
implemented
Time zone³ Eurail InterRail
Albania AL, .al ALL n n CET n n
Andorra AND, .ad EUR n n5 CET n n
Armenia ARM, .am AMD n n +4 n n
Austria A, .at EUR 1995 y CET y y
Belarus BY, .by BYR n n EET n n
Belgium B, .be EUR 1958 y CET y y
Bosnia and Herzegovina BIH, .ba BAM n n CET y y
Bulgaria BG, .bg BGN 2007 n EET n y
Croatia HR, .hr HRK n CET n y
Cyprus CY, .cy EUR 2004 n CET n n
Czech Republic CZ, .cz CZK 2004 y CET n y
Denmark DK, .dk DKK 1973 y CET y y
Estonia EST, .ee EEK 2004 y EET n n
Finland FIN, .fi EUR 1995 y EET y y
France F, .fr EUR 1958 y CET y y
Germany D, .de EUR 1958 y CET y y
Greece GR, .gr EUR 1981 y EET y y
Hungary H, .hu HUF 2004 y CET y y
Iceland IS, .is ISK n y WET n n
Ireland IRL, .ie EUR 1973 n WET y y
Italy I, .it EUR 1958 y CET y y
Kosovo6 KS (.rs) EUR n n CET n n
Latvia LV, .lv LVL 2004 y EET n n
Liechtenstein FL, .li CHF n y CET n n
Lithuania LT, .lt LTL 2004 y EET n n
Luxembourg L, .lu EUR 1958 y CET y y
Macedonia MK, .mk MKD n¹ n CET n y
Malta M, .mt EUR 2004 y CET n n
Moldova MD, .md MDL n n EET n n
Monaco MC, .mc EUR n n5 CET n n
Montenegro MNE, .me (.yu) EUR n CET n y
Netherlands NL, .nl EUR 1958 y CET y y
Norway N, .no NOK n y CET y y
Poland PL, .pl PLN 2004 y CET n y
Portugal P, .pt EUR 1986 y WET y y
Romania RO, .ro RON 2007 n EET y y
Russia RU, .ru (.su) RUB n n MSK4 n n
San Marino RSM, .sm EUR n n5 CET n n
Serbia SRB, .rs (.yu) RSD2 n n CET n y
Slovakia SK, .sk EUR 2004 y CET n y
Slovenia SLO, .si EUR 2004 y CET n y
Spain E, .es EUR 1986 y CET y y
Sweden S, .se SEK 1995 y CET y y
Switzerland CH, .ch CHF n y CET y y
Turkey TR, .tr TRY n EET n y
Ukraine UA, .ua UAH n n EET n n
United Kingdom GB, .uk GBP 1973 n WET n y
Vatican City V, .va EUR n n5 CET n n
¹ Official EU applicant countries.
² Kosovo uses the Euro as its official currency.
³ Winter time. In summer (last Sunday in March to Saturday before last Sunday in October): WET → WEST (UTC+0 → +1), CET → CEST (+1 → +2), EET → EEST (+2 → +3)
4 Russia uses multiple time zones. EET in Kaliningrad Oblast, MSK (UTC+3) in Moscow, up to UTC+12 on Chukotka and Kamchatka.
5 Officially not a Schengen member, but Schengen visa holders are generally allowed entry.
6 Independence disputed, claimed by Serbia.

Get in

Rules for entering Europe depend on where you are going. .EU/EFTA citizens can travel freely throughout the continent (except Russia, Belarus and the Caucasus), so the following assumes you are not one.^ If anti-EU activists ever manage to start mounting effective resistance to the EU and actually undermining its authority, do you seriously doubt that laws suppressing what we say and do will not follow?
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ For an example of anti-EU sentiments allied to deep and festering suspicion of the USA, you need look no further than Air Strip One .
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ The borders will disappear, people will be able to travel freely We'll be able to study in EU countries for free We'll be able to work anywhere in the EU We'll get a large chunk of money from Brussels More security .
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

.If you are entering a Schengen country and you plan to visit only other Schengen countries, you need only one Schengen visa.^ For an example of anti-EU sentiments allied to deep and festering suspicion of the USA, you need look no further than Air Strip One .
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ On the other hand one can hardly be too sad at the removal of Messrs Kinnock and Patten and their replacement by only one bureaucrat.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ The EUro-ratchet effect means that it only needs one British politician to relax on any particular issue, usually as part of an attempt to hold back the inevitable on some other front, for the deal to be done.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

.As of January 2010 only the citizens of the following non-EU/EEA/Swiss countries do not need a visa for entry into the Schengen Area; note that they must not stay longer than three months in half a year and must not work while in the EU: Andorra, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Australia, Bahamas, Barbados, Bermuda, Brazil, Brunei, Canada, Chile, Costa Rica, Croatia, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Israel, Japan, Macedonia*, Malaysia, Mauritius, Mexico, Monaco, Montenegro*, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Saint Kitts and Nevis, San Marino, Serbia*/**, Seychelles, Singapore, South Korea, United States, Uruguay, Vatican City, Venezuela, additionally persons holding British National (Overseas), Hong Kong SAR or Macau SAR passports.^ British relations with the United States and Canada are just fine, thanks...
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ In 1997 only three of the fifteen EU countries had Conservative governments.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ The agriculture negotiations are one of the sticking points in the wide-ranging trade talks, pitting the EU variously against the United States, Canada, New Zealand, Australia and Argentina.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

Note that
  • while British subjects with the right of abode in the United Kingdom and British Overseas Territories citizens connected to Gibraltar are considered "United Kingdom nationals for European Union purposes" and therefore eligible for unlimited access to the Schengen Area,
  • British Overseas Territories citizens without the right of abode in the United Kingdom and British subjects without the right of abode in the United Kingdom as well as British Overseas citizens and British protected persons in general do require visas.
.However, all British Overseas Territories citizens except those solely connected to the Cyprus Sovereign Base Areas are eligible for British citizenship and thereafter unlimited access to the Schengen Area.^ It will, however, be based on the grounds that you are willing to work with us and also all contentious issues being discussed before the commencement of this transaction.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ And so we judge George Galloway's behaviour to be an act of treason undermining the security of the country as well as condemn all those who do the same by imposing the EU Tranzi agenda on the British sovereign.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

Further note that
(*) Macedonian, Montenegrin and Serbian citizens need a biometric passport to enjoy visa-free travel and
(**) Serbian citizens with passports issued by the Serbian Coordination Directorate (Serbs residing in Kosovo) still do need a visa.
It is important to note that the 90 days visa-free stay applies for the whole Schengen area, i.e. it is not 90 days per country as some assume. .Citizens of the above countries who wish to travel around Europe for longer than 90 days must apply for a residency permit.^ Poverty was measured as that proportion of the population who had less than 60% of the country's median disposable income.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Any insult which includes reference to national stereotypes can only be directed against a person or persons who is/are permanently domiciled in or citizens of the country to which the said stereotype is applicable.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Insults may not be directed at persons who are merely resident in such countries.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

.This can be done in any Schengen country, but Germany or Italy are recommended, because many other countries require applicants to apply from their home countries.^ Countries like Britain, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, have large 'welfare' states but they do so by parasitically drawing wealth out of their large wealth creating capitalist economies...
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Provided the text meets the required standards, the applicant will be given permission to hold their conversation with such other person or persons as are identified in the initial application.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Some European countries, such as Italy, Germany and Sweden, have a significant number of non-state airports, but not France.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

Non-Schengen countries, on the other hand, maintain their own immigration policies. Consult the country article in question for details. If you wish to visit a non-Schengen country and return to the Schengen area, you will need a multiple-entry visa. .It should be noted that Bulgaria, Romania, Ireland, and the United Kingdom are EU members, but they are not part of the Schengen Area.^ As England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland all use the same coins, one of the four coins has to feature a bridge from each of the four constituent countries of the United Kingdom.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ He added that any members of a parliament delegation have to remember that they are representing the views of the EU assembly and not their own personal view points.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ If the EU really wants freer trade, it should start by challenging the price control systems of its own member states.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

.To add confusion Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Iceland and Norway are not EU members but part of the Schengen area.^ Leaders from the EU's 25 member states are taking part in celebrations, after a night of festivities heralded its historic expansion.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

.The implications of this are simple: countries in the EU maintain similar customs controls.^ Mr Jenkin maintains that, despite phrases ostensibly respecting countries' obligations to Nato, the draft constitution would give the EU primacy over the transatlantic alliance.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ I want the EU to get its way and for there to be a dramatic shift in power from London to Brussels, with commensurate huge diminution in democratic control of the political process in this country.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

Therefore, one does not need to pass through customs when travelling to a non-Schengen EU country, but they may need to pass through immigration controls. .The converse is true for non-EU Schengen countries: you must pass through customs, but not immigration.^ If you live in a EU country, in a few years, you could be subjected to the new European arrest warrant .
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ "We respect trademarks of this kind within the EU, and you should therefore respect our trademarks outside the EU, and prevent non-EU farmers from using European geographical names on their products".
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ "Excuse me fellow Europeans, I am here to inform you that this venue must turn down the music to an EU-approved 83db.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

By plane

.The largest air travel hubs in Europe are, in order, London (LON: LCY, LHR, LGW, STN, LTN), Frankfurt (FRA, HHN), Paris (CDG, ORY), and Madrid (MAD) which in turn have connections to practically everywhere in Europe.^ We do not have to be ruled by EUrope in order to have European style cafés in London, any more than we have to be ruled by China to have Chinese Restaurants.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

.However, nearly every European city has direct long-distance flights at least to some destinations elsewhere, and other smaller airports can make sense for specific connections: for example, Vienna (VIE) has a very good network of flights to the Middle East and Eastern Europe, while Helsinki (HEL) is the geographically closest place to transfer if coming in from East Asia.^ The EU's leaders have never explained in a manner that makes simultaneous sense to all of EUrope's people.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ January 21, 2002 Monday All animals are equal David Carr (London) European Union But some animals are more equal than others .
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ For a start, there are no good ideas in Western Europe but there is a mountain of 'Very Bad Ideas' and no shortage of people who know how to disseminate them very effectively.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

.Western Europe is the largest air hub in the world with London, Paris, Frankfurt, Amsterdam, Dublin, Manchester, Brussels all within an hours flying distance from each other.^ Ireland, they all argued, has done well out of Brussels; now let's give eastern Europe the same opportunity.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ There are not many Brits working for Brussels' think tanks, bringing expertise from the London think tank world, which may be part of the problem.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ The think tank world in Brussels - all around the political spectrum - is thirty years behind the United States.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

From East Asia, Hong Kong and Bangkok are served by long-haul flights to most major European cities.

By train

The Trans-Siberian Railway from Beijing and Vladivostok to Moscow is a classic rail journey. .Also after the finalized construction of a railway link between Kazakhstan and China, the Historic Silk Road is becoming increasingly popular with adventurers, trying to beat down a new path, this new Almaty - Urumqi service runs twice per week, and Almaty is easily reached from Moscow by train.^ It has become increasingly obvious that European integration means transfer of authority to ever greater number of EU institutions, further from the reach of the member states' citizens.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ We need a new 3-way historic compromise between economy, society and environment.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

Other options include several connections to the middle east, offered by the Turkish Railways (TCDD) [2]. There are weekly services from Istanbul via Ankara to Tehran in Iran, and Damascus in Syria, as well as a sketchy service to Baghdad.

By ship

.It is still possible, but expensive, to do the classic transatlantic voyage between the United Kingdom and the United States.^ Personally I would still put it on the English coin, and insist that it had been chosen to emphasise "the close cooperation between England and the rest of the United Kingdon".
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

.The easiest option is by the historic, and only remaining Ocean Liner operator, Cunard Line[3], but expect to pay 1000-2000 USD for the 6 day voyage between Southampton and New York done around 10 times per year in each direction.^ And if that happens, it means it is only a matter of time before the other issues are gradually chipped away in the years to follow.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Countries such as Sweden, Holland, and Denmark, which initially pledged to let migrants from the 10 new states work freely in their countries from day one have changed their minds.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ In continental Europe, by contrast, unemployment has been stuck between 8 and 11 per cent since 1991 and growth has reached 3 per cent only once in those 14 years.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

If your pockets are not deep enough for this price range, your only other options of crossing the Atlantic are pretty much limited to Freighter travel. .There are several lines crossing the Mediterranean, the main ports of call in North Africa is Tangier in Morocco and Tunis in Tunisia (See Ferries in the Mediterranean for more details), but there is also a little known option of going via Cyprus where you can use Louis Cruises crossings to Port Said in Egypt and Haifa in Israel as a regular ferry service.^ LUCY: So, am I going to see you again?
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ There is already another more specific name for cheeses that do, which is "Parmigiano-Reggiano", and I have little problem with this name being restricted to cheeses from Parma, because it has never become generic.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ "You might not believe it, but Franco-British defence is going great guns", said a senior diplomat.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

.Keep in mind though, that you can only do this on routes out of Cyprus, and it requires special arrangements - Varianos Travel in Nicosia seem to be the only tour agency offering this option.^ Not to keep their own people in, mind, but to keep the undesirable Westerners out .
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Only the anarcho-capitalist option of voluntary exchange and contract seems capable of offering a peaceful alternative to a World State.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ It seems now, that when I hire someone, by the hour, to carry out a task for me, not only do I have to compensate them, at an agreed rate, for the disutility of their labour, but I also become in thrall to them.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

Get around

.There are no border controls between countries that have signed and implemented the Schengen Agreement.^ "At present there are absolutely no controls over the things people say to each other.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ The project was initially based on a voluntary scheme between certain Continental countries and is now being extended through harmonisation and Member States' agreement.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ I want the EU to get its way and for there to be a dramatic shift in power from London to Brussels, with commensurate huge diminution in democratic control of the political process in this country.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

.Likewise, a visa granted for any Schengen Agreement signatory country is valid in all other countries that signed and implemented the treaty.^ He signed the Maastricht treaty as promised in his manifesto but did not implement it and eventually ceded to Brown a de facto veto not just over the euro but over further European integration.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ The EU will have "exclusive competence" over trade, competition rules, common commercial policy, fisheries conservation and the signing of all international agreements.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ This nonsense seems all to be based on some Agreement that was signed a few years ago.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

.Be careful: not all EU members have signed the Schengen treaty, and not all Schengen treaty countries are members of the European Union.^ January 21, 2002 Monday All animals are equal David Carr (London) European Union But some animals are more equal than others .
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Natalie Solent (Essex) European Union (20) Over at EU Referendum under the heading "Caught red-handed" there is an instructive YouTube video.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ June 10, 2002 Monday Americans against the EU Brian Micklethwait (London) European Union Pellerito wants more links from this to other blogs.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

See the table above for the current list.
.Airports in Europe are thus divided into "Schengen" and "non-Schengen" sections, which effectively act like "domestic" and "international" sections elsewhere.^ With national socialists already on the march throughout much of Europe, that's going to be like throwing a match into a tinderbox .
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Regardless of the fate of the Iraqi regime, America will most likely get more American and, Europe, with the cancer of post-modernism coded into its DNA, will get more anti-American.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

.If you are flying from outside Europe into one Schengen country and continuing to another, you will clear Immigration and Customs at the first country and then continue to your destination with no further checks.^ The political classes of Europe may disagree on many things but of on one issue there is no dissent: the European Union and the overriding importance of creating a country called 'Europe'.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ "No further cases of SARS will be allowed into the European Union as this disease does not conform to European safety standards".
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ (Euro coins have one common side and one side that the country that would issues the particular coin into circulation can do what it likes with.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

Travel to and from a Schengen Agreement country to any other country will result in the normal border checks. .Note that, regardless of whether you traveling within Schengen or not, at some airports, airlines will still insist on seeing your ID card or passport.^ Note: If you want to fly on a DC-3 before your betters prevent you for your own good, you had better hurry.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Within 18 months all Europeans could be lumbered with a Green Tax on airline travel.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Do you see why so many of us find your seemingly blind adoration of all things Euroepan so laughable?
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

Main article: Rail travel in Europe
A German high-speed ICE train
A German high-speed ICE train
Especially in Western and Central Europe, the trains are fast, efficient and cost-competitive with flying. .High-speed trains like the French TGV, the German ICE, the Spanish AVE and the cross-border Eurostar and Thalys services speed along at up to 320 km/h (200 mph) and, when taking into account travel time to the airport and back, are often faster than taking the plane.^ Downing Street at first dismissed the convention as a talking shop, but woke up when the French, Spanish, German and Italian governments gave it irresistible authority by appointing to it their foreign or deputy prime ministers.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ If the people who flew the aircraft into the WTC were mostly French and German, no doubt there would be more of an imperitive to secure French and German co-operation.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ That approach fails to take into account both the influence that the US could still bring to bear and the fragility of the political project now approaching fruition.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

.The flip side is that tickets bought on the spot can be expensive, although there are good discounts available if you book in advance or take advantage of various deals.^ Don't you know that there is no destination printed on that ticket you've just bought to ride the Great Rattling Train of Regulation?
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ I actually bought the "Italian grated cheese" and not the much more expensive "parmesan" and although I had a sign to help me, I might well have figured it out even if I hadn't.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

.In particular, the Inter Rail (for Europeans) and Eurail (for everybody else) passes offer good value if you plan on traveling extensively around Europe (or even a single region) and want more flexibility than cheap plane tickets can offer.^ Even more than now, I mean.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Actually, I am even more extreme than that.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ This is what he wants and he wants it more than anything else.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

.The most extensive and most reliable train travel planner for all of Europe is the one belonging to the German railways (DB), which can be found here in English.^ But when the Council of Europe start urging the EU to regulate blogs like this one, it should be clear that none of the arguments which can be applied to broadcast media and or the press apply here.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Combatting spam has become a matter for us all, and has become one of the most significant issues facing the Internet today.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ And, one day, all of Europe will agree with you.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

EU Passenger Rights
.European Union (EU) Regulation 261/2004 of 17. February 2005 [4] gives certain rights to passenger on all flights, schedule or charter and flights provided as part of a Package Holiday.^ For certain, provided conditions are right.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ February 23, 2008 Saturday The EUvil Empire strikes again Dale Amon (Belfast, Northern Ireland/Laramie, Wy) Aerospace • European Union (22) The EU has determined that passenger flights by DC-3's flown by Air Atlantique Classic Flight or any one else must cease when new regulations come into effect on July 16th of this year.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ The British Council belongs to EUNIC , the European Union National Institutes for Culture, and this new organisation was launched on the 21st February 2007 (pdf file).
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

.It only applies to passengers flying from an EU airport or from an airport outside the EU to an EU airport on an EU carrier.^ The EU is enforcing such rules internally, because they can then argue for similar rules to apply outside the EU, and the EU believes that there are more such names in Europe than elsewhere.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

Denied Boarding
If:
  • you have a valid ticket
  • you have a confirmed reservation
  • you have checked in by the deadline given to you by the airline
Then you are entitled to a compensation, which is:
  • €250 if the flight is shorter than 1500 km
  • but only €125 if it is delayed less than 2 hours
  • €400 if the flight is between 1500 km and 3500 km
  • but only €200 if it is delayed less than 3 hours
  • €600 if the flight is longer than 3500 km
  • but only €300 if it is delayed less than 4 hours
  • and a refund of your ticket (with a free flight back to your initial point of departure, when relevant)
  • or alternative transport to your final destination.
The airline also have to cover the following expenses:
  • two telephone calls or emails, telexes or faxes
  • meals and refreshments in reasonable relation to the waiting time.
  • hotel accommodation if you are delayed overnight.
Usually they will give you a prepaid phone card, and vouchers for a restaurant and a hotel.
Refund for delayed flight
.If your flight is delayed 5 hours or longer you can get a refund of your ticket (with a free flight back to your initial point of departure, when relevant).^ Remember: what a business person can do across a border in minutes, hours, days can take a lawyer weeks, months, years to do across the same borders if you choose your borders well.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ In compliance with this you are to forward to me the following details: your complete names and addresses, confidential telephone and fax numbers, bank account details and all relevant account numbers.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ British state to use force against both you and your employer if you will insist on contributing to economic growth for longer than 48 hours in a week.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

.All flights within and from the European Union limit liquids, gels and creams in hand baggage to 100 mL/container, carried in a transparent, zip-lock plastic bag (1L or less).^ Gustave La Joie (Londres) European Union • French affairs (7) TF1, a French TV station carries this [link disabled] video report of a debate within France's Socialist Party, concerning the ratification of the EU Constitution.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ But the European Commission wants all member states to allow its police to carry out random tests.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ David Carr (London) European Union (8) According to super-rich, property magnate Will Hutton, we are all Europeans now : .
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

The bag must be presented during security checks and only one bag per passenger is permitted.

Discount airlines

Main article: Discount airlines in Europe
.Dozens of budget airlines allow very cheap travel around Europe, often much cheaper than the train or even bus fares for the same journey, although this fact should be balanced with consideration to the enviromental impact of short distant flights and the hassle of the airport experience.^ In fact, it is even worse than that.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Heaven forbid that the people of Europe should be allowed to buy really cheap clothes, as much as they want.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Member states should implement it even faster than they are doing already.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

.Currently the cheapest flights are offered by low cost airlines such as AirBerlin, Germanwings, EasyJet, Tuifly, Ryanair and WizzAir, with the lowest fares usually found on routes which go to or from cities in the United Kingdom, Germany, Sweden, Ireland, Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Slovenia and Hungary.^ The 15 old members welcomed in Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia and Slovenia at midnight.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ "Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovenia and Slovakia are all set to join the EU in May 2004."
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ As England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland all use the same coins, one of the four coins has to feature a bridge from each of the four constituent countries of the United Kingdom.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

.All of these flights should be booked on the internet well in advance, otherwise the price advantage may become non-existent.^ This is heavy-handed legislation which I believe should be withdrawn but all we may be able to do is a damage limitation exercise."
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Every new regulation from the EU seems to add to the pile, and the language of the EU is that Britain should become more like these countries, not that Europe should become more competitive.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ I think that anyone who has allowed themselves to become the sort of person who would sincerely defend these lies and abuses of democracy should be regarded as a weirdo.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

Always compare prices with major carriers like British Airways, Austrian Airlines or Lufthansa! .Only in very few cases prices are higher than € 80 on any airline when booking a month or more ahead of time (except on very long routes e.g.^ How long until George Bush scores a higher approval rating among Europeans than Brussels does?
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ It has taken me more than two months to get around to exhibiting these photos, for which apologies, but I presumably things have not changed that much since I took them.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Whilst nothing is certain in this life and two years is a long time in politics, I think a third term in the White House for Ronald Reagan is slightly more likely than him succeeding on that count.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

Dublin - Istanbul). .You should also make sure where the airport is located, since some low cost airlines name very small airports by the next major city, even if the distance is up to two hours drive by bus (e.g.^ Even the small details begin to back up Mark Steyn.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Even if that were not the case and, by some miracle, the 'no' campaign won a slim majority, we all know what happens next.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Labour has suffered the lowest share of the vote since the First World War, albeit on a very low turnout of voters.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

Ryan- and Wizzair's Frankfurt-Hahn, which is not Frankfurt/Main International).

By bus

Eurolines[5] connects over 500 destinations, covering the whole of the continent and Morocco. Eurolines allows travelling from Sicily to Helsinki and from Casablanca to Moscow.
Touring[6] (German variant of Eurolines), Sindbad[7] (Polish), Lasta[8] (from Serbia), Linebus[9] (Spanish) and National Express[10] (from the UK) are other options.
For longer distances, travelling by bus often isn't any cheaper than flying with a low cost airline. .It's worth considering if you travel at short notice, wish to see the countryside you are traveling through, have heavy luggage, or are keen on reducing your travel-related CO2 emissions.^ Do you see why so many of us find your seemingly blind adoration of all things Euroepan so laughable?
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ You do not own your own labour, it is no longer yours to give or not give, as you see fit.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

Main articles: Ferries in the Mediterranean, Ferry routes to British Mainland
The Baltic sea has several lines running between the major cities (for example Gdansk, Stockholm, Helsinki, Tallinn, Riga etc). Most ships are very large, parallelling Caribbean cruise liners in size and in service.
In the Atlantic, Smyril Line [11] is the only company sailing to the rather remote North Atlantic islands; Iceland and the Faroe Islands It sails from Denmark, which also host numerous lines to Norway and Sweden. From the British isles a huge number of lines still cross the English channel to France, despite the opening of the channel-tunnel. .And there are also numerous services to Denmark, the Benelux and even across the Biscay to Spain.^ An article at ZDNet UK says that the EU bureaucrats aren't even considering the numerous anti-software patenting opinions out there.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

Further south there is a weekly service from Portimão to the Canary Islands via the remote volcanic Madeira island.
.In the Mediterranean Sea a large number of ferries and cruise ships operate between Spain Italy and Southern France.^ Countries like Britain, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, have large 'welfare' states but they do so by parasitically drawing wealth out of their large wealth creating capitalist economies...
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ (To my eye, a remarkably large number of them resemble real bridges that are actually in France, but that might be just me).
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Some European countries, such as Italy, Germany and Sweden, have a significant number of non-state airports, but not France.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

And across the Italian peninsular ferries also ply across the Adriatic sea to Croatia and Greece, with Bari as the main terminal (out of many).
And finally The Black Sea also has several ferries plying across it's waters, albeit service can be fairly sketchy at times. Poti Istanbul and Sevastopol are the main ports, but nearly all the Black Sea ports has a ferry going somewhere, but rarely anywhere logical - i.e. often along the coast.
There are also various ferries on the larger lakes and for crossing rivers. Furthermore, there are several regularly running cruise-lines on the larger rivers like the Rhine, Danube and the Volga. .And boating excursions within Europe, particularly along the scenic rivers and between many of the islands in the Mediterranean , are an excellent way to combine travel between locations with an adventure along the way.^ The chances are that this particular item of fruitbattery is the result of the idiot collision between the separately sane - but when combined in Britain fruitbatarian legal traditions of Britain and of Continental Europe.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ In many ways the most significant feature of this is that it has made the intellectual and social disconnect between whole peoples in the EU's constituent nations impossible to paper over.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ In economic terms, it is somewhere in the mid-Atlantic - half way between Europe and America."
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

Accommodations range from very basic to extremely luxurious depending upon the company and class of travel selected. .Another famous line is the Hurtigruten cruise-ferries which sails all along Norways amazing coastline and fjords.^ First, of all, taxing on-line transactions is not specific to the EU, merely another thieving hand of the state.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

The ease of driving on the continent varies greatly, and as a general rule east and west of the old iron curtain are two different worlds. Western (old) Europe for the most part have good road conditions and a extensive and well developed highway network, whereas Eastern (new) Europe are still working hard on the great backlog left behind from socialist days. During vacations, especially during summer and Christmas vacations, driving on the highways can be hellish, particularly in Germany (listen for the word Stau in the automated traffic broadcasts).
.There are no uniform speed limits across the union, but the fabled free speed limits are rapidly becoming a thing of the past, and are now limited to a few sections of rural autobahn in Germany.^ The political classes of Europe may disagree on many things but of on one issue there is no dissent: the European Union and the overriding importance of creating a country called 'Europe'.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Although I don't know what it was like then, now there are plenty of celebs prepared to endorse a "No" campaign.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ There is no doubt that 2004 ought to have been a great year, the year East Europeans became full members of a revived, streamlined and more democratised European Union.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

The majority of highways have a 110-130 kph (70-80 mph) speed limit. .For North Americans a major difference is the right lane on highways are not the "fast lane" you're used to, but rather the "passing lane", it's illegal to overtake on the left, so you should only occupy the outer lane when you are overtaking someone, stay there, and you will have other vehicles tailgating while flashing their lights in annoyance.^ Until there is a meaningful choice, do not vote for anyone or you will be deluding yourself that you are making any significant difference.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ We may not see equal prices everywhere because there may be other factors affecting costs: land prices, distance, demographic differences, even the cultural acceptability of using medication.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ While I was here, you changed from driving on the left of the road to driving on the right.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

Remember to use turn signals when changing lanes.
.Except for priority streets (check the symbol in the table) there is a general duty to give way to traffic from your right in crossings and intersections, and other drivers have every expectation you adhere to this.^ But that's socialism for you, always failing, always another generation of idiots waiting to give it yet "another" try.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ If you keep exercising your constitutional right to choose, then the Brussels politicians are going to get very, very, very angry with you.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ And when you repeat, in that wooden and perfunctory way, that our situation is better than others, that we’re well place to weather the storm, I have to tell you, you sound like a Brezhnev-era Apparatchik giving the party line.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

.But in the ubiquitous roundabouts (circles) you find everywhere across the continent, cars already in the circle always have the right of way, don't give way to incoming drivers while in the roundabout, or you will mess up the system, potentially causing some nasty accidents.^ When some in Washington say that European policy in Iran has failed, my immediate reaction is that we need to find new ways to support reform there, not that we should put up the shutters.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ The EUnuchs will try and find some way to blame this whole farrago on the Americans in general and George Bush in particular.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ I have no doubt whatsoever as to which side will emerge triumphant but what worries me deeply is that Britain is already more than half-way signed up to the wrong side.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

Finally, don't do right turns on red lights, it's illegal, and because it's not common practice, also dangerous.
Avoid large cities if you are not used to driving in Europe. Most city centres were build long before the introduction of the auto-mobile, and were not meant to cope with the levels of traffic common these days. .So for the most part it's a slow, frustrating and potentially dangerous experience, and even then, finding a parking spot can potentially take hours and cost an arm and a leg when you finally find it.^ Remember: what a business person can do across a border in minutes, hours, days can take a lawyer weeks, months, years to do across the same borders if you choose your borders well.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ This chemicals ban, like measures such as "employment rights", paternity leave or 35-hour weeks, impose costs on the populace without a government having to take the potentially visible and unpopular step of raising taxes.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

Instead Park at the outskirts of town, where it is often free, and use the public transit system instead. .If you are renting, try to work around having a car while visiting big cities.^ Now once again today you tried to spread the blame around, you spoke about an international recession; an international crisis.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

  • Age: Almost everywhere, especially in the EU, you need to be 18 years old to drive, even supervised, and in countries with Learning schemes, it's usually an exhaustive procedure to get a permit, and rarely applicable to foreign citizens anyway. Exceptions include Portugal, Ireland and the UK.
  • Equipment
    • A warning triangle is compulsory nearly anywhere, and so is using it in case of breakdowns.
    • Hi-Visibility (reflective) vests are compulsory in Austria, Belgium, Croatia, France, Germany, Italy, Norway, Portugal and Spain and gaining popularity elsewhere.
    • Headlamp Adjusters are also compulsory equipment in many countries.
  • Paperwork
    • Original Registration Document is compulsory
    • Motor vehicle insurance certificate is compulsory
    • A black and white, 2-3 letter country identity sticker is compulsory for cars without EU license plates.
    • International driving permit, while it's not compulsory for certain nationalities in some European countries, it's cheap, and could potentially save you from nasty incidents with authorities.
If you plan on renting a car for driving across Europe, it often makes sense to check the rates in different countries rather than just hire a car in the country of arrival. .The price differences can be very substantial for longer rentals, to an extent where it can make sense to adjust your travel plans accordingly.^ In other words, in a very real sense – not at all an arcane, academic point – as Lisbon bites, it will no longer makes any difference at all who we elect.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ They would love to give the FBI your travel plans, bank account details and dietary preferences.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ The tax, once created, will most assuredly be 'reviewed' and 'adjusted' until it makes travelling by air impracticable for all but the wealthiest and the bureaucratic elite.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

I.e. if you plan on travelling around Scandinavia by car, it will often be much cheaper to fly into Germany and rent a car there. .Compared to North America, you should be prepared for smaller, but more efficient cars, and automatics are for the most part a rare premium, never expect one without requesting it while placing your order.^ "One should never say never.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ "You are moulding somebody to listen to you, so if it means rapes have to take place in order for that person to take instructions from you, then it's OK," he said.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ A recent report from the French Institute of International Relations predicts that, by the middle of the century, the EU's GDP will be growing at just over 1% a year compared with more than 2% in North America and at least 2.5% in China.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

.In any case driving in Europe is an expensive proposition, gas prices hovers around $7-8 per gallon (€1.30-1.50 per litre) in much of western Europe, while often slightly cheaper in Eastern Europe.^ French landowners and so pump up food prices in Europe, thereby creating poverty in Africa, which we then fail to solve through inefficient but expensive aid programmes.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Demand in the cheaper country goes up, pushing up prices there, and supply increases in the more expensive country, pushing prices down.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

.Rentals are around 2-3 more expensive than in North America, Highway tolls are very common, city centre congestion charges increasingly so, and even parking can work up to €50 ($70) per day in the most expensive cities.^ Even more than now, I mean.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Actually, I am even more extreme than that.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Then they will be paid, most lavishly, for working that day.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

.Driving can be an enjoyable and feasible way to see the country side, but most Europeans would find a vacation to say, Paris, Brussels and Amsterdam, in a rented car completely laughable.^ The way I see it is that Brussels is a fledgling market.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ The Czech Republic is, at present, the last country to stand in the way of what will be a dangerous acceleration in the move of the EU towards the status of being a complete state in its own right.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ When some in Washington say that European policy in Iran has failed, my immediate reaction is that we need to find new ways to support reform there, not that we should put up the shutters.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

By thumb

.Hitchhiking is a common way of travelling in some parts of Europe, especially in former eastern bloc countries.^ The fruits of the lumbering Euro-cracy that has left the former Eastern Bloc countries on the periphery kicking their heels for far too long, thus giving them ample time to read through all the small print.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Slovakia, which was part of the same country as the Czech part of the former Czech Republic for more than sixty years until 1993, has the worst indicators eleven years after Czechoslovakia split.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

.It can be a pleasant way to meet lots of people, and to travel without spending too many euros.^ Cast your eye over the deal and note it has as many (loop)holes as Swiss cheese (which, by the way, is produced without EU subsidies).
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ The scoundrels in Brussels have sold the European people a lot of things: a single market, the euro, the lifting of many border controls and, most recently, a binding global climate policy.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ I dare say in WWII there were many people, ordinary people, who really did spend a substantial fraction of their time thinking up ways to hurt the Axis.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

Don't forget to check out the tips for hitchhiking.
.Note that in the former eastern bloc, you may run into language problems while hitchhiking, especially if you speak only English.^ Not only can you not say that cheese that is not from parma cannot be called "parmesan cheese", you may not use the word "parmesan" in any wayon the packaging.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ In a quite literal sense, popularity is mandatory: you may only do what a plurality allows you to do.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Top of the morning to you, Mrs. Murphy Yet when translated by official EU translators from Irish accented English, into Portuguese and then into Italian and then back into English, the result was: .
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

.It is not advisable to hitchhike in former Yugoslavia, for example between Croatia and Serbia, because you could run into big problems with nationalists.^ Tory party because if you are not a part of the solution, you are part of the problem.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ There is just so much ideological overlap between the big parties these days that Balfe could switch parties without himself moving his position.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

Between Croatia and Slovenia it's not a problem. In Moldova and the Ukraine, it's better to take train or bus. .In western Europe, especially in the Netherlands and Germany, it's easy and fast to hitchhike.^ The relative economic decline of "old" Europe since the early 1990s - especially of Germany and Italy, but also of the Netherlands and France - has been a disaster almost unparalleled in modern history.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

.
  • Music Despite an ever growing competition from the United States and nations with new found wealth, Europe is still the spiritual home of classical music and Opera, and the various European capitals are home to some amazing 'old world' opera houses, where the hundreds of years of history, often enhances the experience into something otherworldly.^ December 05, 2002 Thursday New tyrants for old Brian Micklethwait (London) Eastern Europe • European Union (5) Last night I needed to make a tube journey, but the combination of ticket machines unwilling to take notes and ticket booths without staff meant that having arrived at my local tube station I had to leave it again and buy something - anything - just to get some change.
    • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

    ^ The British Council belongs to EUNIC , the European Union National Institutes for Culture, and this new organisation was launched on the 21st February 2007 (pdf file).
    • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

    ^ The reason for my discomfort, apart from the source of the paper , was its argument that the interaction of a single currency and e-commerce will forge powerful synergies across the euro zone, enhance European competitiveness and accelerate the emergence of pan-European capital market.
    • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

    .But if opera singers give you a headache, and you would much rather head-bang, fear not, Europe has more music festivals than your liver will ever hold up to; the Roskilde Festival [12] in Roskilde, Sziget fesztivál [13] in Budapest and finally reigning champion Glastonbury [14] weighing in at 100.000 drunk souls, are widely considered the 3 big ones, but many other ones are not the slightest bit small.
  • Professional Sports Perhaps no other field has seen stronger European integration than sports, most professional sports has Europe wide leagues in place, and nearly every sport has a bi-annual European Championship.^ More than any of the others.
    • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

    ^ At first it was a bit of a joke, no one thought it would ever happen.
    • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

    ^ You nod your head, and get on with your life.
    • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

    • Football If you are already a soccer fan the game hardly gets any better than watching your favourite team battle it out against the world's greatest football clubs in the Champions League [15] or the Europa League [16]. Games in the pan European leagues usually takes place mid-week to allow for games in the national leagues to take place during the weekend. .For the popular teams the tickets are often old out week's in advance.
    • Basketball The pan European Euroleague [17] is the highest tier of professional basketball in Europe, featuring teams from 18 different European countries and some of the best basketball you'll find outside the NBA. The regular season runs Oct-Jan and play-offs takes place between Jan-May.
    • Handball Also sees a annual pan European tournament, the Champions League [18] taking place every year.^ Computerworld reports how overseas Internet retailers may see their European profit push derailed by one of the oldest drags on business: tax.
      • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

      ^ The political classes of Europe may disagree on many things but of on one issue there is no dissent: the European Union and the overriding importance of creating a country called 'Europe'.
      • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

      ^ Libertarians do of course differ between minarchists who favour some kind of tax-funded spending on courts and the armed forces, and anarcho-capitalists who do not.
      • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

      While the sport is little known outside Europe, it's one of the most popular sports on the continent. .Two teams with seven players each pass and bounce a ball to throw it into the soccer style goal of the opposing team.
    • Cycling Is another sport the enjoys much wider popularity in Europe, than virtually the rest of the world.^ With national socialists already on the march throughout much of Europe, that's going to be like throwing a match into a tinderbox .
      • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

      ^ 'Fortress Europe' trade barriers with the rest of the world?
      • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

      ^ We do not have to be ruled by EUrope in order to have European style cafés in London, any more than we have to be ruled by China to have Chinese Restaurants.
      • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

      Hundreds of competitions takes place every year, but the 3 unrivalled events of the year is the Tour de France [19], the Giro d'Italia [20] and the Vuelta a Espania [21], where thousands of thousands of spectators line up along the often hundred kilometre plus routes. The whole season is managed in a league like format called the Protour [22].
  • National Parks - There are more than 360 national parks [23] on the continent, in line with much you may expect from the worlds second most densely populated continent, many are small, some less than a single km², but perhaps surprising to many there are also some huge expansive national parks to explore, The Vatnajokull National Park on Iceland is largest covering around 12,000 km² (7,500 sq miles), and the fascinating national parks of Arctic Svalbard is not trailing far behind, while Yugyd Va National Park in the of the Russian Urals is largest on the mainland itself. In total the national parks of Europe encompasses an area of around 98,000 km² (37,000 sq miles).

Skiing

.Europe is home to some fantastic ski resorts, the Alps is home of some of the best ski resorts outside of the Rockies, and there are hundreds of them.^ I was in Darfur last week, on my way to co-chair the first ever meeting of the European Commission outside Europe, in Addis Ababa – the home of the Commission of the Africa Union.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ The EU is enforcing such rules internally, because they can then argue for similar rules to apply outside the EU, and the EU believes that there are more such names in Europe than elsewhere.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

The largest area is Les Portes du Soleil [24], made up of 13 linked ski resorts in Switzerland and France, boasting over 650 km of marked runs. .But the fun doesn't stop in the Alps; The Scandinavian Mountains features some of the worlds most civilized and family oriented Skiing area's, but the lower altitude also means it's a trade-of for shorter runs - Åre is the biggest, while way up north Riksgränsen [25] allows skiing well into the summer.^ In many ways the most significant feature of this is that it has made the intellectual and social disconnect between whole peoples in the EU's constituent nations impossible to paper over.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ The most paranoid EUnionist probably doesn't expect a gang of Montana militiamen to fly an Airbus into the Europol HQ, though I've heard some wonderfully wacky conspiracy theories about the US programme to destroy Western (European) civilisation.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Well, to be honest, it's void at the moment as entrepreneuring in Belfast is a better way to end up in the poor house than the cryostat but that is another story.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

Scotland is home of 5 ski resorts, Nevis Range [26] has the highest vertical drop at 1130 meters, while Glenshee [27] is the largest. .A surprising option is Sierra Nevada in Spain, fairly large, just hours drive from the Mediterranean coast, and with a season often running into May - you can ski in the Morning, and chill on the beach in the afternoon.^ Top of the morning to you, Mrs. Murphy Yet when translated by official EU translators from Irish accented English, into Portuguese and then into Italian and then back into English, the result was: .
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

To the North the Pyrenees shared with France and Andorra also offers excellent skiing in up to 2,700 meters (8,000 ft) altitude, Domaine Tourmalet [28] is the largest resort in the area with over 100 kms of pistes.
.Eastern Europe is seeing increasing popularity since prices are much lower than elsewhere on the continent, the downside is that facilities are not as expansive or modern as elsewhere in Europe, but things are rapidly improving.^ Ryanair pays a landing fee 85 per cent lower than the list price.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ The relative economic decline of "old" Europe since the early 1990s - especially of Germany and Italy, but also of the Netherlands and France - has been a disaster almost unparalleled in modern history.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ It has taken me more than two months to get around to exhibiting these photos, for which apologies, but I presumably things have not changed that much since I took them.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

Slovenia is cheap alternative in the expensive Alps, Kranjska Gora is the largest resort in the country. .The Carpathian mountains with the higest runs at almost 2200 meters (7200 ft) is another popular area; Poiana Brasov (Romania, 20 km, 11 lifts [29]) Zakopane (Poland, 30 km, 20 lifts [30]) and Jasna (Slovakia, 29 km, 24 lifts [31]) are the largest and most popular areas in the respective countries.^ Newspapers run stories almost daily on the "real" inflation rate, which some put as high as 30%.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

Eurozone (light-blue unilaterally adopted the euro)
Eurozone (light-blue unilaterally adopted the euro)
noframe
noframe
.The euro (Symbol: €; ISO 4217 code EUR) is the common currency of many countries of the European Union.^ The European Union symbolises the ability of countries to come together to tackle common problems.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ The political classes of Europe may disagree on many things but of on one issue there is no dissent: the European Union and the overriding importance of creating a country called 'Europe'.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ (Euro coins have one common side and one side that the country that would issues the particular coin into circulation can do what it likes with.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

.One euro equals 100 cent; officially referred to as 'euro cent' to differentiate them from their US and other counterparts.^ If you vote no to the Euro next month, that probability will rise to 100 per cent.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ It is for this reason the success of the 'No' campaign in Sweden (and Denmark, the other EU country to resist adoption of the Euro) has bearing for us in Britain and vice versa.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Britain and five other EU nations have challenged the Commission to reduce the maximum share of national budgets that Brussels can spend from 1.24 per cent of GDP to one per cent.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

Established in 1999 and introduced in cash form on January 1st, 2002, the euro removes the need for money exchange. As such it is not only a boon to pan-European business, but of course also to travellers.
.The euro has not been adopted by all EU countries.^ If England are knocked out playing badly, by a EU country, I predict a swing to the euro.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ They promise to slash the monstrous bill of 43bn euro ($50) that EU countries' taxpayers have to foot in order to subsidise ehem...French...
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ It is for this reason the success of the 'No' campaign in Sweden (and Denmark, the other EU country to resist adoption of the Euro) has bearing for us in Britain and vice versa.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

.Those countries which have replaced their own national currencies are commonly called the Eurozone.^ How can a representative of the British public, a member of the nation's legislature, incite violence (as in inviting 'demonstration of a threat to insterests of the West in the region') against his own country?
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

By law, all EU countries (except Denmark, Sweden, and the United Kingdom) have to eventually adopt the euro, with the next round of enlargement now expected around 2012.
.Outside the EU, Kosovo and Montenegro have unilaterally adopted the euro, but all other countries still retain their own currencies.^ The Czech Republic is, at present, the last country to stand in the way of what will be a dangerous acceleration in the move of the EU towards the status of being a complete state in its own right.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ The need for any currency, of any kind, will then disappear, of course, as we all collapse into each others' arms in a brotherhood of love and not-for-profit compassion.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ "In retrospect, all Sweden got was to put itself at a disadvantage in a car market that still includes, Britain, Japan, India, and various other important places.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

.Euros are widely accepted in European countries outside the Eurozone, but not universally, and at shops and restaurants the exchange rate is rarely in your favor.^ This is flatly contradicted by the exchange rate evidence: the euro has risen sharply sinceMarch against both the US dollar and the pound sterling.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

(Many hotels, though, price and accept payment in euros.) .Money changers will generally give good to excellent exchange rates for the euro, and in a pinch they will be accepted by nearly everybody.^ By rejecting warnings from the European Commission about their swelling budget deficit, they have done just a little more to hasten the decline of the Euro to the status of Monopoly money .
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ This is flatly contradicted by the exchange rate evidence: the euro has risen sharply sinceMarch against both the US dollar and the pound sterling.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

.Since it has been only a few years since the introduction of euro cash, some people may still use the old national currency names.^ Some Euro grandee says, in some directive or proclamation or fatwa or whatever, that people shouldn't have violently smelly compost heaps too near their kitchens.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Maybe surprisingly, it is younger Germans that are the most eurosceptic, with 73 percent of 18-24 year olds saying they would reject the euro.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Late last year, the Swedish Prime Minister - some vain creature whose name escapes me, but who likes to get himself photographed in company with Tony Blair - decided to try pushing his country into the Euro.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

.They mean euros and cents, so just substitute the two mentally.^ Which means that, in a sense, they just did.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ I saw two campaigners for the Euro looking concerned as they discussed his speech.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ By rejecting warnings from the European Commission about their swelling budget deficit, they have done just a little more to hasten the decline of the Euro to the status of Monopoly money .
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

.It's a VERY BAD idea to accept any of the obsolete currencies.^ For a start, there are no good ideas in Western Europe but there is a mountain of 'Very Bad Ideas' and no shortage of people who know how to disseminate them very effectively.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Software patents are a very bad idea as many have discovered in the US. They put a fence around parts of mathematics.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

.While several countries' banks will still change them into euros, it's a lot of hassle and there is no guarantee that this will be possible everywhere or on short notice.^ This was because there was no dramatic difference, as there had been when it was taken from room temperature and dropped into hot water.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ (Euro coins have one common side and one side that the country that would issues the particular coin into circulation can do what it likes with.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ If the people who flew the aircraft into the WTC were mostly French and German, no doubt there would be more of an imperitive to secure French and German co-operation.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

.You should also expect to leave your personal information with the bank as a precaution against money laundering.^ If you read my article and decide to leave a comment, and I decide to delete that comment, and you then decide to start your own blog to decry the things I write, where is the 'political community' in all this?
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Remember: what a business person can do across a border in minutes, hours, days can take a lawyer weeks, months, years to do across the same borders if you choose your borders well.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ In compliance with this you are to forward to me the following details: your complete names and addresses, confidential telephone and fax numbers, bank account details and all relevant account numbers.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

ATMs

Throughout Europe, automatic teller machines are readily available. They will accept various European bank cards as well as credit cards. .However, be prepared to pay a fee for the service (usually a percentage of the amount withdrawn, with a minimum of few euro).^ However, Greek Commissioner Taxis Mitopisis is campaigning strongly for all applicants to pay a fee which will be charged according the applicants income.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

Read the labels/notices on the machine before using.
European ATMs do not usually have letters on the keypad. PINs longer than 4 digits are generally no longer a problem.

Credit cards

.Credit card acceptance is not as universal as in the United States, especially in Eastern Europe, but growing steadily.^ Keeping Britain both in the [United States of Europe] and outside of it militarily, diplomatically, and monetarily should become a prime U.S. objective in foreign policy.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ The candidate should have strong political experience and international influence; the ability to communicate well; and the desire to draw the United States of America and Europe closer together.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

.Some countries mandate that merchants check your ID for purchases of as little as €50, and many shops will insist on ID for any credit card transaction.^ This EU publication comes out against the screamingly obvious backdrop of Islamic youths running rampant in some communities in many countries.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

.An increasing number of European countries, notably the UK, France, the Netherlands, Belgium and the Nordic countries, have moved to a chip and PIN system, where credit cards all have a chip built in and you have to punch in your PIN code instead of signing a receipt.^ Countries like Britain, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, have large 'welfare' states but they do so by parasitically drawing wealth out of their large wealth creating capitalist economies...
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ If you live in a EU country, in a few years, you could be subjected to the new European arrest warrant .
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ France issued a European Arrest Warrant in 2005 but recent extradition attempts have failed in both the UK and Spain.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

.Any store that displays Visa, Mastercard, Amex etc logos is required to accept "traditional" sign-and-swipe cards, so be persistent if they initially refuse, although you may need to escalate to the manager.^ But that is not all they are because although Mr.Prescott may have been charged with implementing this grand scheme, he is merely obeying orders.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ You need lots of soldiers, and you deploy them where they will make the most difference.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

(With most terminals, swiping your card and simply waiting 20 seconds without entering the PIN will cause them to print out the signing slip.) .However, with self-service like gas pumps and ticket vending machines, you may be out of luck.^ By similar token, the Swedes may be more likely to vote 'no' if they are convinced that the British will stay out too.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ And if public opinion can be galvanised, he may stay his hand at wiping out what remains of Britain as an independent, self-governing nation.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ (Nothing like a few full page adverts in a newspaper to get them to cut out the worst of their lies and sneers about you.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

Stay safe

The biggest risks to your safety in Europe like in any major tourist area are pickpockets and muggings. .Using common sense and being aware of your surroundings can help to greatly reduce the risk of these occurrences.^ I spent the afternoon doodling designs for giant siege engines that we could use to surround Brussels and reduce it to brickdust.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Rather, he used the insights of economics to help show how human beings behaved.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

Remember alcohol is an integral part of many European cultures but overuse can lead to violence and poor judgment! .In general, bars and pubs are not a place where alcohol causes these problems in Europe but it can end up being a big problem on the roads.^ There is already another more specific name for cheeses that do, which is "Parmigiano-Reggiano", and I have little problem with this name being restricted to cheeses from Parma, because it has never become generic.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ If a generation of Brits has now grown up thinking that "Europe equals Hitler", that could be the popular opinion half of a British pincer movement against British EU provincehood, the other half being British elite hesitations.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ When will the British wake up from their pathetic little dreams of being Europeans and realise that we have been looking for our future in all the wrong places?
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

.Most European countries have very low levels of violence compared to the United States.^ Some European countries, such as Italy, Germany and Sweden, have a significant number of non-state airports, but not France.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ And then, most important of all, there is Britain's special relationship with the United States.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Even after six years of Gordon Brown, Britain remained by European standards a country of low taxes and light regulation.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

The main issues are drug use and gang related violence which are most prone in Britain and France, but it's virtually unheard of for any tourists to be involved in such issues. .The few "trouble areas" that should be avoided are the run-down suburbs of certain urban areas (particularly in Europe's largest cities, London and Paris) and some places in eastern and southern Europe do have much higher violent crime rates, and can be very dangerous for non locals, but these areas shouldn't be of interest to the average tourist.^ Heaven forbid that the people of Europe should be allowed to buy really cheap clothes, as much as they want.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ This was often very unlike the rest of Europe, where people either rented or bought on fixed rate mortgages.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Antoine Clarke (London) Eastern Europe • European Union • Sports (7) My recent posting on Slovakia contained a scoop and I missed it.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

Central and Western Europe are generally the safest regions.
.Europe may be very urban and densely populated in general but as always when traveling in rural and forested / mountainous areas take the proper precautions.^ For a start, there are no good ideas in Western Europe but there is a mountain of 'Very Bad Ideas' and no shortage of people who know how to disseminate them very effectively.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

.All it takes is one wrong turn down a ski piste and you are stranded.^ And, one day, all of Europe will agree with you.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ "Excuse me fellow Europeans, I am here to inform you that this venue must turn down the music to an EU-approved 83db.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

Time to take out the cell phone. Did you bring one?
.For more information see Common scams which contains many Europe-specific scams.^ Not surprisingly, the campaigners for a yes vote have descended from vague generalities - peace in Europe, more investment and jobs in Sweden, and so forth - to specific falsehoods.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ And thus many people in Croatia also look west to the EU and see something hopeful, something better, something more prosperous.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Europe, you see, is more attuned to concepts of 'social justice' and therefore kindler, gentler and more humane.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

Stay healthy

.There are no specific precautions required for staying healthy in Europe as most restaurants maintain high standards of hygiene and in the majority of countries tap water is safe to drink.^ The political classes of Europe may disagree on many things but of on one issue there is no dissent: the European Union and the overriding importance of creating a country called 'Europe'.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ For a start, there are no good ideas in Western Europe but there is a mountain of 'Very Bad Ideas' and no shortage of people who know how to disseminate them very effectively.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ This was because there was no dramatic difference, as there had been when it was taken from room temperature and dropped into hot water.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

.However, for more precise details on these matters as well as for general information on emergency care, pharmaceutical regulations and dentistry standards etc, please consult the 'Stay safe' section on specific country articles.^ Every new regulation from the EU seems to add to the pile, and the language of the EU is that Britain should become more like these countries, not that Europe should become more competitive.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ The CNE estimates that more than 3 people could be dying every two hours as a result of these regulations.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ A couple or more years ago, remember, it was argued - with a lot of convincing detail - that the euro would fall apart and countries like Italy would be forced to quit.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

.EU/EEA citizens should apply for (or bring) the free European Health Insurance Card (EHIC), which grants you access to state-provided healthcare within the European Union as well as Norway, Switzerland and Lichtenstein either at reduced cost or free of charge, under the same terms as a resident of the country you are visiting.^ Left-wing Labour MPs are girding themselves for a rebellion over a European Union plan which they say could spell the end of the National Health Service .
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Russia came under pressure from the European Union at the weekend to ratify the Kyoto protocol on greenhouse gases, amid fears that Moscow's commitment may be wavering.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Natalie Solent (Essex) European Union (20) Over at EU Referendum under the heading "Caught red-handed" there is an instructive YouTube video.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

.If you are used to free healthcare in your own country, remember that some member states expect patients to pay towards their treatment, and you may be expected to do the same.^ The existing structure, which secures the rights of member states to make their own decisions and collective arrangements about foreign policy and criminal justice matters, will disappear.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ He added that any members of a parliament delegation have to remember that they are representing the views of the EU assembly and not their own personal view points.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ The Czech Republic is, at present, the last country to stand in the way of what will be a dangerous acceleration in the move of the EU towards the status of being a complete state in its own right.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

And do remember that the EHIC does not equal a travel insurance; it doesn't cover private healthcare, the cost of mountain rescues or repatriation to your home country. Neither does it allow you to go abroad specifically to receive medical care.
.If you are not a EU/EEA citizen, remember to buy a travel insurance policy, while some countries does provide free emergency care for visitors, any follow-up treatment and repatriation is your own responsibility, and some countries expect you to foot the entire bill for any treatment yourself - the fabled universal healthcare system does not equal free treatment for non EU citizens.^ He added that any members of a parliament delegation have to remember that they are representing the views of the EU assembly and not their own personal view points.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ If anti-EU activists ever manage to start mounting effective resistance to the EU and actually undermining its authority, do you seriously doubt that laws suppressing what we say and do will not follow?
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ The Czech Republic is, at present, the last country to stand in the way of what will be a dangerous acceleration in the move of the EU towards the status of being a complete state in its own right.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

This is a usable article. .It gives a good overview of the region, its sights, and how to get in, as well as links to the main destinations, whose articles are similarly well developed.^ Well look at this Stand article and then tell me why the EU is a good thing.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Similarly we are told how important the introduction of democratic institutions are for 'stability' in the region.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

An adventurous person could use this article, but please plunge forward and help it grow!

Source material

Up to date as of January 22, 2010

From Wikisource

Europe
disambiguation
This is a disambiguation page, which lists works which share the same title. If an article link referred you here, please consider editing it to point directly to the intended page.

Europe may refer to:

1911 encyclopedia

Up to date as of January 14, 2010
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Wiktionary

Up to date as of January 15, 2010

Definition from Wiktionary, a free dictionary

World map showing the location of Europe (continent).
See also europe, and europé

Contents

English

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Wikipedia has an article on:

Etymology

From Ancient Greek Ευρώπη (Evrope "Europa") a character in Greek mythology, possibly originally meaning "wide eyed", from ευρύς (evrys "wide") + ώπς (ops "eye, face, complexion").

Pronunciation

Proper noun

Singular
Europe
Plural
-
Europe
.
  1. A political entity; the European Union.
  2. A continent north of Africa, west of Asia and east of the Atlantic Ocean.^ David Carr (London) European Union • North American affairs The world is a complex and confusing place oftentimes.
    • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

    ^ They have made no secret of their ambitions to expand their sphere of influence over the Middle East and North Africa.
    • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

    ^ I was in Darfur last week, on my way to co-chair the first ever meeting of the European Commission outside Europe, in Addis Ababa – the home of the Commission of the Africa Union.
    • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

    It contains many countries, including (in alphabetical order):

Derived terms

Related terms

Translations

European Union
see translations at European Union

French

Pronunciation

IPA: /ø.ʁɔp/

Proper noun

Europe f.
  1. Europe
  2. Europa, a moon of Jupiter

Derived terms

See also


Bible wiki

Up to date as of January 23, 2010

From BibleWiki

.The conception of Europe as a distinct division of the earth, separate from Asia and Africa, had its origin in ancient times.^ The "mules" generally originate from Africa or South Africa, Brazil, the Dominican Republic and Europe.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.The sailors of the Aegean Sea applied the Semitic designations Ereb (sunset, west) and Acu (sunrise, east) to the countries lying respectively west and east of the sea; in this way it became customary to call Greece and the territory back of it Europe, while Asia Minor and the parts beyond were named Asia.^ Macedonia was a mountainous country north of classical Greece, that extended from Illyria on the west to the Aegean Sea on the east.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ In this way they eventually became Habsburg lands, but not part of Hungary.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ Romania also lies along a developing route for the transit of synthetic drugs from Western and Northern Europe to the East.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

At a later date the mass of land lying to the south of the Mediterranean was set off as a distinct division of the earth with the name of Libya or Africa.

POSITION, BOUNDARIES, AND AREA

.Europe is a large peninsula forming the western part of the northern continent of the Eastern Hemisphere.^ In western Europe, silver coinage had become popular, in the form of the English penny or the large silver dollar, for example.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ South of them were the Celts, occupying all of western and central Europe, and pressing into the Iberian peninsula, displacing the original inhabitants.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ For administrative efficiency, the Empire was divided into Eastern and Western parts in 395, governed from Constantinople and Rome, respectively.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

.On the north and west it is separated from North America by the Arctic and North Atlantic Oceans; on the south by the Mediterranean Sea from Africa and Western Asia.^ The program also will intensify law enforcement cooperation with Portugal’s countries of interest, largely in Africa and South America.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The drugs were smuggled into Switzerland using human mules from Africa and South America.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ From North to South to East to West, the Empire continues its joyless advance with the all prosaic, depressing predictability of a tumour.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

.In the east there is no clear natural division from the continental mass of Asia.^ There is no doubt that 2004 ought to have been a great year, the year East Europeans became full members of a revived, streamlined and more democratised European Union.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Hamas is right: There is no peace process in the Middle East.
  • Global Politician - Europe 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC globalpolitician.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ There is not a word about the protection of property and no commitment to free enterprise and the division of labor."
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

.Such a dividing line may be drawn along the crest of the Ural and Mugadzhar Mountains, the Emba River, Caspian Sea, and the lowlands of the Manitch River, or through the depression that, starting from the Gulf of Obi, extends through the valleys of the Obi, Irtysh, Tobol, and Emba Rivers.^ It is a recent sea, formed after the last Ice Age about 10,000 BCE by the rise of sea level, drowning a river valley.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ He probably meant a territory divided along ethnic lines by a foreign army.
  • Global Politician - Europe 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC globalpolitician.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The phrenology may be a little different but the lines are already being drawn.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

.The political boundary extends beyond the Ural Mountains towards the east, and beyond the Ural River to the south and west runs along the range called Obtschei Syrt and the Usen River, and encloses within the eastern boundary of Europe the whole of the Caucasus.^ The home region of the Altaic languages is supposed to be the mountains of Central Asia, while the Uralic languages arose along the Urals, Finnish languages on the western slopes and Ugric languages on the eastern slopes, between the mountains and the marshes of Siberia.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ The whole region between the Eastern Carpathians and the Dneister was called Moldavia.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ He said that UKIP had done well in a great doughnut, so to speak, of places which are not London itself, but which are all around London the South East, the South West, the Midlands, East Anglia.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

.The most northern point of Europe is North Cape (71 deg.^ Malta serves as a transfer point for travelers between North Africa and Europe.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Denmark’s strategic geographic location and status as one of Northern Europe’s primary transportation points make it an attractive drug transit country.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Spain remains a major transit point to Europe for hashish from Morocco; Spain’s North African enclaves of Ceuta and Mellila are principal points of departure.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

12 min. N. lat.) on the Island of Mageroe belonging to Norway; the most western point is Cape da Roca (9 deg. 31 min. west of Greenwich) in Portugal; the most southern is Cape Tarifa (35 deg. 59 min. 53 sec. N.) in Spain; the Continent extends as far to the east as 65 deg. longitude east of Greenwich. .Its greatest length from north to south is 2,398 miles, from west to east, 3,455 miles.^ He said that UKIP had done well in a great doughnut, so to speak, of places which are not London itself, but which are all around London the South East, the South West, the Midlands, East Anglia.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ From North to South to East to West, the Empire continues its joyless advance with the all prosaic, depressing predictability of a tumour.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Macedonia was a mountainous country north of classical Greece, that extended from Illyria on the west to the Aegean Sea on the east.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

The statement as to the extent of its area varies, according to the position assigned to its eastern boundary, from 3,672,969 sq. miles to 4,092,660 sq. miles. This measurement includes the polar islands Iceland, Nova Zembla, and Spitzbergen, but not the Canary, Madeira, and Azores Is.

CLIMATE, FLORA, FAUNA

The climatic conditions of Europe are very favourable. Almost the entire continent, excepting the northern point, belongs to the temperate zone. .At the same time it is much warmer than other countries in the same latitude, as, for instance, than eastern North America, because along its western coast flows the Gulf Stream, which leaves the coast of Florida with a temperature of 68 deg.^ Compared to any other charter area in the world, the Mediterranean Sea offers more countries, more history, more variety and more facilities than any other.

^ In the first six months of 2005 police seized nearly three times more drugs than in the same period of the previous year.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Cocaine imports from South America transit Western Europe into Lithuania and then on to neighboring countries.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

Fahr. and raises the normal temperature on the Portuguese and Spanish coast about 7.2 Fahr. deg., of the British coast by 9 to 14.4 Fahr. deg., and of the .Norwegian coast, about 14.4 to 18 Fahr.^ The Death of Sweden Fjordman - 8/14/2007 I still get questions as to why I, being Norwegian, write more about Sweden than I do about my own country.
  • Global Politician - Europe 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC globalpolitician.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

deg. .Since there is no chain of mountains traversing Europe from north to south, as is the case with North America, the influence of the Gulf Stream extends far into the interior of the mainland.^ For a start, there are no good ideas in Western Europe but there is a mountain of 'Very Bad Ideas' and no shortage of people who know how to disseminate them very effectively.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ This was because there was no dramatic difference, as there had been when it was taken from room temperature and dropped into hot water.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ If the people who flew the aircraft into the WTC were mostly French and German, no doubt there would be more of an imperitive to secure French and German co-operation.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

On the borders of the Arctic Ocean a rigorous climate prevails, summer is short, and during the greater of the year the temperature is below freezing. .This northern region has polar vegetation; the rolling plains called tundras are found on the peninsulas of Kanin and Kola and at the mouth of the Petchora.^ Program analyzes the origins and development of the violent troubles in Northern Ireland tracing the polarization of a historically troubled region.
  • Western and Northern Europe History and Politics: Media Resources Center, UC Berkeley 26 January 2010 1:01 UTC www.lib.berkeley.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

The sub-arctic zone is found south of this in the Scandinavian Peninsula down to 60 deg. N. lat.; here the climate of the coast, influenced by the sea, in milder in winter and cool in summer. .The part of Europe properly included in the temperate zone is divided into the following regions: the countries lying on the Atlantic, Great Britain, Brittany, the Channel, and northwestern Spain; this section has moderate temperature and large rainfall; west and middle Europe, with an inland climate, less heavy rainfall (about 19.7 inches), and moderate changes of temperature (27 to 45 Fahr.^ A large amount of precursor chemicals transit Romania from West European countries en route to Turkey.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Depicting daily life in immigrant communities on the Continent and in Great Britain, the film features observations from African, Asian, and Middle Eastern transplants.
  • Western and Northern Europe History and Politics: Media Resources Center, UC Berkeley 26 January 2010 1:01 UTC www.lib.berkeley.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ When British Prime Minister Edward Heath took Britain into the Common Market in 1973, the country thought it was entering a free-trade agreement .

deg.); in this section the southern part of France forms an exception, as also the depression of the Upper Rhine, and the mountains. .Beyond this is the section of Eastern Europe or Russia, with a completely inland climate, the variations of temperature amounting to 45 Fahr.^ While the US borders have changed little since 1848, the EU is about to swallow eastern Europe up to the edge of Russia and Ukraine.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

deg., and the rainfall to less than 23.6 inches. .Finally comes the section of the Euxine comprising the great Hungarian plain, the plain of the Balkan provinces, and southern Russia; in this division the spring is moist and warm and midsummer, hot and dry.^ During his reign, many Slavs and Vlachs fled the Balkans, fleeing the Turks, into southern Hungary and the plains of Wallachia.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ Around 300 BCE, they were displaced from the Balkans by Celts, and around 200 BCE from Southern Russia by the Sarmatians.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ Heroin comes to Lithuania by the Silk Road (Afghanistan, Pakistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Russia, Belarus) or the Balkan road (via the Balkans and Central or Western Europe).
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

The depression of the Caspian belongs to the dry zone of Asia.
The forests of Europe flourish in the temperate zone. In Norway they are composed chiefly of pine; the only deciduous tree found in the highest latitudes is the birch (betula odorata); the forests of pines and deciduous trees are found south of 61 deg. N. lat.; this region is further characterized by grass-lands, heaths, and moors. .The cultivated land, which in Central and Western Europe is about sixty to seventy per cent, is divided into farm land, cultivated forest land, grass and pasture land.^ Lately, experts noted an increase in heroin traffic from Turkey into Ukraine by sea and then across Ukraine’s western border into Western Europe.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ They did not follow them into western Europe, but settled on the middle Volga, near the confluence with the Kama.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ We have written records from the Semitic lands, so we know much more about their history than about that of Europe and the steppes.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

From north to south the succession of grains is as follows: barley, rye and oats, wheat, especially in France and Hungary, and maize. Potatoes are cultivated on less fruitful soil. .In this region native fruits are the apple, pear, and cherry; finer kinds of fruit trees, as the peach, apricot, plum, and of nut trees, the walnut and almond, have been introduced from the south.^ So for the moment you should be reassured that the full EC Marketing standards continue to apply to: Apples, Apricots, Avocados, Cherries, Grapes, Kiwifruit, Lemons, Mandarins (and similar hybrids), Melons, Oranges, Peaches and Nectarines, Pears, Plums, Strawberries, Water Melons, Artichokes, Asparagus, Beans (other than shelling beans), Brussels sprouts [of course!
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

.In this region the grape is also cultivated; its northern limit, extending from the mouth of the Loire, passes to Paris and the Rhine near Bonn, then towards the Unstrut and Saale Rivers, and reaches its most northerly point on the Oder below 52 deg.^ Opium poppies and cannabis, are cultivated in very limited amounts, mostly in the northern Aini and Panjakent districts.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.N. lat.; the limit of its cultivation here turns to the south-east until it reaches the Sea of Azov.^ The Crusaders drove south, through Homs and then along the sea from Tripoli to Jaffa, whence they turned inland to Jerusalem, meanwhile creating the County of Tripoli.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ The region of the Balkans extends from the Alps and the Adriatic Sea east to the Black Sea, and from the Danube south to the Ionic and Aegean Seas.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ This is bounded on the north by the Danube, on the west by the Adriatic and Ionian Seas, on the south by the Aegean, and on the east by the Black Sea.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

.The region of the Mediterranean, that is the Iberian Peninsula, Provence, Italy to the foot of the Alps, and the Balkan Peninsula south of 42 deg.^ South of them were the Celts, occupying all of western and central Europe, and pressing into the Iberian peninsula, displacing the original inhabitants.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ The sample collection from these countries and others in the Balkan region is essential in determining production methods and trafficking trends that ultimately impact Italy.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The region of the Balkans extends from the Alps and the Adriatic Sea east to the Black Sea, and from the Danube south to the Ionic and Aegean Seas.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

N. lat., has a subtropical climate. Here flourish trees and bushes which are always green; among those that are cultivated for their products are the citron, orange, fig, almond, mulberry, and pomegranate trees. The fauna of Europe is in accord with the climate and vegetation. .In Northern Europe are found the polar bear, polar fox, and reindeer; in the region of forests live the bear, wolf, and lynx, which have, however, almost disappeared; the region of the Mediterranean contains numerous reptiles.^ However, the Constitutional answer (to a question that none of Europe's electorates ever asked) was found wanting.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Program analyzes the origins and development of the violent troubles in Northern Ireland tracing the polarization of a historically troubled region.
  • Western and Northern Europe History and Politics: Media Resources Center, UC Berkeley 26 January 2010 1:01 UTC www.lib.berkeley.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

CHRISTIANITY

.European civilization is founded on that of the East; from Western Asia and Egypt Europe received its food-plants, domestic animals, method of writing, numerals, the beginnings of art and science, and the higher forms of state organization and religion.^ The essay finished with the conclusion that Islam constituted an existential threat to the survival of European civilization, and that Islams influence on Europe therefore needed to be eliminated.
  • Global Politician - Europe 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC globalpolitician.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ American military) and it is NATO, not the EEC/EU, that was responsible for the peace of post war Western Europe, which may well be why so many Europeans hate the United States - people often hate those they have long depended on.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Lithuania remains a transit route for heroin and other illicit drugs from Asia and Russia to Western Europe.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.The various States of Greece, the European neighbour of Asia, transmitted these by trade and the foundation of colonies to the countries lying on the shores of the eastern Mediterranean and to Southern Italy.^ European Neighborhood and Partnership Instrument (ENPI) The Euro-Mediterranean Partnership or Barcelona Process is a wide framework of political, economic and social relations between member states of the EU and countries of the Southern Mediterranean.

^ Besides the 27 member states of the European Union, the remaining "Mediterranean Partners" are all other Mediterranean countries without Libya (which has had 'observer status' since 1999).

^ Examines the forces of unrest which disrupted European stability at the beginning of 20th century, including colonial nationalism, industrialization, socialism, trade unionism, and various reform movements.
  • Western and Northern Europe History and Politics: Media Resources Center, UC Berkeley 26 January 2010 1:01 UTC www.lib.berkeley.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.Rome from its central position imparted them to Western and Northern Europe and united the civilized parts of the continent into a great empire.^ Lately, experts noted an increase in heroin traffic from Turkey into Ukraine by sea and then across Ukraine’s western border into Western Europe.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Initially, the Magyars were a terror, raiding as far as Rome and Constantinople, westward into the Holy Roman Empire, and eastward into Bulgaria.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ The National Central Drug Unit coordinates counternarcotics operations among various government agencies, including the Spanish Guardia Civil (GC), the Spanish National Police, and the Customs Service.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.At the time of its greatest extent imperial Rome included, on European soil, the present countries of Italy, Spain, France, England, Germany west of the Rhine and south of the Danube, the countries bordering on the Danube as far as the Black Sea, and the whole Balkan Peninsula, besides all the islands of the Mediterranean.^ Dialogue and the ENP , Cervone mentions the " 5plus5 agreement :" Launched in Rome in 1990, it involves five Maghreb countries (Tunisia, Morocco, Algeria, Mauritania and Libya) and five European countries of the Western Mediterranean Basin (France, Portugal, Spain, Italy and Malta)...

^ Stretching from the full-fledged marinas of Spain and Gibraltar in the west, to the fabulous islands of Greece and Turkey further east, the Mediterranean has almost any yacht charter experience you can imagine: the glamour of the French Riviera, the cuisine of Italy, the beauty of the rugged coast of Croatia.

^ Most illicit drugs enter Norway by road from other European countries including the Baltic states, the Netherlands, Belgium, Germany, Spain, Central, the Balkans and other countries in Eastern Europe and Asia.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

Christianity, too, came from the East by way of Greece and Rome. .The connexion existing between the various Roman provinces and the wide prevalence of the Latin and Greek tongues were most favourable to its spread.^ In 2004, TNP increased the number of drug training and prevention units it previously established in various provinces, to cover most parts of Turkey.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Greek had always been the common and cultured language of the Roman Empire, except in the west and the Balkans, and it eventually replaced Latin.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ Illyria and Moesia were thoroughly Romanized, speaking Latin instead of the Greek that was common elsewhere.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

.When the structure erected by the Caesars fell to pieces, the Christian Faith not only entered into its inheritance but also subdued all those barbarian peoples that had up to then defied the imperial power.^ We'll be satisfied with only a typical example of feudalism, and not enter into the great controversy over what it means.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ Writers, artists, policy-makers and business leaders from all over the world are set to be present at the public event, where up to 1000 people will be able to attend.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Even if the treaty isn't ratified by all 27 members, certain powers will go into effect January 1, 2009.

.The Gospel was brought to Rome by colonies of Jewish Christians who kept up close relations with Palestine, their mother country.^ Zephaniah from Fulfilled Prophecy brought up an interesting point related to these dates as well.

^ Should Europe's landscape change from a combined vast geographical area to individually portioned up countries again, this likely will overthow established international relations globally too.
  • Global Politician - Europe 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC globalpolitician.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

St. Paul brought Christianity to Greece on his second journey (49-52 A.D.) when he founded, with the aid of Silas, Timothy, and Luke, Christian communities in Philippi, Thessalonica, Beroea, Athens, and Corinth. St. Paul's great letters and his journeys to Italy, perhaps also to Spain, prepared the way for the close connexion between the Roman and Greek Christians and strengthened them for the work of spreading the Gospel. .In fact the first persecution under Nero in 64 was not able to crush the new movement, and the same is true of the many other later persecutions.^ At first tolerant to Christians, Zoroastrian Persia later persecuted them mercilessly.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ Some became pacificts while others sought retribution and many found themselves fighting another war only two decades later.
  • Western and Northern Europe History and Politics: Media Resources Center, UC Berkeley 26 January 2010 1:01 UTC www.lib.berkeley.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The feathers on the other something will definitely NOT be the exact same colour, but the other something will otherwise waddle and quack in an identical fashion to the original something, and will in fact be just another duck.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

.Towards the end of the first century, under Clement, the head of the Church at that time, there was a close bond between Rome and Corinth.^ Natalie Solent (Essex) European Union (20) Over at EU Referendum under the heading "Caught red-handed" there is an instructive YouTube video.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

.It is also to be assumed that in the meantime all the commercial cities on the coasts of the Mediterranean had Christians in their midst, and that before long the regions adjoining these cities accepted the Gospel.^ Euro and the History of Previous Currency Unions Sam Vaknin, Ph.D. - 5/20/2005 "Before long, all Europe, save England, will have one money".
  • Global Politician - Europe 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC globalpolitician.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Also found is "Romanian Transylvania" long before it was Romanian at all.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ The Fourth and final crusade, launched as a commercial operation, sacked and looted Constantinople, the Christian city that originally inspired the holy movement.
  • Western and Northern Europe History and Politics: Media Resources Center, UC Berkeley 26 January 2010 1:01 UTC www.lib.berkeley.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

According to tradition the Church in Gaul was founded by Trophimus, who was sent there by St. Paul; to Crescentius, a disciple of the Apostles, is ascribed the preaching of the Gospel in Vienne and Mainz; and to Dionysius the Areopagite, the founding of the Church of Paris. To Eucharius and Maternus, two disciples of St. Paul, are attributed the founding of the Churches of Trier and Cologne. It is certain that flourishing dioceses arose in Lyons and Vienne during the reign of Marcus Aurelius (161-80). At the beginning of the third century, according to the testimony of Tertullian (Adv. Judaeos, i), various tribes of Gaul had accepted Christianity. At about the same date Irenaeus (Adv. haereses) speaks of .Churches in Germany, and the new faith had at that time spread into all the provinces of the Spanish Peninsula.^ South of them were the Celts, occupying all of western and central Europe, and pressing into the Iberian peninsula, displacing the original inhabitants.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ He's telling the angel of this particular church that, because they have remained steadfast and faithful to His words, He will keep them from experiencing the persecutions of the great, end-time tribulation.

According to the Venerable Bede (Histor. gentis Angl., I, iii), the first missionaries came to England during the reign of Pope Eleutherius (177-90). By the opening of the third century the British Church had spread beyond the Roman possessions in Britain and may even have embraced Ireland. .In the meantime the barbarians living along the northern boundaries of the Roman Empire had begun their migrations and predatory incursions.^ The feudal-manorial system was very unlike the organization of the nomadic barbarian kingdoms, but the concept of fealty was easily understood, and so the system took hold in what had been the Roman empire.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ The "barbarian invasions" of the Roman Empire are another case in point.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

.Along this border lived the tribes of the Teutonic family, divided by the Oder into the East Germans and West Germans.^ The Lombards were a German tribe, Arian Christians, that had settled on the upper Elbe and Oder east of the Bavarians.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ The Suebi were an East German tribe that migrated to the Rhineland in the 1st century BCE. The Gallic Aedui invited them into Gaul to take part in the incessant feuds in that region.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ The west was slowly abandoned to Germanic kingdoms, as tribes became foederati and their leaders were called patricii.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

.The East Germans included the Ostrogoths and Visigoths, Burgundians, Vandals, Heruli, Rugii, and Scyrri.^ With his Vandal ally Genseric, and his subject Ostrogothic troops, Attila was cornered at Châlons in 451 by the Roman and Visigothic army of Flavius Aëtius.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

.The West Germans were divided into the Ingvaeones or Germans on the sea-coast, including the later Frisians and Anglo-Saxons; the Istvaeones or the Germans of the Rhine, including the Franks between the Weser and Rhine; the Hermiones, among whom were the later Thuringians and the upper German tribes of the Alamanni and Bavarians (Bajuvarii).^ This may well be the main difference between the German health system and the Anglo-Saxon one.
  • Global Politician - Europe 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC globalpolitician.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The Lombards were a German tribe, Arian Christians, that had settled on the upper Elbe and Oder east of the Bavarians.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ Marcomanni and Quadi occupied the lands of the Boii, and were surrounded by more German tribes, such as Jutes, Angles, Frisians, Saxons, Franks, Lombards and Alemanni, as population increased.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

.As early as the years 161-80 the Marcomanni, a West German tribe, advanced as far as Aquileia; they were defeated, but introduced northern elements into the population.^ Marcomanni and Quadi occupied the lands of the Boii, and were surrounded by more German tribes, such as Jutes, Angles, Frisians, Saxons, Franks, Lombards and Alemanni, as population increased.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ In the 11th century, they were defeated by the Empire, Cumans and the Kievan Rus', and the Cumans or Polovtsy, another Turkic tribe, took their place.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ The west was slowly abandoned to Germanic kingdoms, as tribes became foederati and their leaders were called patricii.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

.After this failure the current of the migration divided into two streams: one to the south-east, the migration of the East Germans; one to the south-west, the migration of the West Germans.^ And it is necessary, for at the moment, two opposing philosophies of life confront each other from the West and from the East....

^ He said that UKIP had done well in a great doughnut, so to speak, of places which are not London itself, but which are all around London the South East, the South West, the Midlands, East Anglia.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ The Suebi were an East German tribe that migrated to the Rhineland in the 1st century BCE. The Gallic Aedui invited them into Gaul to take part in the incessant feuds in that region.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

.Of the East Germans, the Goths reached the lower Danube and the Black Sea and divided, according to these respective positions, into the Ostrogoths and Visigoths.^ Further east are the Bug and the Dneper (Dnieper), entering the Black Sea near Kherson, not far east of Odessa.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ For administrative efficiency, the Empire was divided into Eastern and Western parts in 395, governed from Constantinople and Rome, respectively.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ The Germans began to press southwards in the late first millennium BCE. The migration of the Goths and Vandals was a major stage in these events.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

.In 375, on account of the pouring in of Asiatic hordes through the gateway of the nations between the Urals and the Caspian, the Ostrogoths came under the power of the Huns.^ Alexander Zankov, a National Socialist, came to power.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ The Disintegration of Yugoslavia was Inevitable Milosevic came to power (1987-9) on waves of popular support for his rabid nationalism and fake anti-establishment credentials.
  • Global Politician - Europe 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC globalpolitician.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Program 49: The end of World War II saw the creation of the United Nations, and the attempt to establish a balance of power between the greater and weaker powers.
  • Western and Northern Europe History and Politics: Media Resources Center, UC Berkeley 26 January 2010 1:01 UTC www.lib.berkeley.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.The Visigoths, who were also hard pressed, retreated towards Transylvania and received land somewhat south of this from the Emperors Valens and Theodosius.^ Emperor Theodosius I made peace with the Visigoths and integrated their army into the Roman army.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ Shortly thereafter, the Avars, a Hunnic people, attacked from the east, and Emperor Valens allowed the Visigoths to settle in Moesia, south of the Danube, where they entered the army.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ It is also the one that the Bible described concerning the Antichrist: Out of one of them came another horn, which started small but grew in power to the south and to the east and toward the Beautiful Land.

.When, after the death of Theodosius, the Roman Empire was divided in 395 into the Western and Eastern Empires, ruled respectively by his sons Honorius and Arcadius, the Visigoths under Alaric plundered Thrace and Greece and, with the permission of Arcadius, settled in Illyria.^ For administrative efficiency, the Empire was divided into Eastern and Western parts in 395, governed from Constantinople and Rome, respectively.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ On the death of Genghis Khan in 1227, his empire was divided among his surviving sons.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ When the Empire was administratively separated into western and eastern parts in 395, Macedonia fell under Constantinople.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

.From here they pressed toward Italy and in 410 even entered Rome.^ In Italy, they came into contact with the Etruscans, probably of western African origin like the Basques, as well as with Phoenician colonists, here and in Iberia.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

.They then turned towards South-Eastern Gaul and in 419 founded the first German kingdom on Roman soil, its capital being Toulouse; they also conquered a large part of Spain.^ Contents: Part 1: The Germans- who are they?
  • Western and Northern Europe History and Politics: Media Resources Center, UC Berkeley 26 January 2010 1:01 UTC www.lib.berkeley.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ On the Eastern Front, resentment toward the war effort would turn into rebellion and then revolution.
  • Western and Northern Europe History and Politics: Media Resources Center, UC Berkeley 26 January 2010 1:01 UTC www.lib.berkeley.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Bohemia became one of the very few kingdoms in the Holy Roman Empire (most large states were duchies).
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

.In 507 the Visigoths were forced to give up their possessions in Gaul to the Franks, and in 531 the capital of the Visigothic Kingdom was transferred to Toledo.^ The Visigothic kingdom was extended into southern France, where it competed with the Franks, Germans from the middle Rhine who had taken over in a similar manner.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ Clovis I defeated the Visigoths in 507 at Vouillé, after which the Visigothic kingdom was restricted to Spain.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

.The recall from the Rhine of the Roman legions needed for the struggle against Alaric left the way to the south-west open to two other East German peoples, the Burgundians and the Vandals.^ Over the coming months the left will deploy the entire range of their customary demonology against Berlusconi in the same way they have deployed it against George Bush.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ And it is necessary, for at the moment, two opposing philosophies of life confront each other from the West and from the East....

^ He said that UKIP had done well in a great doughnut, so to speak, of places which are not London itself, but which are all around London the South East, the South West, the Midlands, East Anglia.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

.The Burgundians, who had formerly lived between the Oder and the Vistula, crossed the Rhine in 406 and founded a kingdom having its capital at Worms; in 437 this kingdom was broken up by the Roman governor Aetius, but another arose in 443 around Geneva and Lyons; this, however, in 532, was absorbed into the Kingdom of the Franks.^ Violators who put human lives at risk face fines up to $161,000 (SFr 200,000) or imprisonment.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Cologne ("Colonia") was founded for Germanic veterans who desired to live within the boundary.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ On 31 December 406, the Suebi, Vandals and Alans crossed the Rhine at Mainz and invaded Gaul.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

.In 406 the Vandals left their home on the northern slope of the mountains called Riesengebirge, and in union with the Alani and Suevi passed through Gaul into Spain; the Visigoths drove them out of Spain into the Roman provinces in Africa, whence for a long time they controlled the Mediterranean and in 455 ravaged Rome.^ They invaded Gaul in 406, and Spain in 409, where they fought both the Romans and the Visigoths.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ Emperor Theodosius I made peace with the Visigoths and integrated their army into the Roman army.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ Unable to deny its power to grip them or find a way out, they all hold hands and sully forth into the unknown, calling out plaintively for someone to come and rescue them and lead them home.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

.In 476 Odoacer, the leader of the mercenaries made up of Heruli, Rugii, and Scyrri, seized the government and called himself King of Italy.^ Back then, the government of Bertie Ahern received a so-called Seville Declaration on Ireland's policy of military neutrality from the European Council, the gathering of EU leaders.

.At almost the same time the Ostrogoths in Pannonia were again free, as the power of the Huns was broken in the great battle on the Catalaunian Fields near Châlons-sur-Marne in 451. Theodoric, the King of the Ostrogoths, conquered Odoacer in 489 and created a kingdom (493-526) that embraced Italy, Sicily, a part of Pannonia, Rhaetia, and the Province; this kingdom went to pieces in 553. The Ostrogoths were followed by the Lombards, a tribe of the lower Elbe, who, passing through Pannonia, reached Italy in 568 under their King Alboin; it was not until 771 that the Lombards were brought under subjection by the Franks.^ The Visigoths still formed part of the Roman army, commanded by Flavius Aëtius, and fought at the battle of Châlons in 451, where Attila was decisively defeated, and thousands of his Ostrogothic allies fell.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ He reigned as Charles I as Emperor of Austria and Charles IV as King of Hungary from 1916 until 1918, when under pressure he "renounced participation" in state affairs, but did not abdicate.
  • Western and Northern Europe History and Politics: Media Resources Center, UC Berkeley 26 January 2010 1:01 UTC www.lib.berkeley.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ After doing this, the Avars went on to conquer north and central Italy in 568-572, sharing rule of the peninsula with Constantinople.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

.All these peoples were to disappear in order, by their absorption into the civilization of Rome, to bring about the union of Christianity, the state religion of Rome since the time of Constantine the Great, with a more stable power, the united West Germans.^ All these peoples, but especially the Scandinavians, were excellent navigators and shipbuilders.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ The existing structure, which secures the rights of member states to make their own decisions and collective arrangements about foreign policy and criminal justice matters, will disappear.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ On the contrary, we should all exercise great sensitivity when dealing with symbols and traditions that are sacred to other people.

.The West Germans, although their migrations were not very extended, had changed their habitations as follows: in the fourth century the Alamanni advanced into Alsace and in the fifth century took entire possession of it, spreading towards the north as far as Coblenz.^ The Suebi were an East German tribe that migrated to the Rhineland in the 1st century BCE. The Gallic Aedui invited them into Gaul to take part in the incessant feuds in that region.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ To the north, towards Poland, is the Galician plain, once a Hapsburg possession.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ Germans settled west of the Balts, and penetrated to the north, in Scandinavia.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

.The Franks were divided into the Ripuarian and Salian Franks; the former settled on both sides of the middle and lower Rhine, the latter advanced from the Scheldt to the Somme.^ They did not follow them into western Europe, but settled on the middle Volga, near the confluence with the Kama.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ Nuclear strategy evolves into Mutual Assured Destruction, or MAD, in which both sides are guaranteed certain annihilation in the event of nuclear war.
  • Western and Northern Europe History and Politics: Media Resources Center, UC Berkeley 26 January 2010 1:01 UTC www.lib.berkeley.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The Visigothic kingdom was extended into southern France, where it competed with the Franks, Germans from the middle Rhine who had taken over in a similar manner.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

.Towards the end of the third century the Saxons advanced from the Elbe to the Rhine; in the fifth century, with the aid of the Angles, they conquered Britain; the former inhabitants of Britain took refuge in Wales and France and gave their name to Brittany.^ Countries like Britain, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, have large 'welfare' states but they do so by parasitically drawing wealth out of their large wealth creating capitalist economies...
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ They say that the EEUUGGHH! will end a thousand years of Britain's history as a sovereign nation.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ In the 11th century, they were defeated by the Empire, Cumans and the Kievan Rus', and the Cumans or Polovtsy, another Turkic tribe, took their place.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

The Frisians settled on the coast and islands of Schleswig-Holstein; the Thuringians spread from the lower Elbe to the southern bank of the Main. The Bajuvarii went farthest south. .At the time of the birth of Christ they lived in modern Bohemia; about 500 their territory extended from the Lech to the Enns and from the Danube to the junction of the Eisack and the Adige.^ We live, as they say, in interesting times.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ The most frequent statistic cited is the number of live births per woman in a population: in order for the population to replace itself and remain stable, that number must be about 2.1.
  • Global Politician - Europe 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC globalpolitician.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ They prospered in this region, which extended north from Belgrade between the Danube and Tisza rivers.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

.The region occupied by the tribes just named enlarged the scene of European history; all that was now needed was the political and spiritual union of these peoples to make them the leading people of Europe.^ "These people are just wreckers.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Not all the people of Europe are Indo-European.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ The western name for these people was Ruthenians.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

.The political union was brought about by the Franks, the spiritual union by Christianity.^ This is not just about the Middle East or Iraq; they are merely symptoms of a divergence that is economic, political, cultural and even spiritual.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Strauss founded the Christian Socialist Union and had a long political history as a parliamentarian (1949), Special Minister (1952), and by 1955 was Minister of Defense.
  • Western and Northern Europe History and Politics: Media Resources Center, UC Berkeley 26 January 2010 1:01 UTC www.lib.berkeley.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.In the end these were combined into a form of theocracy which, by a rapid series of victories, conquered not only Southern Europe, but also Middle and Eastern Europe as well.^ If picked up by police, these dealers (mainly refugees from Eastern Europe and sub-Saharan Africa) are fined and "deported" to their canton of residency.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Ireland, they all argued, has done well out of Brussels; now let's give eastern Europe the same opportunity.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ They did not follow them into western Europe, but settled on the middle Volga, near the confluence with the Kama.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

.Just as the fifth century passed into the sixth (481-511) Clovis, King of the Salian Franks, forcibly subdued the most important of the surrounding tribes; he led them to embrace Christianity after his own conversion.^ When the Hunnic Empire was formed north of the Danube around 450 CE, these Arian Christian tribes retreated into the Empire and became the Bavarians.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ Vladimir married a daughter of Basil and led the conversion of his country to Christianity in 988.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ Four more numbered Crusades occurred in the 13th century: Fifth (1218-21), Sixth (1228-29), Seventh (1248-54) and Eighth (1270).
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

.Clovis first united what was left of the Roman Empire on the Seine and Loire with his own domain and made Paris his capital.^ The Czech Duke of Bohemia left Sviatopluk's empire in 895 and appealed to the Holy Roman Empire for support against his fellow Slavs.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ The Roman Empire was founded by a city-state that made allies and associates rather than conquered subjects.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ Through the first 11 months of 2005, the Cyprus Police Drug Enforcement Unit opened 561 cases and made 675 arrests.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.After this he subdued the Alamanni on the Rhine, Mosel, Lower Main, and Neckar; as the champion of the doctrines of Roman Christianity, he conquered the King of the Arian Visigoths near Poitiers (507) and seized the Visigothic territory between the Loire and the Garonne.^ This removed the main railway line between Vienna and Budapest from Hungarian territory.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

.By overthrowing the petty Salian chiefs and the royal family of the Ripuarian Franks, he made himself the ruler of all the Frankish tribes.^ Exceptions had been made regarding other Protestant, Roman Catholic, and Russian Orthodox religions (after all, the Grand Duke himself, as Emperor of Russia, was Orthodox).
  • Global Politician - Europe 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC globalpolitician.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.The work was completed by his four sons, who seized the territories of the Thuringians and Burgundians, forced the Ostrogoths to give up Provence and Rhaetia, and obtained by treaties sovereignty over the Bajuvarii.^ The territory of Kievan Rus was inhabited entirely by Slavs, who soon completely assimilated the Swedish nobles.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ He keeps on saying that Britain will never give up sovereignty, although she already has.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

Thus was laid the foundation of the Franco-Christian Empire which opened to Christianity a new missionary field to be won over to the Faith only by properly trained apostles. .The training was given in the monastic institutions which, in imitation of the East, had now spread over all of Western Europe.^ Ireland, they all argued, has done well out of Brussels; now let's give eastern Europe the same opportunity.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Romania also lies along a developing route for the transit of synthetic drugs from Western and Northern Europe to the East.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ It is also a developing route for the transit of synthetic drugs from Western and Northern Europe to the East.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

One of the chief factors in the conversion of the heathen was the Order of St. Benedict of Nursia, encouraged by Gregory the Great. The precursors of the Benedictines were St. Patrick (432) and St. Columba (about 550), who converted Ireland and Scotland, while the Anglo-Saxons received Christianity from the Benedictine Augustine (596), who had been specially sent by Rome. At the death of St. Patrick there were in Ireland several bishops, numerous priests and many monasteries; his own see was Armagh. Columba founded the celebrated monastery on the Island of Iona, between Ireland and Scotland, which was the centre of the Scotch missions and dioceses. The Abbot Augustine and his companions erected the metropolitan Sees of Canterbury (Durovernum), York (Eboracum), and the see of London; in the course of the seventh century the successors of Augustine, Mellitus and Theodore of Tarsus, completed his work.
A glorious band of self-sacrificing apostles of the Faith, from Columbanus and Gallus to Boniface, carried Christianity from the British Isles to the Continent. .They founded their work on what scanty remains of Christianity still existed in the former Roman provinces.^ These estates tended to be more and more independent, producing all they needed, and were less and less worked by slaves, what the Romans called the familia.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ The people he found on the steppes were Magyars who had not accompanied Árpád in the 9th century, and remained where they were.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ Coordination between law enforcement agencies responsible for counternarcotics work has improved but still remains a problem due to regulatory and jurisdictional constraints.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.In the fifth century Severinus and Valentinus laboured in south-eastern Germany.^ The area known as Lusatia, Lausitz or Sorbia lies in south eastern Germany on both sides of the River Spree, east of Dresden, and extends into Poland.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

.They found the remains of nearly obliterated sees in Lorch, Pettau, Windisch in Switzerland, Chur, Basle, Strasburg, Avenches in Switzerland, Martigny, and Geneva, but the Teutonic migrations and the disorders consequent on them had almost destroyed the life of the Church.^ The people he found on the steppes were Magyars who had not accompanied Árpád in the 9th century, and remained where they were.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ He's telling the angel of this particular church that, because they have remained steadfast and faithful to His words, He will keep them from experiencing the persecutions of the great, end-time tribulation.

^ But they were constantly seeking for an opening and they almost found one but then too their effort was foiled.
  • Global Politician - Europe 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC globalpolitician.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

About 610 Columbanus crossed the Vosges mountains, where he had founded the monasteries of Annegray and Luxeuil, and came to Lake Constance; here from Bregenz as a centre he preached Christianity, while his companion St. Gall became the founder of the celebrated monastery of St. Gall. .In the early part of the seventh century the monks Agilus and Eustasius, of the monastery of Luxeuil, preached the Gospel in Bavaria; they were followed by Rupert of Worms and Emmeram of Aquitaine.^ Here interviewees from Europe, Asia and the United States (boasting an average age of 102), recount the part they played in the century's early history.
  • Western and Northern Europe History and Politics: Media Resources Center, UC Berkeley 26 January 2010 1:01 UTC www.lib.berkeley.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

St. Corbinian laboured as the first Bishop of Freising, and Kilian in Würzburg. Ecclesiastical life on the Rhine was largely developed by Bishops Nicetius of Trier, Cunibert of Cologne, Dragobodo of Speyer, Amandus, Lambert, and Hugo of Maastricht. The Gospel was brought to the Frisians by Wilfrid of York and Willibrord of Northumbria; the latter erected a see at Utrecht. Willibrord's companion, Suidbert, went into the countship of Mark in the region of the Weser, Lippe, and Ruhr Rivers; the brothers Ewald laboured with little success among the Saxons. An organization including all these countries was not established until the appearance of the greatest of the apostles of the Germans, St. Boniface. .He entered on his career in the time of the Carlovingian Mayors of the Palace, who were destined to realize the union of Church and State in Western Europe.^ Despite these successes, Hungary continues to be a significant transshipment point for narcotics destined for, and sent from, Western Europe.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ For a start, there are no good ideas in Western Europe but there is a mountain of 'Very Bad Ideas' and no shortage of people who know how to disseminate them very effectively.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ The really interesting thing for me is, at the center of this power we find the Western European Union's Recommendation 666.

.Repeated divisions of the kingdom, disputes as to succession, civil wars, and the power of the nobles almost brought the great Frankish kingdom to dissolution.^ Greece was almost communist as well, but the communist partisans were defeated in a civil war by monarchist forces.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ Impoverished after the war, Great Britain opts out as a world power.
  • Western and Northern Europe History and Politics: Media Resources Center, UC Berkeley 26 January 2010 1:01 UTC www.lib.berkeley.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Khosrau II (reigned 590-628) brought Persian power to its peak, warring successfully against Emperor Justinian.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

.It was saved from utter ruin by Pepin of Heristal, Mayor of the Palace (Major domus), who gradually took control of the government.^ At that conference, the party had split into two parts, the Mensheviks (minority) who advocated cooperation with other Socialist parties, and the Bolsheviks (majority), who proposed domination of the government by their party.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

In 687 Pepin won for himself the position of Mayor of the Palace of Neustria and Burgundy, in addition to that for Austrasia which he already held; in this way he reunited the kingdom. He then undertook the conquest of the tribes which had broken loose from the Frankish rule and encouraged the missions to the West Frisians. .His son, Charles Martel, who was not less active, held a position of such power that he was able, in the great battle of Poitiers, 732, to protect Christian German civilization against the attempt of Islam to conquer the world.^ The Latin Empire did not last long, but it fatally wounded the Eastern Empire, which was really Christendom's protection against Islam.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ A Short History of the West Antero Leitzinger - 3/2/2007 For almost 200 years the Western world, the Free World, has depended on the protection of one great power, which all freedom-loving nations have relied on.
  • Global Politician - Europe 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC globalpolitician.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ They say that the EEUUGGHH! is a pathetic attempt to replace the USA as the top world power which threatens to bankrupt everybody.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

.Pepin the Short, the son of Charles, brought about the union of Church and State which had so great an influence on the history of the world.^ A Short History of the West Antero Leitzinger - 3/2/2007 For almost 200 years the Western world, the Free World, has depended on the protection of one great power, which all freedom-loving nations have relied on.
  • Global Politician - Europe 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC globalpolitician.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ He talked about a Western plan aimed at carving the Arab world into smaller and even weaker states.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ After World War II, the Soviet Union reclaimed its territory in eastern Poland and eastern Galicia, and compensated Poland with a great swath of German territory.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

.Having obtained the title of king in 752, his first task was to defend Pope Stephen II, who had appealed to him for aid, from the attacks of the Lombards; this was followed by the so-called "Donation of Pepin," a grant of territory to the pope which was the foundation of the later States of the Church.^ In this segment historians and theologians discuss the roots of the First Crusade as a political exercise, initiated by Pope Urban II to solidify his political power in the East.
  • Western and Northern Europe History and Politics: Media Resources Center, UC Berkeley 26 January 2010 1:01 UTC www.lib.berkeley.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ In 1095 Emperor Alexius I Comnenus appealed to Pope Urban II for troops to strengthen his armies against the Seljuks.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ He murdered his brother Bleda, who had shared the throne with him since the death of their uncle King Rua.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

Their mutual engagements fixed not only their own policy but also that of their successors. .Like Pepin, his famous son, Charlemagne, lent his support to the Holy See, and all his conquests were undertaken for the good of the Church and Christianity.^ Despite all this commentary, I do like the design of the new coins, and very much look forward to actually seeing them in circulation.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Another interesting note is that the "Holy See" (Vatican) is riding on it all at the top of the chart.

.By successful campaigns against Aquitaine, the Lombards, Avars, Saxons, and Danes, and by treaties with the Slavic peoples, Charlemagne increased his domain until it extended from the Ebro and the Apennines to the Eider River in Schleswig-Holstein, and from the Atlantic to the Elbe and the Raab.^ Discusses the Nazi extermination camps and their brutality against Jewish and Slavic peoples.
  • Western and Northern Europe History and Politics: Media Resources Center, UC Berkeley 26 January 2010 1:01 UTC www.lib.berkeley.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The Treaty of Adrianople following the successful Greek War of Independence in 1821 against Turkey awarded Russia a protectorate over Wallachia and Moldavia.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ Slavic peoples in this region, known as Sorbs or Wends, are a remarkable survival of the Slavs that settled the broad expanse between the Elbe and the Oder.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

.His kingdom became a world-empire and he himself one of the great rulers of history, worthy of reviving the Western Roman Empire.^ Thus, his empire will be a revived version of the Roman Empire.

^ This is the fourth kingdom , the revived Roman Empire...

^ Numerology is a big deal to the occultists and secret societies who are behind this "confirmed covenant" and according to Daniel 9:26,27 it is the future prince of the Romans that destroyed Jerusalem in 70 AD ( Revived Roman Empire ) is the one behind this confirmed covenant.

He was crowned, Christmas Day, 800, by the pope, and the new empire rested essentially on the basis of an alliance with the Church. .Its ideal was the Kingdom of God on earth, in which the emperor by Divine appointment is God's viceroy in order to lead and rule all races as divided into nations, classes, and distinctions of rank according to Divine will.^ At that time, the 28 nations in the WEU were divided into four different types of membership.

^ We in the West have had time to get used to the psychosis of the ruling classes but for these unsuspecting Baltic greenhorns, the misery is all to come.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ All this seems to be working toward the common goal of the fourth kingdom 's control over the land of Israel to divide it for peace .

.Pepin the Short had been filled with this lofty conception; consequently extraordinary success attended the missionary labours of the Church under both rulers.^ Although consequences are an important measure of success or failure, this approach rarely addresses the fundamental premises from which both sides launch their campaigns.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

.As early as 716, under the rule of Charles Martel, the Anglo-Saxon monk Winfrid, better known as Boniface, landed on the Continent; he was to be the reformer and organizer of German ecclesiastical life.^ This may well be the main difference between the German health system and the Anglo-Saxon one.
  • Global Politician - Europe 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC globalpolitician.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The name Prussian was transferred to the Germans under the rule of the Teutonic Knights, who created an actual state.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ Strengthening the rule of law, combating organized crime and terrorism, and reforming the judiciary and police remain top USG priorities.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

He always laboured in union with Rome, and was himself a missionary in Frisia with Willibrord, then, in 722, in Hesse and Thuringia, and in 736, in Bavaria. Having been made an archbishop and having received authority from Rome, he founded a number of monasteries, e.g., that of Fulda, and the Bishoprics of Eichstätt, Würzburg, Buraburg, and Erfurt. .By means of synods held every five years he brought about the closer union between the old and new dioceses, and placed the newly founded sees in Thuringia and Hesse, as well as those of Speyer, Worms, Cologne, Utrecht, Tongern, Augsburg, Chur, Constance, and Strasburg, under Mainz as metropolitan see, of which he became archbishop in 746. In the reign of Charlemagne the large territories of the Saxons and Avars were added to the lands thus organized, and these new regions also received missionaries and bishops.^ Having visited Estonia for several days about twelve years ago, I know all about that place.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ This means that, in the event of a crisis, the new High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy will have the same extraordinary powers to step in and take control of the EUs military that the old High Representative for the Common Foreign and Security Policy did.

^ March 16, 2007 Friday The Database SuperState Philip Chaston (London) Civil liberty/regulation • European Union (5) There is a strong interaction between British ideas on security and those adopted by Europe, where New Labour dreams of authoritarian and democratic socialism can be writ large.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

The result was the founding of the Dioceses of Bremen (787), Paderborn (806), Werden, and Minden in the country of the Engern, Osnabrück and Münster (785) in Westphalia, Halberstadt and Hildesheim (817) in Eastphalia; the metropolitan of all the Saxon sees was Bremen (834). .The conversion of the Avars had been attempted by the Bavarian Duke Tassilo II; when the East Mark was founded the Avars came under the influence of the sees and monasteries established in this country; after their subjugation they were placed partly under the jurisdiction of the Bishop of Salzburg and partly under that of the Patriarch of Aquileia.^ Shortly thereafter, the Avars, a Hunnic people, attacked from the east, and Emperor Valens allowed the Visigoths to settle in Moesia, south of the Danube, where they entered the army.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ The Magyars determined to escape the turmoil of the steppes, and assembled east of the Carpathians for their invasion of the Hungarian Plain, which they had determined was very thinly populated with the remnants of Avars and Gepids.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ He came under the influence of Attila and accompanied him with his army to the fatal battle of Châons in 451, discussed below.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

.From these points, Christianity, as formerly in the Roman Empire, extended beyond the boundaries of Charlemagne's dominions, and new tribes and peoples were evangelized, while, at the same time, Christian civilization was peacefully established within the Frankish Empire.^ The Roman Empire changed over time.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ The people who are trying to complete the creation of a European Unionist state see the USA as a competitor, a rival, a model and a partner, often all at the same time.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Mob power pushes the French Revolution out of control until Napoleon establishes a new dictatorship, hierarchy and empire.
  • Western and Northern Europe History and Politics: Media Resources Center, UC Berkeley 26 January 2010 1:01 UTC www.lib.berkeley.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

The monastery of Corvey on the Weser, and the Sees of Bremen and Hamburg (831) were the mission centres for the northern provinces. .The monk Anschar of Corvey, first Archbishop of Hamburg, laboured with great zeal as Apostolic legate in Denmark, Sweden, and Norway; his successors were equally active as missionaries and bishops.^ Amphetamines from Lithuania are usually transported by truck to Sweden and Norway through Poland, Germany and Denmark.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ France, Belgium, Holland, Denmark, Austria, Poland, and perhaps Italy, Sweden, and Norway".
  • Global Politician - Europe 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC globalpolitician.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.However it was not until the reign of Canute the Great (1014-35) that the victory of Christianity in Denmark was assured; in 1104 Lund was made the metropolitan See of Scandinavia; in 1163 Upsala became the metropolitan See of Sweden, and about the middle of the twelfth century Trondhjem was made the same for Norway.^ Until the end of the middle ages and the arrival of a flood of silver from the New World, gold was worth about nine times an equal weight of silver.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ In 1272, Charles I of Anjou founded an Albanian kingdom that lasted about a century, until the struggle with the Turk.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

.Iceland was won for Christianity about the year 1000 and was divided into the two sees of Skalhold and Holum.^ Personally, I'd like to see him rub some salt into the wounds while he's about it.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Howe said that the draft of the treaty for a new Constitution should be ready by the late summer of this year and could be ratified by member states in about two years' time.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ In 370 CE, the Goths divided into two groups.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

.The inhabitants of the Orkneys, Hebrides, Faroe, and Shetland Islands were converted about the same time as Iceland; they were at first placed under the metropolitan See of Hamburg- Bremen, which had been united in 849, and later under the jurisdiction of the metropolitan See of Norway.^ In the first six months of 2005 police seized nearly three times more drugs than in the same period of the previous year.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ They placed their headquarters on Mount Moriah, the location of the old Temple and al-Aqsa, the Dome of the Rock (the first mosque with a dome).
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ The people who are trying to complete the creation of a European Unionist state see the USA as a competitor, a rival, a model and a partner, often all at the same time.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

.During the period of the Teutonic migrations the Slavs had come into contact with Christianity and were converted partly by Christian rulers, as in Thrace, Macedonia, Greece and Dalmatia, partly through the influence of neighbouring Christian countries, as in Carinthia.^ Around 600, Slavs began to migrate into Macedonia from the northeast.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ Slavs settled in Moesia, Thrace and Macedonia after 488, replacing the Ostrogoths.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ The main routes for narcotics coming into Kazakhstan continue to run through Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

In 806 the Bishop of Passau undertook the conversion of Moravia; that of Pannonia was attempted by Archbishop Adalram of Salzburg (821-36). .In both these countries a great missionary work was done by Cyril and Methodius; the latter, Methodius, became Archbishop of Moravia and Pannonia.^ Cyril and Methodius took this alphabet with them on their mission to write religious works for their converts.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ These hugely subsidised exports are dumped on developing countries, snuffing out potential economic growth that could enable them to work their way out of poverty.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ This followed the mission of Cyril and Methodius that had Christianized Moravia, and caused the conversion of the west Slavs from Orthodoxy to Catholicism, and the replacement of Church Slavonic by Latin.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

.The work of converting Bohemia began in the year 845; the country was at first under the care of Ratisbon; in 973 a diocese was founded in Bohemia itself at Prague, which was suffragan to Mainz.^ The Weeze Airport which is only 2 years old and still heavily under utilised still looked a lot better than most national airports in the developing countries.
  • Global Politician - Europe 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC globalpolitician.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ This was the first ecstasy lab discovered in 2005; previously, only amphetamine laboratories had been found this year.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ For 14 years investigators under the diocese of Metz have combed through the life of the French statesman to determine whether he merits the title "Blessed Robert", the first step to sainthood.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

Poland was brought to Christianity by its ruler Duke Mieczyslaw (963), and in 968 he erected the Bishopric of Posen. In the year 1000 Gnesen was made a metropolitan see, its suffragan sees were Kolberg (1065), Breslau (1000), and Cracow (1000). .Finally, in the reigns of Heinrich I and Otto I the northern Slavs, living in regions subsequently German, namely the Wends, including those living in Pomerania, as well as the Obotrites and Sorbs on the Oder, Vistula, and Elbe, in Lausitz, and Saxony were forcibly Christianized.^ The German name for the Sorbs is Wends, which is used by the Sorbs as well.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ West Slavs occupied the interior regions, from the Oder and Vistula to the east.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ The Lombards were a German tribe, Arian Christians, that had settled on the upper Elbe and Oder east of the Bavarians.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

.The new Sees of Havelberg, Brandenburg, Meissen, Zeitz, Merseburg, and Oldenburg (Stargard) served as points from which the work of conversion could be carried on; Magdeburg was the centre of the entire Slavonic mission.^ This followed the mission of Cyril and Methodius that had Christianized Moravia, and caused the conversion of the west Slavs from Orthodoxy to Catholicism, and the replacement of Church Slavonic by Latin.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

.It was during this same period that the Greek Church spread through the eastern part of Europe.^ Ireland, they all argued, has done well out of Brussels; now let's give eastern Europe the same opportunity.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ During the same period, however, the population of the 27 countries that should be members of the EU by 2007 is predicted to fall by 6%, from 482m to 454m.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

.In 955 the first Christian princess of Russia, Olga, was baptized at Constantinople; during the reign of her grandson Vladimir, baptized 989, Christianity became the religion of the country.^ Christianity was adopted as the state religion and became intolerant.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ Vladimir married a daughter of Basil and led the conversion of his country to Christianity in 988.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ In 1994, Estonia became the first country to institute the flat tax, charging 26% on all personal and corporate income with no deductions allowed.
  • Global Politician - Europe 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC globalpolitician.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.In 864 the Bulgars, at the command of their prince Bogoris, accepted Christianity as a people, and from 870 were under the ecclesiastical control of Constantinople.^ Even Britain had its 'Set the People Free' and its 'Bonfire of Controls' under Churchill and Eden.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

.A bishop sent from Constantinople introduced Christianity among the Magyars, or Hungarians; the work was completed by German missionaries sent in pursuance of the masterful policy of the Saxon emperors.^ Otto I, the Holy Roman Emperor, annihilated the Magyar army at Lechfeld (Augsburg) in Bavaria on 10 August 955, and this caused the Magyars to reconsider their aggressive policy.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ The Magyars took part in the Bulgar War of 894 against Tsar Simeon I as allies of Constantinople, invited by Emperor Leo VI Grammaticus.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

The first Christian ruler of Hungary was Stephen (997-1038).
.Many sacrifices, however, were still necessary in order to keep what had been gained for Christianity and to protect these gains against the threatened dangers of Mohammedanism and heathenism.^ What's really sad, is that many consumers in this dirigiste continent will agree with the plan; what many of these supporters won't realise however, until it's too late, is that they will also pay for it.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Many ingenious perversions of the manor and feudal system could be conceived, and constant legislation was necessary to keep the system going.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

These sacrifices were freely made by medieval Christian Europe. .Under the careful training of their appointed guardians, the Catholic orders, the various nations and their rulers were filled with Christian thoughts and feelings.^ The U.S. Government has worked closely with the Polish National Police to improve police training on ethics and corruption, and has presented several training courses on the subject under a Law Enforcement LOA. .
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.Although the conception of their respective positions held by the human representatives of the secular and spiritual power inevitably led to friction, especially in the age of the Hohenstaufen emperors, nevertheless all were conscious of their common duty to protect faith and civilization against foes both in Europe and outside of it.^ What these authors all have in common is that they believe that Western civilization is on the slippery slope to ruin.
  • Global Politician - Europe 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC globalpolitician.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ It is remarkable that, in spite of common language properties among all humans, different languages are almost completely mutually incomprehensible.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ However, they later turned against the Huns, defeating them at the Battle of the Medao in 454 and ending Hunnic power in Europe, becoming Roman allies thereafter.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

.A convincing proof of this was the courageous struggle of Europe against the attempted inroads of Islam, and especially the expeditions of conquest to the Holy Land repeatedly undertaken by the various nations of Europe acting together.^ Crusades were preached against them, which many nobles preferred to take up in place of going all the way to the Holy Land.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ According to him, the riots in the suburbs of Paris in 2005 were only the beginning of the armed struggle of the Muslims against discrimination in Europe.
  • Global Politician - Europe 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC globalpolitician.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.Spain, which since 711 had been almost entirely under the control of the Arabs, was able in 1212 to drive them as far back as Granada; in 1492 Granada also fell.^ There is effective control of precursor shipments within Spain from the point of origin to destination, administered under the National Drug Plan (PND).
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ In 1330 Sir James Douglas, a Templar, carried the heart of Bruce for burial in Jerusalem, but only got as far as Spain before the Arabs killed him.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ Among young people under the age of 20, drug-related deaths fell by almost one-third between 2002 and 2003.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

From 878 Sicily had been in the hands of the Saracens, but it was freed by the courageous Normans (1061-91). The so-called Crusades (1061-1244) continued with interruptions for nearly two hundred years; among those who shared in them were monks, as Peter of Amiens and St. Bernard; bishops, as Otto of Freising; rulers of the greatest nations of Western Europe, as the German emperors, Frederick Barbarossa and Frederick II; the French kings, St. Louis and Philip II, and the English Richard the Lion-Hearted. Orders of knights, as the Order of St. John, were formed to take part in these expeditions. .The original aim of the Crusades, the freeing of Palestine from the control of non-Christians, it is true, was not attained.^ The Fourth and final crusade, launched as a commercial operation, sacked and looted Constantinople, the Christian city that originally inspired the holy movement.
  • Western and Northern Europe History and Politics: Media Resources Center, UC Berkeley 26 January 2010 1:01 UTC www.lib.berkeley.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ An army of about 20,000 Crusaders beseiged Jerusalem, soon overcame it, and like true Christians slaughtered all the inhabitants indiscriminately.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

.But the power of Mohammedanism was weakened for a long time to come; the civilization of Western Europe, moreover, gained from the Orient the best the East had to give and thus was greatly aided in its development.^ The idea was received with a cold attitude by the European powers, especially by the Germans and the French - long time friends of the country.
  • Global Politician - Europe 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC globalpolitician.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Romania also lies along a developing route for the transit of synthetic drugs from Western and Northern Europe to the East.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ It is also a developing route for the transit of synthetic drugs from Western and Northern Europe to the East.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.A more lasting success, however, followed the attempts, patterned on the Crusades, to carry on wars of conversion and conquest in those territories of northeastern Europe peopled by tribes that had lapsed from the Faith or that were still heathen; among such pagans were the Obotrites, Pomeranians, Wiltzi, Sorbs, Letts, Livonians, Finns, and Prussians.^ American military) and it is NATO, not the EEC/EU, that was responsible for the peace of post war Western Europe, which may well be why so many Europeans hate the United States - people often hate those they have long depended on.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ However, four Macedonian brothers--David, Moses, Aaron and Samuel--carried on the war and recaptured much territory.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ Attempts to create communist governments in Europe were made after the Russian Revolution of 1917, but without success.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

The preparatory work was done in the twelfth century by missionaries of the Premonstratensian and Cistercian Orders. They were aided with armed forces by Duke Henry the Lion of Saxony, Albert the Bear of Brandenburg, Boleslaw of Poland, and St. Erik IX of Sweden. .From the beginning of the thirteenth century Crusades were undertaken against Livonia, Semgall, a division of the present Courland, and Esthonia; Teutonic Knights conquered Prussia after a struggle that lasted more than fifty years.^ Teutonic Knights did indeed come this way in 1211, invited by András II to come from Venice after the Crusades to guard Hungary against the Cumans.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ This was not an easy war; in fact, it lasted 50 years, but the Teutonic Knights eventually prevailed, founding Königsberg in 1255 on the way.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ Last year, arrests of Cypriots for possession of narcotics with intent to distribute were significantly higher than the number of arrests of nonCypriots on similar charges.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.In Lithuania Christianity did not win the victory until 1368. After this only the Turks, in the south-eastern corner of the Continent, were a cause of alarm to Christian Europe for centuries.^ It is stated that Budapest was liberated from the Turks in 1686, but Budapest did not exist until 1873: in 1686 it was just Buda, with another town across the river.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ After overcoming the Tatars in their own country during the 18th century, Russia turned to the driving of the Turks from Europe, freeing the subjugated Slavic populations.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ In 1272, Charles I of Anjou founded an Albanian kingdom that lasted about a century, until the struggle with the Turk.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

.The decline of the power of the Eastern Empire drew the Turks over the Bosporus; in 1365 they had control of Adrianople; in the course of the fourteenth century the Serbs, Bulgars, Macedonians, and the inhabitants of Thessaly became their subjects.^ The majority of the Bulgars remained here, and later became the Russian Tatars of the Volga, after conquest by the Mongols in the 13th century.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ The Turks were driven out of Macedonia by the allied Serbs, Bulgars and Greeks in the First Balkan War in 1912.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ Mob power pushes the French Revolution out of control until Napoleon establishes a new dictatorship, hierarchy and empire.
  • Western and Northern Europe History and Politics: Media Resources Center, UC Berkeley 26 January 2010 1:01 UTC www.lib.berkeley.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.In 1453 the Turks took Constantinople, in 1461 Trebizond, in 1480 even Otranto in Apulia; after 1547 they owned half of Hungary.^ They travelled overland to Constantinople and united there for the attack on the Turks.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ But even that does not mean that Western Europe is without something to offer the East, though certainly not workers (unless they are prepared to export their own immigrants).
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ In World War II, they were Nazi sympathizers, and took their own initiatives in persecuting Jews, though there was an active resistance by a minority of their citizens.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

.It was not until the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries that their possessions were reduced to their present boundaries, thus limiting Mohammedanism to a small part of the population of Europe.^ After overcoming the Tatars in their own country during the 18th century, Russia turned to the driving of the Turks from Europe, freeing the subjugated Slavic populations.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ Here interviewees from Europe, Asia and the United States (boasting an average age of 102), recount the part they played in the century's early history.
  • Western and Northern Europe History and Politics: Media Resources Center, UC Berkeley 26 January 2010 1:01 UTC www.lib.berkeley.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.At the beginning of modern times a great change took place in the boundaries of the European States.^ The people who are trying to complete the creation of a European Unionist state see the USA as a competitor, a rival, a model and a partner, often all at the same time.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ But pray ye that your flight be not in the winter, neither on the sabbath day: For then shall be great tribulation , such as was not since the beginning of the world to this time, no, nor ever shall be .

^ He calls for reform of spending and recognising economic reality whilst at the same time declaring that he is a 'passionate European' and saying that he supports the idea of an intrusive welfare state.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

.The cause was that ecclesiastical movement known as the Reformation, which placed in opposition to the unity of Catholicism in Western Europe the numerous religious associations that together form Protestantism.^ Islamic Jihad vs. Western Way of War Fjordman - 5/4/2009 I had a conversation recently with a good friend of mine regarding the situation in Western Europe, with rapidly rising ethnic and religious tensions caused by mass immigration.
  • Global Politician - Europe 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC globalpolitician.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ In western Europe, silver coinage had become popular, in the form of the English penny or the large silver dollar, for example.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ Ecstasy and other pill-form narcotics are smuggled into Croatia from Western Europe in small quantities for domestic use.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.The apostasy of the various countries and cities, which began soon after Luther first appeared, was brought about by the most varied causes, described elsewhere, and was facilitated by the violent procedure of the petty princes who had absolute sovereign power over their subjects.^ Soon we will take power in this country.
  • Global Politician - Europe 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC globalpolitician.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ In late 2005, the Courts began to refer most first-time offenders to rehabilitation centers rather than requiring incarceration.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ But most other EU countries do not have habeas corpus or trial by jury and, as in Ms Daniels's experience, can reactivate a legal case years after it was apparently brought to an end.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

.The first of the ruling princes to make the change was Albert of Brandenburg, Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights (1525); he was followed by the Elector John of Saxony, Philip, Landgrave of Hesse (1527), and at almost the same date by nearly all the German imperial cities.^ The first all German elections.
  • Western and Northern Europe History and Politics: Media Resources Center, UC Berkeley 26 January 2010 1:01 UTC www.lib.berkeley.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ In the first six months of 2005 police seized nearly three times more drugs than in the same period of the previous year.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ In 1525 Grand Master Albert of Brandenburg became protestant and was invested with the Duchy of Prussia by Sigismund I of Poland.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

.The movement soon gained the northern countries, Denmark, Sweden, Norway, and the Baltic provinces; these all gave their adherence (1530) to the so-called Augsburg Confession, while the upper German imperial cities, Strasburg, Constance, Lindau, Memmingen, held to the Tetrapolitan Confession of the so-called Reformed Church founded by Zwingli and especially strong in Switzerland.^ As England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland all use the same coins, one of the four coins has to feature a bridge from each of the four constituent countries of the United Kingdom.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ All these peoples, but especially the Scandinavians, were excellent navigators and shipbuilders.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ Continued cooperation with countries in the Baltic region, where significant trafficking routes exist, constitutes an ongoing and important element in Sweden’s counternarcotics efforts.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

The Reformed Church also found adherents in the Palatinate, and at the beginning of the seventeenth century in Hesse-Cassel and Brandenburg. .The Anglican Church was established in 1549 in Great Britain; in 1559 the French Reformed Church adopted the "Confessio Gallicana"; in 1560 the Scotch Reformed the "Confessio Scottica"; from 1592 the Reformation in Scotland adopted a Presbyterian form of government.^ Admiral Horthy, who had been with the French army in Szeged, then arrived in Budapest, and was named regent of a kingdom without a king, and formed a right-wing government.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

Since 1562 the Reformation in the Netherlands has held to the "Confessio Belgica," and the Reformed Church in Hungary since 1567, to the "Confessio Hungarica." .Soon the Counter-Reformation, called into life by the Council of Trent (1545-63) to prevent the loss of the whole of middle Europe, appeared; its success was assured by the aid of the Society of Jesus.^ They did not follow them into western Europe, but settled on the middle Volga, near the confluence with the Kama.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ Indeed, certain features of life in wartime Europe are beginning to re-appear, such as austerity, rationing and empty shelves : .
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ He organized the Council of Constance, 1414-1418, to counter the Reformation.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

.In this way various princes and bishops who were desirous of doing their duty were enabled to hold their countries to the Catholic Church, as the Duke of Cleves, the Electors of Mainz and Trier, the Bishops of Augsburg, Würzburg, Bamberg, Münster, Constance, Basle, the Abbey of Fulda, but especially the Dukes of Bavaria and the Hapsburg dynasty within their Austrian provinces.^ Cologne ("Colonia") was founded for Germanic veterans who desired to live within the boundary.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ These hugely subsidised exports are dumped on developing countries, snuffing out potential economic growth that could enable them to work their way out of poverty.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ The Protestants maintained their existence in northern countries, while the Catholics re-established themselves in Poland, Bavaria, Carinthia and Carniola, Hungary, and a few areas in western Germany.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

.Soon the hostility between the two ecclesiastical parties grew so bitter that a trifling incident sufficed to bring on a terrible religious conflict, the Thirty Years War (1616-48).^ This program examines the political, religious, and class conflicts that led to the Thirty Years War.
  • Western and Northern Europe History and Politics: Media Resources Center, UC Berkeley 26 January 2010 1:01 UTC www.lib.berkeley.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ But, from the 1950's right through to the end of the 1980's, the Israeli-Arab conflict was, at least in part, an important Cold War battlefront, fought out between two proxy antagonists.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ DVD 6114 Paris: The Crazy Years In the period between the first and second world wars, prostitution was legal in Paris and brothels flourished.
  • Western and Northern Europe History and Politics: Media Resources Center, UC Berkeley 26 January 2010 1:01 UTC www.lib.berkeley.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.Two religious confessional leagues confronted each other in Germany: the Catholic League, which was formed in 1609 among the Catholic States of the German Empire and had for its leader the vigorous Duke Maximilian of Bavaria, and the Union in which, from 1609, most of the Protestant and cities combined under the leadership of Frederick IV of the Palatinate.^ One family is Catholic, the other is Protestant.
  • Western and Northern Europe History and Politics: Media Resources Center, UC Berkeley 26 January 2010 1:01 UTC www.lib.berkeley.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ He reigned as Charles I as Emperor of Austria and Charles IV as King of Hungary from 1916 until 1918, when under pressure he "renounced participation" in state affairs, but did not abdicate.
  • Western and Northern Europe History and Politics: Media Resources Center, UC Berkeley 26 January 2010 1:01 UTC www.lib.berkeley.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ This segment considers the events leading up to the construction of the Berlin Wall on August 13, 1961 -- the final division between the two German states.
  • Western and Northern Europe History and Politics: Media Resources Center, UC Berkeley 26 January 2010 1:01 UTC www.lib.berkeley.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.Foreign powers -- Denmark, Sweden, and France -- also took part in the war.^ France, Belgium, Holland, Denmark, Austria, Poland, and perhaps Italy, Sweden, and Norway".
  • Global Politician - Europe 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC globalpolitician.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The Magyars took part in the Bulgar War of 894 against Tsar Simeon I as allies of Constantinople, invited by Emperor Leo VI Grammaticus.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ He took part in the War of 1877, and proclaimed Romanian independence, which was recognized by the Treaty of Berlin.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

.The result of the Thirty Years' War, confirmed in the Peace of Westphalia, laid the foundation of confessional relations as they now exist.^ The countries had an unpleasant, fractious existence until they were finally dissolved as a result of internal forces in the 1990's, in the case of Yugoslavia setting off a brutal war.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ That is the specious lie they've been peddling for years now.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ They sing the praises of war with the same alacrity and vehemence that they invest in glorifying peace.
  • Global Politician - Europe 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC globalpolitician.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.Neither internal commotions nor seemingly mighty political revolutions, such as the illuminism of the French Encyclopedists and the German neo-classicists, the temporary supremacy of rationalism, and the French Revolution, with its consequent wars, greatly changed these relations.^ This 3 disc set features twelve of these re-education films addressing the psychology, politics, culture and everyday life of post-War Germans from an Allied viewpoint.
  • Western and Northern Europe History and Politics: Media Resources Center, UC Berkeley 26 January 2010 1:01 UTC www.lib.berkeley.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Video/C 7148 The Five New Federal States 1995 These five films illustrate the changes that took place in the five new Federal German states between 1990-1995.
  • Western and Northern Europe History and Politics: Media Resources Center, UC Berkeley 26 January 2010 1:01 UTC www.lib.berkeley.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ After the mutiny within the French Army and revolution in Russia, the Germans were still firmly entrenched on the Western Front.
  • Western and Northern Europe History and Politics: Media Resources Center, UC Berkeley 26 January 2010 1:01 UTC www.lib.berkeley.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.The present condition as developed during the course of the nineteenth century and up to the present time is as follows.^ World War II up to the present time, told in the authentic sounds and voices of the men who made this history.--v.3.
  • Western and Northern Europe History and Politics: Media Resources Center, UC Berkeley 26 January 2010 1:01 UTC www.lib.berkeley.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

Portions of this entry are taken from The Catholic Encyclopedia, 1907.

Gaming

Up to date as of February 01, 2010

From Wikia Gaming, your source for walkthroughs, games, guides, and more!

Flag of the European Union
.Europe is generally not a very good place to live if you're an impatient gamer.^ For a start, there are no good ideas in Western Europe but there is a mountain of 'Very Bad Ideas' and no shortage of people who know how to disseminate them very effectively.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ It must be rather interesting to live in a time and a place where it is good to let the will to harm the enemy run free.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ We in Greater Europe do live in such a time and place.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

.All games released here use the PAL format, and almost all games are released last here.^ Lucky, we know all the dirty tricks that can be used in such a referendum campaign, they were all used last time by the Florentine François Mitterand, to get the Maastricht Treaty through.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

.This is generally due to the game having to have at least 4 different languages: English, French, German, Spanish, sometimes more.^ Standard languages, such as English and Castilian Spanish, were created as vehicles of communication in extended communities.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ If the people who flew the aircraft into the WTC were mostly French and German, no doubt there would be more of an imperitive to secure French and German co-operation.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ The fact having 'rows' with the French and Germans is good for the standing of a British leader hardly needs explaining.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

.Game releases can take up to a few months to a year to be released here after North America.^ It is releasing the Europe's first constitution piece by piece over the next few months.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Border stations located on mountain passes on the Chinese and Tajik borders are snow-covered and un-staffed for up to four months of the year.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Remember: what a business person can do across a border in minutes, hours, days can take a lawyer weeks, months, years to do across the same borders if you choose your borders well.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

Sometimes this will allow the game developers to fix more glitches or bugs in the code.
.Europe did, however, get The Legend of Zelda: The Minish Cap, Donkey Kong Jungle Beat, Spore and a few other games way earlier than North America.^ Other smuggling routes include cocaine from Latin America and hashish from North and West Africa.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Portugal is a significant gateway into Europe for drug shipments from South America and North Africa.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ (The Forth Road Bridge has such a truss, which is why I described it the way I did earlier).
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

.In addition, a few games were released in Europe that did not receive a North American release at all, including Terranigma and Vib Ribbon.^ It is releasing the Europe's first constitution piece by piece over the next few months.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

.All of the countries in Europe, excluding Germany and sometimes the UK, use the PEGI (or Pan European Game Information) content rating system for its games.^ Not all the people of Europe are Indo-European.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ As England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland all use the same coins, one of the four coins has to feature a bridge from each of the four constituent countries of the United Kingdom.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Dual-use precursor chemicals manufactured in Europe do transit Cyprus to third countries.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

In the UK the PEGI system is used, but in certain circumstances the BBFC system is used instead. In Germany they use the USK.
.They do, however, have pastries, nonexistant drinking ages, lax drug laws, and funny accents so we still love 'em anyway.^ However, current Maltese law provides the necessary provisions for asset forfeiture of those accused of drug-related crimes.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Police, however, report that they lack a basis to estimate with any precision the amount of illegal drugs transiting through Poland.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ That they did, however, still resulted in my spending almost the entire day in a bug-eyed rage.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]


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This article uses material from the "Europe" article on the Gaming wiki at Wikia and is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike License.

Genealogy

Up to date as of February 01, 2010

From Familypedia

World map showing the location of Europe.
A satellite composite image of Europe
.
Alb.
Andorra
Belarus
Bosnia
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech
Rep.
(Fr.^ Countries covered: Austria, Belgium-Luxembourg, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom.
  • Report: The European market for lighting fixtures - Market Research on Lighting by CSIL 26 January 2010 1:01 UTC www.worldfurnitureonline.com [Source type: News]

^ As of October 2004 , there are 25 member state s of the EU: Austria Belgium Cyprus Czech Republic Estonia Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Malta Luxembourg Netherlands Poland Portugal Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden United Kingdom The following nation s are currently in various stages of applications to join the EU: Bulgaria Croatia Romania Turkey .
  • European Union@Everything2.com 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.everything2.com [Source type: Original source]
  • European Union@Everything2.com 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.everything2.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Scotland Ireland England Wales Spain Portugal France Luxembourg Austria Germany Denmark More Europe Courses...
  • Golf Europe: Golf Courses in Ireland, Scotland, England and more 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.golfeurope.com [Source type: General]
  • Europe Golf - Playing the Game in Southern Spain 9 February 2010 16:27 UTC www.golfeurope.com [Source type: General]

)
.
Hungary
Iceland
(It.^ Countries covered: Austria, Belgium-Luxembourg, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom.
  • Report: The European market for lighting fixtures - Market Research on Lighting by CSIL 26 January 2010 1:01 UTC www.worldfurnitureonline.com [Source type: News]

^ Regions Index Page Austria Belgium Cyprus Czech Republic Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Ireland Italy Macedonia Netherlands Norway Slovakia Spain Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom .
  • IANSA Regions: Western Europe 26 January 2010 1:01 UTC www.iansa.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria , Czech Republic, Cyprus,Denmark, Estonia , Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary , Iceland,Ireland, Italy, ...
  • Central & Eastern Europe Health News - Healthcare Industry Today 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC health.einnews.com [Source type: News]

)
(It.)
.
Latvia
Lich.
Lithuania
Lux.
Mac.
Malta
Moldova
Monaco
Mont.
Russia
(Rus.^ Geography of Monaco Geography of Monte Carlo Portugal .

^ With the financial support of the Ministry of Work of USA and coordinated by IREX (International Research and Exchanges Board), the REIW program has been developed also in Bulgaria, Lithuania, Moldova, Romania and Russia.
  • Central/Eastern Europe Regional Initiatives 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.peacewomen.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The 27 member states of the European Union are: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, and United Kingdom.
  • European Union Overview - European Union Documentation - LibGuides at University of Southern California 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC libguides.usc.edu [Source type: General]

)
S. Mar.
Serbia
Slovakia
Slo.
Ukraine
Vatican
Adriatic
Sea
Arctic Ocean
Baltic
Sea
Barents Sea
Bay of
Biscay
Black
Sea
Celtic
Sea
Denmark
Strait
Greenland Sea
Gulf of
Cadiz
Ligurian
Sea
Mediterranean Sea
North
Atlantic
Ocean
North
Sea
Norwegian
Sea
Strait of
Gibraltar
.Europe is one of the seven traditional continents of the Earth.^ Europe is one of the world's seven continents.
  • Europe Explorers Guide, Travel Tips & Essential Tourist Information 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.earthdocumentary.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The continent of Europe is one of the seven continents of the world.

^ Although devastated by two world wars , the rise of the totalitarian state, and the loss of virtually all overseas colonies , most of Europe recovered relatively quickly and the continent remains one of the most developed and prosperous regions of Earth.
  • Europe@Everything2.com 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.everything2.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.Physically and geologically, Europe is the westernmost peninsula of Eurasia, west of Asia.^ Although there is no geological separation of the landmass between Europe and Asia, political considerations have played a role in Europe always being regarded as a separate continent.
  • Facts About Europe 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.buzzle.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ In exacting geographic definitions, Europe is really not a continent, but part of the peninsula of Euroasia which includes all of Europe and Asia.
  • Map of Europe, European Maps, Countries, Landforms, Rivers, and Geography Information - Worldatlas.com 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.worldatlas.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Being the cradle of Western culture, Europe, comprising the western most part of the continent of Eurasia, lying towards Asias west, is the second-smallest continent on the planet.
  • Facts About Europe 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.buzzle.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.Europe is bounded to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the west by the Atlantic Ocean, to the south by the Mediterranean Sea, to the southeast by the Caucasus Mountains and the Black Sea and the waterways connecting the Black Sea to the Mediterranean.^ Portugal is bordered by Spain to the north and east and by the Atlantic Ocean to the west and south.

^ The Mediterranean Sea is connected to the Atlantic Ocean by the Strait of Gibraltar on the west and to the Sea of Marmara and the Black Sea, by the Dardanelles and the Bosporus respectively, on the east.

^ It's connected to the Atlantic Ocean to the west with Gibraltar Strait.
  • Seas of Turkey - All About Turkey 10 January 2010 7:21 UTC www.allaboutturkey.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.To the east, Europe is generally divided from Asia by the water divide of the Ural Mountains, the Ural River, and by the Caspian Sea.^ The continent is divided from Asia by the Ural River, Ural Mountains, the Caspian Sea, the Caucasus Mountains (or the Kuma-Manych Depression) in the east and to the southeast by the Black Sea.

^ EUROPE east to 40 E (the Urals), and including Asia Minor .
  • EUROPE 9 February 2010 16:27 UTC www.esd.ornl.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Which sea seperates Europe and Asia?
  • WikiAnswers - Name the sea that seperates Southern Europe and Africa. 9 February 2010 16:27 UTC wiki.answers.com [Source type: General]

.Europe is the world's second-smallest continent in terms of area, covering about 10,180,000 square kilometres (3,930,000 sq mi) or 2.0% of the Earth's surface.^ In terms of area, Europe comprises of 3,930,000 sq mi, or 10,180,000 square kilometers, or 2 percent of the surface of the earth.
  • Facts About Europe 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.buzzle.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Europe is the sixth largest (second smallest) continent on Earth with an area of approximately 10,000,000 square kilometers (3,900,000 square miles).
  • Europe - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 9 February 2010 16:27 UTC reid.citizendium.org [Source type: Reference]

^ It has an area of 10,180,000 square kilometers which is 6.8% of the world's land area and 2% of the surface of the earth.

.The only continent smaller than Europe is Australia.^ Europe is only the second smallest populated continent following Australia .
  • A - EUROPE.com - Europe Hotels & Europe Apartments, Accommodation in Europe 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.a-europe.com [Source type: News]

^ According to scientists, the only other place worse than the colonic irrigation that is the Mediterranean is infact, Australia , since the Mediterranean does not have the vermin problem that Australia suffers from...
  • Mediterranean Sea - Uncyclopedia, the content-free encyclopedia 10 January 2010 7:21 UTC uncyclopedia.wikia.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Despite its small size—the entire continent is only 10 per cent larger than the United States—Europe has played a dominant role in world affairs for more than 2,000 years.
  • HowStuffWorks "Maps of Southern Europe" 9 February 2010 16:27 UTC maps.howstuffworks.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.It is the third most populous continent (after Asia and Africa) with a population of 710,000,000 or about 11% of the world's population.^ It is the third largest continent in population with over 720,000,000 people.
  • Europe - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 9 February 2010 16:27 UTC reid.citizendium.org [Source type: Reference]

^ In terms of population it is the third largest continent after Asia and Africa .
  • Europe Countries European Sea Western Asia Mainland Eastern 26 January 2010 1:01 UTC www.economicexpert.com [Source type: Reference]

^ With 74% of its populous living in cities, Europe is the most urbanized continent.
  • International Teams | Where We Serve | Europe 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.iteams.org [Source type: News]

.However, the term continent can refer to a cultural and political distinction or a physiographic one, leading to various perspectives about Europe's precise borders, area and population.^ More or less distinct from Europe, culturally?
  • WESTERN EUROPE 26 January 2010 1:01 UTC www.cnr.vt.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The term has geographic, political, and cultural aspects.

^ There were references to "the political union of Europe."
  • The German European Economic Community ? 1 February 2010 7:48 UTC campaignfortruth.com [Source type: Original source]

.Of Europe's 48 countries, Russia is its largest by area and population, while the Vatican is the smallest.^ What country is the largest in Southern Europe?
  • WikiAnswers - What is the name of largest peninsula in southern Europe 9 February 2010 16:27 UTC wiki.answers.com [Source type: General]

^ Germany has the largest population amongst the countries in Western Europe.
  • Countries in Western Europe - Ask.com 26 January 2010 1:01 UTC www.ask.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Spain is the largest country in land area of Southern Europe.
  • SOUTHERN EUROPE 9 February 2010 16:27 UTC maps.unomaha.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.All European countries except Belarus, Kazakhstan and the Vatican City are members of the Council of Europe, an international organisation founded in 1949 and recognised by the United Nations, that sets uniform standards for human rights in member countries and operates the European Court of Human Rights.^ Standards Setting in the European Union an guide to standards from the European Union.

^ European Union member countries search!
  • Find European Union search engines with Search Engine Colossus 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.searchenginecolossus.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Not all the people of Europe are Indo-European.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

.A separate organisation, the European Union (EU), emerged in 1957 from various agreements on customs and tariffs between countries in Western Europe, and attained its current form in 1993. The EU is an economic, social, and political union which makes laws that are implemented in every member state with the primary purpose of enforcing the free movement of goods and people between its twenty-seven member states.^ The Council of the European Union The EU's main decision-making body, the Council members are ministers of the EU member states.

^ The European Union is chiefly looking for growth and harmony between its member states.
  • European Union Countries | Europe 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.europeword.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The grantee will implement this program with partners in seven new member states.
  • Partnership for Sustainable Development in Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.mott.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

Contents

Etymology

.In ancient Greek mythology, Europa was a Phoenician princess who was abducted by Zeus in bull form and taken to the island of Crete, where she gave birth to Minos, Rhadamanthus and Sarpedon.^ The name Europe possibly stems from a female character in Greek Mythology named Europa who was abducted by a bull-shaped Zeus .
  • Europe - Discussion and Encyclopedia Article. Who is Europe? What is Europe? Where is Europe? Definition of Europe. Meaning of Europe. 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.knowledgerush.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ In ancient Greek mythology, Europa was a Phoenician Phoenician can mean: The Phoenician ancient civilization The Phoenician alphabet The Phoenician languages.
  • Europe Countries European Sea Western Asia Mainland Eastern 26 January 2010 1:01 UTC www.economicexpert.com [Source type: Reference]

^ Tourist attractions in Crete include archeological sites , where she gave birth to Minos In Greek mythology, Minos was a semi-legendary king of Crete, son of Zeus and Europa.
  • Europe Countries European Sea Western Asia Mainland Eastern 26 January 2010 1:01 UTC www.economicexpert.com [Source type: Reference]

.For Homer, Europe (Greek: Εὐρώπη Eurṓpē; see also List of traditional Greek place names) was this mythological queen of Crete, not a geographical designation.^ For most of the 20 th century, Greeks themselves left in search of a better life in places like America, Australia or other parts of Europe.
  • Who is Greek? | Southern Europe and the Balkans 9 February 2010 16:27 UTC thefastertimes.com [Source type: News]

^ Select a country or location from the list below or to the left to see the hotels and motels throughout Europe, that have reservations available through our network.
  • Western Europe Lodging Centre 26 January 2010 1:01 UTC www.euroyonda.biz [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The name Europe is perhaps derived from that of Europa, the daughter of Phoenix in Greek mythology, or possibly from Ereb, a Phoenician word for "sunset."
  • Western Europe Lodging Centre 26 January 2010 1:01 UTC www.euroyonda.biz [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.Later Europa stood for mainland Greece, and by 500 BC its meaning had been extended to lands to the north.^ Later it stood for mainland Greece and by 500 BC its meaning was extented to all the lands of the north.
  • Europe - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 9 February 2010 16:27 UTC reid.citizendium.org [Source type: Reference]

^ Later Europa stood for mainland Greece and by 500 BC its meaning was extended to lands to the north.
  • Europe Countries European Sea Western Asia Mainland Eastern 26 January 2010 1:01 UTC www.economicexpert.com [Source type: Reference]

^ This means that today an extended family of up to 500 people may vote as one.

.In etymology one theory suggests the name Europe is derived from the Greek words meaning broad (eurys) and face (opsis)—broad having been an epithet of Earth itself in the reconstructed Proto-Indo-European religion; see Prithvi (Plataia).^ The term Europe is generally derived from Greek words meaning broad ( eurys ) and face ( ops ).
  • Europe Countries European Sea Western Asia Mainland Eastern 26 January 2010 1:01 UTC www.economicexpert.com [Source type: Reference]

^ Not all the people of Europe are Indo-European.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ For the band of the same name, see Europe (band) .
  • Europe Countries European Sea Western Asia Mainland Eastern 26 January 2010 1:01 UTC www.economicexpert.com [Source type: Reference]

.A minority, however, suggest this Greek popular etymology is really based on a Semitic word such as the Akkadian erebu meaning "to go down, set",[1] cognate to Phoenician 'ereb "evening; west" and Arabic Maghreb, Hebrew ma'ariv.^ We also have to ask ourselves, however, whether the conditions needed for a properly functioning democratic system are currently present even in the West.
  • Global Politician - Europe 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC globalpolitician.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
  • Global Politician - Western Europe 26 January 2010 1:01 UTC globalpolitician.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Another theory derives the name from the Assyrian-Phoenician word ereb (sunset).
  • Europe - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 9 February 2010 16:27 UTC reid.citizendium.org [Source type: Reference]

^ The party, moreover, was going even further in criticizing its opponents for "submissiveness to the West" and a lack of "national dignity" in their negotiations with the EU, IMF, and World Bank.
  • East European Constitutional Review 1 February 2010 7:48 UTC www1.law.nyu.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

(see also Erebus).
.The majority of major world languages use words derived from "Europa" to refer to the continent—e.g.^ A more prosaic explanation holds that it is derived from the word ereb from a Semitic language, meaning "sunset."
  • Europe - Discussion and Encyclopedia Article. Who is Europe? What is Europe? Where is Europe? Definition of Europe. Meaning of Europe. 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.knowledgerush.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The name Europe is perhaps derived from that of Europa, the daughter of Phoenix in Greek mythology, or possibly from Ereb, a Phoenician word for "sunset."
  • Western Europe Lodging Centre 26 January 2010 1:01 UTC www.euroyonda.biz [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Comments By Vitor Domingos on January 4, 2010 We live in a global world and Portuguese is the sixth most used language on the internet , but that’s not enough for the Portuguese National Library (BNP) !
  • The Next Web Europe 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC thenextweb.com [Source type: General]

Chinese uses the word Ōuzhōu (歐洲), which is an abbreviation of the transliterated name Ōuluóbā zhōu (歐羅巴洲). .However, for centuries, the Turks used the term Frengistan (land of the Franks) in referring to Europe.^ However, I was refer­ring to Western Europe.
  • Southern Europe Starbucks News - Starbucks Daily Report 9 February 2010 16:27 UTC starbucks.einnews.com [Source type: News]

^ The term 'Miniature Donkey' describes a small donkey of any origin, however has been a catch all that's handy to use.
  • Miniature Donkeys 10 January 2010 7:21 UTC carinyapark.net [Source type: General]

^ C The term Central Europe refers more to the region’s historical nature than its geographic one.

[2]

History

Main article: History of Europe
See also: Medieval demography
.The origins of Western democratic and individualistic culture are often attributed to Ancient Greece: these Greek political ideals were rediscovered in the late 18th century by European philosophers and idealists.^ The origin of Western culture is generally attributed to the ancient Greeks, and the Roman Empire spanned the entire continent for many centuries.
  • Europe - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 9 February 2010 16:27 UTC reid.citizendium.org [Source type: Reference]

^ Greece has an ancient culture that has had a significant influence on western society.

^ While these features seem economically-focused, they are ultimately cultural; they affect professional contexts, political movements, social campaigns, life and death.
  • Information Society: European Considerations in Economic and Cultural Contexts, George Adam Holland 1 February 2010 7:48 UTC webpages.uidaho.edu [Source type: Academic]

.Another major influence on Europe came from the Roman Empire which left its mark on law, language and government.^ After all, Europe had fought two major wars in the 20th century, and the 20th century wasn't all that different from any of the others going back to the collapse of the Roman Empire some 1,500 years earlier.
  • Western Europe | Mwh Global | Bob Uhler | Britain :: American Way Magazine 26 January 2010 1:01 UTC www.americanwaymag.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Then, in September, came quite a shock: The EU, at an astonishing art exhibition sketching the future of the organisation, described itself under the heading : "Roman Empire Returns."
  • European Union 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.inplainsite.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ It has always played a major role in the exchange of goods, languages, religions and ideas between Asia and Europe.
  • Europe. Tourist Information - VIRTOURIST.COM 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.virtourist.com [Source type: News]

It also saw the legitimization of Christianity after three centuries of imperial persecution.
.After the decline of the Roman Empire, Europe entered a long period of changes arising from what is known in America as the Age of Migrations.^ The Roman Empire changed over time.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ Long period of civil war and chaos in Roman empire .
  • Camelot International: Britain's Heritage and History 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.camelotintl.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Europe then entered the so-called " Dark Ages ", a period of economic depression fueled by a minor ice age and decreased interest in the secular world associated with the rise of Christianity .
  • Europe@Everything2.com 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.everything2.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.That period has been known as the "Dark Ages" to Renaissance thinkers.^ Following the decline of the Roman Empire, Europe entered a long period of stasis, referred to by enlightenment thinkers as the Dark Ages and by most modern historians, the Middle Ages .
  • Europe - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 9 February 2010 16:27 UTC reid.citizendium.org [Source type: Reference]

^ During much of their history–more or less the period sometimes called the “Dark Ages”–the City-State ruled by the Popes, dominated those ten kingdoms.
  • European Union « ProphecyBlog.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC historicism.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The Dark Ages came to an end with the Renaissance and the New Monarchs , marking the start of a period of discovery, exploration, and increase in scientific knowledge.
  • Europe - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 9 February 2010 16:27 UTC reid.citizendium.org [Source type: Reference]

.Isolated monastic communities in Ireland, Scotland and elsewhere carefully safeguarded and compiled written knowledge accumulated previously, but much literature, philosophy, mathematics, and other thinking from the classical period was lost from European popular currency until reintroduced from Arab sources during the renaissance.^ Periodical literature and other sources .
  • European Union Law: An Integrated Guide to Electronic and Print Research | LLRX.com 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.llrx.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
  • Features - European Union Law: An Integrated Guide to Electronic and Print Research | LLRX.com 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.llrx.com [Source type: Academic]

^ Periodical literature and other sources 5.
  • Features - European Union Law: An Integrated Guide to Electronic and Print Research | LLRX.com 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.llrx.com [Source type: Academic]

^ To be eligible, a book must be published in English and must, in whole or in substantial part, treat aspects of European economic history in any period from classical antiquity to the present.
  • Ranki Prize for a Book in European Economic History 1 February 2010 7:48 UTC www.h-net.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.During the Dark Ages, the western part of the Roman Empire was 'reborn' as the Holy Roman Empire, later called Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation.^ Its old name is Holy Roman Empire."
  • EIPS - The Conspiracy Behind The European Union: What Every Christian Should Know 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.ianpaisley.org [Source type: Original source]

^ The Frankish empire of Charlemagne and the Holy Roman Empire united large areas under a loose administration for hundreds of years.
  • European Union - Haiti 1 February 2010 7:48 UTC haiti.wikia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ "There is a danger that the EU might become like the Holy Roman Empire -- a structure of enormous complexity, and even greater irrelevance."
  • European Union At Crossroads 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.aina.org [Source type: Original source]

.The eastern part of the Roman Empire became known in the west as the Byzantine Empire.^ The Roman Empire split into two parts: the West Roman Empire and the East Roman, or Byzantine, Empire.

^ Valencias roots as part of the prospering Roman Empire are still apparent today.
  • Europe Cruises, Europe Cruise Deals, Cruises to Europe at ORBITZ 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC cruises.orbitz.com [Source type: General]

^ When they officially became a member in January, 1981, Europe as as unified as it was in 814, when Charlemagne, founder of the Roman Empire, died.
  • EUROPEAN UNION and the BILDERBERG GROUP FINAL WARNING 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.the7thfire.com [Source type: News]

.The 'Byzantines' themselves still called themselves Βασιλεία των Ρωμαίων Basileia tōn Romaiōn—the Empire of the Romans.^ Valencias roots as part of the prospering Roman Empire are still apparent today.
  • Europe Cruises, Europe Cruise Deals, Cruises to Europe at ORBITZ 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC cruises.orbitz.com [Source type: General]

^ Once called Constantinople, the former capital of the Byzantine Empire is the only city in the world to straddle two continents: Europe and Asia.
  • Mediterranean Cruises - Cheap Mediterranean Cruises, Discount Mediterranean Cruises, Deals on Cruises to the Mediterranean 10 January 2010 7:21 UTC www.cruisebrothers.com [Source type: General]

^ Instead Daniel foresees a new seat of power grow up out of the Roman Empire–it’s still Roman in essence but it is not unified like the original Roman Empire was.
  • European Union « ProphecyBlog.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC historicism.com [Source type: Original source]

In 1453, when the Ottoman Empire conquered the Byzantine capital Constantinople, the Byzantine Empire ceased to exist, with a small hold out state of Trebizond which lasted until 1461.
Map of Europe made by Gerardus Mercator
.The Renaissance and the New Monarchs marked the start of an Age of Discovery, a period of exploration, invention, and scientific development which had its roots in Italy.^ The Dark Ages came to an end with the Renaissance and the New Monarchs , marking the start of a period of discovery, exploration, and increase in scientific knowledge.
  • Europe - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 9 February 2010 16:27 UTC reid.citizendium.org [Source type: Reference]

^ Their seats secure, 736 members are getting ready to start a new legislative period in the European Parliament.
  • European Union | euronews 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.euronews.net [Source type: News]

^ Italy starts the new year with the same old problems .
  • Roubini Global Economics - Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.roubini.com [Source type: News]
  • Roubini Global Economics - Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.roubini.com [Source type: News]

.In the 15th century, Portugal opened the age of discoveries, soon followed by Spain.^ The Community further expanded southward with the accession of Greece (1981, the second enlargement), followed by Spain and Portugal (1986, the third enlargement).
  • European Union Profile 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Spain and Portugal could follow Greece into severe trouble.
  • Southern Europe Global Warming News - Global Warming News Today 9 February 2010 16:27 UTC globalwarming.einnews.com [Source type: News]

^ Within a decade, Greece joined, followed in 1986 by Spain and Portugal.

.They were later joined by France, the Netherlands and England in building large colonial empires with vast holdings in Africa, the Americas, and Asia.^ From the 15th century European nations, particularly Spain , Portugal , France , Belgium , the Netherlands and Britain , built large colonial empires, with vast holdings in Africa , the Americas , and Asia .
  • Europe - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 9 February 2010 16:27 UTC reid.citizendium.org [Source type: Reference]

^ In the 16th century, the Spanish and Portuguese were instrumental in exchanging foods all over the world, inspiring not only the development of their own cuisines but also the cuisines of Asia, Africa, and the Americas.
  • Southern Europe Cooks - Community - Allrecipes 9 February 2010 16:27 UTC allrecipes.com [Source type: General]

^ RIGHTS-FRANCE: Homeless Prefer Streets to Gov't Shelter By A. D. McKenzie PARIS - They huddle in the doorways of buildings with their few belongings, trying to keep warm.
  • Europe - Inter Press Service 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.ipsnews.net [Source type: News]

.After the age of discovery, the ideas of democracy took hold in Europe.^ Age of Enlightenment introduces revolutionary new ideas to Europe .
  • Camelot International: Britain's Heritage and History 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.camelotintl.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Across Europe, a new sense of possibility took hold, galvanizing the region, uplifting a continent, and literally inspiring the world.
  • Biden on America, Central Europe, and Partnership in 21st Century 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.america.gov [Source type: Original source]

.Struggles for independence arose, most notably in France during the period known as the French Revolution.^ Hunting regulation is among the most typical examples of opposition between France and the European administration : because of a huge domestic opposition to it, successive French governments have refused to comply with European regulations on hunting periods for migrating birds and France has been sentenced to very big fines.
  • France in Europe ; European issues ; economic and cultural ; questions about Europe 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.understandfrance.org [Source type: Original source]

^ Cannes in France, What a Wonderful Place to Visit -- Hannah Rollmaker Cannes is one of the most beautiful and picturesque cities of the French Riviera.

^ The second period of dominance began in approximately 1500, during the time known as the Renaissance .
  • Europe@Everything2.com 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.everything2.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.This led to vast upheaval in Europe as these revolutionary ideas propagated across the continent.^ The President confirmed Russias wish to strengthen its engagement within the Council of Europe and its commitment to enhance respect for human rights across the European continent.
  • Council of Europe 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.coe.int [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Holland America Line's multiregional Europe cruise itineraries allow you to experience the vast diversity of the continent - all on one cruise vacation.

^ But these quibbles are like an occasional wrong number in the vast cross-cultural switchboard of ''Europe Central.''
  • The New York Times > Books > Sunday Book Review > 'Europe Central' 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.nytimes.com [Source type: General]

.The rise of democracy led to increased tension within Europe on top of the tension already existing because of competition within the New World.^ EUROPE: Top news stories from the BBC .

^ Fall 2008 Director's Seminar: The Rise of a New Generation in Central Europe (1 credit) In Central Europe, young people are moving into adulthood in a world that radically differs from what their parents experienced.
  • Academics: Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.hws.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ He envisaged a Western Europe of independent, free and sovereign States that would rise from the ashes of World War II and reach for a destiny of unprecedented harmony and democracy.
  • EIPS - The Conspiracy Behind The European Union: What Every Christian Should Know 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.ianpaisley.org [Source type: Original source]

.The most famous of these conflicts happened when Napoleon Bonaparte rose to power and set out on a conquest, forming a new French Empire, which soon collapsed.^ In light of the most recent data concerning industrial production, industrial new orders, I fear that our forecast may turn out to be more realistic.
  • Joaquín Almunia, European Commissioner For Economic And Monetary Policy, The European Economy And The Crisis: Policies For Recovery - Conference EEAG Report On The European EconomyBrussels, 25 February 2009 1 February 2010 7:48 UTC www.mondovisione.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The French demand on AFSOUTH arose out of three major security policy events in the new French president’s first year, 1995-96.
  • French Gamesmanship and the Future of the Alliance: The Case of Allied ForcesSouthern Europe 9 February 2010 16:27 UTC www.ndu.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ Perhaps the most noteworthy of these was the Roman Empire.
  • The German European Economic Community ? 1 February 2010 7:48 UTC campaignfortruth.com [Source type: Original source]

After these conquests Europe stabilised, but the old foundations were already beginning to crumble.
.The Industrial Revolution started in Great Britain in the late 18th century, leading to a move away from agriculture, much greater general prosperity and a corresponding increase in population.^ The Industrial Revolution started in Europe in the 18th century , leading to much greater general prosperity and a corresponding increase in population.
  • Europe - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 9 February 2010 16:27 UTC reid.citizendium.org [Source type: Reference]

^ Like the other country you mention [Chile] and Uruguay it has strong historical links with Spain, Germany and Great Britain dating back to the late eighteenth, nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
  • Europe and Western Europe | The Brussels Journal 26 January 2010 1:01 UTC www.brusselsjournal.com [Source type: Original source]

^ This new millennium holds great possibilities for the nations and people of Europe: increased cooperation and interchange promise greater communication, industry, trade opportunities and material wealth.
  • Scientology: Spain, Italy, France, Germany; Scientology Europe 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC europe.scientology.org [Source type: General]

.Many of the states in Europe took their present form in the aftermath of World War I.^ Many of the states in Europe took their present form in the aftermath of World War I .
  • Europe - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 9 February 2010 16:27 UTC reid.citizendium.org [Source type: Reference]

^ State University and earned a degree in chemical engineering after World War II under the GI ...
  • Southern Europe Chemicals News - Chemical Industry Today 9 February 2010 16:27 UTC chemicals.einnews.com [Source type: News]

^ In the inter-war years, a domain called "East Central Europe" was invented to coincide with the newly independent "successor states" – from Finland and Poland to Yugoslavia.
  • East/Central Europe - Wikiquote 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC en.wikiquote.org [Source type: Original source]

.From the end of World War II through the end of the Cold War, Europe was divided into two major political and economic blocks: Communist nations in Eastern Europe and Capitalist countries in Southern Europe, Northern Europe and Western Europe.^ What is the major dividing line in Europe?
  • France in Europe ; European issues ; economic and cultural ; questions about Europe 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.understandfrance.org [Source type: Original source]

^ News: The war against wildlife comes to an end in Southern Europe.
  • News: The war against wildlife comes to an end in Southern Europe. 9 February 2010 16:27 UTC www.genengnews.com [Source type: News]

^ Countries included- Western Europe .
  • 2009 - WBEG - Western Europe 26 January 2010 1:01 UTC www.mercer.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

Disintegration of the Iron Curtain and Eastern Block accelerated in 1989 with the fall of the Berlin Wall, culminating in the formal dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991.
.
The Council of Europe created in 1955 a flag for itself and all of Europe.
^ E), already adopted by the Council of Europe in 1955.
  • European Union 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.crwflags.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Almost all European countries are members of the Council of Europe , the exceptions being Belarus , the Holy See ( Vatican City ), Kazakhstan , and Monaco .
  • Europe - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 9 February 2010 16:27 UTC reid.citizendium.org [Source type: Reference]

^ Arsene Heitz, a Council of Europe employee working in the Mail Office, who is credited with the design that is eventually adopted, begins submitting designs for the flag in 1951 and continues to submit new designs up until until 1955.
  • European Union 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.crwflags.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.Today it is most commonly associated with the European Union.^ Most of the important European Union countries.
  • Publius Pundit | Tag Archive | European Union 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.publiuspundit.com [Source type: General]

^ OVERVIEW Over the post-war period there have been many attempts at regional economic integration, but the most ambitious and long-lived has been that of the European Union (EU).
  • L13503 Economics of the European Economy I 1 February 2010 7:48 UTC www.nottingham.ac.uk [Source type: Academic]

^ EUROPE: Cosy With Israel, Despite the Headlines Analysis by David Cronin BRUSSELS - Israel's relations with the European Union were tense for most of 2009 - if newspaper headlines are to be believed.
  • Europe - Inter Press Service 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.ipsnews.net [Source type: News]

It has multiple roles, and varying legitimacy for the role as an official flag for the continent as a whole.
.European integration has been a theme in European politics since the end of the first World War, and has accelerated since the end of the Cold War.^ His father died in the first world war.
  • Global Politician - Europe 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC globalpolitician.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The political economy of European integration .

^ The European Union is a fifteen-member political entity with a population of 378 million (as compared with the U.S. at 285 million) and exports a little over 18.4% of world trade (compared to U.S. 15.4%).
  • Features - European Union Law: An Integrated Guide to Electronic and Print Research | LLRX.com 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.llrx.com [Source type: Academic]

.Following the devastation of Europe in the second World War, the idea of European integration led to the creation of the Council of Europe in Strasbourg in 1949, which produced in 1950 the European Convention on Human Rights with its European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg.^ Helsinki convention on human rights adopted .
  • Camelot International: Britain's Heritage and History 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.camelotintl.com [Source type: Original source]

^ "The historical roots of the European Union lie in the Second World War .
  • European Union - SourceWatch 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.sourcewatch.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Relationship to the Council of Europe and its European human rights system .
  • European Union Law: An Integrated Guide to Electronic and Print Research | LLRX.com 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.llrx.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
  • Features - European Union Law: An Integrated Guide to Electronic and Print Research | LLRX.com 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.llrx.com [Source type: Academic]

.After the fall of the Berlin Wall, former communist countries in central and eastern Europe were able to accede to the Council of Europe, which now comprises all 47 states in Europe with the exception of Belarus because of its non-democratic government.^ Central and eastern Europe.
  • EUROPE 9 February 2010 16:27 UTC www.esd.ornl.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Europe, Central > Politics and government > 1989- Europe, Eastern > Politics and government > 1989- Browse around .
  • Central and Eastern Europe : assessing the democratic transition : hearing before the Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives, One Hundred Tenth Congress, first session, July 25, 2007. - SearchWorks (SULAIR) 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC searchworks.stanford.edu [Source type: Reference]

^ Central & Eastern Europe (413 pages) .
  • 2009 - WBEG - Western Europe 26 January 2010 1:01 UTC www.mercer.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.In 1951, a few European states agreed to confer powers over their steel and coal production to the European Coal and Steel Community in Luxembourg.^ The European Coal and Steel Community was a "rip-roaring economic success."
  • Europe vs. America - The New York Review of Books 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.nybooks.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Post-1945 institution-building in Western Europe may have supported the creation of a European Economic Area, but Dr. Rosamond points out that it would disregard the work of scores of economic historians to propose that the assimilation of the European economy began with the initiation of the European Coal and Steel Community in 1951.
  • Going All In: The Gamble of Globalization and European Economic Integration | Pepperdine Policy Review | School of Public Policy | Pepperdine University 1 February 2010 7:48 UTC publicpolicy.pepperdine.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The Secretary of State, being a Minister designated( 1 ) for the purpose of section 2(2) of the European Communities Act 1972( 2 ) in relation to measures relating to rights of entry into, and residence in, the United Kingdom, in exercise of the powers conferred by that section, makes the following Regulations: .
  • The Immigration (European Economic Area) (Amendment) Regulations 2009 No. 1117 1 February 2010 7:48 UTC www.opsi.gov.uk [Source type: Original source]

.This transfer of national powers to a "Community" to be exercised by its Commission was paralled under the 1957 Treaties of Rome establishing the European Atomic Energy Community and the European Economic Community in Brussels.^ Treaties establishing the European Communities .
  • The European Union (Collections Bibliography) 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.lib.berkeley.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ (Econ, 5/14/05, p.57) 1957 Mar 25, The Treaties establishing the European Economic Community and the European Atomic Energy Community were signed in Rome.
  • Timeline European Union 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC timelines.ws [Source type: News]

^ The three 1957 treaties establishing the original entities that eventually became today's EU are: the Treaty Establishing the European Economic Community (Treaty of Rome), the Treaty Establishing the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom Treaty), and the Treaty Establishing the European Coal and Steel Community .
  • European Union Law Resource Guide 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.law.csuohio.edu [Source type: Academic]

.The present European Union, the successor to the European Communities, has enlarged from 6 original founding members to 27 today.^ European Union found at 0:58 .
  • European Union video and audio on brought to you by Boston.com 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC multimedia.boston.com [Source type: News]

^ European Union found at 1:48 , 2:14 .
  • European Union video and audio on brought to you by Boston.com 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC multimedia.boston.com [Source type: News]

^ Links to the 27 member states of the European Union .

.The European Union has developed from a trade-oriented organisation into one resembling a confederation in a number of respects.^ European Union ?” … get into the European Union .
  • European Union | euronews 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.euronews.net [Source type: News]

^ For subsequent developments, see European Union .
  • European Economic Community Facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about European Economic Community 1 February 2010 7:48 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Academic]

^ Number of stars on the flag of the European Union .
  • European Union 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.crwflags.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.The European Union, or EU, describes itself as a family of democratic European countries, committed to working together for peace and prosperity.^ According to Europa (the European Union Online) , the official web site of the European Union , the EU is "a family of democratic European countries, committed to working together for peace and prosperity.
  • European Union - SourceWatch 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.sourcewatch.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ European Union, see EU .
  • European Union Facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about European Union 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Most of the important European Union countries.
  • Publius Pundit | Tag Archive | European Union 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.publiuspundit.com [Source type: General]

.The organisation oversees co-operation among its members in diverse areas, including trade, the environment, transport, security, science, education and employment.^ Co-operation and harmonisation in other areas .
  • European Union - Haiti 1 February 2010 7:48 UTC haiti.wikia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Its members have gradually ceded a number of state functions, including the setting of interest rates and the regulation of trade; in general, they work together on foreign affairs.
  • European Union - The New York Times 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC topics.nytimes.com [Source type: News]
  • European Union - The New York Times 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC topics.nytimes.com [Source type: News]

^ Its legal capacity is most highly developed in economic areas such as trade, antitrust policy, agriculture, transport, nuclear energy and in the environment.
  • 1994 Country Reports on Economic Practice and Trade Reports: THE EUROPEAN UNION 1 February 2010 7:48 UTC dosfan.lib.uic.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.Human rights and democracy remain the domain of the Council of Europe, thus extending these standards to the whole of Europe.^ Relationship to the Council of Europe and its European human rights system .
  • European Union Law: An Integrated Guide to Electronic and Print Research | LLRX.com 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.llrx.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
  • Features - European Union Law: An Integrated Guide to Electronic and Print Research | LLRX.com 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.llrx.com [Source type: Academic]

^ It aims to promote democracy and human rights in these areas.
  • Intute - European Union 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.intute.ac.uk [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Submitted on 6 April, 2006 - 18:32 Democracy Eastern Europe European Union Writing on the Wall Solidarity 3/91, 6 April 2006 The accession of Eastern European countries to the EU is supposed to have helped bring up respect for human rights there to “modern” standards.

.European membership of NATO has also increased since the end of the Cold War, with the admission of a number of eastern European countries.^ Obstacles to NATO expansion 4-8 A. Obstacles within the Central and Eastern European countries 5-6 B. Obstacles within NATO 6-8 2.
  • NATO EXPANSION IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.fas.org [Source type: Original source]

^ With the end of the cold war, the half of Europe that had been behind the so-called Iron Curtain opened up, and the race was on.
  • Moving To The Europe ~ Living In Europe ~ Real Estate In Europe 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.escapeartist.com [Source type: News]

^ Click programs on the home page and then check the Cold War International History Project, East European Studies, the Southeast Europe Project and the Kennan Institute.
  • Modern East Central Europe - Zenon Wasyliw - Ithaca College 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC faculty.ithaca.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

Geography and extent

Main article: Geography of Europe
Political map (neighbouring countries in Asia and Africa also shown)
.Physiographically, Europe is the northwestern constituent of the larger landmass known as Eurasia, or Africa-Eurasia: Asia occupies the eastern bulk of this continuous landmass and all share a common continental shelf.^ Europe Central is easily Vollmann's greatest work, and it deserves a central place in what must be our continuous imagining of the horrors we are all too capable of reliving."
  • Powell's Books - Europe Central by William T. Vollmann 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.powells.com [Source type: General]

^ North America South America Europe Africa Asia Oceania Help Site map Site tour About us Contact us Careers .

^ Indeed, the majority of EU administrators assume that the bulk of eastern Europe will become part of the union over the first decade and a half of the 21st century.

.Europe's eastern frontier is now commonly delineated by the Ural Mountains in Russia.^ Eastern and Central Europe now enjoys with Europe.

^ The political boundary extends beyond the Ural Mountains towards the east, and beyond the Ural River to the south and west runs along the range called Obtschei Syrt and the Usen River, and encloses within the eastern boundary of Europe the whole of the Caucasus.
  • CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Europe 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.newadvent.org [Source type: Original source]

^ Russia likely has a more limited goal: countering the spread of NATO into Eastern Europe.
  • Brian M. Downing: From Western Europe to Kyrgyzstan 26 January 2010 1:01 UTC www.counterpunch.org [Source type: News]

.The first century AD geographer Strabo, [3] took the Tanais River to be the boundary, as did early Judaic sources.^ There is no evidence that the Greek word changed its meaning between the fifth century BC and the first century AD .
  • The Spread of Malaria to Southern Europe in Antiquity: New Approaches to Old Problems 9 February 2010 16:27 UTC www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]

^ Falciparum malaria was not a rare disease in the Roman world in the early first century AD .
  • The Spread of Malaria to Southern Europe in Antiquity: New Approaches to Old Problems 9 February 2010 16:27 UTC www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]

^ Later on the city declined because of neighbouring marshes which became unhealthy, as Strabo records in the first century BC .
  • The Spread of Malaria to Southern Europe in Antiquity: New Approaches to Old Problems 9 February 2010 16:27 UTC www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]

The southeast boundary with Asia is not universally defined. Most commonly the Ural or, alternatively, the Emba River serve as possible boundaries. .The boundary continues to the Caspian Sea, the crest of the Caucasus Mountains or, alternatively, the Kura River in the Caucasus, and on to the Black Sea; the Bosporus, the Sea of Marmara, and the Dardanelles conclude the Asian boundary.^ The southern boundary is the Black Sea.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ By convention, it is separated from Asia by the Urals and the Ural River in the east; by the Caspian Sea and the Caucasus in the southeast; and by the Black Sea, the Bosporus, the Sea of Marmara, and the Dardanelles in the south.
  • European Economic History - Research and Read Books, Journals, Articles at Questia Online Library 1 February 2010 7:48 UTC www.questia.com [Source type: Academic]

^ Such a dividing line may be drawn along the crest of the Ural and Mugadzhar Mountains, the Emba River, Caspian Sea, and the lowlands of the Manitch River, or through the depression that, starting from the Gulf of Obi, extends through the valleys of the Obi, Irtysh, Tobol, and Emba Rivers.
  • CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Europe 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.newadvent.org [Source type: Original source]

.The Mediterranean Sea to the south separates Europe from Africa.^ It is more so in Madeira, key to the Mediterranean, which territory extends to Venezuela, South Africa, Australia, Channels Is lands, Lisbon and Algarve.
  • ERSA - European Regional Science Association | Home 1 February 2010 7:48 UTC www.ersa.org [Source type: Academic]

^ North America South America Europe Africa Asia Oceania Help Site map Site tour About us Contact us Careers .

^ The South, also known as Mediterranean Europe, consists of Southern Spain , Southern Italy , Malta , Greece , to a certain yet small extent Turkey and lesserly Southern France and Portugal .
  • Europe - Uncyclopedia, the content-free encyclopedia 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC uncyclopedia.wikia.com [Source type: Original source]

.The western boundary is the Atlantic Ocean; Iceland, though nearer to Greenland (North America) than mainland Europe, is generally included in Europe.^ Countries included- Western Europe .
  • 2009 - WBEG - Western Europe 26 January 2010 1:01 UTC www.mercer.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ North-western Europe.
  • EUROPE 9 February 2010 16:27 UTC www.esd.ornl.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ WiMAX Counts says more than 80 providers are active across Europe (including the UK, Ireland, and Eastern Europe), of which an estimated 70% are in Western Europe.
  • WiMAX Struggles to Find a Foothold in Western Europe - www.wi-fiplanet.com 26 January 2010 1:01 UTC www.wi-fiplanet.com [Source type: News]

.There is ongoing debate on where the geographical centre of Europe is.^ SOURCE: Jihad Watch 4 days ago For years now there has been an ongoing debate about whether the internet is good or bad for democracy.
  • Western Europe - News, photos, topics, and quotes 26 January 2010 1:01 UTC www.daylife.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ I remember sitting in Lublin in eastern Poland and being told that this was the geographical centre of Europe.
  • Politics by Region: Scrap 'Western Europe' and 'Eastern Europe' and form EU - Political Forum 26 January 2010 1:01 UTC www.politicalforum.com [Source type: General]

^ Nonetheless, no clear consensus currently exists across Europe on the cost and benefits of this approach and it remains an area where there is considerable political and scientific debate."
  • International - European Union | Drug War Facts 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC drugwarfacts.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

For detailed description of the boundary between Asia and Europe see transcontinental nation.
.Because of sociopolitical and cultural differences, there are various descriptions of Europe's boundary; in some sources, some territories are not included in Europe, while other sources include them.^ The other four included a mixture of countries from various parts of Europe.
  • Homosexuality and HIV/AIDS prevention: the challenge of transferring lessons learned from Western Europe to Central and Eastern European Countries -- WRIGHT 20 (1): 91 -- Health Promotion International 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC heapro.oxfordjournals.org [Source type: Academic]

^ On the other hand, some other territories do not belong to the E.U., although they are geographically and historically part of Europe : Jersey and the other Channel Islands (75 sq.mi., pop.
  • France in Europe ; European issues ; economic and cultural ; questions about Europe 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.understandfrance.org [Source type: Original source]

^ Since they did not determine a new boundary, there is officially no East Europe, allowing eurodominion to spread unbounded.
  • Europe - Uncyclopedia, the content-free encyclopedia 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC uncyclopedia.wikia.com [Source type: Original source]

.For instance, geographers from Russia and other post-Soviet states generally include the Urals in Europe while including Caucasia in Asia.^ Russia and many other former communist states in Eastern Europe and Asia.
  • Absolutism in Central Europe by Peter H. Wilson at Questia Online Library 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.questia.com [Source type: Academic]

^ EUROPE east to 40 E (the Urals), and including Asia Minor .
  • EUROPE 9 February 2010 16:27 UTC www.esd.ornl.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ On the other hand, some other territories do not belong to the E.U., although they are geographically and historically part of Europe : Jersey and the other Channel Islands (75 sq.mi., pop.
  • France in Europe ; European issues ; economic and cultural ; questions about Europe 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.understandfrance.org [Source type: Original source]

.Similarly, numerous geographers consider Azerbaijan's and Armenia's southern border with Iran and Turkey's southern and eastern border with Syria, Iraq and Iran as the boundary between Asia and Europe because of political and cultural reasons.^ Boundary between Europe and Asia is highlighted.
  • Prints Old & Rare - Central Europe page 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.printsoldandrare.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ TURKEY , country, Asia and Europe Turk.
  • Absolutism in Central Europe by Peter H. Wilson at Questia Online Library 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.questia.com [Source type: Academic]

^ Southern Europe embraces numerous states with sharply defined boundaries.
  • CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Europe 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.newadvent.org [Source type: Original source]

.In the same way, despite being close to Asia and Africa, the Mediterranean islands of Cyprus and Malta are considered part of Europe.^ On the other hand, some other territories do not belong to the E.U., although they are geographically and historically part of Europe : Jersey and the other Channel Islands (75 sq.mi., pop.
  • France in Europe ; European issues ; economic and cultural ; questions about Europe 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.understandfrance.org [Source type: Original source]

^ North America South America Europe Africa Asia Oceania Help Site map Site tour About us Contact us Careers .

^ The South, also known as Mediterranean Europe, consists of Southern Spain , Southern Italy , Malta , Greece , to a certain yet small extent Turkey and lesserly Southern France and Portugal .
  • Europe - Uncyclopedia, the content-free encyclopedia 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC uncyclopedia.wikia.com [Source type: Original source]

Physical geography

.Land relief in Europe shows great variation within relatively small areas.^ The establishment of biosphere reserves, which allow for the sustainable use of land and resources within reserve borders, has proved successful in areas where state authorities recognize their value.
  • Biological diversity in the Mediterranean Basin - Encyclopedia of Earth 10 January 2010 7:21 UTC www.eoearth.org [Source type: Academic]

^ Although the number of people living with HIV and AIDS in Europe is relatively small when compared to the number of people living with HIV in areas such as Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, HIV/AIDS in Western and Central Europe is still considered a major public health issue.
  • HIV and AIDS in Western and Central Europe 26 January 2010 1:01 UTC www.avert.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Spain is the largest country in land area of Southern Europe.
  • SOUTHERN EUROPE 9 February 2010 16:27 UTC maps.unomaha.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.The southern regions, however, are more mountainous, while moving north the terrain descends from the high Alps, Pyrenees and Carpathians, through hilly uplands, into broad, low northern plains, which are vast in the east.^ A little investigation and googling should the High Tatras are the highest mountain range in the Slovak Republic in the Carpathian chain.

^ Other global regions covered in sister reports and associated databases are Asia Pacific and the Middle East , Eastern and South-Eastern Europe, Northern and Central Europe , and North and Latin America .
  • Reportlinker Adds Retailer Financial Services in Southern and Western Europe - KRDO.com Colorado Springs and Pueblo News, Weather and Sports 9 February 2010 16:27 UTC www.krdo.com [Source type: News]

^ A large part of this plain (which is interrupted by minor mountain groups and hills) has fertile agricultural soil; in the east and north there are vast steppe, forest, lake, and tundra regions.
  • European Economic History - Research and Read Books, Journals, Articles at Questia Online Library 1 February 2010 7:48 UTC www.questia.com [Source type: Academic]

.This extended lowland is known as the Great European Plain, and at its heart lies the North German Plain.^ Between the mountainous Scandinavian peninsula in the north and the Alpine chain in the south lie the Central European Uplands surrounded by the great European plain, stretching from the Atlantic coast of France to the Urals.
  • European Economic History - Research and Read Books, Journals, Articles at Questia Online Library 1 February 2010 7:48 UTC www.questia.com [Source type: Academic]

^ The area known as Lusatia, Lausitz or Sorbia lies in south eastern Germany on both sides of the River Spree, east of Dresden, and extends into Poland.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ Christopher Booker, Richard North (2003) The Great Deception: The Secret History of the European Union ( Continuum International Publishing Group : London,UK ) .
  • UNITED STATES, EUROPEAN and ASIAN ECONOMIC SYSTEM 1 February 2010 7:48 UTC aiu.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.An arc of uplands also exists along the north-western seaboard, which begins in the western parts of Britain and Ireland, and then continues along the mountainous, fjord-cut, spine of Norway.^ Norway occupies the western part of the Scandinavian peninsula in northern Europe, with almost one-third of the country situated N of the Arctic Circle.

^ In the western Med the current continues along the north coast of Sicily, and then moves to the north, west and south, along the coasts of Italy, France and Spain, back to Gibraltar.
  • Ostia - A Mediterranean Port 10 January 2010 7:21 UTC www.ostia-antica.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ In Spain, the Pyrenees Mountains run north and south along the Spanish-French border.
  • SOUTHERN EUROPE 9 February 2010 16:27 UTC maps.unomaha.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

This description is simplified. .Sub-regions such as the Iberian Peninsula and the Italian Peninsula contain their own complex features, as does mainland Central Europe itself, where the relief contains many plateaus, river valleys and basins that complicate the general trend.^ The report notes that the Tsiza river basin ecosystem is regenerating itself after the cyanide accident, with wildlife largely recovering.
  • Europe and Central Asia :: United Nations System-Wide EARTHWATCH 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC earthwatch.unep.net [Source type: Academic]

^ Clearly, even where culturally appropriate, the gay liberation movement does not yet have the level of infrastructure and general social support in Central and Eastern Europe as in the West, given the relatively short period of time in which it has had to organize.
  • Homosexuality and HIV/AIDS prevention: the challenge of transferring lessons learned from Western Europe to Central and Eastern European Countries -- WRIGHT 20 (1): 91 -- Health Promotion International 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC heapro.oxfordjournals.org [Source type: Academic]

^ Okinawa islands (Japan) Barbagia region of Sardinia (an island off the Italian mainland) Loma Linda, California (a large cluster of Seventh Day Adventists) the Nicoya Peninsula (Costa Rica).

.Sub-regions like Iceland, Britain and Ireland are special cases.^ Britain has always been very relaxed about alternative health remedies and self-help as have countries like Ireland and Holland.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Home UK & Ireland Europe Leisure Breaks Region Guides Special Offers Gift Vouchers Pick Of The Week Contact Us Hotel Search: Search for a hotel.
  • Europe | Hotelshopuk 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.hotelshopuk.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.The former is a land unto itself in the northern ocean which is counted as part of Europe, while the latter are upland areas that were once joined to the mainland until rising sea levels cut them off.^ Not since the last Ice Age, over 8,000 years ago, had the United Kingdom been joined with mainland Europe.
  • Europe: News & Videos about Europe - CNN.com 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC topics.cnn.com [Source type: News]

^ No Comments Blizzards across central Europe blocked roads and cut off hundreds of villages in Hungary, Slovakia and the Czech Republic last week.

^ Several villages, including the resort town of Grindelwald, were cut off and floods threatened parts of Interlaken and Bern, the [ read more ] .

Biodiversity

Biogeographic regions of Europe (including Asian part of Turkey)
.Having lived side-by-side with agricultural peoples for millennia, Europe's animals and plants have been profoundly affected by the presence and activities of man.^ Externalities are costs or benefits arising from an economic activity that affect somebody other than the people engaged in the economic activity and are not reflected fully in PRICES .
  • Economics A-Z | Economist.com 1 February 2010 7:48 UTC www.economist.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Tips For Enjoying Cheap Holidays In Europe -- Martin Shane Jones When it comes to holidays, few people can resist having one should the opportunity arise.

^ Ask how young people want their lives, what education they want, how to live together in a multicultural Europe of rapid change .

.With the exception of Fennoscandia and northern Russia, few areas of untouched wilderness are currently found in Europe, except for various national parks.^ Prior to assuming the leadership of the Center on the United States and Europe at Brookings, she served as National Intelligence Officer for Russia and Eurasia at the National Intelligence Council.
  • European Union - Brookings Institution 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.brookings.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ A review of the current literature of late diagnosis in Europe found a number of common characteristics among those who were diagnosed late, including: migrant status, being older, being heterosexual, being male and living in low HIV prevalence areas.
  • HIV and AIDS in Western and Central Europe 26 January 2010 1:01 UTC www.avert.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Variants of this system are found throughout Europe and in former French colonies.
  • Absolutism in Central Europe by Peter H. Wilson at Questia Online Library 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.questia.com [Source type: Academic]

.The main natural vegetation cover in Europe is mixed forest.^ The generally sparse nature of the vegetation cover is indicated by many pollen cores from Spain across to Turkey which date from the LGM and/or the Late Glacial (e.g.
  • EUROPE 9 February 2010 16:27 UTC www.esd.ornl.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ In terms of forest cover, broad-leaved species predominate in southern Europe, particularly in the eastern part of the subregion.
  • Chapter 30. Southern Europe 9 February 2010 16:27 UTC www.fao.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ In the maps of Grichuk (1992), Frenzel (1992) and Velichko & Isayeva (1992), essentially the whole of eastern Europe is categorised as 'periglacial steppe' or 'periglacial tundra' with a sparse, herbaceous vegetation cover.
  • EUROPE 9 February 2010 16:27 UTC www.esd.ornl.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.The conditions for growth are very favourable.^ The climatic conditions of Europe are very favourable.
  • CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Europe 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.newadvent.org [Source type: Original source]

In the north, the Gulf Stream and North Atlantic Drift warm the continent. .Southern Europe could be described as having a warm, but mild climate.^ An oceanic climate prevails in this region which means it plays hosts to relatively mild winters, warm summers, and abundant rainfall that occurs throughout the whole year.
  • Holiday Weather - Search for weather locations in Southern Europe, Europe 9 February 2010 16:27 UTC www.holiday-weather.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ An oceanic climate is typified by a narrow annual temperature range, precipitation throughout the year, mild winters and warm summers.
  • Holiday Weather - Search for weather locations in Western Europe, Europe 26 January 2010 1:01 UTC www.holiday-weather.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The tree grows best in a Mediterranean-type climate with cool, not cold, winters, mild to warm springs, and warm to hot summers with little rain.

There are frequent summer droughts in this region. Mountain ridges also affect the conditions. .Some of these (Alps, Pyrenees) are oriented east-west and allow the wind to carry large masses of water from the ocean in the interior.^ Habitat Mediterranean monk seals can be found in warm temperate, subtropical and tropical waters of the Mediterranean Sea and the east Atlantic Ocean.
  • Mediterranean Monk Seal (Monachus monachus) - Office of Protected Resources - NOAA Fisheries 10 January 2010 7:21 UTC www.nmfs.noaa.gov [Source type: Academic]

^ There is no space on these ships for large supplies of water and food, or for sleeping quarters.
  • Ostia - A Mediterranean Port 10 January 2010 7:21 UTC www.ostia-antica.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Each family is identified with the proto-language from which it sprung; these families are conventionally listed in order, roughly from west to east with respect to the homelands their speakers came to occupy.
  • Indo-European Languages: Evolution and Locale Maps 9 February 2010 16:27 UTC www.utexas.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.Others are oriented south-north (Scandinavian Mountains, Dinarides, Carpathians, Apennines) and because the rain falls primarily on the side of mountains that is oriented towards sea, forests grow well on this side, while on the other side, the conditions are much less favourable.^ The Baltic is the Mediterranean of the North, but is much less well-known.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ Its geographic circumstances are not favorable because it sits isolated from other alliance members, basically in the Carpathian Basin, while some of its neighbors pose threats to it (e.g.: Serbia, Romania).
  • NATO EXPANSION IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.fas.org [Source type: Original source]

^ From the slopes of Sankt Gotthard, the great rivers flow to different directions, towards the North Sea...
  • Global Politician - Europe 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC globalpolitician.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
  • Global Politician - Western Europe 26 January 2010 1:01 UTC globalpolitician.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.Few corners of mainland Europe have not been grazed by livestock at some point in time, and the cutting down of the pre-agricultural forest habitat caused disruption to the original plant and animal ecosystems.^ Cut down on currency fees in Europe .
  • Europe: News & Videos about Europe - CNN.com 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC topics.cnn.com [Source type: News]

^ They also provide a special habitat for small animals and plants which live amongst the fronds of the seagrass, particularly down near the base.

^ On the basis of global warming, which also causes heat waves and droughts in Europe during the summer, especially atomic power plants will be forced to curb electricity production.
  • ZEW Presse 1 February 2010 7:48 UTC www.zew.de [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.Eighty to ninety per cent of Europe was once covered by forest.^ Europe; in 2009, it was 43 per cent.
  • European Union: 21 Jul 2009: Westminster Hall debates (TheyWorkForYou.com) 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.theyworkforyou.com [Source type: Original source]

^ In terms of forest cover, broad-leaved species predominate in southern Europe, particularly in the eastern part of the subregion.
  • Chapter 30. Southern Europe 9 February 2010 16:27 UTC www.fao.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The cultivated land, which in Central and Western Europe is about sixty to seventy per cent, is divided into farm land, cultivated forest land, grass and pasture land.
  • CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Europe 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.newadvent.org [Source type: Original source]

.It stretched from the Mediterranean Sea to the Arctic Ocean.^ Avies Air Company -- Tallinn, Estonia based carrier flies from Mediterranean Sea up to Arctic Ocean, from Central Asia to Scandinavia.
  • European Airlines Of The Web - Airfare Information, Reservations, Schedules, Aviation 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC flyaow.com [Source type: News]

^ Mediterranean seas are characterized by very restricted water exchange with the oceans.
  • Ostia - A Mediterranean Port 10 January 2010 7:21 UTC www.ostia-antica.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Habitat Mediterranean monk seals can be found in warm temperate, subtropical and tropical waters of the Mediterranean Sea and the east Atlantic Ocean.
  • Mediterranean Monk Seal (Monachus monachus) - Office of Protected Resources - NOAA Fisheries 10 January 2010 7:21 UTC www.nmfs.noaa.gov [Source type: Academic]

.Though over half of Europe's original forests disappeared through the centuries of deforestation, Europe still has over one quarter of its land area as forest, such as the taiga of Scandinavia and Russia, mixed rainforests of the Caucasus and the Cork oak forests in the western Mediterranean.^ Peter I (the Great) of Russia travels through western Europe in disguise .
  • Camelot International: Britain's Heritage and History 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.camelotintl.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Browse through Western Europe .
  • Western Europe - Germany - Download Lonely Planet Chapter 26 January 2010 1:01 UTC aircanada.lonelyplanet.com [Source type: News]

^ While the established parties in 1982 were still able to deny flatly that there is such a thing as acid rain and dying forests, in 1984, they already contested state elections claiming that they are the ones doing most to save the forests.
  • Green Parties in Western Europe | Global Greens 26 January 2010 1:01 UTC www.globalgreens.org [Source type: Original source]

.During recent times, deforestation has been slowed and many trees have been planted.^ How many times during the day?
  • Get a Free Sample Menu of the New Mediterranean Diet Meal Plan 10 January 2010 7:21 UTC www.mediterraneanbook.com [Source type: General]

^ Tree management of this crop has undergone many changes in recent decades including increased planting densities (100 to 300 trees/ha), new methods of propagation, improved cultural practices and mechanical harvesting, are some examples.

.However, in many cases monoculture plantations of conifers have replaced the original mixed natural forest, because these grow quicker.^ The project was deferred, however, because Poland's natural gas demand was less than expected.
  • Energy profile of North-Central Europe - Encyclopedia of Earth 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.eoearth.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ If so, the zones of Mediterranean Forest in the eastern Mediterranean marked on the Holocene maps shown here are inappropriate and should be replaced by temperate mixed/deciduous forest.
  • EUROPE 9 February 2010 16:27 UTC www.esd.ornl.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ However the sovereignty is now pooled - and like water mixed from different streams it is impossible to un-mix into the original streams.
  • Euro 'Diktats’ risk terrorist response across Southern Europe - Telegraph 9 February 2010 16:27 UTC www.telegraph.co.uk [Source type: Original source]

.The plantations now cover vast areas of land, but offer poorer habitats for many European forest dwelling species which require a mixture of tree species and diverse forest structure.^ This compact capital offers bustling street and night life and encompasses more museums than many other European cities.
  • Moving To Central Europe & The Balkans ~ Living In Central Europe & The Balkans ~ Real Estate In Central Europe & The Balkans 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.escapeartist.com [Source type: News]

^ However, that should not be done through a proportional representation system whereby Members of the European Parliament represent a vast area.
  • European Union: 21 Jul 2009: Westminster Hall debates (TheyWorkForYou.com) 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.theyworkforyou.com [Source type: Original source]

^ In addition, the European Arrest Warrant covers Racism and Xenophobia which is such a grey area and is being monitored by a thought police that would do Orwells 1984 proud!

.The amount of natural forest in Western Europe is just 2–3% or less, in European Russia 5–10%.^ The President confirmed Russias wish to strengthen its engagement within the Council of Europe and its commitment to enhance respect for human rights across the European continent.
  • Council of Europe 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.coe.int [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Western Europeans sometimes talk about “Europe and Eastern Europe.” It is pretty arrogant, and it may soon be less true than ever.
  • Europe and Western Europe | The Brussels Journal 26 January 2010 1:01 UTC www.brusselsjournal.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Enlarge Image The Last Ancient Forests of Europe combine Europe's few remaining tracts of ancient forest in Scandinavia with the adjoining forest of European Russia (from the western flanks of the Ural mountains).
  • Europe | Greenpeace International 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.greenpeace.org [Source type: News]

.The country with the smallest percentage of forested area (excluding the micronations) is Iceland (2%), while the most forested country is Finland(72%).^ Most European Free Trade Association members are parties to the EEA-treaty (the European Economic Area ), which means that these countries are participants in the single market.
  • European Union - Haiti 1 February 2010 7:48 UTC haiti.wikia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Its members included 7 countries: Austria, Sweden, Norway, Liechtenstein, Switzerland, Iceland, and Finland.

^ The Cyrillic alphabet, used in most Slavic countries, was invented in this area.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

.In temperate Europe, mixed forest with both broadleaf and coniferous trees dominate.^ The forests of Europe flourish in the temperate zone.
  • CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Europe 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.newadvent.org [Source type: Original source]

^ If so, the zones of Mediterranean Forest in the eastern Mediterranean marked on the Holocene maps shown here are inappropriate and should be replaced by temperate mixed/deciduous forest.
  • EUROPE 9 February 2010 16:27 UTC www.esd.ornl.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.The most important species in central and western Europe are beech and oak.^ The way forward for Western and Central Europe .
  • HIV and AIDS in Western and Central Europe 26 January 2010 1:01 UTC www.avert.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ His latest departs from his usual themes--the borders between natives and Westerners, or prostitutes and johns--to take on Central Europe in the 20th century.
  • Amazon.com: Europe Central: William Vollmann: Books 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.amazon.com [Source type: General]

^ Anti Semitism hit high in '09- An Israeli report released Sunday says 2009 saw the most anti Semitic incidents in western Europe since...
  • Western Europe - Press Release Hub 26 January 2010 1:01 UTC blog.taragana.com [Source type: News]

.In the north, the taiga is a mixed spruce-pine-birch forest; further north within Russia and extreme northern Scandinavia, the taiga gives way to tundra as the Arctic is approached.^ In Norway they are composed chiefly of pine; the only deciduous tree found in the highest latitudes is the birch (betula odorata); the forests of pines and deciduous trees are found south of 61 deg.
  • CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Europe 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.newadvent.org [Source type: Original source]

^ In eastern Europe, Huntley (1990) appears to suggest in his map that the present-day steppic region of Ukraine and Southern Russia was mainly forested, partly with pine-birch and partly with mixed conifer-hardwoods.
  • EUROPE 9 February 2010 16:27 UTC www.esd.ornl.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ According to Soffer (1990), pine ( Pinus ) (with birch and spruce) woodlands may have existed to the south and east of the Carpathian mountains.
  • EUROPE 9 February 2010 16:27 UTC www.esd.ornl.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.In the Mediterranean, many olive trees have been planted, which are very well adapted to its arid climate; Mediterranean Cypress is also widely planted in southern Europe.^ Southern Europe (Mediterranean) recipe reviews .
  • Southern Europe (Mediterranean) Recipes : Recipezaar 9 February 2010 16:27 UTC www.recipezaar.com [Source type: General]

^ The olive tree has a wide range of adaptability.

^ Leland points out that a huge number of small, independent retailers claims a very large portion of retail sales in Southern Europe.
  • Forrester Puzzles Over "Laggard" Southern Europe - InternetNews.com 9 February 2010 16:27 UTC www.internetnews.com [Source type: News]

.The semi-arid Mediterranean region hosts much scrub forest.^ The mammal and bird faunas are largely derived from extra-Mediterranean biogeographical zones, with Eurasian and African elements dominating the mammal fauna, whereas Eurasian and semi-arid southern elements dominate the avifauna.
  • Biological diversity in the Mediterranean Basin - Encyclopedia of Earth 10 January 2010 7:21 UTC www.eoearth.org [Source type: Academic]

.A narrow east-west tongue of Eurasian grassland (the steppe) extends eastwards from Ukraine and southern Russia and ends in Hungary and traverses into taiga to the north.^ North part of the Med, west to east .
  • Ostia - A Mediterranean Port 10 January 2010 7:21 UTC www.ostia-antica.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The Warsaw Pact alliance included the countries of Albania, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, Romania, and Russia.
  • EUROPEAN UNION and the BILDERBERG GROUP FINAL WARNING 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.the7thfire.com [Source type: News]

^ Its greatest length from north to south is 2,398 miles, from west to east, 3,455 miles.
  • CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Europe 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.newadvent.org [Source type: Original source]

Main article: Fauna of Europe
.Glaciation during the most recent ice age and the presence of man affected the distribution of European fauna.^ During the recent European parliamentary elections, extreme right wing parties from the United Kingdom, Hungary, Romania, Slovakia, etc.

^ It distributes a quarterly newsletter, updating released EU publications and the most recent releases are highlighted on the home page.
  • European Union Legal Materials - Research Guides 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC library.law.columbia.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ The Near East, the centre of its geographical distribution today, was presumably its refuge during the glacial periods.
  • The Spread of Malaria to Southern Europe in Antiquity: New Approaches to Old Problems 9 February 2010 16:27 UTC www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]

.As for the animals, in many parts of Europe most large animals and top predator species have been hunted to extinction.^ Turkey (the most populous, the most Islamic, the least developed, the least democratic, overly patriotic and hardly in Europe, Istanbul sits on the small part across the Bosphorus).
  • European Union - Uncyclopedia, the content-free encyclopedia 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC uncyclopedia.wikia.com [Source type: Original source]

^ There is a large amount of anti-Americanism in Europe, mainly because most european jokes correctly claim that America is filled with burger inhaling idiots.
  • Europe - Uncyclopedia, the content-free encyclopedia 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC uncyclopedia.wikia.com [Source type: Original source]

^ My view is that many of those demands are essential if we in Europe are to ensure high levels of animal protection.
  • The PETA Files | The EU Takes a Stand for Seals 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC blog.peta.org [Source type: General]

The woolly mammoth was extinct before the end of the Neolithic period. Today wolves (carnivores) and bears (omnivores) are endangered. .Once they were found in most parts of Europe.^ Turkey (the most populous, the most Islamic, the least developed, the least democratic, overly patriotic and hardly in Europe, Istanbul sits on the small part across the Bosphorus).
  • European Union - Uncyclopedia, the content-free encyclopedia 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC uncyclopedia.wikia.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Image Tours was founded in 1939 on the belief that everyone, at least once in their lifetime, should experience the rich beauty, culture, and history of Europe.
  • Heart of Europe Tour from Image Tours: Superior value escorted European tours with a personal touch 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.heartofeurope.com [Source type: News]

^ Once regarded as Europe's grandest, most beautiful city, Palermo is still quite impressive.
  • Mediterranean Cruises - Cheap Mediterranean Cruises, Discount Mediterranean Cruises, Deals on Cruises to the Mediterranean 10 January 2010 7:21 UTC www.cruisebrothers.com [Source type: General]

.However, deforestation caused these animals to withdraw further and further.^ Fishing, coastal development and other exploitation activities have infringed on these animals, and may cause them to abandon their critical and vital habitat, or have depleted their prey resources.
  • Mediterranean Monk Seal (Monachus monachus) - Office of Protected Resources - NOAA Fisheries 10 January 2010 7:21 UTC www.nmfs.noaa.gov [Source type: Academic]

^ However, NATO membership given to these countries at an early stage could cause adverse reactions in Russia and among the Russian minorities in the Baltic states.
  • NATO EXPANSION IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.fas.org [Source type: Original source]

.By the Middle Ages the bears' habitats were limited to more or less inaccessible mountains with sufficient forest cover.^ This principle does, however, have its limits and is likely to be less effective the more diverse the countries involved.
  • Economic aspects of European Union 1 February 2010 7:48 UTC assembly.coe.int [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ T.R. Reid is a journalist and his account of European superiority, which covers much the same territory as Rifkin's, is shorter, sharper, more readable, and less pretentious.
  • Europe vs. America - The New York Review of Books 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.nybooks.com [Source type: Original source]

^ These mountains are the outer limits of the Alpine orogeny of early Tertiary age.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

.Today, the brown bear lives primarily in the Balkan peninsula, Scandinavia, and Russia; a small number also persist in other countries across Europe (Austria, Pyrenees etc.^ Leland points out that a huge number of small, independent retailers claims a very large portion of retail sales in Southern Europe.
  • Forrester Puzzles Over "Laggard" Southern Europe - InternetNews.com 9 February 2010 16:27 UTC www.internetnews.com [Source type: News]

^ The extent of concern across Europe over the current proposals is reflected in the number and range of companies that were keen to add their names to our letter to the European Union.
  • European Union - Indian Premier League | IPL Cricket Highlights - Times of India 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC iplextra.indiatimes.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The Council of Europe comprises 47 countries, many of which have had problems, such as Georgia, which has faced hostilities on its borders from another Council of Europe country—Russia.
  • European Union: 21 Jul 2009: Westminster Hall debates (TheyWorkForYou.com) 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.theyworkforyou.com [Source type: Original source]

), but in these areas brown bear populations are fragmented and marginalised because of the destruction of their habitat. In addition, polar bears may be found on Svalbard, a Norwegian archipelago far north of Scandinavia. .The wolf, the second largest predator in Europe after the brown bear, can be found primarily in Eastern Europe and in the Balkans, with a handful of packs in pockets of Western Europe (Scandinavia, Spain, etc.^ Malaga is the second largest port in Spain.
  • RCCL Cruises Western Europe - Cheap RCCL Cruises Western Europe, Packages, Specials, Discount RCCL Western Europe Cruises 26 January 2010 1:01 UTC www.cruisebrothers.com [Source type: General]

^ In Northern Europe are found the polar bear, polar fox, and reindeer; in the region of forests live the bear, wolf, and lynx, which have, however, almost disappeared; the region of the Mediterranean contains numerous reptiles.
  • CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Europe 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.newadvent.org [Source type: Original source]

^ Spain has undergone a huge period of economic growth during the late 20th century, and continues to be Western Europe's fastest-growing economy.

).
.Other important European carnivores are Eurasian lynx, European wild cat, foxes (especially the red fox), jackal and different species of martens, hedgehogs, different species of reptiles snakes (vipers, grass snake…), different birds (owls, hawks and other birds of prey).^ On the other hand, the reptile and amphibian faunas comprise mainly Mediterranean species, and have higher levels of endemism.
  • Biological diversity in the Mediterranean Basin - Encyclopedia of Earth 10 January 2010 7:21 UTC www.eoearth.org [Source type: Academic]

^ Whatever way you look for work it is important to remember that life comes to a halt during the month of August, as with many other European countries.

^ A Central European discussant portrayed the main difference between Russia and the USSR as arising from the fact that the USSR forcibly imposed its system on other countries.
  • Russia and Eastern Europe and Central Europe: Old Divisions and New Bridges 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.per-usa.org [Source type: Original source]

.Important European herbivores are snails, amphibian larvae, fish, different birds, and mammals, like rodents, deer and roe deer, boars, and living in the mountains, marmots, steinbocks, chamois among others.^ An outbreak of the deadly H5N1 bird flu virus strain detected on a British turkey farm is likely a precursor to other outbreaks in Europe, a U.N. bird flu expert said Sunday.
  • Europe: News & Videos about Europe - CNN.com 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC topics.cnn.com [Source type: News]

^ But like Garton Ash, I think it would be a mistake to follow Jürgen Habermas's advice and try to build European unity around "transatlantic value differences."
  • Europe vs. America - The New York Review of Books 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.nybooks.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Whatever way you look for work it is important to remember that life comes to a halt during the month of August, as with many other European countries.

.Sea creatures are also an important part of European flora and fauna.^ Europeans, even members of the farming industry, are willing to pay a considerable price in order to continue their traditional culture, and protecting small farms with the CAP is an important part of that.
  • Going All In: The Gamble of Globalization and European Economic Integration | Pepperdine Policy Review | School of Public Policy | Pepperdine University 1 February 2010 7:48 UTC publicpolicy.pepperdine.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The Ukraine, for its part, is an especially important part of the European geopolitical environment, and Russia without the Ukraine is a one-armed giant, and the Ukraine will be careful to balance its independence and its relations with its eastern neighbor.
  • NATO EXPANSION IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.fas.org [Source type: Original source]

The sea flora is mainly phytoplankton. .Important animals that live in European seas are zooplankton, molluscs, echinoderms, different crustaceans, squids and octopuses, fish, dolphins, and whales.^ Fishing is an option!We live in the 21st century Jonh and we are supposed to be educated, cultured people who respect the lives of other human beings and of the animal kingdom alike.
  • The PETA Files | The EU Takes a Stand for Seals 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC blog.peta.org [Source type: General]

^ "Important policy differences between European Member States still exist, often reflecting differences in the national drug situations and in the configuration of responses.
  • International - European Union | Drug War Facts 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC drugwarfacts.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.Biodiversity is protected in Europe through the Council of Europe Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention), which has also been signed by the European Community as well as non-European states.^ United States, Japan and Europe as well as among them.
  • JapanFocus 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC japanfocus.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The President confirmed Russias wish to strengthen its engagement within the Council of Europe and its commitment to enhance respect for human rights across the European continent.
  • Council of Europe 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.coe.int [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ It gives the background to and objectives of the Amsterdam Treaty which was signed by the European Union member states in October 1997, amending two of the EU's fundamental treaties, the Treaty Establishing the European Community and the Treaty on European Union.
  • Intute - European Union 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.intute.ac.uk [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

Demographics

Main articles: Demographics of Europe and Aging of Europe
The population growth/decline of European countries
.Since the Renaissance and the Age of Discovery, Europe has had a major influence in culture, economics and social movements in the world.^ Not since the last Ice Age, over 8,000 years ago, had the United Kingdom been joined with mainland Europe.
  • Europe: News & Videos about Europe - CNN.com 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC topics.cnn.com [Source type: News]

^ Western Europe incorporates some of the most enchanting, culturally diverse and economically powerful and important countries in the world, from United Kingdom , Italy , France and Germany to Switzerland , Spain , Netherlands , Norway and Denmark .
  • Book Western Europe Hostels and Hotels, Book Cheap Hostel in Western Europe & Youth Hostels in Western Europe. No Booking Fees � Western Europe Events and Travel Guides- Hostels 247 26 January 2010 1:01 UTC www.hostels247.com [Source type: General]

^ The remaining entries deal with geography, history, government, economics, culture, trends and ideas, major political and cultural figures, and influential outside forces and individuals.
  • Politics in Central Europe since 1945 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.au.af.mil [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.European demographics are important not only historically, but also in understanding current international relations and population issues.^ A portion of this population offers a challenge to social cohesion (what some European scholars call "societal security") and a small fraction presents an international security threat.
  • Center for Immigration Studies 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.cis.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The current weeks issue is available only to subscribers to his service, but the previous weeks issue is available to all.

^ With this in mind, the Project on Ethnic Relations (PER) has given attention both to local, on-the-ground aspects of interethnic issues and to their international dimensions.
  • Russia and Eastern Europe and Central Europe: Old Divisions and New Bridges 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.per-usa.org [Source type: Original source]

.Some current and past issues in European demographics have included religious emigration, race relations, economic immigration, a declining birth rate and an aging population.^ The Office will therefore pursue efforts to ensure the quality and consistency of asylum procedures, including by providing information relating to situations in countries of origin of asylum-seekers and through specific projects, of which some will be supported by the European Refugee Fund.
  • UNHCR - Europe 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.unhcr.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Most of them don’t seem to understand that at some time, they must take a stand against the demographic problem facing them – aging population and a rapid increase in immigrants who have no wish to be like them.
  • Europe and Western Europe | The Brussels Journal 26 January 2010 1:01 UTC www.brusselsjournal.com [Source type: Original source]

^ E. whereas the reality of ageing and demographic changes necessitate rethinking immigration policies, since the current and future situation of the EU labour market can be broadly described as in demand of well-managed legal immigration (according to Eurostat the working-age population within the population as a whole will shrink by over 50 million by 2050), .

.In some countries, such as the Republic of Ireland and Poland, access to abortion is currently limited; in the past, such restrictions and also restrictions on artificial birth control were commonplace throughout Europe.^ Similar devices have been installed on a limited basis in some American cities, such as San Francisco.
  • Making Transit Work: Insight from Western Europe, Canada, and the United States -- Special Report 257 26 January 2010 1:01 UTC www.nap.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ Linkages between LAC countries and Southern Europe include family, friend, and hometown networks, some operating (or at least latent) for several decades.
  • Migration Information Source - Latin American Immigration to Southern Europe 9 February 2010 16:27 UTC www.migrationinformation.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Beyond that, some countries, such as Germany and Italy hope there will be movement toward a "United States of Europe."

.Furthermore, three European countries (The Netherlands, Belgium and Switzerland) have allowed a limited form of voluntary euthanasia for some terminally ill people.^ Microsoft also said on Monday that it will extend, for a time, a family pack option for Windows 7 to eight European countries-- the United Kingdom, Ireland, Germany, France, Switzerland, Austria, the Netherlands, and Sweden.
  • european union posts - Beyond Binary - CNET News 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC news.cnet.com [Source type: News]

^ This 15-day panoramic adventure features seven popular countries: Holland, Belgium, Germany, Austria, Italy, Switzerland, and France.
  • Heart of Europe Tour from Image Tours: Superior value escorted European tours with a personal touch 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.heartofeurope.com [Source type: News]

^ Being the peace-loving nations that they are, European countries decided to take the advice of a President who was a bit on the deluded side and formed the League of Nations, or L.o.N..
  • Europe - Uncyclopedia, the content-free encyclopedia 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC uncyclopedia.wikia.com [Source type: Original source]

.In 2005 the population of Europe was estimated to be 728 million according to the United Nations, which is slightly more than one-ninth of the world's population.^ Perhaps we feel more like citizens of the world than citizens of Europe?
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ The European Union is a fifteen-member political entity with a population of 378 million (as compared with the U.S. at 285 million) and exports a little over 18.4% of world trade (compared to U.S. 15.4%).
  • Features - European Union Law: An Integrated Guide to Electronic and Print Research | LLRX.com 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.llrx.com [Source type: Academic]

^ There are conflicting signs about how good a year 2010 may be for the technology world, but attendants of CES appear to be more upbeat than last year.
  • Europe Edition - Wall Street Journal - Latest News, Breaking Stories, Top Headlines - WSJ.com 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC europe.wsj.com [Source type: News]

.A century ago Europe had nearly a quarter of the world's population.^ Speaking of the two Europes (East and West) he designated Methodius and Cyril - the two patron saints who brought Christianity to the Slavic world in the ninth century - as patron saints of Europe.
  • EIPS - The Conspiracy Behind The European Union: What Every Christian Should Know 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.ianpaisley.org [Source type: Original source]

^ After overcoming the Tatars in their own country during the 18th century, Russia turned to the driving of the Turks from Europe, freeing the subjugated Slavic populations.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ It was not until the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries that their possessions were reduced to their present boundaries, thus limiting Mohammedanism to a small part of the population of Europe.
  • CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Europe 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.newadvent.org [Source type: Original source]

.The population of Europe has grown in the past century, but in other areas of the world (in particular Africa and Asia) the population has grown far more quickly.^ Iron Curtain of the 21st century More foreign military bases in Europe than at the peak of the Cold War - by Zivadin Jovanovic - 2009-12-19 .
  • GlobalResearch.ca - Centre for Research on Globalization 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.globalresearch.ca [Source type: News]

^ Africa Asia Central America Europe Middle East North America Oceania South America SE Asia view weather current friday saturday sunday monday .

^ The other important production region is the Mediterranean basin (Italy, Spain, Egypt, Morocco, and Israel) and to a more limited extent South America, South Africa, Southwestern Asia, the U.S., and Australia.

[4] .According to UN population projection (medium variant), Europe's share will fall to 7% in 2050, numbering 653 million.^ Within that, projects for the European Green Cars Inititative are to receive an indicative (i.e., the actual sum of the awards may vary) €63 million (US$89 million).

^ In terms of absolute numbers, Spain hosts the largest LAC-national population with just over 1 million individuals, including those legalized during the 2005 amnesty.
  • Migration Information Source - Latin American Immigration to Southern Europe 9 February 2010 16:27 UTC www.migrationinformation.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Millions were made and shared as artificially high prices were maintained by various means while cronies...
  • Global Politician - Europe 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC globalpolitician.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

[5] .Within this context, significant disparities exist between religions in relation to fertility rates.^ The report is structured in two parts: Part I presents an analysis of the global context and of the state of relations between Muslim and Western societies.

^ Large internal economic differences and social disparities also exist within the accession and candidate countries themselves.
  • Economic aspects of European Union 1 February 2010 7:48 UTC assembly.coe.int [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ A basic tension exists within the European Union between inter-governmentalism and supra-nationalism .
  • European Union - Haiti 1 February 2010 7:48 UTC haiti.wikia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.The average number of children per female of child bearing age is 1.52. According to some sources,[6][7] this rate is higher among Muslims.^ Average age 26.5 *1/3rd have been in higher education *90% employment rate whilst in the UK *Hourly wage of £6.80 compared to UK average of £11.90 *12% claimed benefits or tax credits *6.5% lived in social housing .
  • Economics - European Economy 1 February 2010 7:48 UTC www.tutor2u.net [Source type: General]

^ We found an average casualty per incident rate of 4.47 for the 1970s, 4.87 for the 1980s, 12.29 for the 1990s, 14.49 for the period 2000-2003.
  • Center for Immigration Studies 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.cis.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Some of the lowest well-documented estimates now available are from the new countries of the EU, but in Malta a higher prevalence has been reported (5.4–6.2 cases per 1,000 aged 15–64).
  • International - European Union | Drug War Facts 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC drugwarfacts.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.In 2005 the EU had an overall net gain from immigration of 1.8 million people, despite having one of the highest population densities in the world.^ It is to gain the people, and having gained them, one gains the whole world.
  • Politics by Region: Scrap 'Western Europe' and 'Eastern Europe' and form EU - Political Forum 26 January 2010 1:01 UTC www.politicalforum.com [Source type: General]

^ The population is approximately 42 million, and while there is plenty of hustle and bustle in the larger cities the rural areas leave one with the idea that no one has been there for years.

^ (AP, 11/3/05) 2005 Nov 7, The EU agreed to monitor a Gaza-Egypt border crossing that serves as the main gate to the world for Palestinians.
  • Timeline European Union 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC timelines.ws [Source type: News]

.This accounted for almost 85% of Europe's total population growth.^ Although these figures do not account for business cycles or changes in the labour market, the underlying message is clear, i.e., Europe’s working population is falling 25 .
  • Economic aspects of European Union 1 February 2010 7:48 UTC assembly.coe.int [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The total population of Europe amounts to about 420,000,000.
  • CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Europe 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.newadvent.org [Source type: Original source]

^ The Special Case of Western Europe In 2000/2001 approximately 22 million foreign nationals resided in Western Europe, comprising over 5.5 percent of the total population.
  • Center for Immigration Studies 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.cis.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

[8]

Political geography

Territories and regions

See also: Demographics of Europe and List of European countries by population
Regions of Europe as delineated by the United Nations (other categorisations may vary):

██ Northern Europe

██ Western Europe

██ Eastern Europe

██ Southern Europe

.The countries in this table are categorised according to the scheme for geographic subregions used by the United Nations, and data included are per sources in cross-referenced articles.^ View the complete list of the countries included in the various regions according to each data source .
  • Eastern Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC hivinsite.ucsf.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Again using citizenship-based data, in Spain, the top country of origin is Ecuador (approximately 376,000 foreign citizens), followed by Colombia (226,000), Peru (91,000), and Argentina (87,000) (see Table 3).
  • Migration Information Source - Latin American Immigration to Southern Europe 9 February 2010 16:27 UTC www.migrationinformation.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Migration Information Source Includes data on migration and foreign populations and country profiles for many, though not all, European countries.
  • University of Wisconsin-Madison | General Library System | Memorial Library | Islam and Western Europe 26 January 2010 1:01 UTC www.library.wisc.edu [Source type: Academic]

Where they differ, provisos are clearly indicated.
.According to different definitions, such as consideration of the concept of Central Europe, the following territories and regions may be subject to various other categorisations.^ Host preferences vary in different regions.
  • Mediterranean fruit fly - Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) 10 January 2010 7:21 UTC entnemdept.ifas.ufl.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ (Regional surveys of the world) General Survey: -Central and South Eastern Europe: Finally United, Still Differentiated.
  • Politics in Central Europe since 1945 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.au.af.mil [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Other global regions covered in sister reports and associated databases are Asia Pacific and the Middle East , Eastern and South-Eastern Europe, Northern and Central Europe , and North and Latin America .
  • Reportlinker Adds Retailer Financial Services in Southern and Western Europe - KRDO.com Colorado Springs and Pueblo News, Weather and Sports 9 February 2010 16:27 UTC www.krdo.com [Source type: News]


Name of region[9] and
territory, with flag
Area
(km²)
Population
(1 July, 2002 est.)
Population density
(per km²)
Capital
Eastern Europe:
Template:Country data Belarus Belarus 207,600 10,335,382 49.8 Minsk
Template:Country data Bulgaria Bulgaria 110,910 7,621,337 68.7 Sofia
Template:Country data Czech Republic Czech Republic 78,866 10,256,760 130.1 Prague
Template:Country data Hungary Hungary 93,030 10,075,034 108.3 Budapest
Template:Country data Moldova Moldova[10] 33,843 4,434,547 131.0 Chişinău
Template:Country data Poland Poland 312,685 38,625,478 123.5 Warsaw
Template:Country data Romania Romania 238,391 21,698,181 91.0 Bucharest
Template:Country data Russia Russia[11] 3,960,000 106,037,143 26.8 Moscow
Template:Country data Slovakia Slovakia 48,845 5,422,366 111.0 Bratislava
Template:Country data Ukraine Ukraine 603,700 48,396,470 80.2 Kiev
Northern Europe:
Template:Country data Åland Åland (Finland) 1,552 26,008 16.8 Mariehamn
Template:Country data Denmark Denmark 43,094 5,368,854 124.6 Copenhagen
Template:Country data Estonia Estonia 45,226 1,415,681 31.3 Tallinn
Template:Country data Faroe Islands Faroe Islands (Denmark) 1,399 46,011 32.9 Tórshavn
Template:Country data Finland Finland 336,593 5,157,537 15.3 Helsinki
Template:Country data Guernsey Guernsey[12] 78 64,587 828.0 St Peter Port
Template:Country data Iceland Iceland 103,000 307,261 2.7 Reykjavík
Template:Country data Ireland Ireland 70,280 4,234,925 60.3 Dublin
File:Flag of the Isle of Man.svg Isle of Man[13] 572 73,873 129.1 Douglas
Template:Country data Jersey Jersey[14] 116 89,775 773.9 Saint Helier
Template:Country data Latvia Latvia 64,589 2,366,515 36.6 Riga
Template:Country data Lithuania Lithuania 65,200 3,601,138 55.2 Vilnius
Template:Country data Norway Norway 324,220 4,525,116 14.0 Oslo
Template:Country data Norway Svalbard and Jan
Mayen Islands
(Norway)
62,049 2,868 0.046 Longyearbyen
Flag of Sweden Sweden 449,964 9,090,113 19.7 Stockholm
Flag of United Kingdom United Kingdom 244,820 61,100,835 244.2 London
Southern Europe:
Template:Country data Albania Albania 28,748 3,600,523 125.2 Tirana
Template:Country data Andorra Andorra 468 68,403 146.2 Andorra la Vella
Template:Country data Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina 51,129 4,448,500 77.5 Sarajevo
Template:Country data CRO Croatia 56,542 4,437,460 77.7 Zagreb
Template:Country data Gibraltar Gibraltar (UK) 5.9 27,714 4,697.3 Gibraltar
Template:Country data Greece Greece 131,940 10,645,343 80.7 Athens
Template:Country data Italy Italy 301,230 58,751,711 191.6 Rome
Template:Country data Republic of Macedonia Macedonia 25,333 2,054,800 81.1 Skopje
Template:Country data Malta Malta 316 397,499 1,257.9 Valletta
Template:Country data Montenegro Montenegro[15] 13,812 616,258 44.6 Podgorica
Template:Country data Portugal Portugal[16] 91,568 10,084,245 110.1 Lisbon
Template:Country data San Marino San Marino 61 27,730 454.6 San Marino
Template:Country data Serbia Serbia[17] 88,361 9,663,742 109.4 Belgrade
Template:Country data Slovenia Slovenia 20,273 1,932,917 95.3 Ljubljana
Template:Country data Spain Spain 504,851 45,061,274 89.3 Madrid
Template:Country data Vatican City Vatican City 0.44 900 2,045.5 Vatican City
Western Europe:
Template:Country data Austria Austria 83,858 8,169,929 97.4 Vienna
Template:Country data Belgium Belgium 30,510 10,274,595 336.8 Brussels
Flag of France France[18] 547,030 59,765,983 109.3 Paris
Template:Country data Germany Germany 357,021 83,251,851 233.2 Berlin
Template:Country data Liechtenstein Liechtenstein 160 32,842 205.3 Vaduz
Template:Country data Luxembourg Luxembourg 2,586 448,569 173.5 Luxembourg
Template:Country data Monaco Monaco 1.95 31,987 16,403.6 Monaco
Template:Country data Netherlands Netherlands[19] 41,526 16,318,199 393.0 Amsterdam
Template:Country data Switzerland Switzerland 41,290 7,507,000 176.8 Bern
Central Asia:
Template:Country data Kazakhstan Kazakhstan[20] 150,000 600,000 4.0 Astana
Western Asia:[21]
Template:Country data Azerbaijan Azerbaijan[22] 7,110 175,200 24.6 Baku
Template:Country data Georgia Georgia[23] 2,000 37,520 18.8 Tbilisi
Template:Country data Turkey Turkey[24] 24,378 11,044,932 453.1 Ankara
Total 10,176,246[25] 709,608,850[26] 69.7

Economy

Main article: Economy of Europe
European nations by GDP per capita in 2002
As a continent, the economy of Europe is currently the largest on Earth. .The European Union, or EU, an intergovernmental body composed of most of the European states, is one of the two largest in the world.^ Coverage of European Union law for students, this book focuses on EU law from a UK perspective.
  • European Union Legal Materials - Research Guides 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC library.law.columbia.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ As France is one of the largest contributors to both EU and NATO operations, it is in our interest, even more than in that of others, for the two organizations to work more effectively together.

^ The proposals were good, but I think we should focus on the most important obstacle: the European Union.
  • Global Politician - Europe 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC globalpolitician.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.Of the member states in the EU, Germany has the largest national economy.^ The rest of the new EU countries are "Member States with derogation", which means they are working toward the adoption of the Euro.
  • European Union Legal Materials - Research Guides 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC library.law.columbia.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ Generally, a member state must enact national legislation to comply with a directive.
  • European Union Legal Materials - Research Guides 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC library.law.columbia.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ In law enforcement cooperation, the program aims at strengthening cooperation among all security forces within Portugal as well as within the 25 EU member states.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.Thirteen EU countries share a common unit of currency, the euro.^ The rest of the new EU countries are "Member States with derogation", which means they are working toward the adoption of the Euro.
  • European Union Legal Materials - Research Guides 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC library.law.columbia.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ (AP, 12/22/05) 2005 Dec 26, The EU announced a 166 million euros ($196.9 million) aid package for 10 African countries.
  • Timeline European Union 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC timelines.ws [Source type: News]

^ (Euro coins have one common side and one side that the country that would issues the particular coin into circulation can do what it likes with.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

.Major economic sectors in Europe include agriculture, manufacturing, and investment.^ They include many sold by major retailers including B&Q, Asda and Do It All, and are being banned alongside 135 agricultural products.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Olive oil and table olive industries play an important role in the agricultural and processing sectors of the major olive producing countries of the Mediterranean basin.

^ The olive oil and table olive industries play an important role in the agricultural and processing sectors of the major olive producing countries.

.The majority of the EU's trade is with the United States, China, India, Russia and non-member European states.^ Migrants from different parts of China have settled in corresponding places in Thailand, Indochina, Indonesia, the Philippines, Malaysia, Singapore, and the United States.
  • Center for Immigration Studies 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.cis.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The rest of the new EU countries are "Member States with derogation", which means they are working toward the adoption of the Euro.
  • European Union Legal Materials - Research Guides 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC library.law.columbia.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ In law enforcement cooperation, the program aims at strengthening cooperation among all security forces within Portugal as well as within the 25 EU member states.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]


Languages and cultures

Main article: Languages of Europe
See also: Eurolinguistics
.There are several linguistic groups widely recognised in Europe.^ Recognising the role of the Council of Europe as a member of the Group of Friends of the Alliance of Civilizations; 10.

^ There are several good guidebooks specifically to help you travel by train to and around Europe, including my own book published in June 2008.
  • How to travel by train from London to Europe - a complete guide 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.seat61.com [Source type: General]

^ In Western Europe, al Qaeda and allied groups have selected a region whose nationals can travel without the scrutiny trained on individuals from regions with a widely recognized al Qaeda presence.
  • Center for Immigration Studies 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.cis.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.These sometimes (but not always) coincide with cultural and historical connections between the various nations, though in other cases religion is considered a more significant distinguishing factor.^ Many of the more significant seizures and arrests in 2005 were a direct result of cooperation between the U.S. DEA’s office in Madrid and Spanish authorities.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ These accomplishments are rendered even more incredible if one considers the fact that, with an average monthly income of c.
  • Global Politician - Europe 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC globalpolitician.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Within the framework of the provisions of this Agreement, there shall be no restrictions on the freedom of establishment of nationals of an EC Member State or an EFTA State in the territory of any other of these States.
  • IEA Database 1 February 2010 7:48 UTC iea.uoregon.edu [Source type: Original source]

.Multiligualism and the protection of regional and minority languages are recognised political goals in Europe today.^ Europe is arguably the world's most dynamic political bloc today.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ This is all explained by some as the result of a migration of people from the Caucasian region northwards and westwards into Europe, carrying their language with them.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

.The Council of Europe Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities and the Council of Europe's European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages set up a legal framework for language rights in Europe.^ The European Parliament , not to be confused with the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe , is a democratic organ of the EU, consisting of members elected for five year terms by citizens of each EU member State.
  • European Union 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.stopvaw.org [Source type: Academic]

^ Since 1999 and the entry into force of the Treaty of Amsterdam, the human rights set forth in the Council of Europe Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms are incorporated into European Union law.
  • European Union 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.stopvaw.org [Source type: Academic]

^ The British Council belongs to EUNIC , the European Union National Institutes for Culture, and this new organisation was launched on the 21st February 2007 (pdf file).
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

Romance languages

Main article: Latin Europe
.Romance languages are spoken more or less in south-western Europe, as well as Romania and Moldova which are situated in Eastern Europe.^ Every new regulation from the EU seems to add to the pile, and the language of the EU is that Britain should become more like these countries, not that Europe should become more competitive.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Ireland, they all argued, has done well out of Brussels; now let's give eastern Europe the same opportunity.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Romania also lies along a developing route for the transit of synthetic drugs from Western and Northern Europe to the East.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.This area consists of: Andorra, Italy, Portugal, France (excluding parts of Nord and Alsace), Spain, Romania, Moldova, French-speaking Belgium (Wallonia, partly Brussels), French-speaking Switzerland (Romandy), Italian-speaking Switzerland, Italian-speaking Croatia (part of Istria), and Romansch-speaking Switzerland.^ You can find anything you want from a charter in the Med, and YachtWorldCharters.com has the knowledge of the boats, ports and itineraries to transform your desires into reality in the French Riviera, Spain, Italy, Greece, Croatia and Turkey.

^ This list includes the principal files in the LBJ Library that contain material on Western Europe and NATO. The following countries have been included in this list: Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Great Britain, Ireland, Italy, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malta, Monaco, Netherlands, Portugal, San Marino, Spain, Switzerland, Trieste, and the Vatican.
  • LBJ Library Western Europe and NATO 26 January 2010 1:01 UTC www.lbjlib.utexas.edu [Source type: Reference]

^ UK residents to check fares & buy tickets from London to France, Switzerland, Italy, Spain, Amsterdam, also Germany via Paris.
  • How to travel by train from London to Europe - a complete guide 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.seat61.com [Source type: General]

.All Romance languages are principally derived from the Roman language, Latin, as designated.^ Greek had always been the common and cultured language of the Roman Empire, except in the west and the Balkans, and it eventually replaced Latin.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ Romanian does preserve the Latin language, of course, and the Romanians are culturally descended from Romans, just not from Dacians.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

Germanic languages

Main article: Germanic Europe
.Germanic languages are spoken more or less in north-western Europe and some parts of central Europe.^ Every new regulation from the EU seems to add to the pile, and the language of the EU is that Britain should become more like these countries, not that Europe should become more competitive.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ With no help from the Germans, they exterminated 250,000 Jews in Romania and 150,000 in North Transylvania, according to some sources.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ RCL Cruise Europe to Paris is honored to take you to the beautiful city of Paris which is situated in the north-central part of France.
  • RCL Cruises Southern Europe - Cheap RCL Cruises Southern Europe, Packages, Specials, Discount RCL Southern Europe Cruises 9 February 2010 16:27 UTC www.cruisebrothers.com [Source type: General]

.This region consists of: Norway, Sweden, Germany, the United Kingdom, the Republic of Ireland, Denmark, the Netherlands, Dutch-speaking Belgium (Flanders, partly Brussels and the German-speaking areas east of Wallonia), Austria, Hungary (the City of Sopron), Slovakia (Bratislava; former "Pressburg"), Transylvania (Romania), Liechtenstein, 68-74% of Switzerland, Iceland, the Faroe Islands, Luxemburg, Poland (areas in Silesia), Pomerania, East Prussia, France (Alsace-Lorraine, and Nord-Pas de Calais), the Swedish-speaking municipalities of Finland, and the Alto Adige and South Tirol in Italy.^ Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal and Spain made the transition.
  • Timeline European Union 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC timelines.ws [Source type: News]

^ SLOVAKIA A region in the Carpathian mountains north of Hungary, east of Moravia and the Czech Republic, west of Galitzia and Ukraine, and south of Poland.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC my.raex.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Brussells, not London, is the capital of the United Kingdom.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

Celtic languages

Main article: Celtic nations
.The Celtic languages once stretched across western and central Europe and into Anatolia, but today they are largely limited to the western fringe of the Celtic nations: Ireland, Scotland, the Isle of Man, Wales, Cornwall, and Brittany.^ And they converge in Western Europe.
  • Center for Immigration Studies 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.cis.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ As England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland all use the same coins, one of the four coins has to feature a bridge from each of the four constituent countries of the United Kingdom.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Lately, experts noted an increase in heroin traffic from Turkey into Ukraine by sea and then across Ukraine’s western border into Western Europe.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.The Continental Celtic languages, including Gaulish and Celtiberian, died out by the sixth century; only the Insular Celtic languages—the Goidelic languages (Irish, Scottish Gaelic, Manx) and the Brythonic languages (Welsh, Breton, Cornish)—have survived into modern times.^ In addition, language is very conservative, changing only slowly with time and often only superficially.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

Slavic languages

Main article: Slavic Europe
.Slavic languages are spoken in Central, Eastern, and Southeastern Europe.^ Ukraine’s domestic market is increasingly influenced by synthetic drugs trafficked from both Asia and Central and Eastern Europe (Poland, Romania, Baltic Republics).
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Also call them for any journey to, from or within Germany, Austria, central or eastern Europe & Scandinavia.
  • How to travel by train from London to Europe - a complete guide 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.seat61.com [Source type: General]

^ However, Norway remained a popular market and transit country for drugs produced in Central/Eastern Europe and elsewhere.
  • Europe and Central Asia 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.This area consists of: Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, the Czech Republic, regions of Saxony and Brandenburg in Germany (Sorbs), the Republic of Macedonia, Northern Greece, Montenegro, Poland, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, regions of Moldova (including the territory of Transnistria), and Ukraine.^ Greece, Serbia and Bulgaria all had designs on Albania and Macedonia.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ Masovia was the region of Poland that included Warsaw.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ "The World", reduced to 44 countries and 38,000 interviewees, included 3500 respondent from central and east Europe: Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Poland, Russia, Slovakia and Ukraine.
  • Global Politician - Europe 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC globalpolitician.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

Uralic languages

.The Uralic languages are divided into three main groups, two of which have representatives in Europe.^ In 370 CE, the Goths divided into two groups.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ It was conceived as the homeland of Uralic and Altaic languages in a now discredited linguistic theory that classified the languages of Europe and West Asia into Indo-European, Semitic and Turanian.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ Air France-KLM Group -- Its structure is: a holding company with two airline subsidiaries of Air France and KLM. Passenger transport is the Group's main business with 247 destinations worldwide.
  • European Airlines Of The Web - Airfare Information, Reservations, Schedules, Aviation 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC flyaow.com [Source type: News]

.The Finno-Permic languages are spoken in Finland, Estonia, and parts of Sweden, Norway, Latvia, and European Russia while the Ugric languages are spoken in Hungary and parts of Romania, Slovakia, Serbia, Ukraine, and Siberian Russia.^ Arbatova_article.pdf) 1995 Jan 1, Austria, Finland and Sweden joined the European Union.
  • Timeline European Union 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC timelines.ws [Source type: News]

^ Magyar is a Finno-Ugric language of unknown source, with similarities in form to Altaic languages.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ Estonia is the Finnic, Latvia the Baltic, part of old Livonia.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

.These two groups comprise the Finno-Ugric branch of the Uralic language family.^ Magyar is a Finno-Ugric language of unknown source, with similarities in form to Altaic languages.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ Hungarians speak a Finno-Ugric language orginating in the Urals, as of course, do the Finns.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

Turkic languages

.Turkic languages are spoken as the main language in Turkey and Azerbaijan and as a minority language in parts of Cyprus, Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece, Russia, Republic of Macedonia, Moldova, Ukraine, the Caucasus, and in Turkish diaspora communities in several other European countries (most notably Germany, Sweden, France, Belgium, and the Netherlands).^ Greece, Serbia and Bulgaria all had designs on Albania and Macedonia.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ Astrid has been most comfortable and spoilt in France, Italy, Belgium and Sweden.
  • How to travel by train from London to Europe - a complete guide 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.seat61.com [Source type: General]

^ It also services the largest route network of all Ukrainian air carriers, including Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Canada, China, Croatia, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Egypt, Estonia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, India, Israel, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Montenegro, Poland, Pakistan, Russia, Serbia, Sweden, Thailand, Turkey, the UK, the USA, and the United Arab Emirates.
  • European Airlines Of The Web - Airfare Information, Reservations, Schedules, Aviation 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC flyaow.com [Source type: News]

Baltic languages

Baltic languages are spoken in Lithuania and Latvia. .Estonia's national language is part of the Finno-Ugric family even though it is a Baltic state geographically.^ Magyar is a Finno-Ugric language of unknown source, with similarities in form to Altaic languages.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ Commentary by Julian Samuel on the conflicts which result from the segmentation of large geographic areas into artificial arbitrary models of post-colonial nation states.
  • Western and Northern Europe History and Politics: Media Resources Center, UC Berkeley 26 January 2010 1:01 UTC www.lib.berkeley.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Estonia is the Finnic, Latvia the Baltic, part of old Livonia.
  • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

Other languages

Outside of these seven main linguistic groups one can find:
.
  • The Greek language, one of the oldest European languages spoken in Greece, Cyprus, and parts of Turkey, Albania, Georgia, Armenia and Italy, and in Greek diaspora communities in several other European countries (most notably Germany).
  • The Ossetic language, an Iranian language spoken in North Ossetia-Alania and South Ossetia (or Ossetia, a region on the slopes of the Caucasus mountains on the borders of Russia and Georgia).
  • The Armenian language, an Indo-European language is spoken in Armenia and around Eastern Europe with a variety of dialects.
  • The North Caucasian, a group that includes ethnic groups throughout the Caucasus region (both North and South).^ Not all the people of Europe are Indo-European.
    • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

    ^ The language of these people was Indo-European.
    • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

    ^ He conquered part of Greece but was unsuccessful in Albania.
    • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

    .North Caucasian languages are divided into two main branches: Northeast Caucasian and Northwest Caucasian.^ It is connected to the North Sea by the channels of the Skagerrak and the Kattegat around Denmark, dividing into the Gulf of Bothnia and the Gulf of Finland in the east.
    • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

    ^ In 370 CE, the Goths divided into two groups.
    • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

    ^ This is all explained by some as the result of a migration of people from the Caucasian region northwards and westwards into Europe, carrying their language with them.
    • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

    .This group includes Abkhaz, Chechens, Ingush, Bats, and a number of other smaller ethnic groups that reside in the Caucasus.
  • The South Caucasian, or Kartvelian languages, a group that includes the Georgian language.
  • The Maltese language, a heavily Romanticised Semitic language, descended from Maghrebi Arabic, is spoken in Malta.^ Conversations turn to Belgrade and Pristina or ethnic Albanians and Serbs when in actuality, a comprehensive discussion of the situation should include many other groups of people.
    • Global Politician - Europe 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC globalpolitician.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

    ^ The group includes German Chancellor Angela Merkel, French President Jacques Chirac, and other conservative EU leaders, the magazine reported.
    • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

    ^ The vernacular languages were spoken only, and differed widely from location to location, though with close similarities within the same group.
    • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

    Unlike other Semitic languages, Maltese is written in the Roman alphabet.
  • The Basque language is spoken in the Basque Country, i.e. parts of southern France and northern Spain.
  • The Albanian language, which, like the Greek language, forms its own independent branch of the Indo-European language family with no close living relatives. .Major Albanian-speaking communities outside Albania live in Kosovo (Serbia), the Republic of Macedonia, Montenegro, Greece, Turkey, and southern Italy.^ Greece, Serbia and Bulgaria all had designs on Albania and Macedonia.
    • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

    ^ These would include Albania, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Montenegro and Serbia.
    • European Union Legal Materials - Research Guides 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC library.law.columbia.edu [Source type: Academic]

    ^ I want many of the Balkan states neighbouring us to join the EU as soon as possible, including Croatia, which will hopefully be the next country to join, Montenegro, Serbia, Macedonia, Albania and Kosovo.
    • European Union: 21 Jul 2009: Westminster Hall debates (TheyWorkForYou.com) 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.theyworkforyou.com [Source type: Original source]

    [27]
  • The Mongolic branch of the Altaic phylum is represented in Europe by the Kalmyk language, which is spoken by the Kalmyk people in Kalmykia, a constituent republic of the Russian Federation.

Religions

Main article: Religion in Europe
Predominant religions in Europe

██ Roman Catholicism

██ Orthodox Christianity

██ Protestantism

██ Sunni Islam

██ Shia Islam

██ Judaism

The most prevalent religions of Europe are the following:
.
Other religions are practiced by smaller groups in Europe, including:
.
  • Judaism primarily in France, Germany, the United Kingdom, Russia.^ Andorra Austria Azores Belgium France Germany Holy See (Vatican City) Ireland Italy Jersey Liechtenstein Luxembourg Monaco Netherlands Switzerland United Kingdom Other Regions in Europe .
    • Holiday Weather - Search for weather locations in Western Europe, Europe 26 January 2010 1:01 UTC www.holiday-weather.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

    ^ (No known website) Bulgaria Air -- National Airline of Bulgaria, with regards to the destination lines: France, The Federal Republic of Germany, the United Kingdom, Northern Ireland, Arabia, Hungary, The Czech Republic, Holland, Switzerland, Spain, Belgium, Sweden, Denmark, Austria, Italy, Russia and Israel.
    • European Airlines Of The Web - Airfare Information, Reservations, Schedules, Aviation 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC flyaow.com [Source type: News]

    ^ Whereas France and Germany protected their countries with derogations on people being able to settle and work there, we did not, and—surprise, surprise—several hundred thousand people from those 10 countries settled in the United Kingdom.
    • European Union: 21 Jul 2009: Westminster Hall debates (TheyWorkForYou.com) 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.theyworkforyou.com [Source type: Original source]

    .At one time Judaism was practiced widely throughout the European continent, though it has dwindled in numbers since the expulsion, extermination, and exodus of Jews during the later portion of the second millennium.
  • Hinduism mainly among Indian immigrants in the United Kingdom.^ As England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland all use the same coins, one of the four coins has to feature a bridge from each of the four constituent countries of the United Kingdom.
    • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

    ^ Anglo European -- Crowle, North Lincs, United Kingdom based charter company.
    • European Airlines Of The Web - Airfare Information, Reservations, Schedules, Aviation 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC flyaow.com [Source type: News]

    ^ UKIA (United Kingdom International Airlines) -- Sheffield, UK based airline operating from East Midlands Airport with the second base at Manchester Airport.
    • European Airlines Of The Web - Airfare Information, Reservations, Schedules, Aviation 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC flyaow.com [Source type: News]

    In 1998 there were an estimated 1,382,000 Hindu adherents in Europe alone [2].
  • Buddhism thinly spread throughout Europe.
  • Indigenous European pagan traditions and beliefs, many countries (a fast-growing neopagan movement in France, Germany, Ireland and United Kingdom is noted), and one neopagan faith Asatru recognized as a minority religion in Iceland (since 1973), Norway and Sweden.
  • Rastafari, communities in the United Kingdom, France, Spain, Portugal, Italy and elsewhere.
  • Sikhism and Jainism, small membership rolls, both mainly among Indian immigrants in the United Kingdom.
  • Voodoo, mainly among black Caribbean and West African immigrants in the United Kingdom and France.
  • Traditional African Religions (including Muti), mainly in the United Kingdom and France.
  • Other religions with few (or under a million) adherents in Europe: Animism, Christian Scientists, Eco-religion, Gnosticism, Paganism, Jehovah's Witnesses, Mennonites, Moravian Church, Mormonism or Latter-day Saints, Pantheism, Polytheism, theological relativism, Scientology, Seventh-day Adventists, Universal Life Church, Unitarians, Wiccan, and Zoroastrianism.
Millions of Europeans profess no religion or are atheist, agnostic or humanist. .The largest non-confessional populations (as a percentage) are found in the Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden and the former soviet countries of Belarus, Estonia, Russia and Ukraine, although most former communist countries have significant non-confessional populations.^ The application for admission by the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia was accepted by the EU in December 2005, although there is not yet a schedule for entry negotiations.
  • European Union Legal Materials - Research Guides 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC library.law.columbia.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ (SFC, 6/4/99, p.A14) 1949 May 5, The treaty constituting the Statute of the Council of Europe was signed by ten countries: Belgium, France, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom, accompanied by Ireland, Italy, Denmark, Norway and Sweden.
  • Timeline European Union 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC timelines.ws [Source type: News]

^ It also services the largest route network of all Ukrainian air carriers, including Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Canada, China, Croatia, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Egypt, Estonia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, India, Israel, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Montenegro, Poland, Pakistan, Russia, Serbia, Sweden, Thailand, Turkey, the UK, the USA, and the United Arab Emirates.
  • European Airlines Of The Web - Airfare Information, Reservations, Schedules, Aviation 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC flyaow.com [Source type: News]

Official religions

.A number of countries in Europe have official religions, including Liechtenstein, Malta, Monaco, the Vatican City (Catholic), Greece (Eastern Orthodox), Denmark, Iceland, and Norway (Lutheran).^ This list includes the principal files in the LBJ Library that contain material on Western Europe and NATO. The following countries have been included in this list: Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Great Britain, Ireland, Italy, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malta, Monaco, Netherlands, Portugal, San Marino, Spain, Switzerland, Trieste, and the Vatican.
  • LBJ Library Western Europe and NATO 26 January 2010 1:01 UTC www.lbjlib.utexas.edu [Source type: Reference]

^ (SFC, 6/4/99, p.A14) 1949 May 5, The treaty constituting the Statute of the Council of Europe was signed by ten countries: Belgium, France, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom, accompanied by Ireland, Italy, Denmark, Norway and Sweden.
  • Timeline European Union 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC timelines.ws [Source type: News]

^ Exceptions had been made regarding other Protestant, Roman Catholic, and Russian Orthodox religions (after all, the Grand Duke himself, as Emperor of Russia, was Orthodox).
  • Global Politician - Europe 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC globalpolitician.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.In Switzerland, some cantons are officially Catholic, others Reformed Protestant.^ Exceptions had been made regarding other Protestant, Roman Catholic, and Russian Orthodox religions (after all, the Grand Duke himself, as Emperor of Russia, was Orthodox).
  • Global Politician - Europe 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC globalpolitician.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The Swiss government has already frozen all our accounts in Switzerland, and some other countries would soon follow to do the same.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

.Some Swiss villages even have their religion as well as the village name written on the signs at their entrances.^ I actually bought the "Italian grated cheese" and not the much more expensive "parmesan" and although I had a sign to help me, I might well have figured it out even if I hadn't.
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

Georgia has no established church, but the Georgian Orthodox Church enjoys de facto privileged status. .In Finland, both the Finnish Orthodox Church and the Lutheran Church are official.^ Blue1 -- Blue1 is a Finnish SAS Group airline company operates both on domestic routes within Finland and on routes to Scandinavia and elsewhere in Europe.
  • European Airlines Of The Web - Airfare Information, Reservations, Schedules, Aviation 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC flyaow.com [Source type: News]

England, a part of the UK, has Anglicanism as its official religion. Scotland, another part of the UK, has Presbyterianism as its national church, but it is no longer "official", and in Sweden, the national church is Lutheranism, but it is also no longer "official". Azerbaijan, France, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Spain and Turkey are officially "secular".

See also

Lists and tables

General
Demographics
Economics
Politics

Notes

  1. ^ Etymonline: European. Retrieved on 2006-09-10.
  2. ^ Davidson, Roderic H. (1960). "Where is the Middle East?". Foreign ĆAffairs 38: p. 665–675. 
  3. ^ Strabo Geography 11.1
  4. ^ UNPP, 2004 Revision World Population Prospects: The 2004 Revision Population Database. [[United Nations|]] Population Division, 2005. Last accessed October 25, 2006.
  5. ^ http://esa.un.org/unpp/p2k0data.asp
  6. ^ Brookings Institute Report
  7. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4385768.stm
  8. ^ Europe: Population and Migration in 2005
  9. ^ Continental regions as per UN categorisations/map. Depending on definitions, various territories cited below may be in [[Oceania|]].
  10. ^ Includes [[state|]]s.
  11. ^ [[Emba|]] rivers; population and area figures are for European portion only.
  12. ^ [[United Kingdom|]].
  13. ^ [[United Kingdom|]].
  14. ^ [[United Kingdom|]].
  15. ^ Montenegro declared independence from the union of [[Serbia and Montenegro|]] on 3 June 2006.
  16. ^ Figures for [[Africa|]].
  17. ^ Figures for [[resolution 1244|]].
  18. ^ Figures for politically integral parts of France are geographically located outside Europe.
  19. ^ [[The Hague|]] is the administrative seat.
  20. ^ [[Emba|]] rivers; area figures are for European portion out of total.
  21. ^ [[Western Asia|]] but have historical and sociopolitical connections with Europe.
  22. ^ [[state|]]s).
  23. ^ [[state|]]s.
  24. ^ [[Istanbul Province|]]s—is west and north of the Bosporus and the Dardanelles; population and area figures are for European portion (including all of Istanbul) out of total population.</small>
  25. ^ The total area figure includes only European portions of transcontinental countries.
  26. ^ The total population figure includes only European portions of transcontinental countries.
  27. ^ [1]
  28. ^ Muslims in Europe: BBC Country guide

External links

.
All wikimedia projects
Articles on this topic in other Wikimedia projects can be found at: Europe
  • {{{2}}} travel guide from Wikitravel
  • "Europe". The Columbia Gazetteer of the World Online.^ This gave rise to the legend that they had found the Holy Grail, the Ark of the Covenant, and other articles.
    • Central Europe 10 February 2010 13:013 UTC mysite.du.edu [Source type: Original source]

    ^ How to travel by train from London to Europe - a complete guide .
    • How to travel by train from London to Europe - a complete guide 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.seat61.com [Source type: General]

    ^ After World War II, the USA enjoyed unparalleled prosperity while Europe and much of the rest of the world suffered from devastation, lack of food and other necessities, and unemployment.
    • Western and Northern Europe History and Politics: Media Resources Center, UC Berkeley 26 January 2010 1:01 UTC www.lib.berkeley.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

    2005. New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Europe at Night at NASA Earth Observatory
  • Council of Europe
  • European Union
roa-rup:Europa

.This page uses content from the English language Wikipedia.^ Place names : When you start typing a place name, it will offer a selection of likely locations, but the selection sometimes uses foreign language place names rather than the English ones.
  • How to travel by train from London to Europe - a complete guide 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.seat61.com [Source type: General]

^ Here are the results for the "popular" English language pages after approximately a week: .
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]

^ I used The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition.

The original content was at Europe. The list of authors can be seen in the page history. .As with this Familypedia wiki, the content of Wikipedia is available under the Creative Commons License.^ All content on this website (including text, photographs, audio files, and any other original works), unless otherwise noted, is licensed under a Creative Commons License .
  • European Union Archives | Samizdata.net 27 January 2010 23:51 UTC www.samizdata.net [Source type: Original source]


This article uses material from the "Europe" article on the Genealogy wiki at Wikia and is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike License.

Citable sentences

Up to date as of December 27, 2010

Here are sentences from other pages on Eastern Europe, which are similar to those in the above article.








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