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.In biology, evolution is the change in the inherited traits of a population of organisms through successive generations.^ "Evolution" is a change in the inherited traits of a population from one generation to the next (from Wikipedia).
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Evolution is NOT totally random (random mutations lead to nonrandom selection leads to change in population - the only random component is the mutation).
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ At the very least he slept through biology (doesn't accept evolution) and history (thinks Lincoln could have prevented the Civil War and that it was only about slavery).
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

[1] .When a population splits into smaller groups, these groups evolve independently and develop into new species.^ These pressures, in the long term, can also shape a species, and even cause a population of organisms within that species to diverge and become a new one.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Humans evolved as a social species, which means we naturally live in groups.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ According to evolutionary theory there was a common ancestor of apes and men, at which point the lines split, one evolving into apes and one evolving into men.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.Anatomical similarities, geographical distribution of similar species and the fossil record indicate that all organisms are descended from a common ancestor through a long series of these divergence events, stretching back in a tree of life that has grown over the 3,500 million years of life on Earth.^ Note especially the "Cambrian Explosion" about 500 million years ago.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ These pressures, in the long term, can also shape a species, and even cause a population of organisms within that species to diverge and become a new one.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ If common descent is true, those sequence homologies between proteins in different species must fall into the same kind of pattern we observe in the fossil record.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

[2]
.Evolution is the product of two opposing forces: processes that constantly introduce variation in traits, and processes that make particular variants become more common or rare.^ You're falsely bundling the two ideas and indirectly bashing evolution while you're at it, and it doesn't make your stance sound any less incoherent than Paul's.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Evolution means the theory of common descent (more properly a set of theories, but that's not relevant to this discussion).
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The better verified a theory becomes, the more certain we can be that the theory is true , but that doesn't make the theory a fact ; theories explain facts, they do not become facts.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

A trait is a particular characteristic such as eye color, height, or a behavior that is expressed when an organism's genes interact with its environment. Genes vary within populations, so organisms show heritable differences (variation) in their traits. The main cause of variation is mutation, which changes the sequence of a gene. Altered genes are then inherited by offspring. There can sometimes also be transfer of genes between species.
Two main processes cause variants to become more common or rare in a population. .One is natural selection, which causes traits that aid survival and reproduction to become more common, and traits that hinder survival and reproduction to become more rare.^ Katie: Scientists may be divided on the mechanisms by which evolution works, but not on the basic principle that sexual selection, natural selection and mutation cause and continue to affect and effect speciation.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ One could make just as coherent an argument that having a stable society allows for more reproduction and better survivability, and that stable societies require altruism and cooperation rather than conquering and oppression.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ I remember many reasons suggested at teh time, but natural selection was not one of them, either from the pro war governments or the people who suggested the had ulterior motives.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

[1][3] Natural selection occurs because only a few individuals in each generation will survive, since resources are limited and organisms produce many more offspring than their environment can support. .Over many generations mutations produce successive, small, random changes in traits, which are then filtered by natural selection and the beneficial changes retained.^ I remember many reasons suggested at teh time, but natural selection was not one of them, either from the pro war governments or the people who suggested the had ulterior motives.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Natural selection is the process by which favorable traits that are heritable become more common in successive generations of a population of reproducing organisms, and unfavorable traits that are heritable become less common (from Wikipedia).
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Katie: Scientists may be divided on the mechanisms by which evolution works, but not on the basic principle that sexual selection, natural selection and mutation cause and continue to affect and effect speciation.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.This adjusts traits so they become suited to an organism's environment: these adjustments are called adaptations.^ Adaptation: all organisms adapt to their environments.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ These pressures, in the long term, can also shape a species, and even cause a population of organisms within that species to diverge and become a new one.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Darwinian theory is about the origin if biodiversity - why all the past and present organisms on planet earth have the traits that they do.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

[4] Not every trait, however, is an adaptation. .Another cause of evolution is genetic drift, an independent process that produces entirely random changes in how common traits are in a population.^ If evolution were a principle science, instead of a theory, it would provide the consistent application of law throughout the entire process.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Natural selection is the process by which favorable traits that are heritable become more common in successive generations of a population of reproducing organisms, and unfavorable traits that are heritable become less common (from Wikipedia).
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ So, what the question - do you believe in evolution - boils down to is - do you believe that life was created by random processes .
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.Genetic drift comes from the role that chance plays in whether a trait will be passed on to the next generation.^ "Evolution" is a change in the inherited traits of a population from one generation to the next (from Wikipedia).
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

Evolutionary biologists document the fact that evolution occurs, and also develop and test theories that explain its causes. .The study of evolutionary biology began in the mid-nineteenth century, when research into the fossil record and the diversity of living organisms convinced most scientists that species changed over time.^ Instead it shows rapid changes of speciation over short periods of time.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The only time I have seen Horizontal/Vertical Evolution distinction is where people are referencing changes within a species (horizontal) to speciation (vertical).
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ If common descent is true, those sequence homologies between proteins in different species must fall into the same kind of pattern we observe in the fossil record.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

[5][6] .The mechanism driving these changes remained unclear until the theories of natural selection were independently proposed by Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace.^ Since this is artificial selection, it has nothing to do with Darwin's theories about NATURAL selection.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Katie: Scientists may be divided on the mechanisms by which evolution works, but not on the basic principle that sexual selection, natural selection and mutation cause and continue to affect and effect speciation.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Evolutionary theory states that speciation, the "diversity of life," is the result of chance variation interacting with a process of natural selection, it does not make claims to explain "any behavior."
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.In 1859, Darwin's seminal work On the Origin of Species brought the new theories of evolution by natural selection to a wide audience,[7] leading to the overwhelming acceptance of evolution among scientists.^ Since this is artificial selection, it has nothing to do with Darwin's theories about NATURAL selection.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The name of Darwin's book was "Origin of the SPECIES".
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The Theory of Evolution, as first formed by Darwin, and in its magnificent elucidation since then, does not require one to know anything of biogenesis - in essence, it STARTS with reproducing life forms.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

[8][9][10][11] .In the 1930s, Darwinian natural selection was combined with Mendelian inheritance to form the modern evolutionary synthesis,[12] which connected the units of evolution (genes) and the mechanism of evolution (natural selection).^ Yes Darwin studied artificial selection in order to understand natural selection, which is a MECHANISM of evolution, not the same thing as evolution.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Natural selection is an observable phenomenon, and mitochondrial DNA, primate genetic studies, and the fossil record provide incontrovertible evidence that the theory of evolution is accurate.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Katie: Scientists may be divided on the mechanisms by which evolution works, but not on the basic principle that sexual selection, natural selection and mutation cause and continue to affect and effect speciation.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.This powerful explanatory and predictive theory has become the central organizing principle of modern biology, directing research and providing a unifying explanation for the history and diversity of life on Earth.^ There is ZERO scientific evidence to support the theory of self-organization of inorganic elements into organic Life.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Next quote from you: "Theories that have become facts: Tectonic Plates Earth moving around the Sun.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Evolutionary theory states that speciation, the "diversity of life," is the result of chance variation interacting with a process of natural selection, it does not make claims to explain "any behavior."
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

[9][10][13] Evolution is therefore applied and studied in fields as diverse as ecology, psychology, paleontology, philosophy, medicine, agriculture and conservation biology.

Contents

History of evolutionary thought

Around 1854 Charles Darwin began writing out what became On the Origin of Species.
.The scientific inquiry into the origin of species can be dated to at least the 6th century BCE, with the Greek philosopher Anaximander.^ They regard it as a religious myth that was added to Christian belief in the late first century CE and was triggered by a Greek mistranslation of the book of Isaiah from the original Hebrew.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Presidents are elected to uphold and defend the constitution and lead the country into greater peace and prosperity, not legislate scientific and philosophical ideas.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

[14] .Others who considered evolutionary ideas included the Greek philosopher Empedocles, the Roman philosopher-poet Lucretius, the Afro-Arab biologist Al-Jahiz,[15] the Persian philosopher Ibn Miskawayh, the Brethren of Purity,[16] and the Chinese philosopher Zhuangzi.^ I personally know a number of evolutionary biologists who attend church regularly and believe in God.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Others have already pointed out that there are many Christians who support (and have made great contributions to) evolutionary theory.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

[17] As biological knowledge grew in the 18th century, evolutionary ideas were set out by a few natural philosophers including Pierre Maupertuis in 1745 and Erasmus Darwin in 1796.[18] The ideas of the biologist Jean-Baptiste Lamarck about transmutation of species influenced radicals, but were rejected by mainstream scientists. .Charles Darwin formulated his idea of natural selection in 1838 and was still developing his theory in 1858 when Alfred Russel Wallace sent him a similar theory, and both were presented to the Linnean Society of London in separate papers.^ Since this is artificial selection, it has nothing to do with Darwin's theories about NATURAL selection.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ When someone presents evidence that contradicts accepted evolutionary theory, new theories are developed that explain both the older science and the new phenomenon.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ We sent troops to Iraq to speed up the process of natural selection.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

[19] .At the end of 1859 Darwin's publication of On the Origin of Species explained natural selection in detail and presented evidence leading to increasingly wide acceptance of the occurrence of evolution.^ The name of Darwin's book was "Origin of the SPECIES".
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ First of all, you are confusing artifical selection and natural selection with evolution.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Tell me why the forces of natural selection operating on a social species wouldn't/couldn't create a sense or moral sentiments.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.Debate about the mechanisms of evolution continued, and Darwin could not explain the source of the heritable variations which would be acted on by natural selection.^ You know, like natural selection, heritable variation and so on.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Since this is artificial selection, it has nothing to do with Darwin's theories about NATURAL selection.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Evolution doesn't care whether God created bacteria or they formed without assistance over long periods of time; evolution only cares whether those bacteria follow the principles of natural selection, heritable variation, etc.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

Like Lamarck, he thought that parents passed on adaptations acquired during their lifetimes,[20] a theory which was subsequently dubbed Lamarckism.[21] In the 1880s August Weismann's experiments indicated that changes from use and disuse were not heritable, and Lamarckism gradually fell from favour.[22][23] .More significantly, Darwin could not account for how traits were passed down from generation to generation.^ Ron Paul supports bad science and could lead to (not the holocaust) but to the collapse of science in America for a generation if he dumbs down the shaky American school systems/Universities.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Natural selection is the process by which favorable traits that are heritable become more common in successive generations of a population of reproducing organisms, and unfavorable traits that are heritable become less common (from Wikipedia).
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Given the spontaneous synthesis of macromolecules, phospholipid bilayers, and RNA that can pass down heritable variation, how can you say it's absolutely impossible for life to spontaneously arise?
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

In 1865 Gregor Mendel found that traits were inherited in a predictable manner.[24] .When Mendel's work was rediscovered in 1900s, disagreements over the rate of evolution predicted by early geneticists and biometricians led to a rift between the Mendelian and Darwinian models of evolution.^ For example, when we developed the ability to sequence and compare proteins between species, that led to specific predictions that had to be true if common descent was true.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.Yet it was the rediscovery of Gregor Mendel’s pioneering work on the fundamentals of genetics (of which Darwin and Wallace were unaware) by Hugo de Vries and others in the early 1900s that provided the impetus for a better understanding of how variation occurs in plant and animal traits.^ Honestly, your understanding of the word and how you apply it simply doesn't match up with how others on the board are using it (nor how it's used by working scientists in the lab....
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Each merely needs to understand how they work."
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.That variation is the main fuel used by natural selection to shape the wide variety of adaptive traits observed in organic life.^ You know, like natural selection, heritable variation and so on.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Natural selection is the process by which favorable traits that are heritable become more common in successive generations of a population of reproducing organisms, and unfavorable traits that are heritable become less common (from Wikipedia).
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Evolutionary theory states that speciation, the "diversity of life," is the result of chance variation interacting with a process of natural selection, it does not make claims to explain "any behavior."
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.Even though Hugo de Vries and other early geneticists rejected gradual natural selection, their rediscovery of and subsequent work on genetics eventually provided a solid basis on which the theory of evolution stood even more convincingly than when it was originally proposed.^ He stated that he rejects the THEORY of evolution.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Biology is based on more than evolution.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Yeah, he says he rejects the theory of evolution, and his message is pretty sloppy.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

[25]
.The apparent contradiction between Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection and Mendel’s work was reconciled in the 1920s and 1930s by evolutionary biologists such as J.B.S. Haldane, Sewall Wright, and particularly Ronald Fisher, who set the foundations for the establishment of the field of population genetics.^ Since this is artificial selection, it has nothing to do with Darwin's theories about NATURAL selection.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Evolution is an extremely well established theory.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The Theory of Evolution, as first formed by Darwin, and in its magnificent elucidation since then, does not require one to know anything of biogenesis - in essence, it STARTS with reproducing life forms.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.The end result was a combination of evolution by natural selection and Mendelian inheritance, the modern evolutionary synthesis.^ Katie: Scientists may be divided on the mechanisms by which evolution works, but not on the basic principle that sexual selection, natural selection and mutation cause and continue to affect and effect speciation.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Yes Darwin studied artificial selection in order to understand natural selection, which is a MECHANISM of evolution, not the same thing as evolution.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Natural selection is an observable phenomenon, and mitochondrial DNA, primate genetic studies, and the fossil record provide incontrovertible evidence that the theory of evolution is accurate.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

[26] In the 1940s, the identification of DNA as the genetic material by Oswald Avery and colleagues and the subsequent publication of the structure of DNA by James Watson and Francis Crick in 1953, demonstrated the physical basis for inheritance. Since then, genetics and molecular biology have become core parts of evolutionary biology and have revolutionized the field of phylogenetics.[12]
In its early history, evolutionary biology primarily drew in scientists from traditional taxonomically oriented disciplines, whose specialist training in particular organisms addressed general questions in evolution. .As evolutionary biology expanded as an academic discipline, particularly after the development of the modern evolutionary synthesis, it began to draw more widely from the biological sciences.^ When someone presents evidence that contradicts accepted evolutionary theory, new theories are developed that explain both the older science and the new phenomenon.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

[12] .Currently the study of evolutionary biology involves scientists from fields as diverse as biochemistry, ecology, genetics and physiology, and evolutionary concepts are used in even more distant disciplines such as psychology, medicine, philosophy and computer science.^ Well I have had three semesters of physics, about 8 semesters of chemistry and biochemistry abd I have three degrees in biological sciences including courses in evolutionary biology, systematics, taxonomy, and ecology and I have never heard scientific theories, laws and hypotheses defined and compared the way you do here.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Not only this, I've been saying that on the basis of evolutionary theory you can't even define "behavior" as such, let alone "good" or "bad" behavior.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ States," Congress may ban the use of cannabis even where states approve its use for medicinal purposes."
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.In the 21st century, current research in evolutionary biology deals with several areas where the modern evolutionary synthesis may need modification or extension, such as assessing the relative importance of various ideas on the unit of selection and evolvability and how to fully incorporate the findings of evolutionary developmental biology.^ Well, note that I said "a good deal of the research" - and most of the government funded part is basic research that makes the applied research, such as individual drugs, possible.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ How could any person have gradutated from a decent medical school and fail to accept the theory of evolution in the 21st century?
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Evolutionary theory states that speciation, the "diversity of life," is the result of chance variation interacting with a process of natural selection, it does not make claims to explain "any behavior."
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

[27][28]

Heredity

DNA structure. Bases are in the center, surrounded by phosphate–sugar chains in a double helix.
.Evolution in organisms occurs through changes in heritable traits – particular characteristics of an organism.^ Natural selection is the process by which favorable traits that are heritable become more common in successive generations of a population of reproducing organisms, and unfavorable traits that are heritable become less common (from Wikipedia).
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ "Evolution" is a change in the inherited traits of a population from one generation to the next (from Wikipedia).
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.In humans, for example, eye color is an inherited characteristic and an individual might inherit the "brown-eye trait" from one of their parents.^ "Evolution" is a change in the inherited traits of a population from one generation to the next (from Wikipedia).
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

[29] Inherited traits are controlled by genes and the complete set of genes within an organism's genome is called its genotype.[30]
The complete set of observable traits that make up the structure and behavior of an organism is called its phenotype. These traits come from the interaction of its genotype with the environment.[31] As a result, many aspects of an organism's phenotype are not inherited. For example, suntanned skin comes from the interaction between a person's genotype and sunlight; thus, suntans are not passed on to people's children. .However, some people tan more easily than others, due to differences in their genotype; a striking example are people with the inherited trait of albinism, who do not tan at all and are very sensitive to sunburn.^ People want more than hearsay and superstition and "Faith" in the intangible.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Sorry for rambling...but thought such a post should have some personal info attached to point out that I don't agree with Ron Paul on everything, but I agree with him on more of what I find important than any other candidate.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ I do not include this as an argument against any other Christians who may be reading this blog - it is a silly argument in the first place - but I have noticed more TAG proponents, of late.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

[32]
.Heritable traits are passed from one generation to the next via DNA, a molecule that encodes genetic information.^ Natural selection is the process by which favorable traits that are heritable become more common in successive generations of a population of reproducing organisms, and unfavorable traits that are heritable become less common (from Wikipedia).
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ "Evolution" is a change in the inherited traits of a population from one generation to the next (from Wikipedia).
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

[30] DNA is a long polymer composed of four types of bases. The sequence of bases along a particular DNA molecule specify the genetic information, in a manner similar to a sequence of letters spelling out a sentence. .DNA is heritable because the specific pairing of the four bases provides a biochemical mechanism that cells use to accurately transcribe and replicate coded information from one template to another.^ For example, it uses the low "uncaught error" rate to postulate that, er, I dunno, some higher power is keeping the DNA of all the cells on the planet in line.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ It appears that, in many cases, people have simply exchanged one set of faith-based tenants for another.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ He might veto one specific kind of law in favor of another kind that does the same thing but in accordance with his Right-wing Constitutionalist viewpoint.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

[33][34]
Portions of a DNA molecule that specify a single functional unit are called genes; different genes have different sequences of bases. Within cells, the long strands of DNA form condensed structures called chromosomes. A specific location within a chromosome is known as a locus. If the DNA sequence at a locus varies between individuals, the different forms of this sequence are called alleles. DNA sequences can change through mutations, producing new alleles. .If a mutation occurs within a gene, the new allele may affect the trait that the gene controls, altering the phenotype of the organism.^ These pressures, in the long term, can also shape a species, and even cause a population of organisms within that species to diverge and become a new one.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Katie: Scientists may be divided on the mechanisms by which evolution works, but not on the basic principle that sexual selection, natural selection and mutation cause and continue to affect and effect speciation.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

However, while this simple correspondence between an allele and a trait works in some cases, most traits are more complex and are controlled by multiple interacting genes.[35][36] The study of such complex traits is a major area of current genetic research. .Another interesting but unsolved question in genetics is if epigenetics is important in evolution, this is where heritable changes occur in organisms without there being any changes to the sequences of their genes.^ Human genomic mapping, for example would not have occured without government funding, but any gene therapies that come out of it will likely be funded by private industry.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ So there was nothing more for me to add, other than to point out that studies on evolution/morality were and are being performed.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Horizontal evolution involves evolution with in the genetic code, modification of sequence, not creation of new sequences.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

[37]

Variation

An individual organism's phenotype results from both its genotype and the influence from the environment it has lived in. A substantial part of the variation in phenotypes in a population is caused by the differences between their genotypes.[36] The modern evolutionary synthesis defines evolution as the change over time in this genetic variation. .The frequency of one particular allele will fluctuate, becoming more or less prevalent relative to other forms of that gene.^ We further observe that over time, as new species in that new taxon appear they look less and less like that older species, become more and more diversified and look more and more like the modern members of that taxon.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Natural selection is the process by which favorable traits that are heritable become more common in successive generations of a population of reproducing organisms, and unfavorable traits that are heritable become less common (from Wikipedia).
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ But one would think he would care a little more about our country's history and about the particulars of the Constitution, as a politician involved in making that history and debating about that Constitution.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

Evolutionary forces act by driving these changes in allele frequency in one direction or another. Variation disappears when a new allele reaches the point of fixation — when it either disappears from the population or replaces the ancestral allele entirely.[38]
.Variation comes from mutations in genetic material, migration between populations (gene flow), and the reshuffling of genes through sexual reproduction.^ In any event, the two prerequisites are readily observable (random mutation or pre-existing genetic variation in a population and selection of certain of those variations), and the phenomenon as a whole is readily observable at least in microbes - and can be reproduced experimentally.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.Variation also comes from exchanges of genes between different species; for example, through horizontal gene transfer in bacteria, and hybridization in plants.^ "One of the things I have noted about evolutionists is that they tend to switch their opinions when it comes to the mechanics of the evolutionary transformation process when it is applied to different species.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ One of the things I have noted about evolutionists is that they tend to switch their opinions when it comes to the mechanics of the evolutionary transformation process when it is applied to different species.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Human genomic mapping, for example would not have occured without government funding, but any gene therapies that come out of it will likely be funded by private industry.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

[39] .Despite the constant introduction of variation through these processes, most of the genome of a species is identical in all individuals of that species.^ Evolutionary theory states that speciation, the "diversity of life," is the result of chance variation interacting with a process of natural selection, it does not make claims to explain "any behavior."
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Language is perhaps the most important of all these abstract patterns created by our brains.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men evolved out of slime, programmed in their biochemical body processes with certain inalienable rights...
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

[40] However, even relatively small changes in genotype can lead to dramatic changes in phenotype: chimpanzees and humans differ in only about 5% of their genomes.[41]

Mutation

Duplication of part of a chromosome
.Random mutations constantly occur in the genomes of organisms; these mutations create genetic variation.^ In any event, the two prerequisites are readily observable (random mutation or pre-existing genetic variation in a population and selection of certain of those variations), and the phenomenon as a whole is readily observable at least in microbes - and can be reproduced experimentally.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.Mutations are changes in the DNA sequence of a cell's genome and are caused by radiation, viruses, transposons and mutagenic chemicals, as well as errors that occur during meiosis or DNA replication.^ For example, it uses the low "uncaught error" rate to postulate that, er, I dunno, some higher power is keeping the DNA of all the cells on the planet in line.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Even if it were somehow demonstrated that this could not have happened, it would not change any of the evidence that evolution happened Can the creation of a living cell be replicated in a controlled laboratory atmosphere?
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

[42][43][44] These mutations involve several different types of change in DNA sequences; these can either have no effect, alter the product of a gene, or prevent the gene from functioning. .Studies in the fly Drosophila melanogaster suggest that if a mutation changes a protein produced by a gene, this will probably be harmful, with about 70 percent of these mutations having damaging effects, and the remainder being either neutral or weakly beneficial.^ I saw him reject an absolute position either for or against, which is consistent with his previous statement to Tim Russert about "being allowed a little wiggle now and then."
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

[45] .Due to the damaging effects that mutations can have on cells, organisms have evolved mechanisms such as DNA repair to remove mutations.^ Katie: Scientists may be divided on the mechanisms by which evolution works, but not on the basic principle that sexual selection, natural selection and mutation cause and continue to affect and effect speciation.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

[42] Therefore, the optimal mutation rate for a species is a trade-off between costs of a high mutation rate, such as deleterious mutations, and the metabolic costs of maintaining systems to reduce the mutation rate, such as DNA repair enzymes.[46] Viruses that use RNA as their genetic material have rapid mutation rates,[47] which can be an advantage since these viruses will evolve constantly and rapidly, and thus evade the defensive responses of e.g. the human immune system.[48]
.Mutations can involve large sections of a chromosome becoming duplicated (usually by genetic recombination), which can introduce extra copies of a gene into a genome.^ Tie an immunity gene to a glow-in-the-dark gene and recombine it into a population of bacteria, then expose it to the relevant destructive agent.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

[49] Extra copies of genes are a major source of the raw material needed for new genes to evolve.[50] .This is important because most new genes evolve within gene families from pre-existing genes that share common ancestors.^ According to evolutionary theory there was a common ancestor of apes and men, at which point the lines split, one evolving into apes and one evolving into men.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ They become increasingly diversified and less like those ancestral forms because as new species split off from existing species, new traits evolve as new environmental niches are filled.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

[51] .For example, the human eye uses four genes to make structures that sense light: three for color vision and one for night vision; all four are descended from a single ancestral gene.^ For example, it uses the low "uncaught error" rate to postulate that, er, I dunno, some higher power is keeping the DNA of all the cells on the planet in line.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ All scientific theories are "naturalistic" - every single one of them.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Human genomic mapping, for example would not have occured without government funding, but any gene therapies that come out of it will likely be funded by private industry.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

[52] New genes can be created from an ancestral gene when a duplicate copy mutates and acquires a new function. .This process is easier once a gene has been duplicated because this increases redundancy; with one gene in the pair acquiring a new function while the other copy still performs its original function.^ One will never have 100% belief in a candidate's positions, but this is trivial....He still is the only honest contender, no wonder he is dissected (unlike EVERY other candidate) .
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ It says absolutely nothing, one way or the other, about God, because God is not a physical thing, or law, or whatever, that can be analyzed by scientific methods.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ If some 16 year old can't abort her baby in Georgia say, that's not alright because one in New York can.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

[53][54] Other types of mutation can even create entirely new genes from previously noncoding DNA.[55][56] The creation of new genes can also involve small parts of several genes being duplicated, with these fragments then recombining to form new combinations with new functions.[57][58] When new genes are assembled from shuffling pre-existing parts, domains act as modules with simple independent functions, which can be mixed together creating new combinations with new and complex functions.[59] .For example, polyketide synthases are large enzymes that make antibiotics; they contain up to one hundred independent domains that each catalyze one step in the overall process, like a step in an assembly line.^ I like it when the rank ignorant make bold declarations about a subject they don't know a goddamn thing about.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ "One of the things I have noted about evolutionists is that they tend to switch their opinions when it comes to the mechanics of the evolutionary transformation process when it is applied to different species.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ One of the things I have noted about evolutionists is that they tend to switch their opinions when it comes to the mechanics of the evolutionary transformation process when it is applied to different species.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

[60]
.Changes in chromosome number may involve even larger mutations, where segments of the DNA within chromosomes break and then rearrange.^ In the biological evolution, we know, evolution is supposedly based on mutations within DNA. But what about the cultural evolution?
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.For example, two chromosomes in the Homo genus fused to produce human chromosome 2; this fusion did not occur in the lineage of the other apes, and they retain these separate chromosomes.^ He, as billions of other human beings believe they are somehow greater than the sum of material processes.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ These are not only two separate steps, they're two entirely different theories.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Most Americans, when asked whether they believe in evolution, will interpret the question in human-centric terms, somewhere along the lines of "did humans evolve from monkeys?"
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

[61] In evolution, the most important role of such chromosomal rearrangements may be to accelerate the divergence of a population into new species by making populations less likely to interbreed, and thereby preserving genetic differences between these populations.[62]
Sequences of DNA that can move about the genome, such as transposons, make up a major fraction of the genetic material of plants and animals, and may have been important in the evolution of genomes.[63] .For example, more than a million copies of the Alu sequence are present in the human genome, and these sequences have now been recruited to perform functions such as regulating gene expression.^ That it is now understood to mean more than simply Darwin's theory is the fault of all the militant naturalists.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ For example there is little evidence that born of a "virgin" is any more of a correct reading than born of a "young woman".
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Somehow these deluded people imagine that it is easier for a house cat to evolve into tigers, lions, cheetahs, and leopards in 4000 years than for humans to evolve from an ape ancestor in tens of millions of years.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

[64] Another effect of these mobile DNA sequences is that when they move within a genome, they can mutate or delete existing genes and thereby produce genetic diversity.[43]

Sex and recombination

.In asexual organisms, genes are inherited together, or linked, as they cannot mix with genes of other organisms during reproduction.^ Then they cannot understand why creationists cannot believe it, or see clear science, not understanding that the whole evolution package includes the other 5 theories.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Then they cannot understand why creationists cannot believe it, or see clear science, not understanding that the whole evolution package includes the other 5 theories."
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

In contrast, the offspring of sexual organisms contain random mixtures of their parents' chromosomes that are produced through independent assortment. In a related process called homologous recombination, sexual organisms exchange DNA between two matching chromosomes.[65] Recombination and reassortment do not alter allele frequencies, but instead change which alleles are associated with each other, producing offspring with new combinations of alleles.[66] Sex usually increases genetic variation and may increase the rate of evolution.[67][68] However, asexuality is advantageous in some environments as it can evolve in previously-sexual animals.[69] Here, asexuality might allow the two sets of alleles in their genome to diverge and gain different functions.[70]
Recombination allows even alleles that are close together in a strand of DNA to be inherited independently. However, the rate of recombination is low (approximately two events per chromosome per generation). As a result, genes close together on a chromosome may not always be shuffled away from each other, and genes that are close together tend to be inherited together, a phenomenon known as linkage.[71] This tendency is measured by finding how often two alleles occur together on a single chromosome, which is called their linkage disequilibrium. A set of alleles that is usually inherited in a group is called a haplotype. .This can be important when one allele in a particular haplotype is strongly beneficial: natural selection can drive a selective sweep that will also cause the other alleles in the haplotype to become more common in the population; this effect is called genetic hitchhiking.^ Can one believe in genetic mutation, selection, common descent, etc.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ And the poster's link to a study showing that the incidence of a particular cancer was associated with greater genetic diversity of the cell population doesn't support his claim one bit.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ But one would think he would care a little more about our country's history and about the particulars of the Constitution, as a politician involved in making that history and debating about that Constitution.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

[72]
When alleles cannot be separated by recombination – such as in mammalian Y chromosomes, which pass intact from fathers to sons – harmful mutations accumulate.[73][74] By breaking up allele combinations, sexual reproduction allows the removal of harmful mutations and the retention of beneficial mutations.[75] In addition, recombination and reassortment can produce individuals with new and advantageous gene combinations. .These positive effects are balanced by the fact that sex reduces an organism's reproductive rate, can cause mutations and may separate beneficial combinations of genes.^ These pressures, in the long term, can also shape a species, and even cause a population of organisms within that species to diverge and become a new one.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Katie: Scientists may be divided on the mechanisms by which evolution works, but not on the basic principle that sexual selection, natural selection and mutation cause and continue to affect and effect speciation.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ It could be argued that his policies on reducing the size of the government have these effects, but at least these are not active, direct measures against an agnostic 'worldview'.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

[75] .The reasons for the evolution of sexual reproduction are therefore unclear and this question is still an active area of research in evolutionary biology,[76][77] that has prompted ideas such as the Red Queen hypothesis.^ If we speak of the ability to cross to a new species then we speak of the theory of evolution which is still very un-proven, and therefor a theory.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ He was speculating - this was not a hypothesis, it was not part of the Theory of Evolution - it was speculation, labeled as such.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Another area elucidated by evolution is cancer research.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

[78]

Population genetics

 
From a genetic viewpoint, evolution is a generation-to-generation change in the frequencies of alleles within a population that shares a common gene pool.[79] A population is a localized group of individuals belonging to the same species. For example, all of the moths of the same species living in an isolated forest represent a population. A single gene in this population may have several alternate forms, which account for variations between the phenotypes of the organisms. An example might be a gene for coloration in moths that has two alleles: black and white. A gene pool is the complete set of alleles for a gene in a single population; the allele frequency measures the fraction of the gene pool composed of a single allele (for example, what fraction of moth coloration genes are the black allele). Evolution occurs when there are changes in the frequencies of alleles within a population of interbreeding organisms; for example, the allele for black color in a population of moths becoming more common.
To understand the mechanisms that cause a population to evolve, it is useful to consider what conditions are required for a population not to evolve. .The Hardy-Weinberg principle states that the frequencies of alleles (variations in a gene) in a sufficiently large population will remain constant if the only forces acting on that population are the random reshuffling of alleles during the formation of the sperm or egg, and the random combination of the alleles in these sex cells during fertilization.^ Evolution is NOT totally random (random mutations lead to nonrandom selection leads to change in population - the only random component is the mutation).
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

[80] Such a population is said to be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium; it is not evolving.[81]

Gene flow

When they mature, male lions leave the pride where they were born and take over a new pride to mate, causing gene flow between prides.[82]
.Gene flow is the exchange of genes between populations, which are usually of the same species.^ If those relationships were real, then the protein comparisons should show the same degree of relationship between those species.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

[83] .Examples of gene flow within a species include the migration and then breeding of organisms, or the exchange of pollen.^ These pressures, in the long term, can also shape a species, and even cause a population of organisms within that species to diverge and become a new one.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

Gene transfer between species includes the formation of hybrid organisms and horizontal gene transfer.
Migration into or out of a population can change allele frequencies, as well as introducing genetic variation into a population. Immigration may add new genetic material to the established gene pool of a population. Conversely, emigration may remove genetic material. .As barriers to reproduction between two diverging populations are required for the populations to become new species, gene flow may slow this process by spreading genetic differences between the populations.^ We further observe that over time, as new species in that new taxon appear they look less and less like that older species, become more and more diversified and look more and more like the modern members of that taxon.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ "One of the things I have noted about evolutionists is that they tend to switch their opinions when it comes to the mechanics of the evolutionary transformation process when it is applied to different species.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ These pressures, in the long term, can also shape a species, and even cause a population of organisms within that species to diverge and become a new one.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

Gene flow is hindered by mountain ranges, oceans and deserts or even man-made structures such as the Great Wall of China, which has hindered the flow of plant genes.[84]
.Depending on how far two species have diverged since their most recent common ancestor, it may still be possible for them to produce offspring, as with horses and donkeys mating to produce mules.^ You may be right that the responses to BoMar were not the most helpful possible, and I'd like to see modelled a more useful set of responses.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ There are two possible reasons he would say it that way: either he doesn't understand how pointless it is to say it, or he's pandering to those who don't understand how pointless it is to say it (like you).
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ See, since you like Wikipedia so much, I'll link to the most recent S.C. ruling in the drug wars, Gonzales v.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

[85] .Such hybrids are generally infertile, due to the two different sets of chromosomes being unable to pair up during meiosis.^ Actually, bstender, what I meant was that previous movements against civil liberties during war demonstrate that such movements go against the grain of American politics and are generally reversible.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.In this case, closely related species may regularly interbreed, but hybrids will be selected against and the species will remain distinct.^ Katie: Scientists may be divided on the mechanisms by which evolution works, but not on the basic principle that sexual selection, natural selection and mutation cause and continue to affect and effect speciation.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The phylogenetic tree that was developed based on the fossil data showed what were believed to be ancestral relationships, and they also showed which species are most closely related to which other species.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.However, viable hybrids are occasionally formed and these new species can either have properties intermediate between their parent species, or possess a totally new phenotype.^ These pressures, in the long term, can also shape a species, and even cause a population of organisms within that species to diverge and become a new one.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

[86] The importance of hybridization in creating new species of animals is unclear, although cases have been seen in many types of animals,[87] with the gray tree frog being a particularly well-studied example.[88]
.Hybridization is, however, an important means of speciation in plants, since polyploidy (having more than two copies of each chromosome) is tolerated in plants more readily than in animals.^ That it is now understood to mean more than simply Darwin's theory is the fault of all the militant naturalists.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Far more important than being "enslaved" to government (is someone forcing your citizenship, BTW?) is the state of enslavement that American culture is in to dishonesty and bullshit.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ So either he considers his personal beliefs more important than the mountains of evidence, or he simply doesn't know about the mountains of evidence.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

[89][90] Polyploidy is important in hybrids as it allows reproduction, with the two different sets of chromosomes each being able to pair with an identical partner during meiosis.[91] .Polyploids also have more genetic diversity, which allows them to avoid inbreeding depression in small populations.^ And the poster's link to a study showing that the incidence of a particular cancer was associated with greater genetic diversity of the cell population doesn't support his claim one bit.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

[92]
Horizontal gene transfer is the transfer of genetic material from one organism to another organism that is not its offspring; this is most common among bacteria.[93] .In medicine, this contributes to the spread of antibiotic resistance, as when one bacteria acquires resistance genes it can rapidly transfer them to other species.^ If bacteria did not evolve, then there would be no such thing as MRSA and other drug resistant bugs.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ And in fact, some of our most effective antibiotics have come from soil microorganisms so it is not surprising that soils would contain bacteria with resistance to some of them.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Secondly: A bacteria may develop resistance to one antibiotic (naturally occuring or otherwise) and have cross resistance to another because the antibiotic mechanism is similar.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

[94] .Horizontal transfer of genes from bacteria to eukaryotes such as the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the adzuki bean beetle Callosobruchus chinensis may also have occurred.^ Secondly: A bacteria may develop resistance to one antibiotic (naturally occuring or otherwise) and have cross resistance to another because the antibiotic mechanism is similar.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

[95][96] An example of larger-scale transfers are the eukaryotic bdelloid rotifers, which appear to have received a range of genes from bacteria, fungi, and plants.[97] Viruses can also carry DNA between organisms, allowing transfer of genes even across biological domains.[98] Large-scale gene transfer has also occurred between the ancestors of eukaryotic cells and prokaryotes, during the acquisition of chloroplasts and mitochondria.[99]

Mechanisms

.The two main mechanisms that produce evolution are natural selection and genetic drift.^ First of all, you are confusing artifical selection and natural selection with evolution.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Katie: Scientists may be divided on the mechanisms by which evolution works, but not on the basic principle that sexual selection, natural selection and mutation cause and continue to affect and effect speciation.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Yes Darwin studied artificial selection in order to understand natural selection, which is a MECHANISM of evolution, not the same thing as evolution.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.Natural selection favors genes that aid survival and reproduction.^ Natural selection is the process by which favorable traits that are heritable become more common in successive generations of a population of reproducing organisms, and unfavorable traits that are heritable become less common (from Wikipedia).
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ By changing its environment, you influence natural selection to select for bacteria that have the immunity gene (remember, not all the bacteria get it when you do the recombination).
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Since not all organisms are equally well adapted to their environment, some will survive and reproduce better than others -- this is known as natural selection.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.Genetic drift is random change in the frequency of alleles, caused by the random sampling of a generation's genes during reproduction.^ Racism is bad does not = genes don't exist or genotypes do not change over generations.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.The relative importance of natural selection and genetic drift in a population varies depending on the strength of the selection and the effective population size, which is the number of individuals capable of breeding.^ You know, like natural selection, heritable variation and so on.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ In any event, the two prerequisites are readily observable (random mutation or pre-existing genetic variation in a population and selection of certain of those variations), and the phenomenon as a whole is readily observable at least in microbes - and can be reproduced experimentally.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Natural selection is the process by which favorable traits that are heritable become more common in successive generations of a population of reproducing organisms, and unfavorable traits that are heritable become less common (from Wikipedia).
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

[100] .Natural selection usually predominates in large populations, while genetic drift dominates in small populations.^ Natural selection is the process by which favorable traits that are heritable become more common in successive generations of a population of reproducing organisms, and unfavorable traits that are heritable become less common (from Wikipedia).
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Natural selection is an observable phenomenon, and mitochondrial DNA, primate genetic studies, and the fossil record provide incontrovertible evidence that the theory of evolution is accurate.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.The dominance of genetic drift in small populations can even lead to the fixation of slightly deleterious mutations.^ Evolution is NOT totally random (random mutations lead to nonrandom selection leads to change in population - the only random component is the mutation).
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

[101] .As a result, changing population size can dramatically influence the course of evolution.^ "Evolution" is a change in the inherited traits of a population from one generation to the next (from Wikipedia).
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Evolution is NOT totally random (random mutations lead to nonrandom selection leads to change in population - the only random component is the mutation).
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

Population bottlenecks, where the population shrinks temporarily and therefore loses genetic variation, result in a more uniform population.[38]

Natural selection

Natural selection of a population for dark coloration.
.Natural selection is the process by which genetic mutations that enhance reproduction become, and remain, more common in successive generations of a population.^ Natural selection is the process by which favorable traits that are heritable become more common in successive generations of a population of reproducing organisms, and unfavorable traits that are heritable become less common (from Wikipedia).
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Can one believe in genetic mutation, selection, common descent, etc.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ In any event, the two prerequisites are readily observable (random mutation or pre-existing genetic variation in a population and selection of certain of those variations), and the phenomenon as a whole is readily observable at least in microbes - and can be reproduced experimentally.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

It has often been called a "self-evident" mechanism because it necessarily follows from three simple facts:
  • Heritable variation exists within populations of organisms.
  • Organisms produce more offspring than can survive.
  • These offspring vary in their ability to survive and reproduce.
These conditions produce competition between organisms for survival and reproduction. .Consequently, organisms with traits that give them an advantage over their competitors pass these advantageous traits on, while traits that do not confer an advantage are not passed on to the next generation.^ Natural selection is the process by which favorable traits that are heritable become more common in successive generations of a population of reproducing organisms, and unfavorable traits that are heritable become less common (from Wikipedia).
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ "Evolution" is a change in the inherited traits of a population from one generation to the next (from Wikipedia).
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

[102]
.The central concept of natural selection is the evolutionary fitness of an organism.^ Natural selection is the process by which favorable traits that are heritable become more common in successive generations of a population of reproducing organisms, and unfavorable traits that are heritable become less common (from Wikipedia).
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Evolutionary theory states that speciation, the "diversity of life," is the result of chance variation interacting with a process of natural selection, it does not make claims to explain "any behavior."
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Since not all organisms are equally well adapted to their environment, some will survive and reproduce better than others -- this is known as natural selection.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

[103] Fitness is measured by an organism's ability to survive and reproduce, which determines the size of its genetic contribution to the next generation.[103] However, fitness is not the same as the total number of offspring: instead fitness is indicated by the proportion of subsequent generations that carry an organism's genes.[104] For example, if an organism could survive well and reproduce rapidly, but its offspring were all too small and weak to survive, this organism would make little genetic contribution to future generations and would thus have low fitness.[103]
.If an allele increases fitness more than the other alleles of that gene, then with each generation this allele will become more common within the population.^ The term evolution in common parlance does mean something other than the purely technical meaning you and others are claiming it means.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ But it's several orders of magnitude more likely to be true than any other theory we've got.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ These pressures, in the long term, can also shape a species, and even cause a population of organisms within that species to diverge and become a new one.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

These traits are said to be "selected for". Examples of traits that can increase fitness are enhanced survival, and increased fecundity. .Conversely, the lower fitness caused by having a less beneficial or deleterious allele results in this allele becoming rarer — they are "selected against".[3] Importantly, the fitness of an allele is not a fixed characteristic, if the environment changes, previously neutral or harmful traits may become beneficial and previously beneficial traits become harmful.^ We further observe that over time, as new species in that new taxon appear they look less and less like that older species, become more and more diversified and look more and more like the modern members of that taxon.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Natural selection is the process by which favorable traits that are heritable become more common in successive generations of a population of reproducing organisms, and unfavorable traits that are heritable become less common (from Wikipedia).
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Otherwise they would be unable to adapt to their environment when it changes.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

[1] .However, even if the direction of selection does reverse in this way, traits that were lost in the past may not re-evolve in an identical form (see Dollo's law).^ You're also wrong there - the libertarian position may be (MAY BE - I haven't studied this much) impractical, but it's not a foolish position to take with regards to the law.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ F=Gm1m2/d2 is a Law - (and is wrong in critical ways) but it does not tell us diddly squat about how gravity works.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ And, by the way, when that morality evolves, does it have any material carrier, or we have given up on naturalistic explanations whatsoever?
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

[105][106]
.Natural selection within a population for a trait that can vary across a range of values, such as height, can be categorized into three different types.^ You know, like natural selection, heritable variation and so on.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Natural selection is the process by which favorable traits that are heritable become more common in successive generations of a population of reproducing organisms, and unfavorable traits that are heritable become less common (from Wikipedia).
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Evolutionary theory states that speciation, the "diversity of life," is the result of chance variation interacting with a process of natural selection, it does not make claims to explain "any behavior."
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.The first is directional selection, which is a shift in the average value of a trait over time — for example organisms slowly getting taller.^ Natural selection is the process by which favorable traits that are heritable become more common in successive generations of a population of reproducing organisms, and unfavorable traits that are heritable become less common (from Wikipedia).
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

[107] .Secondly, disruptive selection is selection for extreme trait values and often results in two different values becoming most common, with selection against the average value.^ Natural selection is the process by which favorable traits that are heritable become more common in successive generations of a population of reproducing organisms, and unfavorable traits that are heritable become less common (from Wikipedia).
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.This would be when either short or tall organisms had an advantage, but not those of medium height.^ There are two possible reasons he would say it that way: either he doesn't understand how pointless it is to say it, or he's pandering to those who don't understand how pointless it is to say it (like you).
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.Finally, in stabilizing selection there is selection against extreme trait values on both ends, which causes a decrease in variance around the average value and less diversity.^ Natural selection is the process by which favorable traits that are heritable become more common in successive generations of a population of reproducing organisms, and unfavorable traits that are heritable become less common (from Wikipedia).
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Evolutionary theory states that speciation, the "diversity of life," is the result of chance variation interacting with a process of natural selection, it does not make claims to explain "any behavior."
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

[102][108] .This would, for example, cause organisms to slowly become all the same height.^ These pressures, in the long term, can also shape a species, and even cause a population of organisms within that species to diverge and become a new one.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.A special case of natural selection is sexual selection, which is selection for any trait that increases mating success by increasing the attractiveness of an organism to potential mates.^ Tell me why the forces of natural selection operating on a social species wouldn't/couldn't create a sense or moral sentiments.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Natural selection is the process by which favorable traits that are heritable become more common in successive generations of a population of reproducing organisms, and unfavorable traits that are heritable become less common (from Wikipedia).
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Katie: Scientists may be divided on the mechanisms by which evolution works, but not on the basic principle that sexual selection, natural selection and mutation cause and continue to affect and effect speciation.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

[109] .Traits that evolved through sexual selection are particularly prominent in males of some animal species, despite traits such as cumbersome antlers, mating calls or bright colors that attract predators, decreasing the survival of individual males.^ The modification of DNA with in species has been accepted since man first started cultivating crops and animals via selective breeding and planting.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Katie: Scientists may be divided on the mechanisms by which evolution works, but not on the basic principle that sexual selection, natural selection and mutation cause and continue to affect and effect speciation.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ "The modification of DNA with in species has been accepted since man first started cultivating crops and animals via selective breeding and planting.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

[110] .This survival disadvantage is balanced by higher reproductive success in males that show these hard to fake, sexually selected traits.^ Natural selection is the process by which favorable traits that are heritable become more common in successive generations of a population of reproducing organisms, and unfavorable traits that are heritable become less common (from Wikipedia).
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

[111]
.Natural selection most generally makes nature the measure against which individuals, and individual traits, are more or less likely to survive.^ We further observe that over time, as new species in that new taxon appear they look less and less like that older species, become more and more diversified and look more and more like the modern members of that taxon.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Truth is the first order of business, and it's more beautiful than libertarianism dysfunctionally marketed, less likely implemented.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ "Not too hard to make an experiment to demonstrate natural selection.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

."Nature" in this sense refers to an ecosystem, that is, a system in which organisms interact with every other element, physical as well as biological, in their local environment.^ The Virgin Birth is theologically essential because if Jesus had two natural parents he would have had a sin nature like every other human, and he would not have lived a sinless life.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ It's just more subtle, and destroys good sense in ways other than personal/physical direct murder suicide.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Since not all organisms are equally well adapted to their environment, some will survive and reproduce better than others -- this is known as natural selection.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

Eugene Odum, a founder of ecology, defined an ecosystem as: "Any unit that includes all of the organisms...in a given area interacting with the physical environment so that a flow of energy leads to clearly defined trophic structure, biotic diversity, and material cycles (ie: exchange of materials between living and nonliving parts) within the system."[112] Each population within an ecosystem occupies a distinct niche, or position, with distinct relationships to other parts of the system. These relationships involve the life history of the organism, its position in the food chain, and its geographic range. .This broad understanding of nature enables scientists to delineate specific forces which, together, comprise natural selection.^ Katie: Scientists may be divided on the mechanisms by which evolution works, but not on the basic principle that sexual selection, natural selection and mutation cause and continue to affect and effect speciation.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Tell me why the forces of natural selection operating on a social species wouldn't/couldn't create a sense or moral sentiments.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Yes Darwin studied artificial selection in order to understand natural selection, which is a MECHANISM of evolution, not the same thing as evolution.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.An active area of research is the unit of selection, with natural selection being proposed to work at the level of genes, cells, individual organisms, groups of organisms and species.^ Tell me why the forces of natural selection operating on a social species wouldn't/couldn't create a sense or moral sentiments.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Humans, being the only species that can consider such things on a rational level rather than acting out of instinct, can make rational choices about such things.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Humans evolved as a social species, which means we naturally live in groups.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

[113][114] None of these are mutually exclusive and selection can act on multiple levels simultaneously.[115] .An example of selection occurring below the level of the individual organism are genes called transposons, which can replicate and spread throughout a genome.^ Human genomic mapping, for example would not have occured without government funding, but any gene therapies that come out of it will likely be funded by private industry.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

[116] .Selection at a level above the individual, such as group selection, may allow the evolution of co-operation, as discussed below.^ Katie: Scientists may be divided on the mechanisms by which evolution works, but not on the basic principle that sexual selection, natural selection and mutation cause and continue to affect and effect speciation.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

[117]

Genetic drift

Simulation of genetic drift of 20 unlinked alleles in populations of 10 (top) and 100 (bottom). Drift to fixation is more rapid in the smaller population.
.Genetic drift is the change in allele frequency from one generation to the next that occurs because alleles in offspring are a random sample of those in the parents, as well as from the role that chance plays in determining whether a given individual will survive and reproduce.^ In any event, the two prerequisites are readily observable (random mutation or pre-existing genetic variation in a population and selection of certain of those variations), and the phenomenon as a whole is readily observable at least in microbes - and can be reproduced experimentally.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Secondly: A bacteria may develop resistance to one antibiotic (naturally occuring or otherwise) and have cross resistance to another because the antibiotic mechanism is similar.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The "fittest" in "Survival of the fittest" refers to individuals in a population that are best able to survive and reproduce in a given environment.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

In mathematical terms, alleles are subject to sampling error. As a result, when selective forces are absent or relatively weak, allele frequencies tend to "drift" upward or downward randomly (in a random walk). This drift halts when an allele eventually becomes fixed, either by disappearing from the population, or replacing the other alleles entirely. Genetic drift may therefore eliminate some alleles from a population due to chance alone. .Even in the absence of selective forces, genetic drift can cause two separate populations that began with the same genetic structure to drift apart into two divergent populations with different sets of alleles.^ These pressures, in the long term, can also shape a species, and even cause a population of organisms within that species to diverge and become a new one.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ In any event, the two prerequisites are readily observable (random mutation or pre-existing genetic variation in a population and selection of certain of those variations), and the phenomenon as a whole is readily observable at least in microbes - and can be reproduced experimentally.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ These are not only two separate steps, they're two entirely different theories.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

[118]
.The time for an allele to become fixed by genetic drift depends on population size, with fixation occurring more rapidly in smaller populations.^ We further observe that over time, as new species in that new taxon appear they look less and less like that older species, become more and more diversified and look more and more like the modern members of that taxon.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Natural selection is the process by which favorable traits that are heritable become more common in successive generations of a population of reproducing organisms, and unfavorable traits that are heritable become less common (from Wikipedia).
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Furthermore, you act as if theories can become something more, which is categorically untrue, as has been explained several times on this comment thread.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

[119] The precise measure of population that is important is called the effective population size. The effective population is always smaller than the total population since it takes into account factors such as the level of inbreeding, the number of animals that are too old or young to breed, and the lower probability of animals that live far apart managing to mate with each other.[120]
An example when genetic drift is probably of central importance in determining a trait is the loss of pigments from animals that live in caves, a change that produces no obvious advantage or disadvantage in complete darkness.[121] However, it is usually difficult to measure the relative importance of selection and drift,[122] so the comparative importance of these two forces in driving evolutionary change is an area of current research.[123] .These investigations were prompted by the neutral theory of molecular evolution, which proposed that most evolutionary changes are the result of the fixation of neutral mutations that do not have any immediate effects on the fitness of an organism.^ It is not that any of the theories that form the basis for evolution are necessarily without merit, but they remain, for the most part, as unestablished as their religious counterparts.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ "Irreducible" complexity is one of the oldest objections to evolutionary theory, and the most refuted.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Even if it were somehow demonstrated that this could not have happened, it would not change any of the evidence that evolution happened In other words, it is just theory.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

[124] .Hence, in this model, most genetic changes in a population are the result of constant mutation pressure and genetic drift.^ Evolution is NOT totally random (random mutations lead to nonrandom selection leads to change in population - the only random component is the mutation).
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

[125] .This form of the neutral theory is now largely abandoned, since it does not seem to fit the genetic variation seen in nature.^ The Theory of Evolution, as first formed by Darwin, and in its magnificent elucidation since then, does not require one to know anything of biogenesis - in essence, it STARTS with reproducing life forms.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Theory according to my links states To scientists, a theory is a coherent explanation for a large number of facts and observations about the natural world .
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ To scientists, a theory is a coherent explanation for a large number of facts and observations about the natural world.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

[126][127] .However, a more recent and better-supported version of this model is the nearly neutral theory, where most mutations only have small effects on fitness.^ It is never "proven", it can only be supplanted by a more complete theory which does a better job of explaining the data.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Tyler Computational complexity theory is a theory about efficiency, It attempts to get the most efficient models.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The better verified a theory becomes, the more certain we can be that the theory is true , but that doesn't make the theory a fact ; theories explain facts, they do not become facts.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

[102]

Outcomes

.Evolution influences every aspect of the form and behavior of organisms.^ That is the form of every single ID argument - "not evolution, therefore God."
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ "He simply does not accept evolution as a theory, as fanatical adherents do, in the materialistic totality that denies the possibility of divine intervention in the process, which is not the same as denying every aspect of that theory."
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ He simply does not accept evolution as a theory, as fanatical adherents do, in the materialistic totality that denies the possibility of divine intervention in the process, which is not the same as denying every aspect of that theory.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

Most prominent are the specific behavioral and physical adaptations that are the outcome of natural selection. These adaptations increase fitness by aiding activities such as finding food, avoiding predators or attracting mates. .Organisms can also respond to selection by co-operating with each other, usually by aiding their relatives or engaging in mutually beneficial symbiosis.^ Since not all organisms are equally well adapted to their environment, some will survive and reproduce better than others -- this is known as natural selection.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.In the longer term, evolution produces new species through splitting ancestral populations of organisms into new groups that cannot or will not interbreed.^ If we speak of the ability to cross to a new species then we speak of the theory of evolution which is still very un-proven, and therefor a theory.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ These pressures, in the long term, can also shape a species, and even cause a population of organisms within that species to diverge and become a new one.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ We've observed the evolution of new species innumerable times, both in the wild and in the lab.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

These outcomes of evolution are sometimes divided into macroevolution, which is evolution that occurs at or above the level of species, such as extinction and speciation, and microevolution, which is smaller evolutionary changes, such as adaptations, within a species or population.[128] In general, macroevolution is regarded as the outcome of long periods of microevolution.[129] .Thus, the distinction between micro- and macroevolution is not a fundamental one – the difference is simply the time involved.^ Then move on to the differences between the races and explain where these differences come from, considering God only made one man and one woman to start the whole human race?
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

[130] However, in macroevolution, the traits of the entire species may be important. .For instance, a large amount of variation among individuals allows a species to rapidly adapt to new habitats, lessening the chance of it going extinct, while a wide geographic range increases the chance of speciation, by making it more likely that part of the population will become isolated.^ We further observe that over time, as new species in that new taxon appear they look less and less like that older species, become more and more diversified and look more and more like the modern members of that taxon.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Also, if you're going to quote more than one person at a time when you're posting, you need to make it clear who you're quoting, and when.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ These pressures, in the long term, can also shape a species, and even cause a population of organisms within that species to diverge and become a new one.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.In this sense, microevolution and macroevolution might involve selection at different levels – with microevolution acting on genes and organisms, versus macroevolutionary processes such as species selection acting on entire species and affecting their rates of speciation and extinction.^ Katie: Scientists may be divided on the mechanisms by which evolution works, but not on the basic principle that sexual selection, natural selection and mutation cause and continue to affect and effect speciation.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ "One of the things I have noted about evolutionists is that they tend to switch their opinions when it comes to the mechanics of the evolutionary transformation process when it is applied to different species.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Tell me why the forces of natural selection operating on a social species wouldn't/couldn't create a sense or moral sentiments.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

[131][132][133]
.A common misconception is that evolution has goals or long-term plans, but in reality, evolution has no long-term goal and does not necessarily produce greater complexity.^ The term evolution in common parlance does mean something other than the purely technical meaning you and others are claiming it means.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Contrary to popular myth, the theory of evolution does not end with "...and therefore there is no God."
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ No, evolution does not contradict the 2nd law of thermodynamics and only an ignoramus would claim it does.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

[134][135] .Although complex species have evolved, this occurs as a side effect of the overall number of organisms increasing, and simple forms of life remain more common.^ Natural selection is the process by which favorable traits that are heritable become more common in successive generations of a population of reproducing organisms, and unfavorable traits that are heritable become less common (from Wikipedia).
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Complex life did not evolve by chance any more than the Complete Works of Shakespeare wrote themselves.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Are they going to be more persuasive than evidence of punctuated equilibrium (explained by scientists already) or coevolution (explained by scientists already) or evolved complexity (explained by scientists already)?
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

[136] .For example, the overwhelming majority of species are microscopic prokaryotes, which form about half the world's biomass despite their small size,[137] and constitute the vast majority of Earth's biodiversity.^ Darwinian theory is about the origin if biodiversity - why all the past and present organisms on planet earth have the traits that they do.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

[138] Simple organisms have therefore been the dominant form of life on Earth throughout its history and continue to be the main form of life up to the present day, with complex life only appearing more diverse because it is more noticeable.[139] .Indeed, the evolution of microorganisms is particularly important to modern evolutionary research, since their rapid reproduction allows the study of experimental evolution and the observation of evolution and adaptation in real time.^ Most people accept only one slice of evolution and adopt five pieces without any real intensive study.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ At this time I really think the evolution thing should be put in the back burner for now.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Evolutionary theory as a whole has been substantiated by a century and a half of experimentation and theory, and Paul tosses it all aside by saying "It's a theory, the theory of evolution, and I don't accept it."
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

[140][141]

Adaptation

.Adaptation is one of the basic phenomena of biology,[142] and is the process whereby an organism becomes better suited to its habitat.^ These pressures, in the long term, can also shape a species, and even cause a population of organisms within that species to diverge and become a new one.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Natural selection is the process by which favorable traits that are heritable become more common in successive generations of a population of reproducing organisms, and unfavorable traits that are heritable become less common (from Wikipedia).
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

[143][144] Also, the term adaptation may refer to a trait that is important for an organism's survival. For example, the adaptation of horses' teeth to the grinding of grass, or the ability of horses to run fast and escape predators. .By using the term adaptation for the evolutionary process, and adaptive trait for the product (the bodily part or function), the two senses of the word may be distinguished.^ Only the last two are actually part of evolutionary theory.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Part of the problem here is that people use the term 'theory' in different ways.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Do tell what evolutionary biologist uses the terms "horizontal evolution and vertical evolution" in the way you suggest here?
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

Adaptations are produced by natural selection.[145] The following definitions are due to Theodosius Dobzhansky.
1. .Adaptation is the evolutionary process whereby an organism becomes better able to live in its habitat or habitats.^ Natural selection is the process by which favorable traits that are heritable become more common in successive generations of a population of reproducing organisms, and unfavorable traits that are heritable become less common (from Wikipedia).
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

[146]
2. .Adaptedness is the state of being adapted: the degree to which an organism is able to live and reproduce in a given set of habitats.^ No, that is not another way of stating it Is it possible to show a mathematical probability that any known given conditions would result in the formation of a viable living cell capable of reproducing?
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Is it possible to show a mathematical probability that any known given conditions would result in the formation of a viable living cell capable of reproducing?
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Since not all organisms are equally well adapted to their environment, some will survive and reproduce better than others -- this is known as natural selection.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

[147]
3. An adaptive trait is an aspect of the developmental pattern of the organism which enables or enhances the probability of that organism surviving and reproducing.[148]
Adaptation may cause either the gain of a new feature, or the loss of an ancestral feature. .An example that shows both types of change is bacterial adaptation to antibiotic selection, with genetic changes causing antibiotic resistance by both modifying the target of the drug, or increasing the activity of transporters that pump the drug out of the cell.^ This example actually says nothing new about our understanding of the evolution of antibiotic resistance.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ When it comes to bacterial infection, it's enuf to recognize that bacteria mutate (e.g., Staphylococcus mutations arise in penicillin binding proteins, or in the active site of their beta-lactamases), and that this can cause resistance to antibiotics.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Are you confusing smallpox innoculations with bacterial resistance to antibiotics?
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

[149] .Other striking examples are the bacteria Escherichia coli evolving the ability to use citric acid as a nutrient in a long-term laboratory experiment,[150] Flavobacterium evolving a novel enzyme that allows these bacteria to grow on the by-products of nylon manufacturing,[151][152] and the soil bacterium Sphingobium evolving an entirely new metabolic pathway that degrades the synthetic pesticide pentachlorophenol.^ Yes, our knowledge of how resistance to antibiotics evolves allows us to create new chemical entities that are still effective.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ These pressures, in the long term, can also shape a species, and even cause a population of organisms within that species to diverge and become a new one.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ If bacteria did not evolve, then there would be no such thing as MRSA and other drug resistant bugs.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

[153][154] .An interesting but still controversial idea is that some adaptations might increase the ability of organisms to generate genetic diversity and adapt by natural selection (increasing organisms' evolvability).^ Even if some version of abiogenesis via natural means were established beyond all doubt, religion still could coexist with it.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Natural selection is the process by which favorable traits that are heritable become more common in successive generations of a population of reproducing organisms, and unfavorable traits that are heritable become less common (from Wikipedia).
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Evolutionary theory states that speciation, the "diversity of life," is the result of chance variation interacting with a process of natural selection, it does not make claims to explain "any behavior."
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

[155][156]
A baleen whale skeleton, a and b label flipper bones, which were adapted from front leg bones: while c indicates vestigial leg bones.[157]
Adaptation occurs through the gradual modification of existing structures. Consequently, structures with similar internal organization may have different functions in related organisms. .This is the result of a single ancestral structure being adapted to function in different ways.^ But not least of all is the fact that faint traces of lunacy often have a method of being detected in different ways to many different people.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.The bones within bat wings, for example, are very similar to those in mice feet and primate hands, due to the descent of all these structures from a common mammalian ancestor.^ First of all, you gave an obvious example yourself (and then tried to hand-wave it off by calling us idiots).
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

[158] .However, since all living organisms are related to some extent,[159] even organs that appear to have little or no structural similarity, such as arthropod, squid and vertebrate eyes, or the limbs and wings of arthropods and vertebrates, can depend on a common set of homologous genes that control their assembly and function; this is called deep homology.^ Even if some version of abiogenesis via natural means were established beyond all doubt, religion still could coexist with it.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ As an Atheist woman who may well be partially dependent on my Social Security in my old age, I'm damned glad he's got little to no chance of winning.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Fact is, we also need to open our eyes and our mouths and speak up and say no that's not good enough when a candidate hides behind state's rights or some other such nonsense.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

[160][161]
.During adaptation, some structures may lose their original function and become vestigial structures.^ There may be some very very brief periods during which government got smaller, but > 95% of the time it grows.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

[162] .Such structures may have little or no function in a current species, yet have a clear function in ancestral species, or other closely related species.^ As an Atheist woman who may well be partially dependent on my Social Security in my old age, I'm damned glad he's got little to no chance of winning.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The phylogenetic tree that was developed based on the fossil data showed what were believed to be ancestral relationships, and they also showed which species are most closely related to which other species.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

Examples include pseudogenes,[163] the non-functional remains of eyes in blind cave-dwelling fish,[164] wings in flightless birds,[165] and the presence of hip bones in whales and snakes.[157] Examples of vestigial structures in humans include wisdom teeth,[166] the coccyx,[162] and the vermiform appendix.[162]
However, many traits that appear to be simple adaptations are in fact exaptations: structures originally adapted for one function, but which coincidentally became somewhat useful for some other function in the process.[167] One example is the African lizard Holaspis guentheri, which developed an extremely flat head for hiding in crevices, as can be seen by looking at its near relatives. However, in this species, the head has become so flattened that it assists in gliding from tree to tree—an exaptation.[167] Within cells, molecular machines such as the bacterial flagella[168] and protein sorting machinery[169] evolved by the recruitment of several pre-existing proteins that previously had different functions.[128] Another example is the recruitment of enzymes from glycolysis and xenobiotic metabolism to serve as structural proteins called crystallins within the lenses of organisms' eyes.[170][171]
A critical principle of ecology is that of competitive exclusion: no two species can occupy the same niche in the same environment for a long time.[172] Consequently, natural selection will tend to force species to adapt to different ecological niches. .This may mean that, for example, two species of cichlid fish adapt to live in different habitats, which will minimize the competition between them for food.^ Humans evolved as a social species, which means we naturally live in groups.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ You mean different species follow different parts of evolutionary theory?
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ For example, when we developed the ability to sequence and compare proteins between species, that led to specific predictions that had to be true if common descent was true.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

[173]
An area of current investigation in evolutionary developmental biology is the developmental basis of adaptations and exaptations.[174] .This research addresses the origin and evolution of embryonic development and how modifications of development and developmental processes produce novel features.^ Now, since the discussion is about evolution, you need to explain how in the world we evolved that "liberty" thing out of our biochemical processes.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ If they are immaterial, how did material evolution create immaterial processes?
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ How about addressing the fact that the edited part has nothing to do with Paul rejecting evolution?
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

[175] .These studies have shown that evolution can alter development to create new structures, such as embryonic bone structures that develop into the jaw in other animals instead forming part of the middle ear in mammals.^ It is not that any of the theories that form the basis for evolution are necessarily without merit, but they remain, for the most part, as unestablished as their religious counterparts.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Some people would prefer to think of evolution as a fact, and thats their right as long as they don't insist upon others forming the same postulate as they do.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ It is not that any of the theories that form the basis for evolution are necessarily without merit, but they remain, for the most part, as unestablished as their religious counterparts."
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

[176] .It is also possible for structures that have been lost in evolution to reappear due to changes in developmental genes, such as a mutation in chickens causing embryos to grow teeth similar to those of crocodiles.^ And nobody rational is denying the possibility of divine intervention in the process, including those who accept evolution as a theory.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Katie: Scientists may be divided on the mechanisms by which evolution works, but not on the basic principle that sexual selection, natural selection and mutation cause and continue to affect and effect speciation.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ And no amount of ignorant posturing by those who don't know the real meaning of evolution is going to magically change the meaning to something it isn't.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

[177] It is now becoming clear that most alterations in the form of organisms are due to changes in a small set of conserved genes.[178]

Co-evolution

Interactions between organisms can produce both conflict and co-operation. .When the interaction is between pairs of species, such as a pathogen and a host, or a predator and its prey, these species can develop matched sets of adaptations.^ For example, when we developed the ability to sequence and compare proteins between species, that led to specific predictions that had to be true if common descent was true.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ When we developed the ability to sequence and compare proteins from different species, for example, we then had a whole new set of data that could have falsified our theory.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.Here, the evolution of one species causes adaptations in a second species.^ Katie: Scientists may be divided on the mechanisms by which evolution works, but not on the basic principle that sexual selection, natural selection and mutation cause and continue to affect and effect speciation.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ These pressures, in the long term, can also shape a species, and even cause a population of organisms within that species to diverge and become a new one.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ No one here has claimed that evolution is a fact.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.These changes in the second species then, in turn, cause new adaptations in the first species.^ These pressures, in the long term, can also shape a species, and even cause a population of organisms within that species to diverge and become a new one.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

This cycle of selection and response is called co-evolution.[179] An example is the production of tetrodotoxin in the rough-skinned newt and the evolution of tetrodotoxin resistance in its predator, the common garter snake. In this predator-prey pair, an evolutionary arms race has produced high levels of toxin in the newt and correspondingly high levels of toxin resistance in the snake.[180]

Co-operation

.However, not all interactions between species involve conflict.^ If we're comparing, say, a hemoglobin protein between all those species, the human hemoglobin should be closest in sequence to the chimp, next closest with the pig, next closest with the chicken, and so forth.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

[181] Many cases of mutually beneficial interactions have evolved. For instance, an extreme cooperation exists between plants and the mycorrhizal fungi that grow on their roots and aid the plant in absorbing nutrients from the soil.[182] This is a reciprocal relationship as the plants provide the fungi with sugars from photosynthesis. Here, the fungi actually grow inside plant cells, allowing them to exchange nutrients with their hosts, while sending signals that suppress the plant immune system.[183]
.Coalitions between organisms of the same species have also evolved.^ If those relationships were real, then the protein comparisons should show the same degree of relationship between those species.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

An extreme case is the eusociality found in social insects, such as bees, termites and ants, where sterile insects feed and guard the small number of organisms in a colony that are able to reproduce. .On an even smaller scale, the somatic cells that make up the body of an animal limit their reproduction so they can maintain a stable organism, which then supports a small number of the animal's germ cells to produce offspring.^ Over-reproduction: all organisms tend to reproduce beyond their environment's capacity to support them (this is based on the work of Thomas Malthus, who studied how populations of organisms tended to grow geometrically until they encountered a limit on their population size).
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ They've also pointed out that regardless of how life started, that the theory of evolution best supports how the first organism(s) became as diverse as they are now.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

Here, somatic cells respond to specific signals that instruct them whether to grow, remain as they are, or die. If cells ignore these signals and multiply inappropriately, their uncontrolled growth causes cancer.[42]
.Such cooperation within species may have evolved through the process of kin selection, which is where one organism acts to help raise a relative's offspring.^ What is true for one species may not apply to another species when the evidence is contradictory."
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ What is true for one species may not apply to another species when the evidence is contradictory.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Katie: Scientists may be divided on the mechanisms by which evolution works, but not on the basic principle that sexual selection, natural selection and mutation cause and continue to affect and effect speciation.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

[184] .This activity is selected for because if the helping individual contains alleles which promote the helping activity, it is likely that its kin will also contain these alleles and thus those alleles will be passed on.^ And those materials, in turn, were passed on because they allowed previous ancestors to survive and reproduce.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

[185] .Other processes that may promote cooperation include group selection, where cooperation provides benefits to a group of organisms.^ I do not include this as an argument against any other Christians who may be reading this blog - it is a silly argument in the first place - but I have noticed more TAG proponents, of late.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

[186]

Speciation

The four mechanisms of speciation.
Speciation is the process where a species diverges into two or more descendant species.[187] Evolutionary biologists view species as statistical phenomena and not categories or types. .This view is counterintuitive since the classical idea of species is still widely held, with a species seen as a class of organisms exemplified by a "type specimen" that bears all the traits common to this species.^ Variation: all organisms are variable in their traits.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Darwinian theory is about the origin if biodiversity - why all the past and present organisms on planet earth have the traits that they do.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Natural selection is the process by which favorable traits that are heritable become more common in successive generations of a population of reproducing organisms, and unfavorable traits that are heritable become less common (from Wikipedia).
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

Instead, a species is now defined as a separately evolving lineage that forms a single gene pool. Although properties such as genetics and morphology are used to help separate closely related lineages, this definition has fuzzy boundaries.[188] Indeed, the exact definition of the term "species" is still controversial, particularly in prokaryotes,[189] and this is called the species problem.[190] Biologists have proposed a range of more precise definitions, but the definition used is a pragmatic choice that depends on the particularities of the species concerned.[190] .Typically the actual focus on biological study is the population, an observable interacting group of organisms, rather than a species, an observable similar group of individuals.^ These pressures, in the long term, can also shape a species, and even cause a population of organisms within that species to diverge and become a new one.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Humans, being the only species that can consider such things on a rational level rather than acting out of instinct, can make rational choices about such things.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Actually, I remember hearing that pre-translation the words used to describe Mary were "young woman" rather than "virgin".
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.Speciation has been observed multiple times under both controlled laboratory conditions and in nature.^ We further observe that over time, as new species in that new taxon appear they look less and less like that older species, become more and more diversified and look more and more like the modern members of that taxon.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ A scientific law is a description of a natural phenomenon or principle that invariably holds true under specific conditions and will occur under certain circumstances.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ We've observed the evolution of new species innumerable times, both in the wild and in the lab.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

[191] In sexually reproducing organisms, speciation results from reproductive isolation followed by genealogical divergence. There are four mechanisms for speciation. The most common in animals is allopatric speciation, which occurs in populations initially isolated geographically, such as by habitat fragmentation or migration. Selection under these conditions can produce very rapid changes in the appearance and behaviour of organisms.[192][193] .As selection and drift act independently on populations isolated from the rest of their species, separation may eventually produce organisms that cannot interbreed.^ These pressures, in the long term, can also shape a species, and even cause a population of organisms within that species to diverge and become a new one.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Katie: Scientists may be divided on the mechanisms by which evolution works, but not on the basic principle that sexual selection, natural selection and mutation cause and continue to affect and effect speciation.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

[194]
.The second mechanism of speciation is peripatric speciation, which occurs when small populations of organisms become isolated in a new environment.^ We further observe that over time, as new species in that new taxon appear they look less and less like that older species, become more and more diversified and look more and more like the modern members of that taxon.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ These pressures, in the long term, can also shape a species, and even cause a population of organisms within that species to diverge and become a new one.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Natural selection is the process by which favorable traits that are heritable become more common in successive generations of a population of reproducing organisms, and unfavorable traits that are heritable become less common (from Wikipedia).
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.This differs from allopatric speciation in that the isolated populations are numerically much smaller than the parental population.^ Firstly, the "rapid changes" are much smaller than you seem to think; secondly, punk eek is compatible with the majority of the few cases where the fossil record has the incredibly high resolution required to see speciation, but not all of them.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Not one of them is inexplicable, and all of them are much smaller than you believe.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.Here, the founder effect causes rapid speciation through both rapid genetic drift and selection on a small gene pool.^ Katie: Scientists may be divided on the mechanisms by which evolution works, but not on the basic principle that sexual selection, natural selection and mutation cause and continue to affect and effect speciation.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

[195]
The third mechanism of speciation is parapatric speciation. .This is similar to peripatric speciation in that a small population enters a new habitat, but differs in that there is no physical separation between these two populations.^ There is no doubt about the evolution of new species.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Is there a similar disclaimer on the social science department's websites separating themselves from all the Marxist who inhabit social science departments?
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ These pressures, in the long term, can also shape a species, and even cause a population of organisms within that species to diverge and become a new one.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.Instead, speciation results from the evolution of mechanisms that reduce gene flow between the two populations.^ There's a huge distinction between ackowledging the mechanism of evolution in the ADAPTATION of existent Life, and claiming it provides a supportable theory explaining the ORIGINS of Life.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Katie: Scientists may be divided on the mechanisms by which evolution works, but not on the basic principle that sexual selection, natural selection and mutation cause and continue to affect and effect speciation.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ However, on many issues, two being The War Between the States and evolution, educated people are divided.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

[187] .Generally this occurs when there has been a drastic change in the environment within the parental species' habitat.^ The only time I have seen Horizontal/Vertical Evolution distinction is where people are referencing changes within a species (horizontal) to speciation (vertical).
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ I would like to think that the Creative force would allow species to adapt to changes in their environment over time.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

One example is the grass Anthoxanthum odoratum, which can undergo parapatric speciation in response to localized metal pollution from mines.[196] Here, plants evolve that have resistance to high levels of metals in the soil. .Selection against interbreeding with the metal-sensitive parental population produced a gradual change in the flowering time of the metal-resistant plants, which eventually produced complete reproductive isolation.^ Evolution is NOT totally random (random mutations lead to nonrandom selection leads to change in population - the only random component is the mutation).
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.Selection against hybrids between the two populations may cause reinforcement, which is the evolution of traits that promote mating within a species, as well as character displacement, which is when two species become more distinct in appearance.^ We further observe that over time, as new species in that new taxon appear they look less and less like that older species, become more and more diversified and look more and more like the modern members of that taxon.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ These pressures, in the long term, can also shape a species, and even cause a population of organisms within that species to diverge and become a new one.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The only time I have seen Horizontal/Vertical Evolution distinction is where people are referencing changes within a species (horizontal) to speciation (vertical).
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

[197]
Geographical isolation of finches on the Galápagos Islands produced over a dozen new species.
Finally, in sympatric speciation species diverge without geographic isolation or changes in habitat. .This form is rare since even a small amount of gene flow may remove genetic differences between parts of a population.^ And even explicit elucidation of the differences may make little impression, as evidenced by the poster Mike.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

[198] .Generally, sympatric speciation in animals requires the evolution of both genetic differences and non-random mating, to allow reproductive isolation to evolve.^ The theory of evolution and creationism need not be mutually exclusive, but both ideas require some flexibility.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ We've observed the evolution of new species innumerable times, both in the wild and in the lab.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ A certain element of randomness is required for mutation to happen, so far as I understand, so if you're rejecting that part then it's probably not right to say that you accept evolution.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

[199]
.One type of sympatric speciation involves cross-breeding of two related species to produce a new hybrid species.^ These pressures, in the long term, can also shape a species, and even cause a population of organisms within that species to diverge and become a new one.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ We see the patterns in the fossil record and we infer from them that they were produced by the splitting off of one species from another.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ If we speak of the ability to cross to a new species then we speak of the theory of evolution which is still very un-proven, and therefor a theory.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

This is not common in animals as animal hybrids are usually sterile. This is because during meiosis the homologous chromosomes from each parent are from different species and cannot successfully pair. However, it is more common in plants because plants often double their number of chromosomes, to form polyploids.[200] This allows the chromosomes from each parental species to form a matching pair during meiosis, since as each parent's chromosomes is represented by a pair already.[201] .An example of such a speciation event is when the plant species Arabidopsis thaliana and Arabidopsis arenosa cross-bred to give the new species Arabidopsis suecica.^ If we speak of the ability to cross to a new species then we speak of the theory of evolution which is still very un-proven, and therefor a theory.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ When we developed the ability to sequence and compare proteins from different species, for example, we then had a whole new set of data that could have falsified our theory.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

[202] This happened about 20,000 years ago,[203] and the speciation process has been repeated in the laboratory, which allows the study of the genetic mechanisms involved in this process.[204] .Indeed, chromosome doubling within a species may be a common cause of reproductive isolation, as half the doubled chromosomes will be unmatched when breeding with undoubled organisms.^ These pressures, in the long term, can also shape a species, and even cause a population of organisms within that species to diverge and become a new one.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Katie: Scientists may be divided on the mechanisms by which evolution works, but not on the basic principle that sexual selection, natural selection and mutation cause and continue to affect and effect speciation.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

[90]
.Speciation events are important in the theory of punctuated equilibrium, which accounts for the pattern in the fossil record of short "bursts" of evolution interspersed with relatively long periods of stasis, where species remain relatively unchanged.^ Historical examples include punctuated equilibrium (long periods with little change punctuated by short periods of rapid speciation/change) and coevolution (where two species with a mutually beneficial relationship evolve together, like some kinds of flower that can only be pollinated by a certain single species of insect).
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Evolution has a long track record of making such successful predictions, including most recently the finding of the Tiktaalik fossil precisely where it was predicted (the type of sediments it would be found in) and when it was predicted (the age of those sediments).
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ If we speak of the ability to cross to a new species then we speak of the theory of evolution which is still very un-proven, and therefor a theory.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

[205] .In this theory, speciation and rapid evolution are linked, with natural selection and genetic drift acting most strongly on organisms undergoing speciation in novel habitats or small populations.^ If we speak of the ability to cross to a new species then we speak of the theory of evolution which is still very un-proven, and therefor a theory.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ First of all, you are confusing artifical selection and natural selection with evolution.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ It is not that any of the theories that form the basis for evolution are necessarily without merit, but they remain, for the most part, as unestablished as their religious counterparts.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.As a result, the periods of stasis in the fossil record correspond to the parental population, and the organisms undergoing speciation and rapid evolution are found in small populations or geographically restricted habitats, and therefore rarely being preserved as fossils.^ Evolution has a long track record of making such successful predictions, including most recently the finding of the Tiktaalik fossil precisely where it was predicted (the type of sediments it would be found in) and when it was predicted (the age of those sediments).
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ If we speak of the ability to cross to a new species then we speak of the theory of evolution which is still very un-proven, and therefor a theory.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ These pressures, in the long term, can also shape a species, and even cause a population of organisms within that species to diverge and become a new one.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

[206]

Extinction

Extinction is the disappearance of an entire species. Extinction is not an unusual event, as species regularly appear through speciation, and disappear through extinction.[207] .Nearly all animal and plant species that have lived on earth are now extinct,[208] and extinction appears to be the ultimate fate of all species.^ The modification of DNA with in species has been accepted since man first started cultivating crops and animals via selective breeding and planting.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ I postulate that we all exist and live on earth and your not just the figment of some weird matrix dream.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ "The modification of DNA with in species has been accepted since man first started cultivating crops and animals via selective breeding and planting.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

[209] These extinctions have happened continuously throughout the history of life, although the rate of extinction spikes in occasional mass extinction events.[210] .The Cretaceous–Tertiary extinction event, during which the non-avian dinosaurs went extinct, is the most well-known, but the earlier Permian–Triassic extinction event was even more severe, with approximately 96 percent of species driven to extinction.^ Several commenters (Julia and Gretchen, eg) went most of the way down this path but for one reason or another stopped short along the way.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

[210] The Holocene extinction event is an ongoing mass extinction associated with humanity's expansion across the globe over the past few thousand years. .Present-day extinction rates are 100–1000 times greater than the background rate, and up to 30 percent of species may be extinct by the mid 21st century.^ As I've noted above, evolution is "only" a few thousand times more likely to be true than any other theory we've got to explain a century and a half of experimentation.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

[211] Human activities are now the primary cause of the ongoing extinction event;[212] global warming may further accelerate it in the future.[213]
.The role of extinction in evolution is not very well understood and may depend on which type of extinction is considered.^ As an Atheist woman who may well be partially dependent on my Social Security in my old age, I'm damned glad he's got little to no chance of winning.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Of course, that may very well change with this new SCOTUS crew.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Their belief in a supernatural God very well might inform their belief, or disbelief, in evolution.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

[210] .The causes of the continuous "low-level" extinction events, which form the majority of extinctions, may be the result of competition between species for limited resources (competitive exclusion).^ Katie: Scientists may be divided on the mechanisms by which evolution works, but not on the basic principle that sexual selection, natural selection and mutation cause and continue to affect and effect speciation.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

[12] If one species can out-compete another, this could produce species selection, with the fitter species surviving and the other species being driven to extinction.[113] .The intermittent mass extinctions are also important, but instead of acting as a selective force, they drastically reduce diversity in a nonspecific manner and promote bursts of rapid evolution and speciation in survivors.^ Tell me why the forces of natural selection operating on a social species wouldn't/couldn't create a sense or moral sentiments.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Instead it shows rapid changes of speciation over short periods of time.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ They've also pointed out that regardless of how life started, that the theory of evolution best supports how the first organism(s) became as diverse as they are now.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

[214]

Evolutionary history of life

Origin of life

.The origin of life is a necessary precursor for biological evolution, but understanding that evolution occurred once organisms appeared and investigating how this happens does not depend on understanding exactly how life began.^ Evolution does NOT deal with the origins of life.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The Theory of Evolution, as first formed by Darwin, and in its magnificent elucidation since then, does not require one to know anything of biogenesis - in essence, it STARTS with reproducing life forms.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ And when that "capacity for culture" appeared, we are not talking about biological evolution anymore, it is now "cultural evolution."
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

[215] .The current scientific consensus is that the complex biochemistry that makes up life came from simpler chemical reactions, but it is unclear how this occurred.^ So to claim that life came from non life (proven by Louis Pasteur as an impossibility), or that all complex chemicals came from hydrogen, to some, like Dr Paul, requires just as much faith as it does to say there is a God.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ How that first self-replicating life came to be here is irrelevant to the truth of the theory of common descent.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ "So to claim that life came from non life (proven by Louis Pasteur as an impossibility), or that all complex chemicals came from hydrogen, to some, like Dr Paul, requires just as much faith as it does to say there is a God.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

[216] .Not much is certain about the earliest developments in life, the structure of the first living things, or the identity and nature of any last universal common ancestor or ancestral gene pool.^ It is a theory which best explains the data about how life developed on earth.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Also things are not so clear about the lack of evidence for natural origins of life as you make it out to be.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The Virgin Birth is theologically essential because if Jesus had two natural parents he would have had a sin nature like every other human, and he would not have lived a sinless life.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

[217][218] .Consequently, there is no scientific consensus on how life began, but proposals include self-replicating molecules such as RNA,[219] and the assembly of simple cells.^ He just said that there is no way to know for sure how we came to be.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Ask Ron Paul if he believes in the immortal human soul, and if he does, where is the scientific proof that there is such a thing?
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ No, therefore we have no scientific evidence concerning the conditions necessary to bring about life.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

[220]

Common descent

The hominoids are descendants of a common ancestor.
.All organisms on Earth are descended from a common ancestor or ancestral gene pool.^ Darwinian theory is about the origin if biodiversity - why all the past and present organisms on planet earth have the traits that they do.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

[159] .Current species are a stage in the process of evolution, with their diversity the product of a long series of speciation and extinction events.^ Evolutionary theory states that speciation, the "diversity of life," is the result of chance variation interacting with a process of natural selection, it does not make claims to explain "any behavior."
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ And the point in any event is, of course, not whether candidates are knowledgeable in some specialized area but whether they accept scientific consensus as the current best bet on an issue.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ And with the current context of evolution it is often used to imply origin of species.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

[221] The common descent of organisms was first deduced from four simple facts about organisms: First, they have geographic distributions that cannot be explained by local adaptation. .Second, the diversity of life is not a set of completely unique organisms, but organisms that share morphological similarities.^ They've also pointed out that regardless of how life started, that the theory of evolution best supports how the first organism(s) became as diverse as they are now.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

Third, vestigial traits with no clear purpose resemble functional ancestral traits, and finally, that organisms can be classified using these similarities into a hierarchy of nested groups – similar to a family tree.[7] However, modern research has suggested that, due to horizontal gene transfer, this "tree of life" may be more complicated than a simple branching tree since some genes have spread independently between distantly related species.[222][223]
Past species have also left records of their evolutionary history. Fossils, along with the comparative anatomy of present-day organisms, constitute the morphological, or anatomical, record.[224] .By comparing the anatomies of both modern and extinct species, paleontologists can infer the lineages of those species.^ If we're comparing, say, a hemoglobin protein between all those species, the human hemoglobin should be closest in sequence to the chimp, next closest with the pig, next closest with the chicken, and so forth.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.However, this approach is most successful for organisms that had hard body parts, such as shells, bones or teeth.^ Well, note that I said "a good deal of the research" - and most of the government funded part is basic research that makes the applied research, such as individual drugs, possible.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

Further, as prokaryotes such as bacteria and archaea share a limited set of common morphologies, their fossils do not provide information on their ancestry.
.More recently, evidence for common descent has come from the study of biochemical similarities between organisms.^ Evolution means the theory of common descent (more properly a set of theories, but that's not relevant to this discussion).
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Natural selection is the process by which favorable traits that are heritable become more common in successive generations of a population of reproducing organisms, and unfavorable traits that are heritable become less common (from Wikipedia).
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ If the common ancestor between humans and chimps was more recent than the common ancestor between humans and pigs, which was more recent than the common ancestor between humans and chickens, which was more recent than the common ancestor between humans and earthworms - as the fossil evidence clearly showed - then we should find the same relationship between shared protein sequences in those species.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.For example, all living cells use the same basic set of nucleotides and amino acids.^ We draw logical inferences using the same kind of deductive reasoning all the time in the sciences.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ For example, it uses the low "uncaught error" rate to postulate that, er, I dunno, some higher power is keeping the DNA of all the cells on the planet in line.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ It completely matters who is is talking to here, as that affects how he will use the word (though, in all likelihood, he will use the word the same way in other circumstances, as he is not a specialist).
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

[225] .The development of molecular genetics has revealed the record of evolution left in organisms' genomes: dating when species diverged through the molecular clock produced by mutations.^ If we concern ourselves only with the fact that species can diversify at the very least with in the species then it is the science of genetics, not evolution.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ (For the record, I have seen evolution on a petri dish full of bacteria and bacteriophages, and so did everyone else in that first-year molecular biology course.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ These pressures, in the long term, can also shape a species, and even cause a population of organisms within that species to diverge and become a new one.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

[226] .For example, these DNA sequence comparisons have revealed that humans and chimpanzees share 96% of their genomes and analyzing the few areas where they differ helps shed light on when the common ancestor of these species existed.^ "One of the things I have noted about evolutionists is that they tend to switch their opinions when it comes to the mechanics of the evolutionary transformation process when it is applied to different species.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ If common descent is true, those sequence homologies between proteins in different species must fall into the same kind of pattern we observe in the fossil record.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ One of the things I have noted about evolutionists is that they tend to switch their opinions when it comes to the mechanics of the evolutionary transformation process when it is applied to different species.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

[227]

Evolution of life

Euryarchaeota Nanoarchaeota Crenarchaeota Protozoa Algae Plantae Slime molds Animal Fungus Gram-positive bacteria Chlamydiae Chloroflexi Actinobacteria Planctomycetes Spirochaetes Fusobacteria Cyanobacteria Thermophiles Acidobacteria Proteobacteria
.
Evolutionary tree showing the divergence of modern species from their common ancestor in the center.
^ What do you expect, a stop-motion video depicting the evolution from the common ancestor of Eukarya, Prokarya and Archaea to modern man?
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The common ancestor is neither modern ape nor modern man (whether it's classifiably in the same genus as apes is a matter for taxonomists).
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ If the common ancestor between humans and chimps was more recent than the common ancestor between humans and pigs, which was more recent than the common ancestor between humans and chickens, which was more recent than the common ancestor between humans and earthworms - as the fossil evidence clearly showed - then we should find the same relationship between shared protein sequences in those species.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

[228] The three domains are colored, with bacteria blue, archaea green, and eukaryotes red.
.Despite the uncertainty on how life began, it is generally accepted that prokaryotes inhabited the Earth from approximately 3–4 billion years ago.^ It is a theory which best explains the data about how life developed on earth.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

[2][229] No obvious changes in morphology or cellular organization occurred in these organisms over the next few billion years.[230]
The eukaryotes were the next major change in cell structure. These came from ancient bacteria being engulfed by the ancestors of eukaryotic cells, in a cooperative association called endosymbiosis.[99][231] The engulfed bacteria and the host cell then underwent co-evolution, with the bacteria evolving into either mitochondria or hydrogenosomes.[232] An independent second engulfment of cyanobacterial-like organisms led to the formation of chloroplasts in algae and plants.[233] .It is unknown when the first eukaryotic cells appeared though they first emerged between 1.6 – 2.7 billion years ago.^ The first birds appear just like theropod dinosaurs because they split off from a lineage of theropod dinosaurs.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

The history of life was that of the unicellular eukaryotes, prokaryotes, and archaea until about 610 million years ago when multicellular organisms began to appear in the oceans in the Ediacaran period.[2][234] .The evolution of multicellularity occurred in multiple independent events, in organisms as diverse as sponges, brown algae, cyanobacteria, slime moulds and myxobacteria.^ They've also pointed out that regardless of how life started, that the theory of evolution best supports how the first organism(s) became as diverse as they are now.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

[235]
.Soon after the emergence of these first multicellular organisms, a remarkable amount of biological diversity appeared over approximately 10 million years, in an event called the Cambrian explosion.^ Note especially the "Cambrian Explosion" about 500 million years ago.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ They've also pointed out that regardless of how life started, that the theory of evolution best supports how the first organism(s) became as diverse as they are now.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.Here, the majority of types of modern animals appeared in the fossil record, as well as unique lineages that subsequently became extinct.^ With the enormous, massive, inexplicable gaps in the fossil record, who here can absolutely defend evolution?
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Well, it doesn't matter unless he starts pandering to the creationists - which is what he appears to do here.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ "With the enormous, massive, inexplicable gaps in the fossil record, who here can absolutely defend evolution?"
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

[236] Various triggers for the Cambrian explosion have been proposed, including the accumulation of oxygen in the atmosphere from photosynthesis.[237] .About 500 million years ago, plants and fungi colonized the land, and were soon followed by arthropods and other animals.^ Note especially the "Cambrian Explosion" about 500 million years ago.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The fact that it happened 100 million years ago does not affect the validity of that inference.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Like I pointed earlier, ten years ago no one knew about it, today we have to banish them from our forums.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

[238] Insects were particularly successful and even today make up the majority of animal species.[239] .Amphibians first appeared around 300 million years ago, followed by early amniotes, then mammals around 200 million years ago and birds around 100 million years ago (both from "reptile"-like lineages).^ For example, we observe that when a new higher level taxon appears in the fossil record, like birds or amphibians, the first species in that taxon to appear are virtually indistinguishable from an already existing species or group.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ To believe that a kind of animal, like a dog or bird, can adapt to its environment and have variations is proven science and accepted by both evolutionists and creationists.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ For me to demand an atheist candidate now is like asking for Barack Obama to run against George Washington 200 years ago.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.However, despite the evolution of these large animals, smaller organisms similar to the types that evolved early in this process continue to be highly successful and dominate the Earth, with the majority of both biomass and species being prokaryotes.^ We've observed the evolution of new species innumerable times, both in the wild and in the lab.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Now, since the discussion is about evolution, you need to explain how in the world we evolved that "liberty" thing out of our biochemical processes.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Natural selection is the process by which favorable traits that are heritable become more common in successive generations of a population of reproducing organisms, and unfavorable traits that are heritable become less common (from Wikipedia).
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

[138]

Social and cultural responses

As Darwinism became widely accepted in the 1870s, caricatures of Charles Darwin with an ape or monkey body symbolised evolution.[240]
.In the 19th century, particularly after the publication of On the Origin of Species in 1859, the idea that life had evolved was an active source of academic debate centered on the philosophical, social and religious implications of evolution.^ Vertical Evolution rest upon the idea that life can come from nothing.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ They regard it as a religious myth that was added to Christian belief in the late first century CE and was triggered by a Greek mistranslation of the book of Isaiah from the original Hebrew.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ That said, the policies of today's Social Democratic parties over most of the world -- and this is what, I suppose, most academics support -- would, for the most part, not even be recognized as socialism by 19th-century socialists.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

Nowadays, the fact that organisms evolve is uncontested in the scientific literature and the modern evolutionary synthesis is widely accepted by scientists.[12] However, evolution remains a contentious concept for some theists.[241]
.While various religions and denominations have reconciled their beliefs with evolution through concepts such as theistic evolution, there are creationists who believe that evolution is contradicted by the creation myths found in their respective religions and who raise various objections to evolution.^ There are scientists who don't believe the theory of evolution is correct.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Who cares if Ron believes in evolution or not?
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ "Who cares if Ron believes in evolution or not?
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

[128][242][243] .As had been demonstrated by responses to the publication of Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation in 1844, the most controversial aspect of evolutionary biology is the implication of human evolution that human mental and moral faculties, which had been thought purely spiritual, are not distinctly separated from those of other animals.^ The fact that humans have never deliberately exposed bacteria to an antibiotic does not mean there has been no exposure - either naturally (most antibiotics are naturally occuring) or accidentially through the release of antibiotics into the environment in people or animal feces .
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Evolution doesn't care whether God created bacteria or they formed without assistance over long periods of time; evolution only cares whether those bacteria follow the principles of natural selection, heritable variation, etc.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Thirdly, I would like to know why you continually refuse to countenance the idea that atoms make up much bigger things, and those bigger things interact with each other, and that interaction creates things like morality and society and culture.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

[6] .In some countries—notably the United States—these tensions between science and religion have fueled the current creation-evolution controversy, a religious conflict focusing on politics and public education.^ So Ron Paul's beliefs on evolution as the President of the United States should be irrelevant at best, which is why he thought the question was inappropriate.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The one thing you can say about a Paul presidency is that he wouldn't involve the state with either science or religion, whatever his personal views on those matters.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The unedited version contains this statement, right between Congressman Paul stating that he doesn't accept evolution as a theory and speaking of his personal beliefs: .
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

[244] .While other scientific fields such as cosmology[245] and earth science[246] also conflict with literal interpretations of many religious texts, evolutionary biology experiences significantly more opposition from religious literalists.^ Fundamentalism is more disturbing in science than in any other field because the veneer of absolutism is thicker in the scientific thickhead.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The problem is that Ron Paul, like you and many others, don't have a clue what the word theory means in a scientific context.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Your "common parlance" is a cartoon version of evolutionary thought promulgated by fundamentalist young earth creationists who are practicing both bad science AND bad biblical interpretation.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.The teaching of evolution in American secondary school biology classes was uncommon in most of the first half of the 20th century.^ Additionally, just phone a decent university's biology department and ask them what textbook they use to teach evolution.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Education "experts" on government payroll who ban teaching of any alternative to evolution in schools are proponents of "free market of ideas"?
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ How could any person have gradutated from a decent medical school and fail to accept the theory of evolution in the 21st century?
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

The Scopes Trial decision of 1925 caused the subject to become very rare in American secondary biology textbooks for a generation, but it was gradually re-introduced about a generation later and legally protected with the 1968 Epperson v. Arkansas decision. Since then, the competing religious belief of creationism was legally disallowed in secondary school curricula in various decisions in the 1970s and 1980s, but it returned in the form of intelligent design, to be excluded once again in the 2005 Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District case.[247]
.Another example somewhat associated with evolutionary theory that is now widely regarded as unwarranted is "Social Darwinism", a derogatory term associated with the 19th century Malthusian theory developed by Whig philosopher Herbert Spencer.^ That said, the policies of today's Social Democratic parties over most of the world -- and this is what, I suppose, most academics support -- would, for the most part, not even be recognized as socialism by 19th-century socialists.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Evolutionary theory as a whole has been substantiated by a century and a half of experimentation and theory, and Paul tosses it all aside by saying "It's a theory, the theory of evolution, and I don't accept it."
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ If Darwin's theory only spoke of the genetic modifications in life it would have been laughed at by the average English farmer who's ancestors have been experts in the art of evolution for centuries."
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.It was later expanded by others into ideas about "survival of the fittest" in commerce and human societies as a whole, and led to claims that social inequality, sexism, racism, and imperialism were justified.^ The TOE says nothing about how human society should be organized.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ You seem to try to build your position on the idea of the mysterious transformation of biological processes into moral and social guidelines.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ "The Man" (read, Saviour) is missing the point that it has to be about ideas, (and not ideals) and which ideas and plans and organizations are most survival-promoting for YOU in this real world.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

[248] However, these ideas contradict Darwin's own views, and contemporary scientists and philosophers consider these ideas to be neither mandated by evolutionary theory nor supported by data.[249][250][251]

Applications

.Evolutionary biology, and in particular the understanding of how organisms evolve through natural selection, is an area of science with many practical applications.^ I remember many reasons suggested at teh time, but natural selection was not one of them, either from the pro war governments or the people who suggested the had ulterior motives.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ If you've got a degree in double-E, I'm sure you're perfectly able of reading up on and understanding the science behind modern biology.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Natural selection is the process by which favorable traits that are heritable become more common in successive generations of a population of reproducing organisms, and unfavorable traits that are heritable become less common (from Wikipedia).
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

[252] .A major technological application of evolution is artificial selection, which is the intentional selection of certain traits in a population of organisms.^ Natural selection is the process by which favorable traits that are heritable become more common in successive generations of a population of reproducing organisms, and unfavorable traits that are heritable become less common (from Wikipedia).
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Yes Darwin studied artificial selection in order to understand natural selection, which is a MECHANISM of evolution, not the same thing as evolution.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ "Evolution" is a change in the inherited traits of a population from one generation to the next (from Wikipedia).
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

Humans have used artificial selection for thousands of years in the domestication of plants and animals.[253] .More recently, such selection has become a vital part of genetic engineering, with selectable markers such as antibiotic resistance genes being used to manipulate DNA in molecular biology.^ Natural selection is the process by which favorable traits that are heritable become more common in successive generations of a population of reproducing organisms, and unfavorable traits that are heritable become less common (from Wikipedia).
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Natural selection is an observable phenomenon, and mitochondrial DNA, primate genetic studies, and the fossil record provide incontrovertible evidence that the theory of evolution is accurate.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.It is also possible to use repeated rounds of mutation and selection to evolve proteins with particular properties, such as modified enzymes or new antibodies, in a process called directed evolution.^ "He simply does not accept evolution as a theory, as fanatical adherents do, in the materialistic totality that denies the possibility of divine intervention in the process, which is not the same as denying every aspect of that theory."
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ He simply does not accept evolution as a theory, as fanatical adherents do, in the materialistic totality that denies the possibility of divine intervention in the process, which is not the same as denying every aspect of that theory.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Now, since the discussion is about evolution, you need to explain how in the world we evolved that "liberty" thing out of our biochemical processes.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

[254]
.Understanding the changes that have occurred during organism's evolution can reveal the genes needed to construct parts of the body, genes which may be involved in human genetic disorders.^ This may come as a surprise to y'all, but providing quality care to human beings suffering from any disease I can think of is not predicated on the belief that evolution is true.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ I thought we were talking about human behavior, not about parts of the human body.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Human genomic mapping, for example would not have occured without government funding, but any gene therapies that come out of it will likely be funded by private industry.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

[255] For example, the Mexican tetra is an albino cavefish that lost its eyesight during evolution. Breeding together different populations of this blind fish produced some offspring with functional eyes, since different mutations had occurred in the isolated populations that had evolved in different caves.[256] This helped identify genes required for vision and pigmentation, such as crystallins and the melanocortin 1 receptor.[257] Similarly, comparing the genome of the Antarctic icefish, which lacks red blood cells, to close relatives such as the zebrafish revealed genes needed to make these blood cells.[258]
.As evolution can produce highly optimized processes and networks, it has many applications in computer science.^ Evolution is a science - but many people use evolution as science, do science, and also believe in God, Christian or otherwise.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Many, if not most, of the established Christian churches explicitly support honest science, and evolution, in their doctrines.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ If evolution were a principle science, instead of a theory, it would provide the consistent application of law throughout the entire process.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.Here, simulations of evolution using evolutionary algorithms and artificial life started with the work of Nils Aall Barricelli in the 1960s, and was extended by Alex Fraser, who published a series of papers on simulation of artificial selection.^ The Theory of Evolution, as first formed by Darwin, and in its magnificent elucidation since then, does not require one to know anything of biogenesis - in essence, it STARTS with reproducing life forms.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Do tell what evolutionary biologist uses the terms "horizontal evolution and vertical evolution" in the way you suggest here?
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ "With the enormous, massive, inexplicable gaps in the fossil record, who here can absolutely defend evolution?"
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

[259] .Artificial evolution became a widely recognized optimization method as a result of the work of Ingo Rechenberg in the 1960s and early 1970s, who used evolution strategies to solve complex engineering problems.^ The brain is just your thinking engine, and it was built by evolution based on what made your ancestors more likely to survive and reproduce-- using, of course, what pre-existing raw materials it had to work with.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

[260] Genetic algorithms in particular became popular through the writing of John Holland.[261] As academic interest grew, dramatic increases in the power of computers allowed practical applications, including the automatic evolution of computer programs.[262] .Evolutionary algorithms are now used to solve multi-dimensional problems more efficiently than software produced by human designers, and also to optimize the design of systems.^ Ron Paul believes in an intelligent design Creator - GOD. It makes much more sense to me and is much more logical than believing in evolutionary random chance as an explanation of our existance.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ That it is now understood to mean more than simply Darwin's theory is the fault of all the militant naturalists.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Of course, he (and they) have been more than happy to use gubmint power against those they hate, including gays, immigrants, and women.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

[263]

See also


References

  1. ^ a b c Futuyma, Douglas J. (2005). Evolution. Sunderland, Massachusetts: Sinauer Associates, Inc. ISBN 0-87893-187-2. 
  2. ^ a b c Cavalier-Smith T (2006). "Cell evolution and Earth history: stasis and revolution". Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 361 (1470): 969–1006. doi:10.1098/rstb.2006.1842. PMID 16754610. 
  3. ^ a b Lande R, Arnold SJ (1983). "The measurement of selection on correlated characters". Evolution 37 (6): 1210–26. doi:10.2307/2408842. 
  4. ^ Ayala FJ (2007). "Darwin's greatest discovery: design without designer". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104 (Suppl 1): 8567–73. doi:10.1073/pnas.0701072104. PMID 17494753. PMC 1876431. http://www.pnas.org/content/104/suppl.1/8567.full. 
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  7. ^ a b Darwin, Charles (1859). On the Origin of Species (1st ed.). London: John Murray. p. 1. http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F373&viewtype=text&pageseq=16. . Related earlier ideas were acknowledged in Darwin, Charles (1861). On the Origin of Species (3rd ed.). London: John Murray. xiii. http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F381&viewtype=text&pageseq=20. 
  8. ^ AAAS Council (December 26, 1922). "AAAS Resolution: Present Scientific Status of the Theory of Evolution". American Association for the Advancement of Science. http://archives.aaas.org/docs/resolutions.php?doc_id=450. 
  9. ^ a b "IAP Statement on the Teaching of Evolution" (PDF). The Interacademy Panel on International Issues. 2006. http://www.interacademies.net/Object.File/Master/6/150/Evolution%20statement.pdf. Retrieved 2007-04-25.  Joint statement issued by the national science academies of 67 countries, including the United Kingdom's Royal Society
  10. ^ a b Board of Directors, American Association for the Advancement of Science (2006-02-16). "Statement on the Teaching of Evolution" (PDF). American Association for the Advancement of Science. http://www.aaas.org/news/releases/2006/pdf/0219boardstatement.pdf.  from the world's largest general scientific society
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  19. ^ Wallace, A (1858). "On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties, and on the Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection". Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London. Zoology 3: 53–62. doi:10.1098/rsnr.2006.0171. http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F350&viewtype=text&pageseq=1. Retrieved 2007-05-13. 
  20. ^ Darwin, Charles (1872). "Effects of the increased Use and Disuse of Parts, as controlled by Natural Selection". The Origin of Species. 6th edition, p. 108. John Murray. http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=F391&pageseq=136. Retrieved 2007-12-28. 
  21. ^ Leakey, Richard E.; Darwin, Charles (1979). The illustrated origin of species. London: Faber. ISBN 0-571-14586-8.  p. 17-18
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  24. ^ Weiling F (1991). "Historical study: Johann Gregor Mendel 1822–1884". Am. J. Med. Genet. 40 (1): 1–25; discussion 26. doi:10.1002/ajmg.1320400103. PMID 1887835. 
  25. ^ Quammen, D. (2006). The reluctant Mr. Darwin: An intimate portrait of Charles Darwin and the making of his theory of evolution. New York, NY: W.W. Norton & Company.
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  239. ^ Mayhew PJ (August 2007). "Why are there so many insect species? Perspectives from fossils and phylogenies". Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 82 (3): 425–54. doi:10.1111/j.1469-185X.2007.00018.x. PMID 17624962. 
  240. ^ Browne, Janet (2003). Charles Darwin: The Power of Place. London: Pimlico. pp. 376–379. ISBN 0-7126-6837-3. 
  241. ^ For an overview of the philosophical, religious, and cosmological controversies, see: Dennett, D (1995). Darwin's Dangerous Idea: Evolution and the Meanings of Life. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0684824710. 
    *For the scientific and social reception of evolution in the 19th and early 20th centuries, see: Johnston, Ian C.. "History of Science: Origins of Evolutionary Theory". And Still We Evolve. Liberal Studies Department, Malaspina University College. http://records.viu.ca/~johnstoi/darwin/sect3.htm. Retrieved 2007-05-24. 
    *Bowler, PJ (2003). Evolution: The History of an Idea, Third Edition, Completely Revised and Expanded. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0520236936. 
    *Zuckerkandl E (2006). "Intelligent design and biological complexity". Gene 385: 2–18. doi:10.1016/j.gene.2006.03.025. PMID 17011142. 
  242. ^ Ross, M.R. (2005). "Who Believes What? Clearing up Confusion over Intelligent Design and Young-Earth Creationism" (PDF). Journal of Geoscience Education 53 (3): 319. http://www.nagt.org/files/nagt/jge/abstracts/Ross_v53n3p319.pdf. Retrieved 2008-04-28. 
  243. ^ Hameed, Salman (2008-12-12). "Science and Religion: Bracing for Islamic Creationism". Science 322 (5908): 1637–1638. doi:10.1126/science.1163672. PMID 19074331. http://helios.hampshire.edu/~sahCS/Hameed-Science-Creationism.pdf. Retrieved 2009. 
  244. ^ Spergel D. N.; Scott, EC; Okamoto, S (2006). "Science communication. Public acceptance of evolution". Science 313 (5788): 765–66. doi:10.1126/science.1126746. PMID 16902112. 
  245. ^ Spergel, D. N.; Verde, L.; Peiris, H. V.; Komatsu, E.; Nolta, M. R.; Bennett, C. L.; Halpern, M.; Hinshaw, G. et al. (2003). "First-Year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) Observations: Determination of Cosmological Parameters". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series 148: 175–94. doi:10.1086/377226. 
  246. ^ Wilde SA, Valley JW, Peck WH, Graham CM (2001). "Evidence from detrital zircons for the existence of continental crust and oceans on the Earth 4.4 Gyr ago". Nature 409 (6817): 175–78. doi:10.1038/35051550. PMID 11196637. 
  247. ^ Understanding Creationism after Kitzmiller 2007
  248. ^ On the history of eugenics and evolution, see Kevles, D (1998). In the Name of Eugenics: Genetics and the Uses of Human Heredity. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0674445574. 
  249. ^ Darwin strongly disagreed with attempts by Herbert Spencer and others to extrapolate evolutionary ideas to all possible subjects; see Midgley, M (2004). The Myths we Live By. Routledge. p. 62. ISBN 978-0415340779. 
  250. ^ Allhoff F (2003). "Evolutionary ethics from Darwin to Moore". History and philosophy of the life sciences 25 (1): 51–79. doi:10.1080/03919710312331272945. PMID 15293515. 
  251. ^ Gowaty, Patricia Adair (1997). Feminism and evolutionary biology: boundaries, intersections, and frontiers. London: Chapman & Hall. ISBN 0-412-07361-7. 
  252. ^ Bull JJ, Wichman HA (2001). "Applied evolution". Annu Rev Ecol Syst 32: 183–217. doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.32.081501.114020. 
  253. ^ Doebley JF, Gaut BS, Smith BD (2006). "The molecular genetics of crop domestication". Cell 127 (7): 1309–21. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2006.12.006. PMID 17190597. 
  254. ^ Jäckel C, Kast P, Hilvert D (2008). "Protein design by directed evolution". Annu Rev Biophys 37: 153–73. doi:10.1146/annurev.biophys.37.032807.125832. PMID 18573077. 
  255. ^ Maher B. (April 2009). "Evolution: Biology's next top model?". Nature 458 (7239): 695–8. doi:10.1038/458695a. PMID 19360058. 
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  258. ^ Yergeau DA, Cornell CN, Parker SK, Zhou Y, Detrich HW (July 2005). "bloodthirsty, an RBCC/TRIM gene required for erythropoiesis in zebrafish". Dev. Biol. 283 (1): 97–112. doi:10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.04.006. PMID 15890331. 
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From Wikiquote

.Evolution is change in populations of organisms over generations.^ Natural selection is the process by which favorable traits that are heritable become more common in successive generations of a population of reproducing organisms, and unfavorable traits that are heritable become less common (from Wikipedia).
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ "Evolution" is a change in the inherited traits of a population from one generation to the next (from Wikipedia).
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Evolution is NOT totally random (random mutations lead to nonrandom selection leads to change in population - the only random component is the mutation).
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

Offspring differ from their parents in various ways. .When these differences are helpful, the offspring have a greater chance of surviving and reproducing, making the differences more common in the next generation.^ Natural selection is the process by which favorable traits that are heritable become more common in successive generations of a population of reproducing organisms, and unfavorable traits that are heritable become less common (from Wikipedia).
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.In this way, differences can accumulate over time, leading to major changes in a population.^ Evolution is NOT totally random (random mutations lead to nonrandom selection leads to change in population - the only random component is the mutation).
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.The scientific theory of evolution—the explanation for how evolution occurs—states that all living things are descended, at some point in the distant past, from a single common ancestor.^ All scientific theories are "naturalistic" - every single one of them.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Evolution is a scientific theory.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ He stated that he rejects the THEORY of evolution.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

This is called common descent. .Since the beginning of life, evolution has transformed the first species into more and more different species as life has found a variety of ways to survive and flourish.^ The Theory of Evolution, as first formed by Darwin, and in its magnificent elucidation since then, does not require one to know anything of biogenesis - in essence, it STARTS with reproducing life forms.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ "One of the things I have noted about evolutionists is that they tend to switch their opinions when it comes to the mechanics of the evolutionary transformation process when it is applied to different species.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ And in The Origin itself, his famous "there is grandeur in this view of life" quote spoke of the first life forms having been 'breathed' into existence.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

This has resulted in the many diverse forms of life that exist today.

Sourced

.
  • The antagonism between science and religion, about which we hear so much, appears to me to be purely factitious–fabricated, on the one hand, by short-sighted religious people who confound a certain branch of science, theology, with religion; and, on the other, by equally short-sighted scientific people who forget that science takes for its province only that which is susceptible of clear intellectual comprehension; and that, outside the boundaries of that province, they must be content with imagination, with hope, and with ignorance.^ Faith may do the same, depending on the flavor of your religion, but takes about 100 years longer to make half as much adjustment in it's dogma, compared to scientific theory.
    • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

    ^ There are people who do whatever they can get away with.
    • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

    ^ Unless you want to take the position that no scientific theory is ever an accurate explanation for a given set of data - and only an idiot would take such a position - this is equally pointless.
    • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

  • Anthropological, biological, and genetic evidence all put the origin of modern humans at between 200,000 and 100,000 years ago, probably in Africa. .There is also much data that show an outburst of cultural behavior occurring around 50,000-40,000 years ago in Europe.^ I know that there is much more cultural acceptance of the kind of mythologies that Paul (at the least) is paying lip service to - so he's not that crazy - but come on.
    • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

    ^ I wonder if you realize TAG wasn't around 10 years ago, and today is so influential.
    • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

    .That's when archaeologists date the oldest evidence of burial ceremonies, body ornaments, and cave paintings.^ All evidence to date suggests quite the contrary, that you are your body, and what your body is made of and what happens to it determines what kind of person you become.
    • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

    .
    • William J. Cromie, Facing up to Modern Man; Harvard Gazette
  • I find it hard to swallow that I have only ten times more genes than those lowly bacteria in my gut.^ We further observe that over time, as new species in that new taxon appear they look less and less like that older species, become more and more diversified and look more and more like the modern members of that taxon.
    • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

    ^ Evolution doesn't care whether God created bacteria or they formed without assistance over long periods of time; evolution only cares whether those bacteria follow the principles of natural selection, heritable variation, etc.
    • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

    ^ Also, if you're going to quote more than one person at a time when you're posting, you need to make it clear who you're quoting, and when.
    • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

    .I had always liked the fact that they have ten thousand times less DNA than I did - that felt about right - but a factor of ten was carrying democracy a bit too far.^ I have heard him talk about his religion far less than any of the other candidates that I've seen coverage on.
    • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

    ^ We further observe that over time, as new species in that new taxon appear they look less and less like that older species, become more and more diversified and look more and more like the modern members of that taxon.
    • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

    ^ Truth is the first order of business, and it's more beautiful than libertarianism dysfunctionally marketed, less likely implemented.
    • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

    • Gottfried Schatz in "Jeff's view on science and scientists", Amsterdam, Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann, 2006, ISBN 978-0-444-52133-0, ISBN 0-444-52133-X (pbk.), p. 22, "Me and My Genome"
  • Authors of the highest eminence seem to be fully satisfied with the view that each species has been independently created. .To my mind it accords better with what we know of the laws impressed on matter by the Creator, that the production and extinction of the past and present inhabitants of the world should have been due to secondary causes, like those determining the birth and death of the individual.^ Thirdly, I would like to know why you continually refuse to countenance the idea that atoms make up much bigger things, and those bigger things interact with each other, and that interaction creates things like morality and society and culture.
    • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

    ^ Anyone who is as educated as Paul should know better.
    • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

    ^ You say: I just wanted to call you a religious idiot cause Ive nothing better to do with my time and I don't want to read your guys conversation.
    • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

    .When I view all beings not as special creations, but as the lineal descendants of some few beings which lived long before the first bed of the Silurian system was deposited, they seem to me to become ennobled.^ Definitely descended from some simian species.
    • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

    ^ We further observe that over time, as new species in that new taxon appear they look less and less like that older species, become more and more diversified and look more and more like the modern members of that taxon.
    • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

    ^ For example, it uses the low "uncaught error" rate to postulate that, er, I dunno, some higher power is keeping the DNA of all the cells on the planet in line.
    • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

  • If I did not think you a good tempered and truth-loving man I should not tell you that ... .I have read your book with more pain than pleasure.^ For example there is little evidence that born of a "virgin" is any more of a correct reading than born of a "young woman".
    • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

    ^ It's just that when you insult the people he cares about the most, his instincts tell him to use his "loyalty" neurons more quickly than his "book-learnin'" neurons.
    • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

    ^ Far more important than being "enslaved" to government (is someone forcing your citizenship, BTW?) is the state of enslavement that American culture is in to dishonesty and bullshit.
    • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

    .Parts of it I admired greatly; parts I laughed at till my sides were almost sore; other parts I read with absolute sorrow; because I think them utterly false and grievously mischievous.^ I just don't think we're at a point where anybody has the absolute truth on any side.""
    • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

    ^ It says absolutely nothing, one way or the other, about God, because God is not a physical thing, or law, or whatever, that can be analyzed by scientific methods.
    • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

    ^ First off, what he said was: "I don't think we're at a point where anybody has the absolute truth on either side."
    • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

    You have deserted - after a start in that tram-road of all solid physical truth - the true method of induction ...
    • Adam Sedgwick, Letter to Charles Darwin from Adam Sedgwick (his mentor), November 24th, 1859, in The Correspondence of Charles Darwin vol. 7, pg. .396, after reading The Origin of Species.
  • The most preposterous notion that H. sapiens has ever dreamed up is that the Lord God of Creation, Shaper and Ruler of all the Universes, wants the saccharine adoration of His creatures, can be swayed by their prayers, and becomes petulant if He does not receive this flattery.^ Apparently, Gretchen, you don't read my posts, and therefore you can't see that my argument is not based on physical make up, but on what you believe about the origin of man.
    • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

    ^ God gave our bodies reasoning ability - which is what all that business of brain-created patterns adds up to - and I think we're expected to use it to study his world without preconceptions and learn what we can of how that world works.
    • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

    ^ He can not be on the question of origins because the Bible clearly says "In the beginning God created..."
    • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

    .Yet this absurd fantasy, without a shred of evidence to bolster it, pays all the expenses of the oldest, largest, and least productive industry in all history.^ For Paul to say he doesn't accept evolution means he rejects, at the least, certain key factors in evolution, all of which have loads of evidence behind them.
    • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

    ^ But people who do so at least have a reason - that is, that there's far too much evidence for evolution to point to ALL of it.
    • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

  • [A] curious aspect of the theory of evolution is that everybody thinks he understands it. .
    • Jacques Monod (1910-1979) On the Molecular Theory of Evolution (1974) (French Biochemist, Nobel Prize Medicine 1965)
  • Orgel's Second Rule: Evolution is cleverer than you are.^ The term evolution in common parlance does mean something other than the purely technical meaning you and others are claiming it means.
    • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

    ^ The fact that you keep spitting out your evolution theory is pretty sad, cant you get another example?
    • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

    ^ Everyone of you that believes in "evolution theory" what means "survive of the fittest" has to accept, that a strong guy comes along and knocks you out.
    • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

    • Francis Crick (British molecular biologist, 1916- ) quoted by Daniel C. Dennett in Elbow Room (1984)
  • "Evolution is a tinkerer.
    • Francois Jacob (French biochemist 1920- )"Evolution and Tinkering" (1977). See "Bricolage"
  • A hen is only an egg's way of making another egg. .
  • [Natural Selection] has not vision, no foresight, no sight at all.^ First of all, you are confusing artifical selection and natural selection with evolution.
    • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

    ^ Evolutionary theory states that speciation, the "diversity of life," is the result of chance variation interacting with a process of natural selection, it does not make claims to explain "any behavior."
    • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

    ^ By changing its environment, you influence natural selection to select for bacteria that have the immunity gene (remember, not all the bacteria get it when you do the recombination).
    • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

    If it can be said to be play the role of watchmaker in nature, it is the *blind* watchmaker. .
  • Evolution is a change from an indefinite, incoherent, homogeneity to a definite, coherent, heterogeneity, through continuous differentiations and integrations.^ I'd refer you to Dawkins' "The Blind Watchmaker", but his political idiocy has alienated people to the point where they ignore the good science in his early work.
    • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

    ^ Doug: Read The Blind Watchmaker by Richard Dawkins.
    • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

    .
  • Evolution is a change from a no-howish untalkaboutable all-alikeness by continous sticktogetheration and somethingelsification.^ First of all, you are confusing artifical selection and natural selection with evolution.
    • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

    ^ And no amount of ignorant posturing by those who don't know the real meaning of evolution is going to magically change the meaning to something it isn't.
    • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

    ^ Feel free to make that assumption yourself; it has no bearing at all on the truth of the theory of evolution.
    • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

    .
    • A parody of the above quote, often attributed to William James, 1880 (Lecture Notes 1880-1897), but see [1].
  • Darwinian man though well behaved, is really but a monkey shaved!^ Red Phillips MD: "In modern terms, as this site amply illustrates, evolution does not just mean a theory of common descent, survival of the fittest, etc.
    • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

    ^ Red Phillips: "I submit the above as evidence of my assertion that scientific naturalism often leads to philosophical naturalism."
    • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

  • "Intelligent Design" is a sham. .Promote Darwin's Evolution, the REAL thing!^ At this time I really think the evolution thing should be put in the back burner for now.
    • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

    ^ Yes Darwin studied artificial selection in order to understand natural selection, which is a MECHANISM of evolution, not the same thing as evolution.
    • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

    .
  • We conclude - unexpectedly - that there is little evidence for the neo-Darwinian view: its theoretical foundations and the experimental evidence supporting it are weak, and there is no doubt that mutations of large effect are sometimes important in adaptation.^ There's a huge distinction between ackowledging the mechanism of evolution in the ADAPTATION of existent Life, and claiming it provides a supportable theory explaining the ORIGINS of Life.
    • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

    ^ Sure, evolution is more likely, because there is more tangible and verifiable evidence to support that conclusion.
    • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

    ^ Evolution may or may not be true, but if there's one thing I always have strong doubts about, it's 'overwhelming evidence.'
    • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

    .
    • Orr, H. Allen [Center for Population Biology, University of California, Davis], & Coyne, Jerry A. [Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago], "The Genetics of Adaptation: A Reassessment," The American Naturalist, Vol.^ Population genetics, genomics, developmental biology are all tied in to the overarching theory.
      • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

      ^ Additionally, just phone a decent university's biology department and ask them what textbook they use to teach evolution.
      • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

      ^ Why does Behe's department have a disclaimer on its website that he only speaks for himself and not the university or biology department?
      • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

      140, No. .5, November 1992, p.726; Sourced at: http://members.iinet.net.au/~sejones/darwin03.html.
  • Why don't we see gradual transition in the sequences of fossils?^ I don't see that anyone changed their vote over this, so why do you think anyone's changing their opinion of Ron Paul's candidacy over it?
    • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

    ^ See both versions of Paul's response here: http://www.lewrockwell.com/blog/lewrw/archives/018118.html .
    • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

    ^ I don't see why.
    • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

    .According to Darwin, and the current neo-Darwinists, the fossil record has gaps in it because of the haphazard way in which fossilization occurs-it is bound to be an imperfect record of the history of life.^ "With the enormous, massive, inexplicable gaps in the fossil record, who here can absolutely defend evolution?"
    • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

    ^ There are not "enormous, massive, inexplicable gaps in the fossil record."
    • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

    ^ Darwin himself stated that his theory would be greatly compromised if the fossil record did not show evidence of such a transition.
    • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

    But is it? .Is the jerky and abrupt nature of the record really just due to 'gaps', or does it reflect the way evolution actually happened?^ Even if it were somehow demonstrated that this could not have happened, it would not change any of the evidence that evolution happened In other words, it is just theory.
    • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

    ^ By the way, doctorgoo, did you ever actually try to answer my questions, or were you just watching out for trolls?
    • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

    ^ I really am starting to think that you have no idea what evolution actually is.
    • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

    .There is a strong feeling among leading palaeontologists that the punctuated history shown by fossils reflects the way life has evolved-in leaps and bounds rather than in gradual transition.^ Complex life did not evolve by chance any more than the Complete Works of Shakespeare wrote themselves.
    • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

    ^ I appreciate that you respond to the comments, rather than just tossing something out there and observing the ensuing dogfight from a distance.
    • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

    ^ I don't have strong faith, yet I believe if there is a God, he wouldn't necessarily do things in a way we could or could not trace his steps.
    • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

    .There is also a growing sense that there is much more to understanding 'macroevolution' - the large-scale picture one gets from the fossils - than the simple idea of natural selection can alone explain.^ He was challenging much more than that.
    • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

    ^ Obviously Ron Paul understands that there is more to evolution than just a simple yes or no answer that Fox demanded in the Republican debate.
    • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

    ^ Yes Darwin studied artificial selection in order to understand natural selection, which is a MECHANISM of evolution, not the same thing as evolution.
    • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

    .
  • The world has arisen in some way or another.^ Since this is artificial selection, it has nothing to do with Darwin's theories about NATURAL selection.
    • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

    .How it originated is the great question, and Darwin's theory, like all other attempts to explain the origin of life, is thus far merely conjectural.^ He just doesn't accept that it is a viable theory explaining the Origins of Life.
    • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

    ^ He just doesn't accept that it is a viable theory explaining the Origins of Life."
    • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

    ^ It is not a viable theory for the Origins of Life.
    • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

    .I believe he has not even made the best conjecture possible in the present state of our knowledge.^ I don't see how not believing in evolution would slightly matter to determining which animals have the best DNA match to ours.
    • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

    ^ By using our knowledge of how their biological differences evolved, and determining which species are likely to match ours the best.
    • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

    .
  • Charles Darwin's evolution theory states that the strong eat the weak.^ He stated that he rejects the THEORY of evolution.
    • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

    ^ The Theory of Evolution, as first formed by Darwin, and in its magnificent elucidation since then, does not require one to know anything of biogenesis - in essence, it STARTS with reproducing life forms.
    • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

    ^ "Basically there are 6 types of evolution, 5 are theory and one is fact."
    • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

    .According to Darwin's evolution theory we are the worst people.^ Way to equate people who accept evolution as a theory with fanatical adherents.
    • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

    ^ If "the theory of evolution" were called "the empirically established paradigm for evolution", it would be harder for people to flippantly dismiss it as "just a theory".
    • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

    ^ Tim: "People mean different things when they say theory of evolution.
    • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

    But it is actually not so. It is a natural universal law. .If we take Darwin's evolution theory literally then God is the worst kind of being.^ The Theory of Evolution, as first formed by Darwin, and in its magnificent elucidation since then, does not require one to know anything of biogenesis - in essence, it STARTS with reproducing life forms.
    • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

    ^ Contrary to popular myth, the theory of evolution does not end with "...and therefore there is no God."
    • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

    ^ It is an unknown factor in the equation of evolution and yet we tend to take the later parts of evolution granted as factual based upon a primordial progenitor theory."
    • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

    .Because God planned creation in a certain way.^ One can believe God created the earth without thinking he did it the way it is recorded in Genesis.
    • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

    ^ They arose because sinful man wanted to rebel against that pesky God that actually expected certain moral norms.
    • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

    ^ It says absolutely nothing, one way or the other, about God, because God is not a physical thing, or law, or whatever, that can be analyzed by scientific methods.
    • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

    When love is involved there is no evil. Even mother birds sacrifice their own lives for the sake of their babies. .
  • We share most of our DNA with chimpanzees, but nowhere in the genome have we found what it is that makes us so different from chimps.^ As far as I can tell as an outsider to US politics this doesn't make any significant difference since Mr Paul was never going to get a serious number of votes anyway.
    • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

    ^ IMO , we will inevitably "make up" different things and just have to accommodate those differences.
    • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

    ^ All these things are part of our physical bodies.
    • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

  • Life and love by love
    We passed through the cycles strange,
    And breath by breath and death by death
    We followed the chain of change.^ January 27, 2009 11:49 PM .
    • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

    ^ We have them, we know they are real, we just don't know how we got them, except through some mysterious process of "interaction" that we are not able to explain, we just assume it is there.
    • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

    ^ And in The Origin itself, his famous "there is grandeur in this view of life" quote spoke of the first life forms having been 'breathed' into existence.
    • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

Unsourced

  • To surrender to ignorance and call it God has always been premature, and it remains premature today. .
  • When non-biologists talk about biological evolution they often confuse two different aspects of the definition.^ Remember that there are TWO aspects of "Evolution".
    • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

    ^ And when that "capacity for culture" appeared, we are not talking about biological evolution anymore, it is now "cultural evolution."
    • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

    ^ "One of the things I have noted about evolutionists is that they tend to switch their opinions when it comes to the mechanics of the evolutionary transformation process when it is applied to different species.
    • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

    .On the one hand there is the question of whether or not modern organisms have evolved from older ancestral organisms or whether modern species are continuing to change over time.^ We further observe that over time, as new species in that new taxon appear they look less and less like that older species, become more and more diversified and look more and more like the modern members of that taxon.
    • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

    ^ The question is, why didn't he raise his hand in the May 3rd event when everyone of the Republican candidates were asked whether they believe in evolution.
    • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

    ^ These pressures, in the long term, can also shape a species, and even cause a population of organisms within that species to diverge and become a new one.
    • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

    On the other hand there are questions about the mechanism of the observed changes... how did evolution occur? .Biologists consider the existence of biological evolution to be a fact. It can be demonstrated today and the historical evidence for its occurrence in the past is overwhelming.^ Even if it were somehow demonstrated that this could not have happened, it would not change any of the evidence that evolution happened In other words, it is just theory.
    • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

    ^ Humans, as Ed said, have the good fortune to have evolved a mind capable of considering the fact of their own evolution.
    • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

    ^ Evolution likewise can be studied by the evidence left behind, but there every single living thing (and many non-living things as well) bears the stamps of what happened in the past.
    • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

    .However, biologists readily admit that they are less certain of the exact mechanism of evolution; there are several theories of the mechanism of evolution.^ "Basically there are 6 types of evolution, 5 are theory and one is fact."
    • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

    ^ Basically there are 6 types of evolution, 5 are theory and one is fact.
    • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

    ^ It is not that any of the theories that form the basis for evolution are necessarily without merit, but they remain, for the most part, as unestablished as their religious counterparts.
    • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

    .
    • Laurence Moran
  • The 3 1/2" floppy drive came first, and then evolution kicked in, thus creating a chicken who laid an egg.^ Who cares what his beliefs are on creation, evolution, UFOs, ghosts or the tooth fairy.
    • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

    • Louise Barros
  • Books must follow sciences, and not sciences books.
  • Science has proof without any certainty. Creationists have certainty without any proof. .
  • Some creationists suggest that Noah took not dogs, wolves, and foxes on the ark with him, but only one animal which after the flood generated all the species of canines.^ Also, if you're going to quote more than one person at a time when you're posting, you need to make it clear who you're quoting, and when.
    • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

    ^ You only know what you read on some creationist blog.
    • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

    ^ In the remaining 40 seconds Ron Paul says more about how unimportant the issue is to him and makes another verbal gaffe, classifying it as a theological issue.
    • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

    This is actually stupider than simply saying "God just did it; don't ask questions." It seems to come from a worry that, after all, canines do seem to be genetically related; but then it sweeps away the genetic relationship to felines, primates, birds, chordates, etc.

See also

Wikipedia
Wikipedia has an article about:
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Look up evolution in Wiktionary, the free dictionary
The following pages include extensive additional material on this subject:

Source material

Up to date as of January 22, 2010

From Wikisource

Evolution
by Langdon Smith
.When you were a tadpole and I was a fish
  In the Paleozoic time,
And side by side on the ebbing tide
  We sprawled through the ooze and slime,
Or skittered with many a caudal flip
  Through the depths of the Cambrian fen
My heart was rife with the joy of life,
  For I loved you even then.
^ What is different and even Darwin needed to devote time and effort to, was the creation of life from inorganic matter.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ And even if you do find credible evidence, I'll just cover my ears and shout 'LALALALALA, I CAN'T HEAR YOU'....
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]



Mindless we lived and mindless we loved
  And mindless at last we died;
And deep in the rift of the Caradoc drift
  We slumbered side by side.
.The world turned on in the lathe of time,
  The hot lands heaved amain,
Till we caught our breath from the womb of death
  And crept into life again.
^ And in The Origin itself, his famous "there is grandeur in this view of life" quote spoke of the first life forms having been 'breathed' into existence.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]



We were amphibians, scaled and tailed,
  And drab as a dead man's hand;
We coiled at ease 'neath the dripping trees
  Or trailed through the mud and sand.
Croaking and blind, with our three-clawed feet
  Writing a language dumb,
With never a spark in the empty dark
  To hint at a life to come.

Yet happy we lived and happy we loved,
  And happy we died once more;
Our forms were rolled in the clinging mold
  Of a Neocomian shore.
The eons came and the eons fled
  And the sleep that wrapped us fast
Was riven away in a newer day
  And the night of death was past.

Then light and swift through the jungle trees
  We swung in our airy flights,
Or breathed in the balms of the fronded palms
  In the hush of the moonless nights;
And oh! what beautiful years were these
  When our hearts clung each to each;
When life was filled and our senses thrilled
  In the first faint dawn of speech.

Thus life by life and love by love
  We passed through the cycles strange,
And breath by breath and death by death
  We followed the chain of change.
Till there came a time in the law of life
  When over the nursing sod
The shadows broke and the soul awoke
  In a strange, dim dream of God.
.
I was thewed like an Auroch bull
  And tusked like the great Cave Bear;
And you, my sweet, from head to feet
  Were gowned in your glorious hair.
^ My contention which you so pointedly ignored while you bull-rushed ahead with your witticisms, was that: Posted by: Ed Brayton "Theory is the highest level of certainty in science, not an indication of a lack of certainty."
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Knowing your great affection for Sandra Day O'Conner, I'm guessing you use a "totality of the circumstances" tripartite balancing test.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ And so, perhaps you should not be adulterating the education of my Christian children with your theoretical piffle.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]


Deep in the gloom of a fireless cave,
  When the night fell o'er the plain
And the moon hung red o'er the river bed
  We mumbled the bones of the slain.

I flaked a flint to a cutting edge
  And shaped it with brutish craft;
I broke a shank from the woodland dank
  And fitted it, head to haft;
Then I hid me close to the reedy tarn,
  Where the mammoth came to drink;
Through brawn and bone I drave the stone
  And slew him upon the brink.

Loud I howled through the moonlit wastes,
  Loud answered our kith and kin;
From west to east to the crimson feast
  The clan came trooping in.
O'er joint and gristle and padded hoof
  We fought and clawed and tore,
And cheek by jowl with many a growl
  We talked the marvel o'er.

I carved that fight on a reindeer bone
  With rude and hairy hand;
I pictured his fall on the cavern wall
  That men might understand.
.For we lived by blood and the right of might
  Ere human laws were drawn,
And the age of sin did not begin
  Til our brutal tusks were gone.
^ He might veto one specific kind of law in favor of another kind that does the same thing but in accordance with his Right-wing Constitutionalist viewpoint.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]


.
And that was a million years ago
  In a time that no man knows;
Yet here tonight in the mellow light
  We sit at Delmonico's.
^ Note especially the "Cambrian Explosion" about 500 million years ago.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The fact that it happened 100 million years ago does not affect the validity of that inference.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Like I pointed earlier, ten years ago no one knew about it, today we have to banish them from our forums.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]


.Your eyes are deep as the Devon springs,
  Your hair is dark as jet,
Your years are few, your life is new,
  Your soul untried, and yet —

Our trail is on the Kimmeridge clay
  And the scarp of the Purbeck flags;
We have left our bones in the Bagshot stones
  And deep in the Coralline crags;
Our love is old, our lives are old,
  And death shall come amain;
Should it come today, what man may say
  We shall not live again?
^ If some 16 year old can't abort her baby in Georgia say, that's not alright because one in New York can.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ There may come a time when scientists can look at the universe and confidently say "There is no God", but we are a long way from there.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ So your saying Dawkins and Darwin do not make a distinction between the birth of life from non organic matter, and the modification of DNA based on surrounding conditions?
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]


.
God wrought our souls from the Tremadoc beds
 And furnish’d them wings to fly;

He sowed our spawn in the world's dim dawn,
 And I know that it shall not die,
Though cities have sprung above the graves
  Where the crook-boned men made war
And the ox-wain creaks o'er the buried caves
  Where the mummied mammoths are.
^ The Bible itself tells us that God made our bodies, not directly out of nothing, but out of dirt.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ I believe that Christ came to redeem the world through love that connects and joins together our broken connections with God.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ For since the creation of the world God's invisible qualities--his eternal power and divine nature--have been clearly seen, being understood from what has been made, so that men are without excuse.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]



For we know the clod, by the grace of God
  Will quicken with voice and breath;
And we know that Love, with gentle hand
  Will beckon from death to death.
And so, as we linger at luncheon here
  O'er many a dainty dish,
Let us drink anew to the time when you
  Were a Tadpole and I was a Fish.
PD-icon.svg This work published before January 1, 1923 is in the .public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.^ The fact that it happened 100 million years ago does not affect the validity of that inference.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]


1911 encyclopedia

Up to date as of January 14, 2010

From LoveToKnow 1911

EVOLUTION. The modern doctrine of evolution or " evolving," as opposed to that of simple creation, has been defined by Prof. James Sully in the 9th edition of this encyclopaedia as a " natural history of the cosmos including organic beings, expressed in physical terms as a mechanical process." The following exposition of the historical development of the doctrine is taken from Sully's article, and for the most part is in his own words.
.
In the modern doctrine of evolution the cosmic system appears as a natural product of elementary matter and its laws.
^ Cosmic evolution - the origin of time, space, and matter.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ They weren't there before man appeared, so they must be the product of evolution, right?
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.The various grades of life on our planet are the natural consequences of certain physical processes involved in the gradual transformations of the earth.^ I think that our very physical structure, with our natural desire to protect our offspring and the empathy permitted by our brain functioning, can cause us to long for connection and wholeness.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Evolutionary theory states that speciation, the "diversity of life," is the result of chance variation interacting with a process of natural selection, it does not make claims to explain "any behavior."
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ "There is the altar of traditional evolutionary theory that expresses itself in a gradual process and then there is the altar "punctuate equilibrium" to explain extremely rapid life-burst of accelerated evolution.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

Conscious life is viewed as conditioned by physical (organic and more especially nervous) processes, and as evolving itself in close correlation with organic evolution. .Finally, human development, as exhibited in historical and prehistorical records, is regarded as the highest and most complex result of organic and physical evolution.^ So part of the evolution of the human mind likely was the development of moral feelings, an innate sense of right and wrong, that helped keep social order.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.
This modern doctrine of evolution is but an expansion and completion of those physical theories (see below) which opened the history of speculation.
^ No army of nutjobs was trying to get labels put on physics books stating that those were "just theories" and hence simply alternatives to creation "theory" - as is well-known by any reasonably aware person to be currently the case with evolution.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Then they cannot understand why creationists cannot believe it, or see clear science, not understanding that the whole evolution package includes the other 5 theories."
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Add to it the fact that those patterns were constructed in interaction with my environment, including what I've read about science, brains, and the theory of evolution, and I can agree.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

It differs from them in being grounded on exact and verified research. .As such, moreover, it is a much more limited theory of evolution than the ancient.^ He was challenging much more than that.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Biology is based on more than evolution.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ But, of course, this is irrelevant because Ron Paul didn't respect evolution to the point of studying it and realizing that it can coexist with religious beliefs, or that there's a bit more than spit and a prayer holding the theory up.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.It does not necessarily concern itself about the question of the infinitude of worlds in space and in time.^ So if he was asked does he think that its possible for plants and animals DNA to modify itself, he would have a different question to answer then do you believe in evolution.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.It is content to explain the origin and course of development of the world, the solar or, at most, the sidereal system which falls under our own observation.^ It explains our observations.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ It is true that currently, there is no fully developed and/or tested theory (that I'm aware of) that explains the origin of life.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

It would be difficult to say what branches of science had done most towards the establishment of this doctrine.
.
We must content ourselves by referring to the progress of physical (including chemical) theory, which has led to the great generalization of the conservation of energy; to the discovery of the fundamental chemical identity of the matter of our planet and of other celestial bodies, and of the chemical relations of organic and inorganic bodies; to the advance of astronomical speculation respecting the origin of the solar system, &c.; to the growth of the science of geology which has necessitated the conception of vast and unimaginable periods of time in the past history of our globe, and to the rapid march of the biological sciences which has made us familiar with the simplest types and elements of organism; finally, to the development of the science of anthropology (including comparative psychology, philology, &c.
^ "Thus, God could make the law of noncontradiction false; in other words, God could arrange matters so that a proposition and its negation were true at the same time."
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ It it thus as well established as any other theory in science, including the vast range of theories you would not even think to question.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Ron Paul supports bad science and could lead to (not the holocaust) but to the collapse of science in America for a generation if he dumbs down the shaky American school systems/Universities.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

), and to the vast extension and improvement of all branches of historical study.
Table of contents

History of the Idea of Evolution

The doctrine of evolution in its finished and definite form is a modern product. .It required for its formation an amount of scientific knowledge which could only be very gradually acquired.^ At the very least he slept through biology (doesn't accept evolution) and history (thinks Lincoln could have prevented the Civil War and that it was only about slavery).
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

It is vain, therefore, to look for clearly defined and systematic presentations of the idea among ancient writers. On the other hand, nearly all systems of philosophy have discussed the underlying problems. .Such questions as the origin of the cosmos as a whole, the production of organic beings and of conscious minds, and the meaning of the observable grades of creation, have from the dawn of speculation occupied men's minds; and the answers to these questions often imply a vague recognition of the idea of a gradual evolution of things.^ And with the current context of evolution it is often used to imply origin of species.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ God gave us, apparently through the process of evolution, bodies that can do good things or bad things, and brains that can reason and create models of the physical world as maps to guide our conscious behavior in doing what we have chosen to do.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ One slight point, My intent all along has been to show that there is a colloquial meaning to evolution (which includes the origin of life) and a very hard to nail down scientific meaning which depending on how its described can mean several things.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]


Accordingly, in tracing the antecedents of the modern philosophic doctrine we shall have to glance at most of the principal systems of cosmology, ancient and modern. .Yet since in these systems inquiries into the esse and fieri of the world are rarely distinguished with any precision, it will be necessary to indicate very briefly the general outlines of the system so far as they are necessary for understanding their bearing on the problems of evolution.^ A certain element of randomness is required for mutation to happen, so far as I understand, so if you're rejecting that part then it's probably not right to say that you accept evolution.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Then they cannot understand why creationists cannot believe it, or see clear science, not understanding that the whole evolution package includes the other 5 theories.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ I inferred from this comment and others[1], perhaps incorrectly, that a medical doctor would necessarily believe that evolution is true since he/she must have a basic understanding of biology.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

Mythological Interpretation

The problem of the origin of the world was the first to engage man's speculative activity. Nor was this line of inquiry pursued simply as a step in the more practical problem of man's final destiny. The order of ideas observable in children suggests the reflection that man began to discuss the "whence " of existence before the "whither." At first, as in the case of the child, the problem of the genesis of things was conceived anthropomorphically: the question " How did the world arise?" first shaped itself to the human mind under the form " Who made the world?" As long as the problem was conceived in this simple manner there was, of course, no room for the idea of a necessary self-conditioned evolution.

Yet the first indistinct germ of such an idea appears to emerge in combination with that of creation in some of the ancient systems of theogony. .Thus, for example, in the myth of the ancient Parsees, the gods Ormuzd and Ahriman are said to evolve themselves out of a primordial matter.^ God forbid people can actually think for themselves, with out you saying whats kosher.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ But the fact that the video edited out the part where Paul said he didn't think it mattered doesn't mean one can't argue that it is important.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

It may be supposed that these crude fancies embody a dim recognition of the physical forces and objects personified under the forms of deities, and a rude attempt to account for their genesis as a natural process.

These first unscientific ideas of a genesis of the permanent objects of nature took as their pattern the process of organic reproduction and development, and this, not only because these objects were regarded as personalities, but also because this particular mode of becoming would most impress these early observers. .This same way of looking at the origin of the material world is illustrated in the Egyptian notion of a cosmic egg out of which issues the god (Phta) who creates the world.^ There may come a time when scientists can look at the universe and confidently say "There is no God", but we are a long way from there.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ One can believe God created the earth without thinking he did it the way it is recorded in Genesis.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ There are people who think that morality comes from God, and is what God says, and there are an enormous number of ways in which they think that happens, and what form it takes.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

Indian Philosophy

.Passing from mythology to speculation properly so called, we find in the early systems of philosophy of India theories of emanation which approach in some respects the idea of evolution.^ Some scientists who accept the theory of evolution dispute various bits of it (like, historically, punctuated equilibrium and coevolution - but I repeat an earlier post).
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Considering the question and the fact that your calling someone pathetic over a theory, I find that your quite dogmatic.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Outside of time travel or humanity conducting some extremely long-term experiments, how the theory of evolution can be better "proven?"
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.Brahma is conceived as the eternal selfexistent being, which on its material side unfolds itself to the world by gradually condensing itself to material objects through the gradations of ether, fire, water, earth and the elements.^ For since the creation of the world God's invisible qualities--his eternal power and divine nature--have been clearly seen, being understood from what has been made, so that men are without excuse.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.At the same time this eternal being is conceived as the all-embracing world-soul from which emanates the hierarchy of individual souls.^ We draw logical inferences using the same kind of deductive reasoning all the time in the sciences.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ For since the creation of the world God's invisible qualities--his eternal power and divine nature--have been clearly seen, being understood from what has been made, so that men are without excuse.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.
In the later system of emanation of Sankhya there is a more marked approach to a materialistic doctrine of evolution.
^ Sure, evolution is more likely, because there is more tangible and verifiable evidence to support that conclusion.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Obviously Ron Paul understands that there is more to evolution than just a simple yes or no answer that Fox demanded in the Republican debate.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ "Obviously Ron Paul understands that there is more to evolution than just a simple yes or no answer that Fox demanded in the Republican debate.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

If, we are told, we follow the chain of causes far enough back we reach unlimited eternal creative nature or matter. .Out of this " principal thing " or " original nature " all material and spiritual existence issues, and into it will return.^ Also things are not so clear about the lack of evidence for natural origins of life as you make it out to be.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ And in The Origin itself, his famous "there is grandeur in this view of life" quote spoke of the first life forms having been 'breathed' into existence.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

Yet this primordial creative nature is endowed with volition with regard to its own development. .Its first emanation as plastic nature contains the original soul or deity out of which all individual souls issue.^ First of all, you are confusing artifical selection and natural selection with evolution.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ And I believe that the first when taken out of context and to an extreme (attempting to explain something like the origin of life that it can not possibly explain) leads to the second.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Also things are not so clear about the lack of evidence for natural origins of life as you make it out to be.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

Early Greek Physicists

Passing by Buddhism, which, though teaching the periodic destruction of our world by fire, &c., does not seek to determine the ultimate origin of the cosmos, we come to those early Greek physical philosophers who distinctly set themselves to eliminate the idea of divine interference with the world by representing its origin and changes as a natural process. .The early Ionian physicists, including Thales, Anaximander and Anaximenes, seek to explain the world as generated out of a primordial matter (Gr.^ Now, since the discussion is about evolution, you need to explain how in the world we evolved that "liberty" thing out of our biochemical processes.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

iiXrt; hence the name ." Hylozoists "), which is at the same time the universal support of things.^ At the same time, some theories build up a tremendous amount of supporting evidence, building complexity as they adjust according to new experimentation.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Please provide me with quotes from significant Founders from the time of the ratification of the Constitution that supports your view that the Feds can do things not specifically authorized.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]


This substance is endowed with a generative or transmutative force by virtue of which it passes into a succession of forms. .They thus resemble modern evolutionists, since they regard the world with its infinite variety of forms as issuing from a simple mode of matter.^ Essentially, while I find his opinion laughably ignorant on this issue, he's advocating a form of government where that opinion will not matter.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

More especially the cosmology of Anaximander resembles the modern doctrine of evolution in its conception of the indeterminate (rO filr€Lpov) out of which the particular forms of the cosmos are differentiated. Again, Anaximander may be said to prepare the way for more modern conceptions of material evolution by regarding his primordial substance as eternal, and by looking on all generation as alternating with destruction, each step of the process being of course simply a transformation of the indestructible substance.

Once more, the notion that this indeterminate body contains potentially in itself the fundamental contraries - hot, cold, &c. - by the excretion or evolution of which definite substances were generated, is clearly a forecasting of that antithesis of potentiality and actuality which from Aristotle downwards has been made the basis of so many theories of development. .In conclusion, it is noteworthy that though resorting to utterly fanciful hypotheses respecting the order of the development of the world, Anaximander agrees with modern evolutionists in conceiving the heavenly bodies as arising out of an aggregation of diffused matter, and in assigning to organic life an origin in the inorganic materials of the primitive earth (pristine mud).^ Organic evolution - origin of life from inanimate matter.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ What is different and even Darwin needed to devote time and effort to, was the creation of life from inorganic matter.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Lee, I agree its more speculation then hypothesis, I only quoted that in relation to Eds request for anything on Darwin hypothesizing on the origin of life.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.
The doctrine of Anaximenes, who unites the conceptions of a determinate and indeterminate original substance adopted by Thales and Anaximander in the hypothesis of a primordial and all-generating air, is a clear advance on these theories, inasmuch as it introduces the scientific idea of condensation and rarefaction as the great generating or transforming agencies.
^ All scientific theories are "naturalistic" - every single one of them.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ So if people are discussing scientific theories about the world, and you try to interject with decidedly non-naturalistic theories, it's not at all surprising that they would not accept them.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Neither Origin of Life or Atheism is a part of the scientific theory of evolution.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

For the rest, his theory is chiefly important as emphasizing the vital character of the original substance. The primordial air is conceived as animated. Anaximenes seems to have inclined to a view of cosmic evolution as throughout involving a quasi-spiritual factor. .This idea of the air as the original principle and source of life and intelligence is much more clearly expressed by a later writer, Diogenes of Apollonia.^ Lee, I agree its more speculation then hypothesis, I only quoted that in relation to Eds request for anything on Darwin hypothesizing on the origin of life.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]


Diogenes made this conception of a vital and intelligent air the ground of a teleological view of climatic and atmospheric phenomena. It is noteworthy that he sought to establish the identity of organic and inorganic matter by help of the facts of vegetal and animal nutrition. Diogenes distinctly taught that the world is of finite duration, and will be renewed out of the primitive substance.

Heraclitus again deserves a prominent place in a history of the idea of evolution. Heraclitus conceives of the incessant process of flux in which all things are involved as consisting of two sides or moments - generation and decay - which are regarded as a confluence of opposite streams. .In thus making transition or change, viewed as the identity of existence and non-existence, the leading idea of his system, Heraclitus anticipated in some measure Hegel's peculiar doctrine of evolution as a dialectic process.'^ Well, aletoledo, you certainly have some strong convictions yourself on U.S. intervention in Iraq, the non-existence of things we might not have been in a position to observe, and as you make quite clear, political structures.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Thus, the existence of an objective morality presupposes the falsehood of the Christian world view assumed by TAG. .
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ But this thread is not about the existence of non-existence of God - nor is evolution.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.
At the same time we may find expressed in figurative language the germs of thoughts which enter into still newer doctrines of evolution.
^ I have devoted a lot of time to understanding evolutionry science, and while I find Paul's evolution comments a bit troubling, I think people on this board are missing a major point.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Until then, Paul's denial of evolution tells us that, at least in some ways, he still is too tied into some bullshit to honestly move much of anything forward.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ I find the comments here expressing dismay at how an M.D. could possibly deny evolution, amusing.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.For example, the notion of conflict (7r6Xeµos) as the father of all things and of harmony as arising out of a union of discords, and again of an endeavour by individual things to maintain themselves in permanence against the universal process of destruction and renovation, cannot but remind one of certain fundamental ideas in Darwin's theory of evolution.^ The Theory of Evolution, as first formed by Darwin, and in its magnificent elucidation since then, does not require one to know anything of biogenesis - in essence, it STARTS with reproducing life forms.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ "Basically there are 6 types of evolution, 5 are theory and one is fact."
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ BoMar said: "Not only this epistemological question is not addressed by theory of evolution, but all epistemology is utterly destroyed by it.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

Einfiedocles

.Empedocles took an important step in the direction of modern conceptions of physical evolution by teaching that all things arise, not by transformations of some primitive form of matter, but by various combinations of a number of permanent elements.^ All these things are part of our physical bodies.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Some people would prefer to think of evolution as a fact, and thats their right as long as they don't insist upon others forming the same postulate as they do.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ We can't have a clue whether or not the accummulated-millions-of-years-theory of evolution isn't just the 7-day time period in which God created all things.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

Further, by maintaining that the elements are continually being combined and separated by the two forces love and hatred, which appear to represent in a figurative way the physical forces of attraction and repulsion, Empedocles may be said to have made a considerable advance in the construction of the idea of evolution as a strictly mechanical process. .It may be observed, too, that the hypothesis of a primitive compact mass (sphaerus), in which love (attraction) is supreme, has some curious points of similarity to, and contrast with, that notion of a primitive nebulous matter with which the modern doctrine of cosmic evolution usually sets out.^ Evolution, as I have pointed out, has MOUNTAINS of evidence for it, and a hair of evidence against it (I'm playing it safe here - I haven't actually heard of any such evidence on the other side).
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ For that matter, he may well understand that already-- that may be why he didn't raise his hand to say that he disagreed with evolution, but made these nebulous statements later about the creator and origins.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Im sorry if I stick to single points and refuse to get drawn out into your rambling state of oblivion, but debating the whole theory of evolution is insane.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.
Empedocles tries to explain the genesis of organic beings, and, according to Lange, anticipates the idea of Darwin that adaptations abound, because it is their nature to perpetuate themselves.
^ Because they recognize the link between philosophical and scientific naturalism that you are trying to deny.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Because according to the evolutionary theory itself, any behavior is a dialectical product of chance and biochemical processes, not a logical action by a logically thinking free human being.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

He further recognizes a progress in the production of vegetable and animal forms, though this part of his theory is essentially crude and unscientific. .More important in relation to the modern problems of evolution is his thoroughly materialistic way of explaining the origin of sensation and knowledge by help of his peculiar hypothesis of effluvia and pores.^ Lee, I agree its more speculation then hypothesis, I only quoted that in relation to Eds request for anything on Darwin hypothesizing on the origin of life.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ There's a huge distinction between ackowledging the mechanism of evolution in the ADAPTATION of existent Life, and claiming it provides a supportable theory explaining the ORIGINS of Life.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Or will you depend on modern medicine, which has been developed using the knowledge of evolution, to make him better?
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

The supposition that sensation thus rests on a material process of absorption from external bodies naturally led up to the idea that plants and even inorganic subtances are precipient, and so to an indistinct recognition of organic life as a scale of intelligence.

Atorists.

In the theory of Atomism taught by Leucippus and Democritus we have the basis of the modern mechanical conceptions of cosmic evolution. .Here the endless harmonious diversity of our cosmos, as well as of other worlds supposed to coexist with our own, is said to arise through the various combination of indivisible material elements differing in figure and magnitude only.^ Meanwhile, in the real world, I find that I agree with Ron Paul 98% of the time, while agreeing with the other Democratic and Republican candidates only 2% of the time.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ I believe that Christ came to redeem the world through love that connects and joins together our broken connections with God.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Like I said in an earlier comment, the only reason I care is that along with his talk about the Civil War it shows me that he might have slept through high school.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

The force which brings the atoms together in the forms of objects is inherent in the elements, and all their motions are necessary.

The origin of things, which is also their substance, is thus laid in the simplest and most homogeneous elements or principles. The real world thus arising consists only of diverse combinations of atoms, having the properties of magnitude, figure, weight and hardness, all other qualities being relative only to the sentient organism. The problem of the genesis of mind is practically solved by identifying the soul, 1 This is brought out by F. Lassalle, Die Philosophie Herakleitos, p. 126.
.
or vital principle, with heat or fire which pervades in unequal proportions, not only man and animals, but plants and nature as a whole, and through the agitation of which by incoming effluvia all sensation arises.
^ The modification of DNA with in species has been accepted since man first started cultivating crops and animals via selective breeding and planting.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Then move on to the differences between the races and explain where these differences come from, considering God only made one man and one woman to start the whole human race?
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ "The modification of DNA with in species has been accepted since man first started cultivating crops and animals via selective breeding and planting.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

Aristotle

Aristotle is much nearer a conception of evolution than his master Plato. .It is true he sets out with a transcendent Deity, and follows Plato in viewing the creation of the cosmos as a process of descent from the more to the less perfect according to the distance from the original self-moving agency.^ Evolution means the theory of common descent (more properly a set of theories, but that's not relevant to this discussion).
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ He doesn't come out and say that there's no evolutionary process at work in the world he believes to have been created by "the creator [he] know[s]."
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Natural selection is the process by which favorable traits that are heritable become more common in successive generations of a population of reproducing organisms, and unfavorable traits that are heritable become less common (from Wikipedia).
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.Yet on the whole Aristotle leans to a teleological theory of evolution, which he interprets dualistually by means of certain metaphysical distinctions.^ Also look at the FURTHER READINGS, where the major creationist website also agrees that your whole 'fact/theory' discussion is nothing but a red herring: What people usually mean when they say this is "Evolution is not proven fact, so it should not be promoted dogmatically."
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Everyone of you that believes in "evolution theory" what means "survive of the fittest" has to accept, that a strong guy comes along and knocks you out.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ There's a huge distinction between ackowledging the mechanism of evolution in the ADAPTATION of existent Life, and claiming it provides a supportable theory explaining the ORIGINS of Life.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

Thus even his idea of the relation of the divine activity to the world shows a tendency to a pantheistic notion of a divine thought which gradually realizes itself in the process of becoming.
.
Aristotle's distinction of form and matter, and his conception of becoming as a transition from actuality to potentiality, provides a new ontological way of conceiving the process of material and organic evolution.'
^ If you read my posts, you will see that I am not "convinced that the way evolution built us, and the materials it used, should have some comment on the way that it's appropriate for us to behave."
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ And if you could describe the process by which evolution becomes fact, that'd be ever so nice, but I'm not seeing it.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ If evolution were a principle science, instead of a theory, it would provide the consistent application of law throughout the entire process.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

To Aristotle the whole of nature is instinct with a vital impulse towards some higher manifestation. Organic life presents itself to him as a progressive scale of complexity determined by its final end, namely, man.' In some respects Aristotle approaches the modern view of evolution. .Thus, though he looked on species as fixed, being the realization of an unchanging formative principle (c0vis), he seems, as Ueberweg observes, to have inclined to entertain the possibility of a spontaneous generation in the case of the lowest organisms.^ When in human history has spontaneous generation ever been observed?
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ We further observe that over time, as new species in that new taxon appear they look less and less like that older species, become more and more diversified and look more and more like the modern members of that taxon.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]


Aristotle's teleological conception of organic evolution often approaches modern mechanical conceptions. .Thus he says that nature fashions organs in the order of their necessity, the first being those essential to life.^ The Virgin Birth is theologically essential because if Jesus had two natural parents he would have had a sin nature like every other human, and he would not have lived a sinless life.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

So, too, in his psychology he speaks of the several degrees of mind as arising according to a progressive necessity. 3 In his view of touch and taste, as the two fundamental and essential senses, he may remind one of Herbert Spencer's doctrine.

At the same time Aristotle precludes the idea of a natural development of the mental series by the supposition that man contains, over and above a natural finite soul inseparable from the body, a substantial and eternal principle (voi) which enters into the individual from without. Aristotle's brief suggestions respect ing the origin of society and governments in the Politics show a leaning to a naturalistic interpretation of human history as a development conditioned by growing necessities.

Strato

Of Aristotle's immediate successors one deserves to be noticed here, namely, Strato of Lampsacus, who developed his master's cosmology into a system of naturalism. Strato appears to reject Aristotle's idea of an original source of movement and life extraneous to the world in favour of an immanent principle. .All parts of matter have an inward plastic life whereby they can fashion themselves to the best advantage, according to their capability, though not with consciousness.^ They've also pointed out that regardless of how life started, that the theory of evolution best supports how the first organism(s) became as diverse as they are now.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ It completely matters who is is talking to here, as that affects how he will use the word (though, in all likelihood, he will use the word the same way in other circumstances, as he is not a specialist).
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Something created life from inorganic matter or nothing (I've looked long and hard at all explanations.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

The Stoics

In the cosmology of the Stoics we have the germ of a monistic and pantheistic conception of evolution. .All things are said to be developed out of an original being, which is at once material (fire) and spiritual (the Deity), and in turn they will dissolve back into this primordial source.^ Try as the ID advocates might to turn themselves into martyrs, the facts just don't back it up.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Also things are not so clear about the lack of evidence for natural origins of life as you make it out to be.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ They all want to take us back to the middle ages, at least when it comes to "how we got here" questions.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.At the same time the world as a developed whole is regarded as an organism which is permeated with the divine Spirit, and so we may say that the world-process is a self-realization of the divine Being.^ There may come a time when scientists can look at the universe and confidently say "There is no God", but we are a long way from there.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Science is merely a descriptive tool to analyze the real world, and because we can't know everything that exists in the real world, we can't definitively say that this or that theory is necessarily true.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ "He simply does not accept evolution as a theory, as fanatical adherents do, in the materialistic totality that denies the possibility of divine intervention in the process, which is not the same as denying every aspect of that theory."
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

The formative principle or force of the world is said to contain the several rational germinal forms of things.

Individual things are supposed to arise out of the original being, as animals and plants out of seeds. Individual souls are an efflux from the all-compassing world-soul. .The necessity in the world's order is regarded by the Stoics as identical with the divine reason, and this idea is used as the basis of a teleological and optimistic view of nature.^ I think God expects us to use that reason to understand as much as we can of the physical world.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.Very curious, in relation to modern evolutional ideas, is the Stoical doctrine that our world is but one of a series of exactly 1 Zeller says that through this distinction Aristotle first made possible the idea of development.^ God gave us, apparently through the process of evolution, bodies that can do good things or bad things, and brains that can reason and create models of the physical world as maps to guide our conscious behavior in doing what we have chosen to do.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ I believe that Christ came to redeem the world through love that connects and joins together our broken connections with God.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Now, since the discussion is about evolution, you need to explain how in the world we evolved that "liberty" thing out of our biochemical processes.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]


2 See this well brought out in G. H. Lewes's Aristotle, p. 187. Grote calls attention to the contrast between Plato's and Aristotle's way of conceiving the gradations of mind (Aristotle, ii. 171).
identical ones, all of which are destined to be burnt up and destroyed.

The Epicurean

Lucretius. - The Epicureans differed from the Stoics by adopting a purely mechanical view of the worldprocess. .Their fundamental conception is that of Democritus; they seek to account for the formation of the cosmos, with its order and regularity, by setting out with the idea of an original (vertical) motion of the atoms, which somehow or other results in movements towards and from one another.^ That said one can not believe in Darwinian evolution with out the origin of life that was put forward by Darwin.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ We see the patterns in the fossil record and we infer from them that they were produced by the splitting off of one species from another.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ He, as billions of other human beings believe they are somehow greater than the sum of material processes.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

Our world is but one of an infinite number of others, and all the harmonies and adaptations of the universe are regarded as a special case of the infinite possibilities of mechanical events.

Lucretius regards the primitive atoms (first beginnings or first bodies) as seeds out of which individual things are developed. All living and sentient things are formed out of insentient atoms (e.g. worms spring out of dung). The peculiarity of organic and sentient bodies is due to the minuteness and shape of their particles, and to their special motions and combinations. So, too, mind consists but of extremely fine particles of matter, and dissolves into air when the body dies. Lucretius traces, in the fifth book of his poem, the progressive genesis of vegetal and animal forms out of the motherearth.
.
He vaguely anticipates the modern idea of the world as a survival of the fittest when he says that many races may have lived and died out, and that those which still exist have been protected either by craft, courage or speed.
^ Everyone of you that believes in "evolution theory" what means "survive of the fittest" has to accept, that a strong guy comes along and knocks you out.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ "The Man" (read, Saviour) is missing the point that it has to be about ideas, (and not ideals) and which ideas and plans and organizations are most survival-promoting for YOU in this real world.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Science is merely a descriptive tool to analyze the real world, and because we can't know everything that exists in the real world, we can't definitively say that this or that theory is necessarily true.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

Lucretius touches on the development of man out of a primitive, hardy, beast-like condition. .Pregnant hints are given respecting a natural development of language which has its germs in sounds of quadrupeds and birds, of religious ideas out of dreams and waking hallucinations, and of the art of music by help of the suggestion of natural sounds.^ The only reason you complain about naturalism when it comes to evolution and not when it comes to the germ theory of disease is because this particular theory disagrees with your religious beliefs.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

Lucretius thus recognizes the whole range of existence to which the doctrine of evolution may be applied.

Neoplatonists

.In the doctrines of the Neoplatonists, of whom Plotinus is the most important, we have the worldprocess represented after the example of Plato as a series of descending steps, each being less perfect than its predecessors, since it is further removed from the first cause.'^ Truth is the first order of business, and it's more beautiful than libertarianism dysfunctionally marketed, less likely implemented.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Far more important than being "enslaved" to government (is someone forcing your citizenship, BTW?) is the state of enslavement that American culture is in to dishonesty and bullshit.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Its purpose was to make Christianity more competitive with contemporary Pagan religions in the Mediterranean region, most of whom featured their founder having being born of a virgin."
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.The system of Plotinus, Zellar remarks, is not strictly speaking one of emanation, since there is no communication of the divine essence to the created world; yet it resembles emanation inasmuch as the genesis of the world is conceived as a necessary physical effect, and not as the result of volition.^ Are there no crackpot ideas in the world?
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The Theory of Evolution, as first formed by Darwin, and in its magnificent elucidation since then, does not require one to know anything of biogenesis - in essence, it STARTS with reproducing life forms.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ He doesn't come out and say that there's no evolutionary process at work in the world he believes to have been created by "the creator [he] know[s]."
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

In Proclus we find this conception of an emanation of the world out of the Deity, or the absolute, made more exact, the process being regarded as threefold-0) persistence of cause in effect, (2) the departure of effect from cause, and (3) the tendency of effect to revert to its cause.

The Fathers

.The speculations of the fathers respecting the origin and course of the world seek to combine Christian ideas of the Deity with doctrines of Greek philosophy.^ It is not surprising that orthodox Christianity adopted and maintained this doctrine as it made it easier for Greeks and Romans to assimilate their pagan beliefs of Gods and humans mating into Christianity.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

The common idea of the origin of things is that of an absolute creation of matter and mind alike. The course of human history is regarded by those writers who are most concerned to refute Judaism as a progressive divine education. Among the Gnostics we meet with the hypothesis of emanation, as, for example, in the curious cosmic theory of Valentinus.

Middle Age

Early Schoolmen. - .In the speculative writings of the middle ages, including those of the schoolmen, we find no progress towards a more accurate and scientific view of nature.^ So if you ever find the solution, it surely will be one of those speculations that we've heard in the past.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Evolution has a long track record of making such successful predictions, including most recently the finding of the Tiktaalik fossil precisely where it was predicted (the type of sediments it would be found in) and when it was predicted (the age of those sediments).
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ What you believe in your personal time is of no concern to me, but when you're engaging in scientific inquiry, sorry, naturalism is the only way.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.The cosmology of this period consists for the most part of the Aristotelian teleological view of nature combined with the Christian idea of the Deity and His relation to the world.^ "The Man" (read, Saviour) is missing the point that it has to be about ideas, (and not ideals) and which ideas and plans and organizations are most survival-promoting for YOU in this real world.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ That said, the policies of today's Social Democratic parties over most of the world -- and this is what, I suppose, most academics support -- would, for the most part, not even be recognized as socialism by 19th-century socialists.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ So, one must conclude that logic is not dependent on God, and, insofar as the Christian world view assumes that logic so dependent, it is false.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

In certain writers, however, there appears a more elaborate transformation of the doctrine of creation into a system of emanation.

According to John Scotus Erigena, the nothing out of which the world is created is the divine essence. .Creation is the act by which God passes through the primordial causes, or universal ideas, into the region of particular things (processio), in order finally to return to himself (reversio). The transition from the 4 Zeller observes that this scale of decreasing perfection is a necessary consequence of the idea of a transcendent deity.^ God gave us, apparently through the process of evolution, bodies that can do good things or bad things, and brains that can reason and create models of the physical world as maps to guide our conscious behavior in doing what we have chosen to do.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ We can't have a clue whether or not the accummulated-millions-of-years-theory of evolution isn't just the 7-day time period in which God created all things.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ But if something is created by or is dependent on God, it is not necessary--it is contingent on God.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]


universal to the particular is of course conceived as a descent or degradation. A similar doctrine of emanation is to be found in the writings of Bernhard of Chartres, who conceives the process of the unfolding of the world as a movement in a circle from the most general to the individual, and from this back to the most general. This movement is said to go forth from God to the animated heaven, stars, visible world and man, which represent decreasing degrees of cognition.

Arab Philosophers

Elaborate doctrines of emanation, largely based on Neoplatonic ideas, are also propounded by some of the Arabic philosophers, as by Farabi and Avicenna. The leading thought is that of a descending series of intelligences, each emanating from its predecessor, and having its appropriate region in the universe.

Jewish Philosophy

In the Jewish speculations of the middle ages may be found curious forms of the doctrine of emanations uniting the Biblical idea of creation with elements drawn from the Persians and the Greeks. .In the later and developed form of the Kabbala, the origin of the world is represented as a gradually descending emanation of the lower out of the higher.^ Secondly as Ive pointed out, the current context of that statement in the world we live in implicitly refers to the origin of life.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

Among the philosophic Jews, the Spanish Avicebron, in his Fons Vitae, expounds a curious doctrine of emanation.
.
Here the divine will is viewed as an efflux from the divine wisdom, as the intermediate link between God, the first substance, and all things, and as the fountain out of which all forms emanate.
^ The whole "faith" thing between God and man in the Bible is relational, then: God says, "You can rely on Me.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ We can't have a clue whether or not the accummulated-millions-of-years-theory of evolution isn't just the 7-day time period in which God created all things.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Maybe it is because the Catholic Church has abandoned their "God of the Gaps" approach since things worked out so badly with Galileo?
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.At the same time all forms, including the higher intelligible ones, are said to have their existence only in matter.^ Maybe its only a matter of time.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ BoMar said: "Not only this epistemological question is not addressed by theory of evolution, but all epistemology is utterly destroyed by it.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ "Thus, God could make the law of noncontradiction false; in other words, God could arrange matters so that a proposition and its negation were true at the same time."
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

Matter is the one universal substance, body and mind being merely specifications of this. .Thus Avicebron approaches, as Salomon Munk observes,' a pantheistic conception of the world, though he distinctly denies both matter and form to God.^ "Thus, God could make the law of noncontradiction false; in other words, God could arrange matters so that a proposition and its negation were true at the same time."
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Thus, God could make the law of noncontradiction false; in other words, God could arrange matters so that a proposition and its negation were true at the same time.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

Later Scholastics

.Passing now to the later schoolmen, a bare mention must be made of Thomas Aquinas, who elaborately argues for the absolute creation of the world out of nothing, and of Albertus Magnus, who reasons against the Aristotelian idea of the past eternity of the world.^ The Bible itself tells us that God made our bodies, not directly out of nothing, but out of dirt.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ He doesn't come out and say that there's no evolutionary process at work in the world he believes to have been created by "the creator [he] know[s]."
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Now, since the discussion is about evolution, you need to explain how in the world we evolved that "liberty" thing out of our biochemical processes.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.More importance attaches to Duns Scotus, who brings prominently forward the idea of a progressive development in nature by means of a process of determination.^ Natural selection is the process by which favorable traits that are heritable become more common in successive generations of a population of reproducing organisms, and unfavorable traits that are heritable become less common (from Wikipedia).
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

The original substance of the world is the materia primo-prima, which is the immediate creation of the Deity. This serves Duns Scotus as the most universal basis of existence, all angels having material bodies.
.
This matter is differentiated into particular things (which are not privations but perfections) through the addition of an individualizing principle (haecceitas) to the universal (quidditas). The whole world is represented by the figure of a tree, of which the seeds and roots are the first indeterminate matter, the leaves the accidents, the twigs and branches corruptible creatures, the blossoms the rational soul, and the fruit pure spirits or angels.
^ AGENCIES, (oh dear, how do THOSE things figure into the constitution?
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ But when science steps into the political ring to "advise" (pressure) governments into particular policies, then it matters.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ You know, the whole "expanding universe" thing.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

It is also described as a bifurcation of two twigs, mental and bodily creation out of a common root. One might almost say that Duns Scotus recognizes the principle of a gradual physical evolution, only that he chooses to represent the mechanism by which the process is brought about by means of quaint scholastic fictions.

Revival of Learning

The period of the revival of learning, which was also that of a renewed study of nature, is marked by a considerable amount of speculation respecting the origin of the universe. In some of these we see a return to Greek theories, though the influence of physical discoveries, more especially those of Copernicus, Kepler and Galileo, is distinctly traceable.

Telesio

An example of a return to early Greek speculation is to be met with in Bernardino Telesio. By this writer the world is explained as a product of three principles - dead matter, and two active forces, heat and cold. Terrestrial things arise through a confluence of heat, which issues from the heavens, and cold, which comes from the earth. Both principles have sensibility, and thus all products of their collision are sentient, that is, feel pleasure and pain. .The superiority of animals to plants and metals in the possession of special organs of sense is connected with the greater complexity and heterogeneity of their structure.^ The modification of DNA with in species has been accepted since man first started cultivating crops and animals via selective breeding and planting.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ "The modification of DNA with in species has been accepted since man first started cultivating crops and animals via selective breeding and planting.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]


1 Mélanges de philosophie juive et arabe, p. 225.

Giordano Bruno

.In the system of Giordano Bruno, who sought to construct a philosophy of nature on the basis of new scientific ideas, more particularly the doctrine of Copernicus, we find the outlines of a theory of cosmic evolution conceived as an essentially vital process.^ Evolution is a scientific theory.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Way to equate people who accept evolution as a theory with fanatical adherents.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ If we speak of the ability to cross to a new species then we speak of the theory of evolution which is still very un-proven, and therefor a theory.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.Matter and form are here identified, and the evolution of the world is presented as the unfolding of the world-spirit to its perfect forms according to the plastic substratum (matter) which is but one of its sides.^ The Theory of Evolution, as first formed by Darwin, and in its magnificent elucidation since then, does not require one to know anything of biogenesis - in essence, it STARTS with reproducing life forms.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Evolution, as I have pointed out, has MOUNTAINS of evidence for it, and a hair of evidence against it (I'm playing it safe here - I haven't actually heard of any such evidence on the other side).
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ No one here has claimed that evolution is a fact.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.
This process of change is conceived as a transformation, in appearance only, of the real unchanging substance (matter and form).
^ I believe it is only a matter of time until someone creates a primitive life form in the lab.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.All parts of matter are capable of developing into all forms; thus the materials of the table and chair may under proper circumstances be developed to the life of the plant or of the animal.^ I don't ask God to speed up evolution to fit all the "kinds" of animals into the ark and get a tiger from a kitty cat in 4000 years.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ It completely matters who is is talking to here, as that affects how he will use the word (though, in all likelihood, he will use the word the same way in other circumstances, as he is not a specialist).
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Something created life from inorganic matter or nothing (I've looked long and hard at all explanations.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

The elementary parts of existence are the minima, or monads, which are at once material and mental. On their material side they are not absolutely unextended, but spherical. .Bruno looked on our solar system as but one out of an infinite number of worlds.^ Now, since the discussion is about evolution, you need to explain how in the world we evolved that "liberty" thing out of our biochemical processes.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The real world is infinitely complex (bounded but infinite), and one good counterexample will topple any theory.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

His theory of evolution is essentially pantheistic, and he does not employ his hypothesis of monads in order to work out a more mechanical conception.

Campanella

A word must be given to one of Bruno's contemporary compatriots, namely Campanella, who gave poetic expression to that system of universal vitalism which Bruno developed. .He argues, from the principle quicquid est in effectibus esse et in causis, that the elements and the whole world have sensation, and thus he appears to derive the organic part of nature out of the so-called " inorganic."^ From here on out, a Christian relies on revelation -- as we must, the supernatural is inexplicable (in its totality) by the laws of the natural world.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ But the fact that the video edited out the part where Paul said he didn't think it mattered doesn't mean one can't argue that it is important.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ NO ONE, I repeat no one, has ever succeeded in generating Life out of the pure inorganic elements from the periodic tables.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

Boehme. - .Another writer of this transition period deserves a passing reference here, namely, Jacob Boehme the mystic, who by his conception of a process of inner diremption as the essential character of all mind, and so of God, prepared the way for later German theories of the origin of the world as the self-differentiation and self-externalization of the absolute spirit.^ He is referring to the scientific theory here.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Way to equate people who accept evolution as a theory with fanatical adherents.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ There are people who think that morality comes from God, and is what God says, and there are an enormous number of ways in which they think that happens, and what form it takes.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

Hobbes and Gassendi

The influence of an advancing study of nature, which was stimulated if not guided by Bacon's writings, is seen in the more careful doctrines of materialism worked out almost simultaneously by Hobbes and Gassendi. .These theories, however, contain little that bears directly on the hypothesis of a natural evolution of things.^ It is equally ridiculous, however, to say that evolution is no longer a theory but a law.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ He was speculating - this was not a hypothesis, it was not part of the Theory of Evolution - it was speculation, labeled as such.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Scientifically it's one thing, but many use the term to include theories about the creation of the universe, which has nothing to do with the scientific theory of evolution."
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.In the view of Hobbes, the difficulty of the genesis of conscious minds is solved by saying that sensation and thought are part of the reaction of the organism on external movement.^ You might say that our conscious thoughts, therefore, are an emergent property of our brain.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.Yet Hobbes appears (as Clarke points out) to have vaguely felt the difficulty; and in a passage of his Physics (chap.^ LOL. Yet another person pointing out that the clip is edited.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ I didn't yet point out the fallacies of your argument, because you haven't yet provided any argument.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

25, sect. .5) he says that the universal existence of sensation in matter cannot be disproved, though he shows that when there are no organic arrangements the mental side of the movement (phantasma) is evanescent.^ Does it say "There is no God?"
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Only the professionally ignorant would fail to recognize thh pointlessness of saying there's no "absolute" proof of evolution.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ There is no 100% proof in God's existence either ...
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.
The theory of the origin of society put forth by Hobbes, though directly opposed in most respects to modern ideas of social evolution, deserves mention here by reason of its enforcing that principle of struggle (bellum omnium contra omnes) which has played so conspicuous a part in the modern doctrine of evolution.
^ Neither Origin of Life or Atheism is a part of the scientific theory of evolution.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ It is, though most likely to be true, the THEORY of evolution.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Evolution, as I have pointed out, has MOUNTAINS of evidence for it, and a hair of evidence against it (I'm playing it safe here - I haven't actually heard of any such evidence on the other side).
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.Gassendi, with some deviations, follows Epicurus in his theory of the formation of the world.^ The claim made by some that "it just won't work in the contemporary world" is a speculative hypothesis (in keeping with other parts of this blog, not a theory!
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ So, some 'smartest guy in the world' has a "theory of everything," makes his living as a "weight-lifting bouncer," and promotes 'intelligent design.'
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.The world consists of a finite number of atoms, which have in their own nature a self-moving force or principle.^ Theory according to my links states To scientists, a theory is a coherent explanation for a large number of facts and observations about the natural world .
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ To scientists, a theory is a coherent explanation for a large number of facts and observations about the natural world.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

These atoms, which are the seeds of all things, are, however, not eternal but created by God. Gassendi distinctly argues against the existence of a world-soul or a principle of life in nature.
[HISTORY

Descartes

.In the philosophy of Descartes we meet with a dualism of mind and matter which does not easily lend itself to the conception of evolution.^ So if he was asked does he think that its possible for plants and animals DNA to modify itself, he would have a different question to answer then do you believe in evolution.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ There's a debate in the philosophy of biology about whether anything in evolutionary theory can be described as law-like, but evolution itself isn't the sort of concept that can be described as a law.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ But that aside now that we've stated neither one of us has ever claimed evolution to be a fact, how does it matter if someone accepts something that may or not be true.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

His doctrine that consciousness is confined to man, the lower animals being unconscious machines (automata), excludes all idea of a progressive development of mind. .Yet Descartes, in his Principia Philosophiae, laid the foundation of the modern mechanical conception of nature and of physical evolution.^ Katie: Scientists may be divided on the mechanisms by which evolution works, but not on the basic principle that sexual selection, natural selection and mutation cause and continue to affect and effect speciation.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Yes Darwin studied artificial selection in order to understand natural selection, which is a MECHANISM of evolution, not the same thing as evolution.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ All theists, all Christians, all staunch defenders of the theory of evolution, yet just as staunch defenders of methodological naturalism.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.In the third part of this work he inclines to a thoroughly natural hypothesis respecting the genesis of the physical world, and adds in the fourth part that the same kind of explanation might be applied to the nature and formation of plants and animals.^ Theory according to my links states To scientists, a theory is a coherent explanation for a large number of facts and observations about the natural world .
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The claim made by some that "it just won't work in the contemporary world" is a speculative hypothesis (in keeping with other parts of this blog, not a theory!
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ To scientists, a theory is a coherent explanation for a large number of facts and observations about the natural world.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.
He is indeed careful to keep right with the orthodox doctrine of creation by saying that he does not believe the world actually arose in this mechanical way out of the three kinds of elements which he here supposes, but that he simply puts out his hypothesis as a mode of conceiving how it might have arisen.
^ Ron Paul believes that "God created the heavens and the earth" regardless of how he did it.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ One can believe God created the earth without thinking he did it the way it is recorded in Genesis.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ It might just be that we have evolved the capacity for and necessity of living in social groups, and morality arose merely out of that necessity-- and keeps arising, with every successive generation.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.Descartes's account of the mind and its passions is thoroughly materialistic, and to this extent he works in the direction of a materialistic explanation of the origin of mental life.^ "In common parlance it (TOE) means a naturalistic explanation of the current world we see around us as well as a naturalistic origin of life.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Dawkins is exhibit A. He insists on a naturalistic explanation for the origins of life as well as a naturalistic explanation for evolution.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ In common parlance it means a naturalistic explanation of the current world we see around us as well as a naturalistic origin of life.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

Spinoza

In Spinoza's pantheistic theory of the world, which regards thought and extension as but two sides of one substance, the problem of becoming is submerged in that of being. .Although Spinoza's theory attributes a mental side to all physical events, he rejects all teleological conceptions and explains the order of things as the result of an inherent necessity.^ I'm not sure how you can globally reject all of evolutionary theory.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Law and Theory are separate things - Laws describe, Theories explain.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Remember, facts are things that we observe; theories explain facts.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

He recognizes gradations of things according to the degree of complexity of their movements and that of their conceptions.
.
To Spinoza (as Kuno Fischer observes) man differs from the rest of nature in the degree only and not in the kind of his powers.
^ It dismisses all historical sciences...and would naturally exclude criminal forensics (which differs only in detail, not in principle).
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Then move on to the differences between the races and explain where these differences come from, considering God only made one man and one woman to start the whole human race?
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ To put this in a different way: Miracles by definition are violations of laws of nature that can only be explained by God's intervention.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

So far Spinoza approaches the conception of evolution. .He may be said to furnish a further contribution to a metaphysical conception of evolution in his view of all finite individual things as the infinite variety to which the unlimited productive power of the universal substance gives birth.^ BoMar said: "Not only this epistemological question is not addressed by theory of evolution, but all epistemology is utterly destroyed by it.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ This may come as a surprise to y'all, but providing quality care to human beings suffering from any disease I can think of is not predicated on the belief that evolution is true.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ We can't have a clue whether or not the accummulated-millions-of-years-theory of evolution isn't just the 7-day time period in which God created all things.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

Sir F. Pollock has taken pains to show how nearly Spinoza approaches certain ideas contained in the modern doctrine of evolution, as for example that of sell-preservation as the determining force in things.

Locke

In Locke we find, with a retention of certain antievolutionist ideas, a marked tendency to this mode of viewing the world. .To Locke the universe is the result of a direct act of creation, even matter being limited in duration and created.^ What is different and even Darwin needed to devote time and effort to, was the creation of life from inorganic matter.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.Even if matter were eternal it would, he thinks, be incapable of producing motion; and if motion is itself conceived as eternal, thought can never begin to be.^ So if he was asked does he think that its possible for plants and animals DNA to modify itself, he would have a different question to answer then do you believe in evolution.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ That's all accepting evolution rules out, religiously (and one would think the fossil record would have done that even without evolution).
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ It it thus as well established as any other theory in science, including the vast range of theories you would not even think to question.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

The first eternal being is thus spiritual or " cogitative," and contains in itself all the perfections that can ever after exist. He repeatedly insists on the impossibility of senseless matter putting on sense.'
.
Yet while thus placing himself at a point of view opposed to that of a gradual evolution of the organic world, Locke prepared the way for this doctrine in more ways than one.
^ Biology is based on more than evolution.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ But, of course, this is irrelevant because Ron Paul didn't respect evolution to the point of studying it and realizing that it can coexist with religious beliefs, or that there's a bit more than spit and a prayer holding the theory up.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Also, if you're going to quote more than one person at a time when you're posting, you need to make it clear who you're quoting, and when.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.First of all, his genetic method as applied to the mind's ideas - which laid the foundations of English analytical psychology - was a step in the direction of a conception of mental life as a gradual evolution.^ The Theory of Evolution, as first formed by Darwin, and in its magnificent elucidation since then, does not require one to know anything of biogenesis - in essence, it STARTS with reproducing life forms.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ First of all, you are confusing artifical selection and natural selection with evolution.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ If Darwin's theory only spoke of the genetic modifications in life it would have been laughed at by the average English farmer who's ancestors have been experts in the art of evolution for centuries."
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

Again he works towards the same end in his celebrated refutation of the scholastic theory of real specific essences. .In this argument he emphasizes the vagueness of the boundaries which mark off organic species with a view to show that these do not correspond to absolutely fixed divisions in the objective world, that they are made by the mind, not by nature.^ We see the patterns in the fossil record and we infer from them that they were produced by the splitting off of one species from another.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ You've never tried to show where my argument is wrong--you just claim that you have some special knowledge that it's wrong.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Thus, the existence of an objective morality presupposes the falsehood of the Christian world view assumed by TAG. .
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

2

This idea of the continuity of species is developed more fully in a remarkable passage (Essay, bk. iii. ch. vi. § 12), where he is arguing in favour of the hypothesis, afterwards elaborated by Leibnitz, of a graduated series of minds (species of spirits) from the Deity down to the lowest animal intelligence. .He here observes that " all quite down from us the descent is by easy steps, and a continued series of things, that in each remove differ very little from one another."^ One slight point, My intent all along has been to show that there is a colloquial meaning to evolution (which includes the origin of life) and a very hard to nail down scientific meaning which depending on how its described can mean several things.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ As far as I can tell as an outsider to US politics this doesn't make any significant difference since Mr Paul was never going to get a serious number of votes anyway.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Several commenters (Julia and Gretchen, eg) went most of the way down this path but for one reason or another stopped short along the way.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

Thus man approaches the beasts, and the animal kingdom is nearly joined with the vegetable, and so on down to the lowest and " most inorganical parts of matter."

Finally, it is to be observed that Locke had a singularly clear view of organic arrangements (which of course he explained according to a theistic teleology) as an adaptation to the circumstances of the environment or to " the neighbourhood of the bodies that surround us." Thus he suggests that man has not eyes of a microscopic delicacy, because he would receive no great advantage from such acute organs, since though adding indefinitely to his speculative knowledge of the physical world they would 1 Yet he leaves open the question whether the Deity has annexed thought to matter as a faculty, or whether it rests on a distinct spiritual principle.

Locke half playfully touches on certain monsters, with respect to which it is difficult to determine whether they ought to be called men. (Essay, book iii. ch. vi. sect. 26, 27.) not practically benefit their possessor (e.g. by enabling him to avoid things at a convenient distance).3 Idea of Progress in History. - Before leaving the 17th century we must just refer to the writers who laid the foundations of the essentially modern conception of human history as a gradual upward progress.
.
According to Flint, 4 there were four men who in this and the preceding century seized and made prominent this idea, namely, Bodin, Bacon, Descartes and Pascal.
^ There are centuries of jurisprudence to account for, and, if they or I were to have our way, overcome, and if they are going to accept the idea of legal precedent at all, they will have to look into the legal arguments behind our interpretations.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ According to evolutionary theory there was a common ancestor of apes and men, at which point the lines split, one evolving into apes and one evolving into men.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Others have already pointed out that there are many Christians who support (and have made great contributions to) evolutionary theory.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

The former distinctly argues against the idea of a deterioration of man in the past. .In this way we see that just as advancing natural science was preparing the way for a doctrine of physical evolution, so advancing historical research was leading to the application of a similar idea to the collective human life.^ It dismisses all historical sciences...and would naturally exclude criminal forensics (which differs only in detail, not in principle).
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The Virgin Birth is theologically essential because if Jesus had two natural parents he would have had a sin nature like every other human, and he would not have lived a sinless life.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Vertical Evolution rest upon the idea that life can come from nothing.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

English Writers of the 28th Centur

Hume. - The theological discussions which make up so large a part of the English speculation of the 18th century cannot detain us here. .There is, however, one writer who sets forth so clearly the alternative suppositions respecting the origin of the world that he claims a brief notice.^ There's also a vanishingly small chance that 9/11 was an inside job, an alternative theory to the usual one that Al Qaeda and OBL did it.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ There's a huge distinction between ackowledging the mechanism of evolution in the ADAPTATION of existent Life, and claiming it provides a supportable theory explaining the ORIGINS of Life.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ There's a very fundamental conflict between those who believe the government has all powers not explicitly denied it, and those who believe the government has no powers not explicitly granted it, and since the Constitution itself does not clearly resolve the issue, either side is a reasonable claim, not a bullshit one.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

We refer to David Hume. In his
Dialogues concerning Natural Religion he puts forward tentatively, in the person of one of his interlocutors, the ancient hypothesis that since the world resembles an animal or vegetal organism rather than a machine, it might more easily be accounted for by a process of generation than by an act of creation.

Later on he develops the materialistic view of Epicurus, only modifying it so far as to conceive of matter as finite. .Since a finite number of particles is only susceptible of finite transpositions, it must happen (he says), in an eternal duration that every possible order or position will be tried an infinite number of times, and hence this world is to be regarded (as the Stoics maintained) as an exact reproduction of previous worlds.^ And the fact that he seems to be the only honest politician who doesn't have to consult polls, his staff, or perform a political cost-benefit analysis of every position he takes.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ There are people who think that morality comes from God, and is what God says, and there are an enormous number of ways in which they think that happens, and what form it takes.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ One will never have 100% belief in a candidate's positions, but this is trivial....He still is the only honest contender, no wonder he is dissected (unlike EVERY other candidate) .
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.The speaker seeks to make intelligible the appearance of art and contrivance in the world as a result of a natural settlement of the universe (which passes through a succession of chaotic conditions) into a stable condition, having a constancy in its forms, yet without its several parts losing their motion and fluctuation.^ It is not that any of the theories that form the basis for evolution are necessarily without merit, but they remain, for the most part, as unestablished as their religious counterparts.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ It is not that any of the theories that form the basis for evolution are necessarily without merit, but they remain, for the most part, as unestablished as their religious counterparts."
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ And in The Origin itself, his famous "there is grandeur in this view of life" quote spoke of the first life forms having been 'breathed' into existence.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

French Writers of the 18th Century

Let us now pass to the French writers of the 18th century. Here we are first struck by th ° results of advancing physical speculation in their bearing on the conception of the world. .Careful attempts, based on new scientific truths, an made to explain the genesis of the world as a natural process.^ Now, since the discussion is about evolution, you need to explain how in the world we evolved that "liberty" thing out of our biochemical processes.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ It explains the evidence very well and it has consistently predicted the nature of new evidence before it has come to light.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Evolutionary theory states that speciation, the "diversity of life," is the result of chance variation interacting with a process of natural selection, it does not make claims to explain "any behavior."
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

Maupertuis, who, together with Voltaire, introduced the new idea of the universe as based on Newton's discoveries, sought to account for the origin of organic things by the hypothesis of sentient atoms. .Buffon the naturalist speculated, not only on the structure and genesis of organic beings, but also on the course of formation of the earth and solar system, which he conceived after the analogy of the development of organic beings out of seed.^ Humans, being the only species that can consider such things on a rational level rather than acting out of instinct, can make rational choices about such things.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]


Diderot, too, in his varied intellectual activity, found time to speculate on the genesis of sensation and thought out of a combination of matter endowed with an elementary kind of sentience. .De la Mettrie worked out a materialistic doctrine of the origin of things, according to which sensation and consciousness are nothing but a development out of matter.^ Also things are not so clear about the lack of evidence for natural origins of life as you make it out to be.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Maybe it is because the Catholic Church has abandoned their "God of the Gaps" approach since things worked out so badly with Galileo?
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

He sought (L'Homme-machine) to connect man in his original condition with the lower animals, and emphasized (L'Homme-plante) the essential unity of plan of all living things. Helvetius, in his work on man, referred all differences between our species and the lower animals to certain peculiarities of organization, and so prepared the way for a conception of human development out of lower forms as a process of physical evolution.
.
Charles Bonnet met the difficulty of the origin of conscious beings much in the same way as Leibnitz, by the supposition of eternal minute organic bodies to which are attached immortal souls.
^ Try to inject God into scientific debate, and you're going to be viewed in much the same way as if you barged into church shouting about organic chemistry.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.Yet though in this way opposing himself to the method of the modern doctrine of evolution, he aided the development of this doctrine by his view of the organic world as an ascending 3 A similar coincidence between the teleological and the modern evolutional way of viewing things is to be met with in Locke's account of the use of pain in relation to the preservation of our being (bk.^ God gave us, apparently through the process of evolution, bodies that can do good things or bad things, and brains that can reason and create models of the physical world as maps to guide our conscious behavior in doing what we have chosen to do.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Do tell what evolutionary biologist uses the terms "horizontal evolution and vertical evolution" in the way you suggest here?
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ If you read my posts, you will see that I am not "convinced that the way evolution built us, and the materials it used, should have some comment on the way that it's appropriate for us to behave."
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

ii. ch. vii. sect. 4).
4 Philosophy of History (1893), p. 103, where an interesting sketch of the growth of the idea of progress is to be found.
scale from the simple to the complex. .Robinet, in his treatise De la nature, worked out the same conception of a gradation in organic existence, connecting this with a general view of nature as a progress from the lowest inorganic forms of matter up to man.^ What matters to me is can we maintain our scientific and technological progress against countries that are catching up in some ways and surpassing us in others.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The common ancestor is neither modern ape nor modern man (whether it's classifiably in the same genus as apes is a matter for taxonomists).
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ And in The Origin itself, his famous "there is grandeur in this view of life" quote spoke of the first life forms having been 'breathed' into existence.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

The process is conceived as an infinite series of variations or specifications of one primitive and common type. .Man is the chef-d'oeuvre of nature, which the gradual progression of beings was to have as its last term, and all lower creations are regarded as pre-conditions of man's existence, since nature " could only realize the human form by combining in all imaginable ways each of the traits which was to enter into it."^ Even if some version of abiogenesis via natural means were established beyond all doubt, religion still could coexist with it.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Evolution doesn't care whether God created bacteria or they formed without assistance over long periods of time; evolution only cares whether those bacteria follow the principles of natural selection, heritable variation, etc.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ That the existence of a Creator is self evident is why the default assumption of man throughout all of recorded history has been theistic.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]


The formative force in this process of evolution (or " metamorphosis ") is conceived as an intellectual principle (idee generatrice). Robinet thus laid the foundation of that view of the world as wholly vital, and as a progressive unfolding of a spiritual formative principle, which was afterwards worked out by Schelling. .It is to be added that Robinet adopted a thorough-going materialistic view of the dependence of mind on body, going even to the length of assigning special nerve-fibres to the moral sense.^ Tell me why the forces of natural selection operating on a social species wouldn't/couldn't create a sense or moral sentiments.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ So part of the evolution of the human mind likely was the development of moral feelings, an innate sense of right and wrong, that helped keep social order.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The type of Christian morality assumed by TAG is some version of the Divine Command Theory, the view that moral obligation is dependent on the will of God.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.The system of Holbach seeks to provide a consistent materialistic view of the world and its processes.^ It means that you uncritically accept the whole naturalistic, materialistic, world view."
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ If evolution were a principle science, instead of a theory, it would provide the consistent application of law throughout the entire process.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Are you going to provide some examples of these "accepted" processes that don't "consistently follow such laws"?
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

Mental operations are identified with physical movements, the three conditions of physical movement, inertia, attraction and repulsion, being in the moral world self-love, love and hate.

He left open the question whether the capability of sensation belongs to all matter, or is confined to the combinations of certain materials. He looked on the actions of the individual organism and of society as determined by the needs of self-preservation. He conceived of man as a product of nature that had gradually developed itself from a low condition, though he relinquished the problem of the exact mode of his first genesis and advance as not soluble by data of experience. Holbach thus worked out the basis of a rigorously materialistic conception of evolution.

The question of human development which Holbach touched on was one which occupied many minds both in and out of France during the 18th century, and more especially towards its close. .The foundations of this theory of history as an upward progress of man out of a barbaric and animal condition were laid by Vico in his celebrated work Principii di scienza nuova. In France the doctrine was represented by Turgot and Condorcet.^ When Dr. Paul said he rejected evolution he was speaking in the context of rejecting evolutionary naturalism, or the theory that Nature and Nature alone has been the only thing ever at work in biological history.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

German Writers of the 18th Centur

Leibnitz. - .In Leibnitz we find, if not a doctrine of evolution in the strict sense, a theory of the world which is curiously related to the modern doctrine.^ Saying you don't accept it "as a theory" when a theory is what it is - in the scientific sense, not in the vernacular sense - is to say you don't accept evolution.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Red Phillips MD: "In modern terms, as this site amply illustrates, evolution does not just mean a theory of common descent, survival of the fittest, etc.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Darwin is a package, in modern context the theory of evolution includes all his works.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.The chief aim of Leibnitz is no doubt to account for the world in its static aspect as a co-existent whole, to conceive the ultimate reality of things in such a way as to solve the mystery of mind and matter.^ And while 'intelligent design' is a catch-phrase co-opted by Creationists and monotheists, I would bet most scientists have a spiritual side and do not doubt the tremendously mysterious aspects of time and space.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ "Was it really such a positive thing to get most of the population off the farm?"
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ If bacteria did not evolve, then there would be no such thing as MRSA and other drug resistant bugs.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

Yet by his very mode of solving the problem he is led on to consider the nature of the world-process. .By placing substantial reality in an infinite number of monads whose essential nature is force or activity, which is conceived as mental (representation), Leibnitz was carried on to the explanation of the successive order of the world.^ To scientists, a theory is a coherent explanation for a large number of facts and observations about the natural world.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Theory according to my links states To scientists, a theory is a coherent explanation for a large number of facts and observations about the natural world .
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The real world is infinitely complex (bounded but infinite), and one good counterexample will topple any theory.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

He prepares the way, too, for a doctrine of evolution by his monistic idea of the substantial similarity of all things, inorganic and organic, bodily and spiritual, and still more by his conception of a perfect gradation of existence from the lowest " inanimate " objects, whose essential activity is confused representation, up to the highest organized beingman - with his clear intelligence.'

Turning now to Leibnitz's conception of the world as a process, we see first that he supplies, in his notion of the underlying reality as force which is represented as spiritual (quelque chose d'analogique au sentiment et a Tappan), both a mechanical and a teleological explanation of its order. .More than this, Leibnitz supposes that the activity of the monads takes the form of a self-evolution.^ Biology is based on more than evolution.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ If it makes them think that life is meaningless or amoral then I think they are taking, like some engineers might, to an overly more rigid and ordered view of life than evolution allows for.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Obviously Ron Paul understands that there is more to evolution than just a simple yes or no answer that Fox demanded in the Republican debate.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

It is the following out of an inherent tendency or impulse to a series of changes, all of which were virtually pre-existent, and this process cannot be interfered with from without. .As the individual monad, so the whole system which makes up the world is a gradual 1 G. H. Lewes points out that Leibnitz is inconsistent in his account of the intelligence of man in relation to that of lower animals, since when answering Locke he no longer regards these as differing in degree only.^ IMO , we will inevitably "make up" different things and just have to accommodate those differences.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ So if he was asked does he think that its possible for plants and animals DNA to modify itself, he would have a different question to answer then do you believe in evolution.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Apparently, Gretchen, you don't read my posts, and therefore you can't see that my argument is not based on physical make up, but on what you believe about the origin of man.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]


development. .In this case, however, we cannot say that each step goes out of the other as in that of individual development.^ From a human standpoint, its basically a humble perspective, and so out of step with liberal, rational, scientific orthodoxy which says through empiral data humans can decipher anything.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ I'd also like to point out that BoMar saying (paraphrasing): "You cannot prove it now, and I don't believe it can be proven in the future.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

Each monad is an original independent being, and is determined to take this particular point in the universe, this place in the scale of beings. .We see how different this metaphysical conception is from that scientific notion of cosmic evolution in which the lower stages are the antecedents and conditions of the higher.^ The scientific debate is over how evolution explains little pockets of evidence that don't fit with known mechanisms.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Here's the definition of a "scientific theory" that demonstrates how it differs from "facts", and in fact takes precedent over it.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ But for people to spout about how cant he see that there is evolution ignores the current context of that question and the implicit meaning behind it.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.It is probable that Leibnitz's notion of time and space, which approaches Kant's theory, led him to attach but little importance to the successive order of the world.^ To believe that before the Big Bang, time, space, and matter were non existent is a theory.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ There are and have been several competing theories of gravitation - curvature of space-time, graviton exchange, etc.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]


Leibnitz, in fact, presents to us an infinite system of perfectly distinct though parallel developments, which on their mental side assume the aspect of a scale, not through any mutual action, but solely through the determination of the Deity. Even this idea, however, is incomplete, for Leibnitz fails to explain the physical aspect of development. .Thus he does not account for the fact that organic beings - which have always existed as preformations (in the case of animals as animaux spermatiques) - come to be developed under given conditions.^ In that case "facts" are only valid in an axiomatic framework, i.e., "the set of integers forms a group under multiplication", which is only true given definitions of sets, numbers, and algebraic structures.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

Yet Leibnitz prepared the way for a new conception of organic evolution.
.
The modern monistic doctrine, that all material things consist of sentient elements, and that consciousness arises through a combination of these, was a natural transformation of Leibnitz's theory.2 Lessing.
^ All theists, all Christians, all staunch defenders of the theory of evolution, yet just as staunch defenders of methodological naturalism.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ (They also accept miracles, with the understanding that they represent temporary suspension of those natural laws that consistently apply at all other times.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ All these things are part of our physical bodies.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

- .Of
Leibnitz's immediate followers we may mention Lessing, who in his Education of the Human Race brought out the truth of the process of gradual development underlying: human history, even though he expressed this in a form inconsistent with the idea of a spontaneous evolution.^ When in human history has spontaneous generation ever been observed?
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Isn't that the process that brought us from amoebas to monkeys and to humans?
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ You're falsely bundling the two ideas and indirectly bashing evolution while you're at it, and it doesn't make your stance sound any less incoherent than Paul's.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

Herder

Herder, on the other hand, Lessing's contemporary,. treated the subject of man's development in a thoroughly naturalistic spirit. In his Ideen zur Philosophic der Geschichte, Herder adopts Leibnitz's idea of a graduated scale of beings, at the same time conceiving of the lower stages as the conditions, of the higher. .Thus man is said to be the highest product of nature, and as such to be dependent on all lower products.^ "It is often said that all the conditions for the first production of a living organism are now present, which could have ever been present.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ After all, if you have a sick child, are you going to depend only on the supernatural, such as prayer, to make him/her better?
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.All material things are assimilated to one another as organic, the vitalizing principle being inherent in all matter.^ The one thing you can say about a Paul presidency is that he wouldn't involve the state with either science or religion, whatever his personal views on those matters.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ He might veto one specific kind of law in favor of another kind that does the same thing but in accordance with his Right-wing Constitutionalist viewpoint.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

The development of man is explained in connexion with that of the earth, and in relation to climatic variations, &c.

Man's mental faculties are viewed as related to his organization, and as developed under the pressure of the necessities of life.3 Kant. - .Kant's relation to the doctrine of evolution is a many-sided one.^ Many, if not most, of the established Christian churches explicitly support honest science, and evolution, in their doctrines.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Scientifically it's one thing, but many use the term to include theories about the creation of the universe, which has nothing to do with the scientific theory of evolution."
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ There is still ample room in the study of human evolution for many interpretations, including a faith-based one that assumes the involvement of a Creator.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.In the first place, his peculiar system of subjective idealism, involving the idea that time is but a mental form to which there corresponds nothing in the sphere of noiimenal reality, serves to give a peculiar philosophical interpretation to every doctrine of cosmic evolution.^ "The Man" (read, Saviour) is missing the point that it has to be about ideas, (and not ideals) and which ideas and plans and organizations are most survival-promoting for YOU in this real world.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Evolution likewise can be studied by the evidence left behind, but there every single living thing (and many non-living things as well) bears the stamps of what happened in the past.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ There was obviously a need to pursue them in the first place, and eventually the market itself would have filled that need.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

Kant, like Leibnitz, seeks to reconcile the mechanical and teleological views of nature, only he assigns to these different spheres. The order of the inorganic world is explained by properly physical causes.
.
In his Naturgeschichte des Himmels, in which he anticipated the nebular theory afterwards more fully developed by Laplace, Kant sought to explain the genesis of the cosmos as a product of physical forces and laws.
^ But within the prescribed boundaries that the Law exists it is by far more certain then a theory.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ It is never "proven", it can only be supplanted by a more complete theory which does a better job of explaining the data.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Theories don't become laws any more than they become facts.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

The worlds, or systems of worlds, which fill infinite space are continually being formed and destroyed. Chaos passes by a process of evolution into a cosmos, and this again into chaos. So far as the evolution of the solar system is concerned, Kant held these mechanical causes as adequate.
.
For the world as a whole, however, he postulated a beginning in time (whence his use of the word creation), and further supposed that the impulse of organization which was conveyed to chaotic matter by the Creator issued from a central point in the infinite space spreading gradually outwards.
^ It completely matters who is is talking to here, as that affects how he will use the word (though, in all likelihood, he will use the word the same way in other circumstances, as he is not a specialist).
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ What is different and even Darwin needed to devote time and effort to, was the creation of life from inorganic matter.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Ed, you are using words as if they mean anything in a world of random biochemical beings.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.4 While 2 Both Lewes and du Bois Reymond have brought out the points of contact between Leibnitz's theory of monads and modern biological speculations (Hist.^ Im sorry if I stick to single points and refuse to get drawn out into your rambling state of oblivion, but debating the whole theory of evolution is insane.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ They've also pointed out that regardless of how life started, that the theory of evolution best supports how the first organism(s) became as diverse as they are now.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Others have already pointed out that there are many Christians who support (and have made great contributions to) evolutionary theory.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

of Phil.
ii. 287, and Leibnitzsche Gedanken in der modernen Naturwissenschaft, p. 23 seq.).

For Herder's position in relation to the modern doctrine of evolution see F. von Barenbach's Herder als Vorgdnger Darwins, a work which tends to exaggerate the proximity of the two writers.
.
4 Kant held it probable that other planets besides our earth are inhabited, and that their inhabitants form a scale of beings, their perfection increasing with the distance of the planet which they inhabit from the sun.
^ It is a fact that our earth revolves around the sun.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Darwinian theory is about the origin if biodiversity - why all the past and present organisms on planet earth have the traits that they do.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

in his cosmology Kant thus relies on mechanical conceptions, in his treatment of organic life his mind is, on the contrary, dominated by teleological ideas. An organism was to him something controlled by a formative organizing principle. .It was natural, therefore, that he rejected the idea of a spontaneous generation of organisms (which was just then being advocated by his friend Forster), not only as unsupported by experience but as an inadequate hypothesis.^ From the Wikipedia article: "The Tenth Amendment, which makes explicit the idea that the federal government is limited only to the powers granted in the Constitution, is generally recognized to be a truism.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Wikipedia tells me only that he showed that "the growth of microorganisms in nutrient broths is not due to spontaneous generation."
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Natural selection is the process by which favorable traits that are heritable become more common in successive generations of a population of reproducing organisms, and unfavorable traits that are heritable become less common (from Wikipedia).
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

Experience forbids our excluding organic activity from natural causes, also our excluding intelligence from purposeful (zwecktdtigen) causes; hence experience forbids our defining the fundamental force or first cause out of which living creatures arose.'

Just as Kant thus sharply marks off the regions of the inorganic and the organic, so he sets man in strong opposition to the lower animals. His ascription to man of a unique faculty, free-will, forbade his conceiving our species as a link in a graduated series of organic developments. .In his doctrine of human development he does indeed recognize an early stage of existence in which our species was dominated by sensuous enjoyment and instinct.^ When we developed the ability to sequence and compare proteins from different species, for example, we then had a whole new set of data that could have falsified our theory.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.He further conceives of this stage as itself a process of (natural) development, namely, of the natural disposition of the species to vary in the greatest possible manner so as to preserve its unity through a process of self-adaptation (Anarten) to climate.^ Evolutionary theory states that speciation, the "diversity of life," is the result of chance variation interacting with a process of natural selection, it does not make claims to explain "any behavior."
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.
This, he says, must not be conceived as resulting from the action of external causes, but is due to a natural disposition (Anlage). From this capability of natural development (which already involves a teleological idea) Kant distinguishes the power of moral self-development or selfliberation from the dominion of nature, the gradual realization of which constitutes human history or progress.
^ Are you saying it is counterproductive to show how each of his arguments was fallacious and that he has no real understanding of logic, epistemology, history or science?
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ But one would think he would care a little more about our country's history and about the particulars of the Constitution, as a politician involved in making that history and debating about that Constitution.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ So part of the evolution of the human mind likely was the development of moral feelings, an innate sense of right and wrong, that helped keep social order.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.This moral development is regarded as a gradual approach to that rational, social and political state in which will be realized the greatest possible quantity of liberty.^ So part of the evolution of the human mind likely was the development of moral feelings, an innate sense of right and wrong, that helped keep social order.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

Thus Kant, though he appropriated and gave new form to the idea of human progress, conceived of this as wholly distinct from a natural (mechanical) process. .In this particular, as in his view of organic actions, Kant distinctly opposed the idea of evolution as one universal process swaying alike the physical and the moral world.^ God gave us, apparently through the process of evolution, bodies that can do good things or bad things, and brains that can reason and create models of the physical world as maps to guide our conscious behavior in doing what we have chosen to do.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Scientifically it's one thing, but many use the term to include theories about the creation of the universe, which has nothing to do with the scientific theory of evolution."
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ To say Dr. Paul is unscientific because of his personal views on evolution is utter crap and just another lame attempt to sway the masses towards the "chosen" ones.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

Schelling

.In the earlier writings of Schelling, containing the philosophy of identity, existence is represented as a becoming, or process of evolution.^ And if you could describe the process by which evolution becomes fact, that'd be ever so nice, but I'm not seeing it.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

Nature and mind (which are the two sides, or polar directions, of the one absolute) are each viewed as an activity advancing by an uninterrupted succession of stages. .The side of this process which Schelling worked out most completely is the negative side, that is, nature.^ I was merely pointing out the FACT that most of what you have written is completely meaningless.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ He doesn't come out and say that there's no evolutionary process at work in the world he believes to have been created by "the creator [he] know[s]."
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

Nature is essentially a process of organic self-evolution. It can only be understood by subordinating the mechanical conception to the vital, by conceiving the world as one organism animated by a spiritual principle or intelligence (Weltseele).
.
From this point of view the processes of nature from the inorganic up to the most complex of the organic become stages in the self-realization of nature.
^ Natural selection is the process by which favorable traits that are heritable become more common in successive generations of a population of reproducing organisms, and unfavorable traits that are heritable become less common (from Wikipedia).
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ We sent troops to Iraq to speed up the process of natural selection.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ There is ZERO scientific evidence to support the theory of self-organization of inorganic elements into organic Life.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.All organic forms are at bottom but one organization, and the inorganic world shows the same formative activity in various degrees or potences.^ If those relationships were real, then the protein comparisons should show the same degree of relationship between those species.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ There is ZERO scientific evidence to support the theory of self-organization of inorganic elements into organic Life.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.Schelling conceives of the gradual self-evolution of nature in a succession of higher and higher forms as brought about by a limitation of her infinite productivity, showing itself in a series of points of arrest.^ Evolution can't become a "law" because a scientific law is a just a formal, usually mathematical, statement about the way nature behaves across a set of conditions.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ As I showed Evolution through breeding and selective planting is as old as civilization itself.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ So, what the question - do you believe in evolution - boils down to is - do you believe that life was created by random processes not brought about by a creator or do you believe that in some way the universe was designed for life and shows every evidence that there is a creator behind it all.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.The detailed exhibition of the organizing activity of nature in the several processes of the organic and inorganic world rests on a number of fanciful and unscientific ideas.^ Theory according to my links states To scientists, a theory is a coherent explanation for a large number of facts and observations about the natural world .
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ To scientists, a theory is a coherent explanation for a large number of facts and observations about the natural world.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ There is ZERO scientific evidence to support the theory of self-organization of inorganic elements into organic Life.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.
Schelling's theory is a bold attempt to revitalize nature in the light of growing physical and physiological science, and by so doing to comprehend the unity of the world under the idea of one principle of organic development.
^ STOP DOING THAT. There IS no proof for theories in science.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ A scientific law is a description of a natural phenomenon or principle that invariably holds true under specific conditions and will occur under certain circumstances.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ I am not equating these groups (only the first one is murderous and a physical threat to us), but we can't shun science and still succeed in the 21st century.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.His highly figurative language might leave us in doubt how far he conceived the higher stages of this evolution of nature as following the lower in time.^ Is this Evolution natural or will it fail, and how?"
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Is this Evolution natural or will it fail, and how?
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Evolution doesn't care whether God created bacteria or they formed without assistance over long periods of time; evolution only cares whether those bacteria follow the principles of natural selection, heritable variation, etc.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

In the introduction to his work Von der Weltseele, however, he argues in favour of the possibility of a transmutation of species in periods incommensurable with ours. .The evolution of mind (the positive pole) proceeds by 1 Kant calls the doctrine of the transmutation of species " a hazardous fancy of the reason."^ Linnaeus described the relation of species enough that you could call his taxonomy the Fact of Evolution.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.Yet, as Strauss and others have shown, Kant's mind betrayed a decided leaning at times to a more mechanical conception of organic forms as related by descent.^ Others found the more complete version and that link was given several times in the comments above.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ As I've noted above, evolution is "only" a few thousand times more likely to be true than any other theory we've got to explain a century and a half of experimentation.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]


way of three stages - theoretic, practical and aesthetical activity. Schelling's later theosophic speculations do not specially concern us here.

Followers of Schelling

Of the followers of Schelling a word or two must be said. .Heinrich Steffens, in his Anthropologie, seeks to trace out the origin and history of man in connexion with a general theory of the development of the earth, and this again as related to the formation of the solar system.^ It is a theory which best explains the data about how life developed on earth.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ There were previously facts that were explainable by the theory that the earth was round, but we later developed the ability to actually observe.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Darwinian theory is about the origin if biodiversity - why all the past and present organisms on planet earth have the traits that they do.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.All these processes are regarded as a series of manifestations of a vital principle in higher and higher forms.^ "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men evolved out of slime, programmed in their biochemical body processes with certain inalienable rights...
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.Oken, again, who carries Schelling's ideas into the region of biological science, seeks to reconstruct the gradual evolution of the material world out of original matter, which is the first immediate appearance of God, or the absolute.^ I think God could/can use absolutely any method He chose/chooses to construct this physical world.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Im sorry if I stick to single points and refuse to get drawn out into your rambling state of oblivion, but debating the whole theory of evolution is insane.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Secondly as Ive pointed out, the current context of that statement in the world we live in implicitly refers to the origin of life.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.
This process is an upward one, through the formation of the solar system and of our earth with its inorganic bodies, up to the production of man.
^ God gave us, apparently through the process of evolution, bodies that can do good things or bad things, and brains that can reason and create models of the physical world as maps to guide our conscious behavior in doing what we have chosen to do.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ If you and I are determined by the biochemical processes in our bodies, and there is nothing "fallacious" or "truthful" or "logical" in a biochemical process, how do you determine what is fallacy and what is not?
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

The process is essentially a polar linear action, or differentiation from a common centre. By means of this process the bodies of the solar system separate themselves, and the order of cosmic evolution is repeated in that of terrestrial evolution. The organic world (like the world as a whole) arises out of a primitive chaos, namely, the infusorial slime.

A somewhat similar working out of Schelling's idea is to be found in H. C. Oersted's work entitled The Soul in Nature (Eng. trans.). .Of later works based on Schelling's doctrine of evolution mention may be made of the volume entitled Natur and Idee, by G. F. Carus.^ For that matter, he may well understand that already-- that may be why he didn't raise his hand to say that he disagreed with evolution, but made these nebulous statements later about the creator and origins.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ It is an unknown factor in the equation of evolution and yet we tend to take the later parts of evolution granted as factual based upon a primordial progenitor theory."
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Katie: Scientists may be divided on the mechanisms by which evolution works, but not on the basic principle that sexual selection, natural selection and mutation cause and continue to affect and effect speciation.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.According to this writer, existence is nothing but a becoming, and matter is simply the momentary product of the process of becoming, while force is this process constantly revealing itself in these products.^ Because according to the evolutionary theory itself, any behavior is a dialectical product of chance and biochemical processes, not a logical action by a logically thinking free human being.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Bo said: "Because according to the evolutionary theory itself, any behavior is a dialectical product of chance and biochemical processes, not a logical action by a logically thinking free human being."
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

Hegel

Like Schelling, Hegel conceives the problem of existence as one of becoming. .He differs from him with respect to the ultimate motive of that process of gradual evolution which reveals itself alike in nature and in mind.^ So if he was asked does he think that its possible for plants and animals DNA to modify itself, he would have a different question to answer then do you believe in evolution.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ "There is the altar of traditional evolutionary theory that expresses itself in a gradual process and then there is the altar "punctuate equilibrium" to explain extremely rapid life-burst of accelerated evolution.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ There is the altar of traditional evolutionary theory that expresses itself in a gradual process and then there is the altar "punctuate equilibrium" to explain extremely rapid life-burst of accelerated evolution.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.With Hegel the absolute is itself a dialectic process which contains within itself a principle of progress from difference to difference and from unity to unity.^ Because according to the evolutionary theory itself, any behavior is a dialectical product of chance and biochemical processes, not a logical action by a logically thinking free human being.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

" This process (W. Wallace remarks) knows nothing of the distinctions between past and future, because it implies an eternal present." This conception of an immanent spontaneous evolution is applied alike both to nature and to mind and history. .Nature to Hegel is the idea in the form of hetereity; and finding itself here it has to remove this exteriority in a progressive evolution towards an existence for itself in life and mind.^ And in The Origin itself, his famous "there is grandeur in this view of life" quote spoke of the first life forms having been 'breathed' into existence.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ I find the comments here expressing dismay at how an M.D. could possibly deny evolution, amusing.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ "There is the altar of traditional evolutionary theory that expresses itself in a gradual process and then there is the altar "punctuate equilibrium" to explain extremely rapid life-burst of accelerated evolution.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.
Nature (says Zeller) is to Hegel a system of gradations, of which one arises necessarily out of the other, and is the proximate truth of that out of which it results.
^ After all, the Bible says that God sends floods and storms and other natural disasters.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Furthermore, these theories are able to predict the results of further experimentation - that is, the hypotheses one derives from a theory turn out to occur in experimentation.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.There are three stadia, or moments, in this process of nature - (i) the mechanical moment, or matter devoid of individuality; (2) the physical moment, or matter which has particularized itself in bodies - the solar system; and (3) the organic moment, or organic beings, beginning with the geological organism - or the mineral kingdom, plants and animals.^ Natural selection is the process by which favorable traits that are heritable become more common in successive generations of a population of reproducing organisms, and unfavorable traits that are heritable become less common (from Wikipedia).
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ So if he was asked does he think that its possible for plants and animals DNA to modify itself, he would have a different question to answer then do you believe in evolution.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Nature is nature, there is no "problems" in nature, just good old laws and processes.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.Yet this process of development is not to be conceived as if one stage is naturally produced out of the other, and not even as if the one followed the other in time.^ Secondly: A bacteria may develop resistance to one antibiotic (naturally occuring or otherwise) and have cross resistance to another because the antibiotic mechanism is similar.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ (They also accept miracles, with the understanding that they represent temporary suspension of those natural laws that consistently apply at all other times.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ That's all accepting evolution rules out, religiously (and one would think the fossil record would have done that even without evolution).
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]


Only spirit has a history; in nature all forms are contemporaneous.2 Hegel's interpretation of mind and history as a process of evolution has more scientific interest than his conception of nature. .His theory of the development of free-will (the objective spirit), which takes its start from Kant's conception of history, with its three stages of legal right, morality as determined by motive and instinctive goodness (Sittlichkeit), might almost as well be expressed in terms of a thoroughly naturalistic doctrine of human development.^ Naive on legal philosophy as well as on history.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Of course it's alive, and conception is as good a point to declare that life's start than any other.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Because according to the evolutionary theory itself, any behavior is a dialectical product of chance and biochemical processes, not a logical action by a logically thinking free human being.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

So, too, some of his conceptions respecting the development of art and religion (the absolute spirit) lend themselves to a similar interpretation.
.
Yet while, in its application to history, Hegel's theory of evolution has points of resemblance with those doctrines which seek to explain the worldprocess as one unbroken progress occurring in time, it constitutes on the whole a theory apart and sui generis. It does not conceive of the organic as succeeding on the inorganic, or of conscious life 2 Hegel somewhere says that the question of the eternal duration of the world is unanswerable: time as well as space can be predicated of finitudes only.
^ Evolution is an extremely well established theory.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The Theory of Evolution, as first formed by Darwin, and in its magnificent elucidation since then, does not require one to know anything of biogenesis - in essence, it STARTS with reproducing life forms.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Also look at the FURTHER READINGS, where the major creationist website also agrees that your whole 'fact/theory' discussion is nothing but a red herring: What people usually mean when they say this is "Evolution is not proven fact, so it should not be promoted dogmatically."
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]


as conditioned in time by lower forms. .In this respect it resembles Leibnitz's idea of the world as a development; the idea of evolution is in each case a metaphysical as distinguished from a scientific one.^ Scientifically it's one thing, but many use the term to include theories about the creation of the universe, which has nothing to do with the scientific theory of evolution."
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ No, in this case the free market of ideas is the laboratory, which has provided mountains of evidence for evolution and maybe microscopic droplets here and there for other theories.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ If they had any respect for the free market of ideas, one of the foundations of libertarian philosophy, they wouldn't be so vehement for support of a person that is himself supporting ideas that lost (and quite decisively) in that free market of ideas.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.Hegel gives a place in his metaphysical system to the mechanical and the teleological views; yet in his treatment of the world as an evolution the idea of end or purpose is the predominant one.^ So, one must conclude that logic is not dependent on God, and, insofar as the Christian world view assumes that logic so dependent, it is false.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.
Of the followers of Hegel who have worked out his peculiar idea of evolution it is hardly necessary to speak.
^ Education "experts" on government payroll who ban teaching of any alternative to evolution in schools are proponents of "free market of ideas"?
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ When Dr. Paul said he rejected evolution he was speaking in the context of rejecting evolutionary naturalism, or the theory that Nature and Nature alone has been the only thing ever at work in biological history.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.A bare reference may be made to J. K. F. Rosenkranz, who in his work Hegel's Naturphilosophie seeks to develop Hegel's idea of an earthorganism in the light of modern science, recognizing in crystallization the morphological element.^ If I have a choice between a candidate who recognizes the validity of one of the most important ideas in science and one who not only doesn't but panders to the most ignorant members of society when he ought to know better, I'm going to choose the former.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

Schopenhauer

.Of the other German philosophers immediately following Kant, there is only one who calls for notice here, namely, Arthur Schopenhauer.^ Many who claim to be evolutionists only look at point 6 and call that 'evolution.'
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ One will never have 100% belief in a candidate's positions, but this is trivial....He still is the only honest contender, no wonder he is dissected (unlike EVERY other candidate) .
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ There are a number of philosophers who have addressed the issue of atheistic epistemology.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

This writer, by his conception of the world as will which objectifies itself in a series of gradations from the lowest manifestations of matter up to conscious man, gives a slightly new shape to the evolutional view of Schelling, though he deprives this view of its optimistic character by denying any co-operation of intelligence in the world-process. .In truth, Schopenhauer's conception of the world as the activity of a blind force is at bottom a materialistic and mechanical rather than a spiritualistic and teleological theory.^ In fact I argue that many facets of the contemporary world make a more limited government more rather than less desirable.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ It is laughable to suggest that Newton's Laws are to be ranked higher than string theory, the theory of relativity, or quantum mechanics, for example.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]


Moreover, Schopenhauer's subjective idealism, and his view of time as something illusory, hindered him from viewing this process as a sequence of events in time. Thus he ascribes eternity of existence to species under the form of the " Platonic ideas." As Ludwig Noire observes, Schopenhauer has no feeling for the problem of the origin of organic beings. .He says Lamarck's original animal is something metaphysical, not physical, namely, the will to live.^ Ok, so first he misunderstands evolution by saying it has something to do with "origins", which is wrong.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

." Every species (according to Schopenhauer) has of its own will, and according to the circumstances under which it would live, determined its form and organization, - yet not as something physical in time, but as something metaphysical out of time."^ The Virgin Birth is theologically essential because if Jesus had two natural parents he would have had a sin nature like every other human, and he would not have lived a sinless life.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ It's the way you figure out what physical movements to make when you plan to accomplish something.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]


Von Baer. - .Be fore leaving the German speculation of the first half of the century, a word must be said of von Baer, to whose biological contributions we shall refer later in this article, who recognized in the law of development the law of the universe as a whole.^ That said, the policies of today's Social Democratic parties over most of the world -- and this is what, I suppose, most academics support -- would, for the most part, not even be recognized as socialism by 19th-century socialists.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Evolutionary theory as a whole has been substantiated by a century and a half of experimentation and theory, and Paul tosses it all aside by saying "It's a theory, the theory of evolution, and I don't accept it."
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

In his Entwickelungsgeschichte der Thiere (p. .264) he distinctly tells us that the law of growing individuality is " the fundamental thought which goes through all forms and degrees of animal development and all single relations.^ Right now, reason, evidence, logic, study, all tell us that apparently God used evolution to create our bodies.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ F=Gm1m2/d2 is a Law - (and is wrong in critical ways) but it does not tell us diddly squat about how gravity works.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Isn't that the favourite job for social engineers: tell us what is good for us as a collective as over against what is good for us as individuals?
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

It is the same thought which collected in the cosmic space the divided masses into spheres, and combined these to solar systems; the same which caused the weather-beaten dust on the surface of our metallic planet to spring forth into living forms." Von Baer thus prepared the way for Herbert Spencer's generalization of the law of organic evolution as the law of all evolution.

Comte

As we arrive at the r 9th century, though yet before the days of Darwin, biology is already beginning to affect the general aspect of thought. .It might suffice to single out the influence of Auguste Comte, as the last great thinker who wrote before Darwinism began to permeate philosophic speculation.^ Darwin also separately wrote: "It is pure rubbish, thinking at the present of the origin of life; one might as well think of the origin of matter."
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ But Darwin wrote 150 years ago, for crying out loud, and he didn't even know what a gene was.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Others have already pointed out that there are many Christians who support (and have made great contributions to) evolutionary theory.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.Though Comte did not actually contribute to a theory of cosmic organic evolution, he helped to lay the foundations of a scientific conception of human history as a natural process of development 'determined by general laws of human nature together with the accumulating influences of the past.^ When in human history has spontaneous generation ever been observed?
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Evolution is a scientific theory.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ That's a real consequence in believing in "evolution theory" as a natural law.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.Comte does not recognize that this process is aided by any increase of innate capacity; on the contrary, progress is to him the unfolding of fundamental faculties of human nature which always pre-existed in a latent condition; yet he may perhaps be said to have prepared the way for the new conception of human progress by his inclusion of mental laws under biology.^ A scientific law is a description of a natural phenomenon or principle that invariably holds true under specific conditions and will occur under certain circumstances.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ I don't "need" a virgin birth so I have no problem believing that Jesus had a mother and father who conceived him in the same way every other human was conceived.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Evolutionary theory states that speciation, the "diversity of life," is the result of chance variation interacting with a process of natural selection, it does not make claims to explain "any behavior."
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

Development of the Biological Doctrine

.In the 19th century the doctrine of evolution received new biological contents and became transformed from a vague, partly metaphysical theory to the dominant modern conception.^ If we speak of the ability to cross to a new species then we speak of the theory of evolution which is still very un-proven, and therefor a theory.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Red Phillips MD: "In modern terms, as this site amply illustrates, evolution does not just mean a theory of common descent, survival of the fittest, etc.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Parts 1-3 aren't even BIOLOGY, and evolution is a BIOLOGICAL theory.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.At this point it is convenient to leave the guidance of Professor J. Sully and to follow closely T. H. Huxley, who in the 9th edition of this encyclopaedia traced the history of the growth of the biological idea of evolution from its philosophical beginnings to its efflorescence in Charles Darwin.^ Education "experts" on government payroll who ban teaching of any alternative to evolution in schools are proponents of "free market of ideas"?
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ When Dr. Paul said he rejected evolution he was speaking in the context of rejecting evolutionary naturalism, or the theory that Nature and Nature alone has been the only thing ever at work in biological history.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.
In the earlier half of the 18th century the term " evolution " was introduced into biological writings in order to denote the mode in which some of the most eminent physiologists of that time conceived that the generation of living things took place; in opposition to the hypothesis advocated, in the preceding century, by W. Harvey in that remarkable work 1 which would give him a claim to rank among the founders of biological science, even had he not been the discoverer of the circulation of the blood.
^ The term evolution in common parlance does mean something other than the purely technical meaning you and others are claiming it means.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ It is quite obvious that there was editing that took place at 31 seconds into the video.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Scientifically it's one thing, but many use the term to include theories about the creation of the universe, which has nothing to do with the scientific theory of evolution."
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

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One of Harvey's prime objects is to defend and establish, on the basis of direct observation, the opinion already held by Aristotle, that, in the higher animals at any rate, the formation of the new organism by the process of generation takes place, not suddenly, by simultaneous accretion of rudiments of all or the most important of the organs of the adult, nor by sudden metamorphosis of a formative substance into a miniature of the whole, which subsequently grows, but by epigenesis, or successive differentiation of a relatively homogeneous rudiment into the parts and structures which are characteristic of the adult.
^ We couldn't think without the brain, but our thoughts can't be entirely explained simply by referring to the chemical processes that take place within it.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ For example, it uses the low "uncaught error" rate to postulate that, er, I dunno, some higher power is keeping the DNA of all the cells on the planet in line.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Nonetheless, he is IMO the most appealing of any GOP candidate due to his stance on the war and relative 'minimal' integration of religion into politics.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]


" Et primo, quidem, quoniam per epigenesin sive partium superexorientium additamentum pullum fabricari certum est: quaenam pars ante alias omnes exstruatur, et quid de illa ejusque generandi modo observandum veniat, dispiciemus. Ratum sane est et in ovo manifeste apparet quod Aristoteles de perfectorum animalium generatione enuntiat: nimirum, non omnes partes simul fieri, sed ordine aliam post aliam; primumque existere particulam genitalem, cujus virtute postea (tanquam ex principio quodam) reliquae omnes partes prosiliant. Qualem in plantarum seminibus (fabis, puta, aut glandibus) gemmam sive apicem protuberantem cernimus, totius futurae arboris principium.

Estque haec particula velut filius emancipatus seorsumque collocatus, et principium per se vivens; unde postea membrorum ordo describitur; et quaecunque ad absolvendum animal pertinent, disponuntur. 2 Quoniam enim nulla pars se ipsam general; sed postquam generata est, se ipsam jam auget; ideo eam primum oriri necesse est, quae principium augendi contineat (sive enim planta, sive animal est, aeque omnibus inest quod vim habeat vegetandi, sive nutriendi), 3 simulque reliquas omnes partes suo quamque ordine distinguat et formet; proindeque in eader primogenita particula anima primario inest, sensus, motusque, et totius vitae auctor et principium." (Exercitatio 51.)
.
Harvey proceeds to contrast this view with that of the " Medici," or followers of Hippocrates and Galen, who, " badly philosophizing," imagined that the brain, the heart, and the liver were simultaneously first generated in the form of vesicles; and, at the same time, while expressing his agreement with Aristotle in the principle of epigenesis, he maintains that it is the blood which is the primal generative part, and not, as Aristotle thought, the heart.
^ Evolution doesn't care whether God created bacteria or they formed without assistance over long periods of time; evolution only cares whether those bacteria follow the principles of natural selection, heritable variation, etc.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ And in The Origin itself, his famous "there is grandeur in this view of life" quote spoke of the first life forms having been 'breathed' into existence.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.
In the latter part of the 17th century the doctrine of epigenesis thus advocated by Harvey was controverted on the ground of direct observation by M. Malpighi, who affirmed that the body of the chick is to be seen in the egg before the punctum sanguineum makes it appearance.
^ You are the one who talked about parts of the human body (i.e.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.But from this perfectly correct observation a conclusion which is by no means warranted was drawn, namely, that the chick as a whole really exists in the egg antecedently to incubation; and that what happens in the course of the latter process is no addition of new parts, " alias post alias natas," as Harvey puts it, but a simple expansion or unfolding of the organs which already exist, though they are too small and inconspicuous to be discovered.^ I mean, whatever happened to the good old biochemical processes?
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ These are all facts, meaning they are observational data .
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ And if the Constitution really forbids the people as a whole (by means of the government) to fund research, even though research is an investment that pays off for everyone, then maybe it should be amended, don't you think?
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]


The weight of Malpighi's observations therefore fell into the scale of that doctrine which Harvey terms metamorphosis, in contradistinction to epigenesis. The views of Malpighi were warmly welcomed on philosophical grounds by Leibnitz, 4 who found in them a support to his 1 The Exercitationes de generatione animalium, which Dr George Ent extracted from him and published in 1651.
2 De generatione animalium, lib. ii. cap. x.
3 De generatione animalium, lib. ii. cap. iv.
.4 " Cependant, pour revenir aux formes ordinaires ou aux Ames materielles, cette duree qu'il leur faut attribuer, a la place de celle qu'on avoit attribuee aux atomes pourroit faire douter si elles ne vont pas de corps en corps; ce qui seroit la metempsychose, a peu pros comme quelques philosophes ont cru la transmission du mouvement hypothesis of monads, and by Nicholas Malebranche; while, in the middle of the r8th century, not only speculative considerations, but a great number of new and interesting observations on the phenomena of generation, led the ingenious Charles Bonnet and A. von Haller, the first physiologist of the age, to adopt, advocate and extend them.^ Lee, I agree its more speculation then hypothesis, I only quoted that in relation to Eds request for anything on Darwin hypothesizing on the origin of life.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ I am not equating these groups (only the first one is murderous and a physical threat to us), but we can't shun science and still succeed in the 21st century.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.
Bonnet affirms that, before fecundation, the hen's egg contains an excessively minute but complete chick; and that fecundation and incubation simply cause this germ to absorb nutritious matters, which are deposited in the interstices of the elementary structures of which the miniature chick, or germ, is made up.
^ And snide comparison of made up religions like the Spaghetti Monster to Christianity, the cornerstone of Western Civilization, don't help the matter.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]


The consequence of this intussusceptive growth is the " development " or " evolution " of the germ into the visible bird. .Thus an organized individual (tout organise) " is a composite body consisting of the original, or elementary, parts and of the matters which have been associated with them by the aid of nutrition "; so that, if these matters could be extracted from the individual (tout), it would, so to speak, become concentrated in a point, and would thus be restored to its primitive condition of a germ; " just as, by extracting from a bone the calcareous substance which is the source of its hardness, it is reduced to its primitive state of gristle or membrane."2 " Evolution " and " development " are, for Bonnet, synonymous terms; and since by " evolution " he means simply the expansion of that which was invisible into visibility, he was naturally led to the conclusion, at which Leibnitz had arrived by a different line of reasoning, that no such thing as generation, in the proper sense of the word exists in nature.^ People mean different things when they say theory of evolution.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ God gave us, apparently through the process of evolution, bodies that can do good things or bad things, and brains that can reason and create models of the physical world as maps to guide our conscious behavior in doing what we have chosen to do.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ "Thus, God could make the law of noncontradiction false; in other words, God could arrange matters so that a proposition and its negation were true at the same time."
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]


The growth of an organic being is simply a process of enlargement, as a particle of dry gelatine may be swelled up by the intussusception of water; its death is a shrinkage, such as the swelled jelly might undergo on desiccation. .Nothing really new is produced in the living world, but the germs which develop have existed since the beginning of things; and nothing really dies, but, when what we call death takes place, the living thing shrinks back into its germ state.3 et celle des especes.^ And since you were using it in the context of making a point about the Constitution, I found it rather absurd that you were using a state law (which has nothing to do with the Constitution) to do so.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Science is merely a descriptive tool to analyze the real world, and because we can't know everything that exists in the real world, we can't definitively say that this or that theory is necessarily true.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Now, since the discussion is about evolution, you need to explain how in the world we evolved that "liberty" thing out of our biochemical processes.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]


Mais cette imagination est bien eloignee de la nature des choses. 11 n'y a point de tel passage; et c'est ici ou les transformations de Messieurs Swammerdam, Malpighi, et Leewenhoek, qui sont des plus excellens observateurs de notre tems, sont venues a mon secours et m'ont fait admettre plus aisement, que 1'animal, et toute autre substance organisee ne commence point lorsque nous le croyons, et que sa generation apparente n'est qu'un developpement et une espece d'augmentation. Aussi ai-je remarque que l'auteur de la Recherche de la verite, M. Regis, M. Hartseeker, et d'autres habiles hommes n'ont pas ete fort eloignes de ce sentiment." Leibnitz, Systeme nouveau de la nature (1695). The doctrine of " Emboitement " is contained in the Considerations sur le principe de vie (1705); the preface to the Theodicee (1710); and the Principes de la nature et de la grace 6) (1718).

' " Il est vrai que la pensee la plus raisonnable et la plus conforme a l'experience sur cette question tres difficile de la formation du foetus; c'est que les enfans sont déjà presque tout formes avant meme l'action par laquelle ils sont conqus; et que leurs meres ne font que leur donner l'accroissement ordinaire dans le temps de la grossesse." De la recherche de la verite, livre ii. chap. vii. p. 334 (7th ed., 1721).
2 Considerations sur les corps organises, chap. x.
Bonnet had the courage of his opinions, and in the Palingenesie philosophique, part vi. chap. iv., he develops a hypothesis which he terms ." evolution naturelle "; and which, making allowance for his peculiar views of the nature of generation, bears no small resemblance to what is understood by " evolution " at the present day: " Si la volonte divine a cree par un seul Acte l'Universalite des titres, d'ou venoient ces plantes et ces animaux dont Moyse nous decrit la Production au troisieme et au cinquieme jour du renouvellement de notre monde ?^ Feel free to make that assumption yourself; it has no bearing at all on the truth of the theory of evolution.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ There's also a theory of cosmological evolution, but that too has no bearing on the validity of biological evolution.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]


" Abuserois-je de la liberte de conjectures si je disois, que les Plantes et les Animaux qui existentujourd'hui sont parvenus par une sorte d'evolution naturelle des Etres organises qui peuplaient ce premier Monde, sorti immediatement des Mains du Createur ? .. .

" Ne supposons que trois revolutions. La Terre vient de sortir des Mains du Createur. Des causes preparees par sa Sagesse font developper de toutes parts les Germes. Les Etres organises commencent a jouir de l'existence. Its etoient probablement alors bien differens de ce qu'ils sont aujourd'hui. Its l'etoient autant que ce premier Monde differoit de celui que nous habitons. Nous manquons de moyens pour juger de ces dissemblances, et peut-titre que le plus habile Naturaliste qui auroit ete place dans ce premier Monde y auroit entierement meconnu nos Plantes et nos Animaux."
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The two parts of Bonnet's hypothesis, namely, the doctrine that all living things proceed from pre-existing germs, and that these contain, one enclosed within the other, the germs of all future living things, which is the hypothesis of " emboitement," and the doctrine that every germ contains in miniature all the organs of the adult, which is the hypothesis of evolution or development, in the primary senses of these words, must be carefully distinguished.
^ All these things are part of our physical bodies.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ As our children fall behind those of other developed nations in math and hard science, we actually have at least two candidates for president that don't believe in evolution...truly sad and embarrassing.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ He was speculating - this was not a hypothesis, it was not part of the Theory of Evolution - it was speculation, labeled as such.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.In fact, while holding firmly by the former, Bonnet more or less modified the latter in his later writings, and, at length, he admits that a " germ " need not be an actual miniature of the organism, hut that it may be merely an " original preformation " capable of producing the latter.4 But, thus defined, the germ is neither more nor less than the "particula genitalis" of Aristotle, or the "primordium vegetale" or " ovum " of Harvey; and the " evolution " of such a germ would not be distinguishable from " epigenesis."^ Biology is based on more than evolution.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ If shown all that evidence, would you still claim that it's merely a rhetorical ploy, using observable phenomena as evidence for evolution?
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ As I've noted above, evolution is "only" a few thousand times more likely to be true than any other theory we've got to explain a century and a half of experimentation.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.
Supported by the great authority of Haller, the doctrine of evolution, or development, prevailed throughout the whole of the 18th century, and Cuvier appears to have substantially adopted Bonnet's later views, though probably he would not have gone all lengths in the direction of " emboitement."
^ If an MD were truly not to believe in evolution, they would still be prescribing penicillin for all infections.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Many, if not most, of the established Christian churches explicitly support honest science, and evolution, in their doctrines.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ If evolution were a principle science, instead of a theory, it would provide the consistent application of law throughout the entire process.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

In a well-known note to Charles Leopold Laurillard's Eloge, prefixed to the last edition of the Ossemens fossiles, the " radical de l'etre " is much the same thing as Aristotle's " particula genitalis " and Harvey's " ovum." Bonnet's eminent contemporary, Buffon, held nearly the same views with respect to the nature of the germ, and expresses them even more confidently.

" Ceux qui ont cru que le coeur etoit le premier forme, se sont trompes; ceux qui disent que c'est le sang se trompent aussi: tout est forme en meme temps. Si l'on ne consulte que l'observation, le poulet se voit dans l'ceuf avant qu'il ait ete couve." J'ai ouvert une grande quantite d'ceufs a differens temps avant et apres l'incubation, et je me suis convaincu par mes yeux que le poulet existe en entier dans le milieu de la cicatrule au moment qu'il sort du corps de la poule." The " moule interieur " of Buffon is the aggregate of elementary parts which constitute the individual, and is thus the equivalent of Bonnet's germ, as defined in the passage cited above.

But Buffon further imagined that innumerable "molecules organiques " are dispersed throughout the world, and that alimentation consists in the appropriation by the parts of an. organism of those molecules which are analogous to them. .Growth, therefore, was, on this hypothesis, partly a process of simple evolution, and partly of what has been termed syngenesis.^ If therefore, evolution is based on laws that normally govern science why does accepted process of evolution not consistently follow such laws?
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

Buffon's opinion is, in fact, a sort of combination of views, essentially similar to those of Bonnet, with others, somewhat similar to those of the " Medici " whom Harvey condemns. The " molecules organiques " are physical equivalents of Leib nitz's " monads."
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It is a striking example of the difficulty of getting people to use their own powers of investigation accurately, that this form of the doctrine of evolution should have held its ground so long; for it was thoroughly and completely exploded, not long after its enunciation, by Caspar Frederick Wolff, who in his Theoria generationis, published in 1759, placed the opposite theory of epigenesis upon the secure foundation of fact, from which it has never been displaced.
^ Ed, I think evolution comes closer and closer to the "fact" that Mike thinks we should observe it as (at least, if we're going to suffer for being so arrogant as to constantly proclaim its superiority over non fact-based, non-theories like creationism and intelligent design!
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The Theory of Evolution, as first formed by Darwin, and in its magnificent elucidation since then, does not require one to know anything of biogenesis - in essence, it STARTS with reproducing life forms.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Natural selection is an observable phenomenon, and mitochondrial DNA, primate genetic studies, and the fossil record provide incontrovertible evidence that the theory of evolution is accurate.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

But Wolff had no immediate Ce mot (germe) ne designera pas seulement un corps organise reduit en petit; it designera encore toute espece de preformation originelle dont un Tout organique peut resulter comme de son principe immediat." - Palingenesie philosophique, part. x. chap. ii.

M. Cuvier considerant que tous les titres organises sont derives de parens, et ne voyant dans la nature aucune force capable de produire l'organisation, croyait a la pre-existence des germes; non pas a la pre-existence d'un titre tout forme, puisqu'il est bien evident que ce n'est que par des developpemens successifs que l'etre acquiert sa forme; mais, si l'on peut s'exprimer ainsi, a la pre-existence du radical de l'etre, radical qui existe avant que la serie des evolutions ne commence, et qui remonte certainement, suivant la belle observation de Bonnet, a plusieurs generations." - Laurillard, Eloge de Cuvier, note 12.
6 Histoire naturelle, tom. ii. ed. ii. (1750), p.
Ibid. p. 351. See particularly Buffon, l.c. p. 41.
successors. .The school of Cuvier was lamentably deficient in embryologists; and it was only in the course of the first thirty years of the igth century that Prevost and Dumas in France, and, later on, Ddllinger, Pander, von Bar, Rathke, and Remak in Germany, founded modern embryology; and, at the same time, proved the utter incompatibility of the hypothesis of evolution as formulated by Bonnet and Haller with easily demonstrable facts.^ Of course, I would only point to the fact that if evolutionist philosophers are trying to find a solution to the problems I posed, they will have to do it without the scientists.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ (For the record, I have seen evolution on a petri dish full of bacteria and bacteriophages, and so did everyone else in that first-year molecular biology course.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Theories get proved quite a few times a year.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.
Nevertheless, though the conceptions originally denoted by " evolution " and " development " were shown to be untenable, the words retained their application to the process by which the embryos of living beings gradually make their appearance; and the terms" development," " Entwickelung,"and " evolutio " are now indiscriminately used for the series of genetic changes exhibited by living beings, by writers who would emphatically deny that " development " or " Entwickelung " or " evolutio," in the sense in which these words were usually employed by Bonnet or Haller, ever occurs.
^ Not that a non-vetted President-elect would live to see inauguration day, but building a movement of autonomy seems to be the only hope for stalling if not stopping this process.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ And your snide use of the term "crackpot ideas" helps make my case, not yours.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Anyone who knows Paul would already know his stands on evolution.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.
Evolution, or development, is, in fact, at present employed in biology as a general name for the history of the steps by which any living being has acquired the morphological and the physiological characters which distinguish it.
^ At the very least he slept through biology (doesn't accept evolution) and history (thinks Lincoln could have prevented the Civil War and that it was only about slavery).
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.As civil history may be divided into biography, which is the historyof individuals, and universal history, which is the history of the human race, so evolution falls naturally into two categories - the evolution of the individual (see Embryology) and the evolution of the sum of living beings.^ The Virgin Birth is theologically essential because if Jesus had two natural parents he would have had a sin nature like every other human, and he would not have lived a sinless life.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Katie: Scientists may be divided on the mechanisms by which evolution works, but not on the basic principle that sexual selection, natural selection and mutation cause and continue to affect and effect speciation.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Let's see: Observe what happens when a professor at a major university presents anything that contradicts the accepted tenets of evolution.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

The Evolution of the Sum of Living Beings

.The notion that all the kinds of animals and plants may have come into existence by the growth and modification of primordial germs is as old as speculative thought; but the modern scientific form of the doctrine can be traced historically to the influence of several converging lines of philosophical speculation and of physical observation, none of which go further back than the 17th century.^ This may come as a surprise to y'all, but providing quality care to human beings suffering from any disease I can think of is not predicated on the belief that evolution is true.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ And in The Origin itself, his famous "there is grandeur in this view of life" quote spoke of the first life forms having been 'breathed' into existence.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The modification of DNA with in species has been accepted since man first started cultivating crops and animals via selective breeding and planting.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

These are: I. The enunciation by Descartes of the conception that the physical universe, whether living or not living, is a mechanism, and that, as such, it is explicable on physical principles.
.
2. The observation of the gradations of structure, from extreme simplicity to very great complexity, presented by living things, and of the relation of these graduated forms to one another.
^ The great economic challenge for this country in this century will be maintaining our very high relative standard of living.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Personally based on observable data one must form postulates, things that aren't proved that one believes in.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ He might veto one specific kind of law in favor of another kind that does the same thing but in accordance with his Right-wing Constitutionalist viewpoint.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]


3. The observation of the existence of an analogy between the series of gradations presented by the species which compose any great group of animals or plants, and the series of embryonic conditions of the highest members of that group.
.
4. The observation that large groups of species of widely different habits present the same fundamental plan of structure; and that parts of the same animal or plant, the functions of which are very different, likewise exhibit modifications of a common plan.
^ So if he was asked does he think that its possible for plants and animals DNA to modify itself, he would have a different question to answer then do you believe in evolution.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ If common descent is true, those sequence homologies between proteins in different species must fall into the same kind of pattern we observe in the fossil record.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ You mean different species follow different parts of evolutionary theory?
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.5. The observation of the existence of structures, in a rudimentary and apparently useless condition, in one species of a group, which are fully developed and have definite functions in other species of the same group.^ In that case "facts" are only valid in an axiomatic framework, i.e., "the set of integers forms a group under multiplication", which is only true given definitions of sets, numbers, and algebraic structures.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ As Ron Paul stated, we are not at the point to definitively say one way or the other.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ For one thing, if you think voters and Iraqis are other species...but I'm guessing that was satire (or a clumsy attempt at it).
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.6. The observation of the effects of varying conditions in modifying living organisms.^ "It is often said that all the conditions for the first production of a living organism are now present, which could have ever been present.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

7. The observation of the facts of geographical distribution.
8. The observation of the facts of the geological succession of the forms of life.
1. Notwithstanding the elaborate disguise which fear of the powers that were led Descartes to throw over his real opinions, it is impossible to read the Principes de la philosophie without acquiring the conviction that this great philosopher held that the physical world and all things in it, whether living or not living, have originated by a process of evolution, due to the continuous operation of purely physical causes, out of a primitive relatively formless matter.' ' As Billion has well said: - " L'idee de ramener l'explication de tons les phenomenes a des principes mecaniques est assurement grande et belle,ce pas est le plus hardi qu'on peut faire en philosophic, et c'est Descartes qui l'a fait." - l.c. p. 50.
.
The following passage is especially instructive: " Et tant s'en Taut que je veuille que ion croie toutes les choses que j'ecrirai, que meme je pretends en proposer ici quelques-unes que je crois absolument titre fausses; A savoir, je ne doute point que le monde n'ait etc cree au commencement avec autant de perfection qu'il en a; en sorte que le soleil, la terre, la lune, et les etoiles ont etc des lors; et que la terre n'a pas eu seulement en soi les semences des plantes, mais que les plantes meme en ont couvert une partie; et qu'Adam et Eve n'ont pas etc crees enfans mais en Age d'hommes parfaits.
^ As an Atheist woman who may well be partially dependent on my Social Security in my old age, I'm damned glad he's got little to no chance of winning.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

La religion chretienne veut que nous le croyons ainsi, et la raison naturelle nous persuade entierement cette verite; car si nous considerons la toute puissance de Dieu, nous devons juger que tout ce qu'il a fait a eu des le commencement toute la perfection qu'il devoit avoir.

Mais neanmoins, comme on connoitroit beaucoup mieux quelle a etc la nature d'Adam et celle des arbres de Paradis si on avoit examine comment les enfants se forment peu a peu dans le ventre de leurs mores et comment les plantes sortent de leurs semences, que si on avoit seulement considers quels ils ont etc quand Dieu les a crees: tout de meme, nous ferons mieux entendre quelle est generalement la nature de toutes les choses qui sont au monde si nous pouvons imaginer quelques principes qui soient fort intelligibles et fort simples, desquels nous puissions voir clairement que les astres et la terre et enfin tout ce monde visible auroit pu titre produit ainsi que de quelques semences (bien que nous sachions qu'il n'a pas ste produit en cette fawn) que si nous la decrivions seulement comme it est, ou bien comme nous croyons qu'il a ste cree.

Et parceque je pense avoir trouvs des principes qui sont tels, je tacherai ici de les expliquer." .2 If we read between the lines of this singular exhibition of force of one kind and weakness of another, it is clear that Descartes believed that he had divined the mode in which the physical universe had been evolved; and the Traits de l'homme and the essay Sur les passions afford abundant additional evidence that he sought for, and thought he had found, an explanation of the phenomena of physical life by deduction from purely physical laws.^ What is true for one species may not apply to another species when the evidence is contradictory."
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ As another commenter above explained, laws are purely descriptive, while theories are explanatory.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Apparently, Gretchen, you don't read my posts, and therefore you can't see that my argument is not based on physical make up, but on what you believe about the origin of man.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]


Spinoza abounds in the same sense, and is as usual perfectly candid " Naturae leges et regulae, secundum quas omnia fiunt et ex unis formis in alias mutantur, sunt ubique et semper eadem." .3 Leibnitz's doctrine of continuity necessarily led him in the same direction; and, of the infinite multitude of monads with which he peopled the world, each is supposed to be the focus of an endless process of evolution and involution.^ As long as my master believes in evolution, I will continue supporting him/her.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ "He simply does not accept evolution as a theory, as fanatical adherents do, in the materialistic totality that denies the possibility of divine intervention in the process, which is not the same as denying every aspect of that theory."
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ He simply does not accept evolution as a theory, as fanatical adherents do, in the materialistic totality that denies the possibility of divine intervention in the process, which is not the same as denying every aspect of that theory.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

In the Protogaea, xxvi., Leibnitz distinctly suggests the mutability of species " Alii mirantur in saxis passim species videri quas vel in orbe cognito, vel saltem in vicinis locis frustra quaeras.

Ita Cornua Ammonis, quae ex nautilorum numero habeantur, passim et forma et magnitudine (nam et pedali diametro aliquando reperiuntur) ab omnibus illis naturis discrepare dicunt, quas praebet mare. Sed quis absconditos ejus recessus aut subterraneas abyssos pervestigavit ? quam multa nobis animalia antea ignota offert novus orbis ? Et credibile est per magnas illas conversiones etiam animalium species plurimum immutatas." .Thus in the end of the 17th century the seed was sown which has at intervals brought forth recurrent crops of evolutional hypotheses, based, more or less completely, on general reasonings.^ Biology is based on more than evolution.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ In my book, it is far more reasonable to question everything than to simply accept anything, especially based on a hypothesis that is widely accepted as "truth".
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ I'm an agnostic, leaning more towards atheism, and based on Ron Paul's view of what liberty means I could care less if he doesn't outright accept the theory of evolution.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]


Among the earliest of these speculations is that put forward by Benoit de Maillet in his Telliained, which, though printed in 1735, was not published until twenty-three years later. .Considering that this book was written before the time of Haller, or Bonnet, or Linnaeus, or Hutton, it surely deserves more respectful consideration than it usually receives.^ Also, if you're going to quote more than one person at a time when you're posting, you need to make it clear who you're quoting, and when.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ In my book, it is far more reasonable to question everything than to simply accept anything, especially based on a hypothesis that is widely accepted as "truth".
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ So either he considers his personal beliefs more important than the mountains of evidence, or he simply doesn't know about the mountains of evidence.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.For De Maillet not only has a definite conception of the plasticity of living things, and of the production of existing species by the modification of their predecessors, but he clearly apprehends the cardinal maxim of modern geological science, that the explanation of the structure of the globe is to be sought in the deductive application to geological phenomena of the principles established inductively by the study of the present course of nature.^ Yes Darwin studied artificial selection in order to understand natural selection, which is a MECHANISM of evolution, not the same thing as evolution.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ To put this in a different way: Miracles by definition are violations of laws of nature that can only be explained by God's intervention.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Evolution likewise can be studied by the evidence left behind, but there every single living thing (and many non-living things as well) bears the stamps of what happened in the past.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

Somewhat later, P. L. M. de Maupertuis 4 suggested a curious hypothesis as to the causes of variation, which he thinks may be sufficient to account for the origin of all animals 2 Principes de la philosophie, Troisieme partie, § 45.
3 Ethices, Pars tertia, Praefatio.
4 Systeme de la Nature. Essai sur la formation des corps organises, 1751, xiv.
from a single pair. .Jean Baptiste Rene Robinet' followed out much the same line of thought as De Maillet, but less soberly; and Bonnet's speculations in the Palingenesie, which appeared in 1769, have already been mentioned.^ Nowhere would we see anything we could call a "thought", much less anything like .
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Nowhere would we see anything we could call a "thought", much less anything like "truth", "love" or "good".
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ And even Catholics seem to be having second thoughts about it, as their is a lot less emphasis on infant baptism and the notion of "Limbo" is pretty much defunct.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.Buffon (1753-1778), at first a partisan of the absolute immutability of species, subsequently appears to have believed that larger or smaller groups of species have been produced by the modification of a primitive stock; but he contributed nothing to the general doctrine of evolution.^ That's the same as saying he doesn't believe in evolution, which has nothing to do with how much of evolution he rejects.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ "The modification of DNA with in species has been accepted since man first started cultivating crops and animals via selective breeding and planting.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The modification of DNA with in species has been accepted since man first started cultivating crops and animals via selective breeding and planting.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.
Erasmus Darwin (Zoonomia, 17 94), though a zealous evolutionist, can hardly be said to have made any real advance on his predecessors; and, notwithstanding the fact that Goethe had the advantage of a wide knowledge of morphological facts, and a true insight into their signification, while he threw all the power of a great poet into the expression of his conceptions, it may be questioned whether he supplied the doctrine of evolution with a firmer scientific basis than it already possessed.
^ Whether one thinks it's important or not, Ron Paul does, in fact, reject evolution.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The question is, why didn't he raise his hand in the May 3rd event when everyone of the Republican candidates were asked whether they believe in evolution.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The issue isn't whether evolution is right or wrong; it's about whether governments should be involved *at all*.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.Moreover, whatever the value of Goethe's labours in that field, they were not published before 1820, long after evolutionism had taken a new departure from the works of Treviranus and Lamarck - the first of its advocates who were equipped for their task with the needful large and accurate knowledge of the phenomena of life as a whole.^ But theories are verified largely by their ability to make accurate predictions about the nature of new facts not yet discovered.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ No one is stopping any ID advocate from publishing anything they want.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]


It is remarkable that each of these writers seems to have been led, independently and contemporaneously, to invent the same name of " biology " for the science of the phenomena of life; and thus, following Buffon, to have recognized the essential unity of these phenomena, and their contradistinction from those of inanimate nature. And it is hard to say whether Lamarck or Treviranus has the priority in propounding the main thesis of the doctrine of evolution; for though the first volume of Treviranus's Biologie appeared only in 1802, he says, in the preface to his later work, the Erscheinungen and Gesetze des organischen Lebens, dated 1831, that he wrote the first volume of the Biologie " nearly five-and-thirty years ago," or about 1796.
.
Now, in 1794, there is evidence that Lamarck held doctrines which present a striking contrast to those which are to be found in the Philosophic zoologique, as the following passages show: " 685. Quoique mon unique objet dans cet article n'ait etc que de traiter de la cause physique de l'entretien de la vie des titres organiques, malgre cela j'ai ose avancer en debutant, que l'existence de ces titres etonnants n'appartiennent nullement a la nature; que tout ce qu'on peut entendre par le mot nature, ne pouvoit donner la vie, c'est-a-dire, que toutes les qualites de la matiere, jointes a toutes les circonstances possibles, et meme a l'activite repandue dans l'univers, ne pouvaient point produire un titre muni du mouvement organique, capable de reproduire son semblable, et sujet a la mort.
^ But since it doesn't have to do with evolution, I don't have to show that it's 99% probable, just that there's evidence to back up the theory.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ When I hear someone say this, I think, "Now there's someone who saying he's too lazy to even look at the evidence...."
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ But people who do so at least have a reason - that is, that there's far too much evidence for evolution to point to ALL of it.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]


" 686. Tous les individus de cette nature, qui existent, proviennent d'individus semblables qui tous ensemble constituent l'espece entiere. Or, je crois qu'il est aussi impossible a l'homme de connoitre la cause physique du premier individu de chaque espece, que d'assigner aussi physiquement la cause de l'existence de la matiere ou de l'univers entier. C'est au moins ce que le resultat de mes connaissances et de mes reflexions me portent a penser. S'il existe beaucoup de varietes produites par l'effet des circonstances, ces varietes ne denaturent point les especes; mais on se trompe, sans doute souvent, en indiquant comme espece, ce qui n'est que variete; et alors je sens que cette erreur peut tirer a consequence dans les raisonnements que 1'on fait sur cette matiere."

The first three volumes of Treviranus's Biologie, which contains his general views of evolution, appeared between 1802 and 1805. The Recherches sur l'organisation des corps vivants, which sketches out Lamarck's doctrines, was published in 1802; but the full development of his views in the Philosophic zoologique did not take place until 1809.

1 Considerations philosophiques sur la gradation naturelle des formes de l'etre; ou les essais de la nature qui apprend d faire l'homme (1768).
Recherches sur les causes des principaux faits physiques, par J. B. Lamarck. Paris. Seconde annee de la Republique. In the preface, Lamarck says that the work was written in 1776, and presented to the Academy in 1780; but it was not published before 2794, and at that time it presumably expressed Lamarck's mature views. .It would be interesting to know what brought about the change of opinion manifested in the Recherches sur l'organisation des corps vivants, published only seven years later.^ I don't generally post on subjects I'm not interested in or know nothing about, though.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ And if you know nothing about what I am talking about, and still express your opinion on it, it demonstrates not mine, but your utter inability to use logic.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ This was about eight years ago when he had just published on the predominance of ideological sentiments in Darwin and Huxley.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.
The Biologie and the Philosophic zoologique are both very remarkable productions, and are still worthy of attentive study, but they fell upon evil times.
^ Archeologists do this all the time for instance when they study how people in the past lived by excavating thier farms and houses.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ I do admit that Darwin spent very little time hypothesizing the origin of life, except to hypothesize that it was the product of a warm pond somewhere (in greater detail).
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Ed, how do you define "rational level" vs. At the very bottom, they are just product of biochemical processes, aren't they?
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.The vast authority of Cuvier was employed in support of the traditionally respectable hypotheses of special creation and of catastrophism; and the wild speculations of the Discours sur les revolutions de la surface du globe were held to be models of sound scientific thinking, while the really much more sober and philosophical hypotheses of the Hydrogeologie were scouted.^ Lee, I agree its more speculation then hypothesis, I only quoted that in relation to Eds request for anything on Darwin hypothesizing on the origin of life.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Isn't that just as much of a miracle and just as marvelous - if not more so, because it provides a model for how God can dwell within us as well?
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ I think that so far the scientific theory of evolution is by far the best, indeed the only, useful and extensively supported explanation we have of what that physical process of creation is.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

For many years it was the fashion to speak of Lamarck with ridicule, while Treviranus was altogether ignored.

Nevertheless, the work had been done. .The conception of evolution was henceforward irrespressible, and it incessantly reappears, in one shape or another, 2 up to the year 1858, when Charles Darwin and A. R. Wallace published their Theory of Natural Selection. The Origin of Species appeared in 1859; and thenceforward the doctrine of evolution assumed a position and acquired an importance which it never before possessed.^ Since this is artificial selection, it has nothing to do with Darwin's theories about NATURAL selection.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The name of Darwin's book was "Origin of the SPECIES".
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The Theory of Evolution, as first formed by Darwin, and in its magnificent elucidation since then, does not require one to know anything of biogenesis - in essence, it STARTS with reproducing life forms.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.In the Origin of Species, and in his other numerous and important contributions to the solution of the problem of biological evolution, Darwin confined himself to the discussion of the causes which have brought about the present condition of living matter, assuming such matter to have once come into existence.^ The name of Darwin's book was "Origin of the SPECIES".
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ And when that "capacity for culture" appeared, we are not talking about biological evolution anymore, it is now "cultural evolution."
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ "Can't wait to hear what Eugene Volokh has to say about that cause apparently I'm just too insignificant a challenge for such a legal wunderkind as the aforementioned, no matter how much he/she/it poses as someone actually interested in discussing Ron Paul's disinterest in empricism.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.On the other hand, Spencer and E. Haeckel 5 dealt with the whole problem of evolution.^ Then they cannot understand why creationists cannot believe it, or see clear science, not understanding that the whole evolution package includes the other 5 theories."
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Then they cannot understand why creationists cannot believe it, or see clear science, not understanding that the whole evolution package includes the other 5 theories.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]


The profound and vigorous. writings of Spencer embody the spirit of Descartes in the knowledge of our own day, and may be regarded as the Principes de la philosophic of the 19th century; while, whatever hesitation may not unfrequently be felt by less daring minds in following Haeckel in many of his speculations, his attempt to systematize the doctrine of evolution and to exhibit its influence as the central thought of modern biology, cannot fail to have a far-reaching influence on the progress of science.
.
If we seek for the reason of the difference between the scientific position of the doctrine of evolution in the days of Lamarck and that which it occupies now, we shall find it in the great accumulation of facts, the several classes of which have been enumerated above, under the second to the eighth heads.
^ If that's what he was saying, then he's just as confused about the difference between origins and evolution as you are.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Here's the definition of a "scientific theory" that demonstrates how it differs from "facts", and in fact takes precedent over it.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The fact that you still don't get the difference between theory, fact and law only shows what a fucking moron you are.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

For those which are grouped under the second to the seventh of these classes, respectively, have a clear significance on the hypothesis of evolution, while they are unintelligible if that hypothesis be denied. .And those of the eighth group are not only uninintelligible without the assumption of evolution, but can be proved never to be discordant with that hypothesis, while, in some cases, they are exactly such as the hypothesis requires.^ In that case "facts" are only valid in an axiomatic framework, i.e., "the set of integers forms a group under multiplication", which is only true given definitions of sets, numbers, and algebraic structures.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ In fact, in the case of some of the people I've argued with over the years about this topic, I get the impression they go looking for evidence to support their belief after they've come to believe it.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Evolution doesn't care whether God created bacteria or they formed without assistance over long periods of time; evolution only cares whether those bacteria follow the principles of natural selection, heritable variation, etc.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.The demonstration of these assertions would require a volume, but the general nature of the evidence on which they rest may be briefly indicated.^ Even if it were somehow demonstrated that this could not have happened, it would not change any of the evidence that evolution happened In other words, it is just theory.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ I submit the above as evidence of my assertion that scientific naturalism often leads to philosophical naturalism.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Even if it were somehow demonstrated that this could not have happened, it would not change any of the evidence that evolution happened Can anyone on this forum tell me?
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]


2. The accurate investigation of the lowest forms of animal life, commenced by Leeuwenhoek and Swammerdam, and continued by the remarkable labours of Reaumur, Abraham Trembley, Bonnet, and a host of other observers in the latter part of the 17th and the first half of the 18th centuries, drew the attention of biologists to the gradation in the complexity of organization which is presented by living beings, and culminated in the doctrine of the echelle des titres, so powerfully and clearly stated by Bonnet, and, before him, adumbrated by Locke and by Leibnitz. .In the then state of knowledge, it appeared that all the species of animals and plants could be arranged in one series, in such a manner that, by insensible gradations, the mineral passed into the plant, the plant into the polype, the polype into the worm, and so, through gradually higher forms of life, to man, at the summit of the animated world.^ The Theory of Evolution, as first formed by Darwin, and in its magnificent elucidation since then, does not require one to know anything of biogenesis - in essence, it STARTS with reproducing life forms.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ I don't ask God to speed up evolution to fit all the "kinds" of animals into the ark and get a tiger from a kitty cat in 4000 years.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ In fact, he simply started from the assumption that the original self-replicating life form was placed here by a creator (hence the statement in the second edition of Origin of Species : "There is a grandeur in this view of life, with its several powers, having been originally breathed by the Creator into a few forms or into one..."
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]


But, as knowledge advanced, this conception ceased to be tenable in the crude form in which it was first put forward. .Taking into account existing animals and plants alone, it became obvious that they fell into groups which were more or less sharply separated from one another; and, moreover, that even See the " Historical Sketch " prefixed to the last edition of the Origin of Species.^ Just one more example of why some of the biblical accounts need to be taken with a grain of salt because they were carefully constructed to accomodate groups that needed to be accomodated.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ In fact, he simply started from the assumption that the original self-replicating life form was placed here by a creator (hence the statement in the second edition of Origin of Species : "There is a grandeur in this view of life, with its several powers, having been originally breathed by the Creator into a few forms or into one..."
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ No one - absolutely no one - says that On the Origin of Species (not "the" species) is "completely infallible gospel."
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

' First Principles
and Principles of Biology (1860-1864). 6 Generelle Morphologie (1866).

the species of a genus can hardly ever be arranged in linear series. .Their natural resemblances and differences are only to be expressed by disposing them as if they were branches springing from a common hypothetical centre.^ To put this in a different way: Miracles by definition are violations of laws of nature that can only be explained by God's intervention.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ It dismisses all historical sciences...and would naturally exclude criminal forensics (which differs only in detail, not in principle).
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ These are not only two separate steps, they're two entirely different theories.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]


Lamarck, while affirming the verbal proposition that animals form a single series, was forced by his vast acquaintance with the details of zoology to limit the assertion to such a series as may be formed out of the abstractions constituted by the common characters of each group.' .Cuvier on anatomical, and Von Baer on embryological grounds, made the further step of proving that, even in this limited sense, animals cannot be arranged in a single series, but that there are several distinct plans of organization to be observed among them, no one of which, in its highest and most complicated modification, leads to any of the others.^ The fact that humans have never deliberately exposed bacteria to an antibiotic does not mean there has been no exposure - either naturally (most antibiotics are naturally occuring) or accidentially through the release of antibiotics into the environment in people or animal feces .
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ "The Man" (read, Saviour) is missing the point that it has to be about ideas, (and not ideals) and which ideas and plans and organizations are most survival-promoting for YOU in this real world.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ One will never have 100% belief in a candidate's positions, but this is trivial....He still is the only honest contender, no wonder he is dissected (unlike EVERY other candidate) .
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.
The conclusions enunciated by Cuvier and Von Baer have been confirmed in principle by all subsequent research into the structure of animals and plants.
^ I don't ask God to speed up evolution to fit all the "kinds" of animals into the ark and get a tiger from a kitty cat in 4000 years.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Seems the justification for such high prices is to pay for all the research that went into it.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

But the effect of the adoption of these conclusions has been rather to substitute a new metaphor for that of Bonnet than to abolish the conception expressed by it. .Instead of regarding living things as capable of arrangement in one series like the steps of a ladder, the results of modern investigation compel us to dispose them as if they were the twigs and branches of a tree.^ (Or maybe they're just playing with us - one can never be sure.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ "One of the things I have noted about evolutionists is that they tend to switch their opinions when it comes to the mechanics of the evolutionary transformation process when it is applied to different species.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ One of the things I have noted about evolutionists is that they tend to switch their opinions when it comes to the mechanics of the evolutionary transformation process when it is applied to different species.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

The ends of the twigs represent individuals, the ` smallest groups of twigs species, larger groups genera, and so on, until we arrive at the source of all these ramifications of the main branch, which is represented by a common plan of structure.
.
At the present moment it is impossible to draw up any definition, based on broad anatomical or developmental characters, by which any one of Cuvier's great groups shall be separated from all the rest.
^ Well, that's what I've been saying all along: No evolutionist can claim that he/she can give moral definitions based on the evolutionary theory.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

On the contrary, the lower members of each tend to converge towards the lower members of all the others. The same may be said of the vegetable world. .The apparently clear distinction between flowering and flowerless plants has been broken down by the series of gradations between the two exhibited by the Lycopodiaceae, Rhizocarpeae, and Gymnospermeae. The groups of Fungi, Licheneae and Algae have completely run into one another, and, when the lowest forms of each are alone considered, even the animal and vegetable kingdoms cease to have a definite frontier.^ In the sense that Darwin himself believed in his theory it meant the gradual transition over millions of years of one species into another.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Several commenters (Julia and Gretchen, eg) went most of the way down this path but for one reason or another stopped short along the way.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.
If it is permissible to speak of the relations of living forms to one another metaphorically, the similitude chosen must undoubtedly be that of a common root, whence two main trunks, one representing the vegetable and one the animal world, spring; and, each dividing into a few main branches, these subdivide into multitudes of branchlets and these into smaller groups of twigs.
^ So, one must conclude that logic is not dependent on God, and, insofar as the Christian world view assumes that logic so dependent, it is false.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Personally based on observable data one must form postulates, things that aren't proved that one believes in.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ I am not equating these groups (only the first one is murderous and a physical threat to us), but we can't shun science and still succeed in the 21st century.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]


As Lamarck has well said:-2 " 11 n'y a que ceux qui se sont longtemps et fortement occupes de la determination des especes, et qui ont consulte de riches collections, qui peuvent savoir jusqu'a quel point les especes, parmi les corps vivants, se fondent les unes dans les autres, et qui ont pu se convaincre que, dans les parties oft nous voyons des especes isolees, cela n'est ainsi que parcequ'il nous en manque d'autres qui en sont plus voisines et que nous n'avons pas encore recueillies.
.
" Je ne veux pas dire pour cela que les animaux qui existent forment une serie tres-simple et partout egalement nuancee; mais je dis qu'ils forment une serie rameuse, irregulierement graduee et qui n'a point de discontinuite dans ses parties, ou qui, du moms, n'en a toujours pas eu, s'il est vrai que, par suite de quelques especes perdues, it s'en trouve quelque part.
^ For a demonstration of this using a simple economic model and basic premises of anthropology, see my four-part series on DuWayne's blog: .
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

11 en resulte que les especes qui terminent chaque rameau de la serie generale tiennent, au moms d'un cote, a d'autres especes voisines qui se nuancent avec elles.

Voila ce que l'etat bien connu des choses me met maintenant a portee de demontrer. Je n'ai besoin d'aucune hypothese ni d'aucune supposition pour cela: j 'en atteste tous les naturalistes observateurs." 3. In a remarkable essay 3 Meckel remarks: ' ` There is no good physiologist who has not been struck by the observation that the original form of all organisms is one and the 1 " 11 s'agit donc de prouver que la serie qui constitute l'echelle animale reside essentiellement dans la distribution des masses principales qui la composent et non dans celle des especes ni meme touj ours dans celle des genres." - Phil. zoologique, chap. v.
Philosophie zoologique, premiere partie, chap. iii.
" Entwurf einer Darstellung der zwischen dem Embryozustande der hoheren Thiere and dem permanenten der niederen stattfindenden Parallele," Beytrage zur vergleichenden Anatomie, Bd. ii. 1811.
same, and that out of this one form, all, the lowest as well as the highest, are developed in such a manner that the latter pass through the permanent forms of the former as transitory stages. Aristotle, Haller, Harvey, Kielmeyer, Autenrieth, and many others have either made this observation incidentally, or, especially the latter, have drawn particular attention to it, and drawn therefrom results of permanent importance for physiology." Meckel proceeds to exemplify the thesis, that the lower forms of animals represent stages in the course of the development of the higher, with a large series of illustrations.
.After comparing the salamanders and the perenni-branchiate Urodela with the tadpoles and the frogs, and enunciating the law that the more highly any animal is organized the more quickly does it pass through the lower stages, Meckel goes on to say: " From these lowest Vertebrata to the highest, and to the highest forms among these, the comparison between the embryonic conditions of the higher animals and the adult states of the lower can be more completely and thoroughly instituted than if the survey is extended to the Invertebrata, inasmuch as the latter are in many respects constructed upon an altogether too dissimilar type; indeed they often differ from one another far more than the lowest vertebrate does from the highest mammal; yet the following pages will show that the comparison may be also extended to them with interest.^ Theories don't become laws any more than they become facts.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ A LAW is the highest form of scientific certainty.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ But within the prescribed boundaries that the Law exists it is by far more certain then a theory.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]


In fact, there is a period when, as Aristotle long ago said, the embryo of the highest animal has the form of a mere worm, and, devoid of internal and external organization, is merely an almost structureless lump of polype-substance. Notwithstanding the origin of organs, it still for a certain time, by reason of its want of an internal bony skeleton, remains worm and mollusk, and only later enters into the series of the Vertebrata, although traces of the vertebral column even in the earliest periods testify its claim to a place in that series." - op. cit. pp. 4, 5.
.If Meckel's proposition is so far qualified, that the comparison of adult with embryonic forms is restricted within the limits of one type of organization; and if it is further recollected, that the resemblance between the permanent lower form and the embryonic stage of a higher form is not special but general, it is in entire accordance with modern embryology; although there is no branch of biology which has grown so largely, and improved its methods so much since Meckel's time, as this.^ "Basically there are 6 types of evolution, 5 are theory and one is fact."
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ There may come a time when scientists can look at the universe and confidently say "There is no God", but we are a long way from there.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Basically there are 6 types of evolution, 5 are theory and one is fact.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

In its original form, the doctrine of " arrest of development," as advocated by Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire and Serres, was no doubt an over-statement of the case.

It is not true, for example, that a fish is a reptile arrested in its development, or that a reptile was ever a fish; but it is true that the reptile embryo, at one stage of its development, is an organism which, if it had an independent existence, must be classified among fishes; and all the organs of the reptile pass, in the course of their development, through conditions which are closely analogous to those which are permanent in some fishes.
.4. That branch of biology which is termed morphology is a commentary upon, and expansion of, the proposition that widely different animals or plants, and widely different parts of animals or plants, are constructed upon the same plan.^ So if he was asked does he think that its possible for plants and animals DNA to modify itself, he would have a different question to answer then do you believe in evolution.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Part of the problem here is that people use the term 'theory' in different ways.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.From the rough comparison of the skeleton of a bird with that of a man by Pierre Delon, in the 16th century (to go no further back), down to the theory of the limbs and the theory of the skull at the present day; or, from the first demonstration of the homologies of the parts of a flower by C. F. Wolff, to the present elaborate analysis of the floral organs, morphology exhibits a continual advance towards the demonstration of a fundamental unity among the seeming diversities of living structures.^ Not that a non-vetted President-elect would live to see inauguration day, but building a movement of autonomy seems to be the only hope for stalling if not stopping this process.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Ed, No point changing the topic, but if your going to insist that theories never become facts, Id like you to back that up with an authoritative source.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ I would also add that the ranking of law > theory > hypothesis is also something I have never encountered in some 40 years of science going back to high school science.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.
And this demonstration has been completed by the final establishment of the cell theory (see Cytology), which involves the admission of a primitive conformity, not only of all the elementary structures in animals and plants respectively, but of those in the one of these great divisions of living things with those in the other.
^ BoMar said: "Not only this epistemological question is not addressed by theory of evolution, but all epistemology is utterly destroyed by it.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Even Darwin said his theory is relevant only if the cell is a simple structure.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The one thing you can say about a Paul presidency is that he wouldn't involve the state with either science or religion, whatever his personal views on those matters.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.No a priori difficulty can be said to stand in the way of evolution, when it can be shown that all animals and all plants proceed by modes of development, which are similar in principle, from a fundamental protoplasmic material.^ BoMar said: "Not only this epistemological question is not addressed by theory of evolution, but all epistemology is utterly destroyed by it.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ He just said that there is no way to know for sure how we came to be.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ So if he was asked does he think that its possible for plants and animals DNA to modify itself, he would have a different question to answer then do you believe in evolution.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

[ONTOGENY
.5. The innumerable cases of structures, which are rudimentary and apparently useless, in species, the close allies of which possess well-developed and functionally important homologous structures, are readily intelligible on the theory of evolution, while it is hard to conceive their raison.^ Evolution is an extremely well established theory.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ It's pretty obvious from the way he answers this that Paul knows full well that the theory of evolution is solid science.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Well, I guess you need to vote for someone who is a die-hard believer in evolution.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

d'etre
on any other hypothesis. .However, a cautious reasoner will probably rather explain such cases deductively from the doctrine of evolution than endeavour to support the doctrine of evolution by them.^ Many, if not most, of the established Christian churches explicitly support honest science, and evolution, in their doctrines.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ There's a huge distinction between ackowledging the mechanism of evolution in the ADAPTATION of existent Life, and claiming it provides a supportable theory explaining the ORIGINS of Life.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Jews do not have the doctrine at all, probably because there is scant support for it in the Old Testament - See Ezekial 18 for example.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.
For it is almost impossible to prove that any structure, however rudimentary, is useless - that is to say, that it plays no part whatever in the economy; and, if it is in the slightest degree useful, there is no reason why, on the hypothesis of direct creation, it should not have been created.
^ Does it say "There is no God?"
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Only the professionally ignorant would fail to recognize thh pointlessness of saying there's no "absolute" proof of evolution.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Its a fact there are indeed many MD's who don't have a clue about evolution and many who reject it for whatever reasons.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

Nevertheless, doubleedged as is the argument from rudimentary organs, there is probably none which has produced a greater effect in promoting the general acceptance of the theory of evolution.
.
6. The older advocates of evolution sought for the causes of the process exclusively in the influence of varying conditions, such as climate and station, or hybridization, upon living forms.
^ Some people would prefer to think of evolution as a fact, and thats their right as long as they don't insist upon others forming the same postulate as they do.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ If therefore, evolution is based on laws that normally govern science why does accepted process of evolution not consistently follow such laws?
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.Even Treviranus has got no further than this point.^ Since no one here has ever argued, or even suggested, that providing quality care is predicated on a belief in evolution, I can't imagine what your point was.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

Lamarck introduced the conception of the action of an animal on itself as a factor in producing modification. Starting from the wellknown fact that the habitual use of a limb tends to develop the muscles of the limb, and to produce a greater and greater facility in using it, he made the general assumption that the effort of an animal to exert an organ in a given direction tends to develop the organ in that direction.
.
But a little consideration showed that, though Lamarck had seized what, as far as it goes, is a true cause of modification, it is a cause the actual effects of which are wholly inadequate to account for any considerable modification in animals, and which can have no influence at all in the vegetable world; and probably nothing contributed so much to discredit evolution, in the early part of the 29th century, as the floods of easy ridicule which were poured upon this part of Lamarck's speculation.
^ But for Paul to throw in with the remaining 10^-14% shows just how much he doesn't want to accept evolution.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ That's the same as saying he doesn't believe in evolution, which has nothing to do with how much of evolution he rejects.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ But people who do so at least have a reason - that is, that there's far too much evidence for evolution to point to ALL of it.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.The theory of natural selection, or survival of the fittest, was suggested by William Charles Wells in 1813, and further elaborated by Patrick Matthew in 1831. But the pregnant suggestions of these writers remained practically unnoticed and forgotten, until the theory was independently devised and promulgated by Charles Robert Darwin and Alfred Russell Wallace in 1858, and the effect of its publication was immediate and profound.^ Since this is artificial selection, it has nothing to do with Darwin's theories about NATURAL selection.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ I remember many reasons suggested at teh time, but natural selection was not one of them, either from the pro war governments or the people who suggested the had ulterior motives.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Everyone of you that believes in "evolution theory" what means "survive of the fittest" has to accept, that a strong guy comes along and knocks you out.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]


Those who were unwilling to accept evolution, without better grounds than such as are offered by Lamarck, and who therefore preferred to suspend their judgment on the question, found in the principle of selective breeding, pursued in all its applications with marvellous knowledge and skill by Darwin, a valid explanation of the occurrence of varieties and races; and they saw clearly that, if the explanation would apply to species, it would not only solve the problem of their evolution, but that it would account for the facts of teleology, as well as for those of morphology; and for the persistence of some forms of life unchanged through long epochs of time, while others undergo comparatively rapid metamorphosis.
.
How far " natural selection " suffices for the production of species remains to be seen.
^ Katie: Scientists may be divided on the mechanisms by which evolution works, but not on the basic principle that sexual selection, natural selection and mutation cause and continue to affect and effect speciation.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Tell me why the forces of natural selection operating on a social species wouldn't/couldn't create a sense or moral sentiments.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Evolutionary theory states that speciation, the "diversity of life," is the result of chance variation interacting with a process of natural selection, it does not make claims to explain "any behavior."
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

Few can doubt that, if not the whole cause, it is a very important factor in that operation; and that it must play a great part in the sorting out of varieties into those which are transitory and those which are permanent.
.
But the causes and conditions of variation have yet to be thoroughly explored; and the importance of natural selection will not be impaired, even if further inquiries should prove that variability is definite, and is determined in certain directions rather than in others, by conditions inherent in that which varies.
^ You know, like natural selection, heritable variation and so on.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ But you are kidding yourself if you think that the evolutionary, scientific establishment is not committed to dogmatic philosophical as well as scientific naturalism I suppose next you will be complaining that the dog breeding establishment is committed to dogmatically continuing to breed dogs with dogs, rather than dogs with cats or any other animal.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Katie: Scientists may be divided on the mechanisms by which evolution works, but not on the basic principle that sexual selection, natural selection and mutation cause and continue to affect and effect speciation.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

It is quite conceivable that every species tends to produce varieties of a limited number and kind, and that the effect of natural selection is to favour the development of some of these, while it opposes the development of others along their predetermined lines of modification.
.
7. No truths brought to light by biological investigation were better calculated to inspire distrust of the dogmas intruded upon science in the name of theology than those which relate to the distribution of animals and plants on the surface of the earth.
^ Science is a pursuit of physically observable fact, but being a creation of man, is no more infallible than man's interpretations of God.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

Very skilful accommodation was needful, if the limitation of sloths to South America, and of the Ornithorhynchus to Australia, was to be reconciled with the literal interpretation of the history of the Deluge; and, with the establishment of the existence of distinct provinces of distribution, any serious belief in the peopling of the world by migration from Mount Ararat came to an end.
.
Under these circumstances, only one alternative was left for those who denied the occurrence of evolution; namely, the supposition that the characteristic animals and plants of each great province were created, as such, within the limits in which we find them.
^ Would these anti-Paul posters really vote for one of the other Republican candidates, such as Huckabee or Romney, who use religion in an attempt to snag the evangelical vote?
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Most people accept only one slice of evolution and adopt five pieces without any real intensive study.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ "Many who claim to be evolutionists only look at point 6 and call that 'evolution.'
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

And as the hypothesis of " specific centres," thus formulated, was heterodox from the theological point of view, and unintelligible under its scientific aspect, it may be passed over without further notice, as a phase of transition from the creational to the evolutional hypothesis.
.
8. In fact, the strongest and most conclusive arguments in favour of evolution are those which are based upon the facts of geographical, taken in conjunction with those of geological, distribution.
^ Except that you all act so arrogantly as if you already have those conclusive evolution-based definitions, and you are trying to judge other people views as if you have any firm epistemological ground to stand on.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Some people would prefer to think of evolution as a fact, and thats their right as long as they don't insist upon others forming the same postulate as they do.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ It is an unknown factor in the equation of evolution and yet we tend to take the later parts of evolution granted as factual based upon a primordial progenitor theory."
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.
Both Darwin and Wallace lay great stress on the close relation which obtains between the existing fauna of any region and that of the immediately antecedent geological epoch in the same region; and rightly, for it is in truth inconceivable that there should be no genetic connexion between the two.
^ That argument should be taken no more seriously than when the geocentrists make the same argument about Copernicus.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ NO, but, any of those other candidates in there will just bring the same old crap.....
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ There is no way to compare the certainty between theories and laws because they are qualitatively different entities.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

It is possible to put into words the proposition, that all the animals and plants of each geological epoch were annihilated, and that a new set of very similar forms was created for the next epoch, but it may be doubted if any one who ever tried to form a distinct mental image of this process of spontaneous generation on the grandest scale ever really succeeded in realizing it.
.
In later years the attention of the best palaeontologists has been withdrawn from the hodman's work of making " new species " of fossils, to the scientific task of completing our knowledge of individual species, and tracing out the succession of the forms presented by any given type in time.
^ Of course a biology department at a major university has to make it clear that his ID work is not supported by the department as scientific scholarship.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ And the point in any event is, of course, not whether candidates are knowledgeable in some specialized area but whether they accept scientific consensus as the current best bet on an issue.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ We further observe that over time, as new species in that new taxon appear they look less and less like that older species, become more and more diversified and look more and more like the modern members of that taxon.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

Evolution at the Beginning of the 20th century

Since Huxley and Sully wrote their masterly essays in the 9th edition of this encyclopaedia, the doctrine of evolution has outgrown the trammels of controversy and has been accepted as a fundamental principle. Writers on biological subjects no longer have to waste space in weighing evolution against this or that philosophical theory or religious tradition; philosophical writers have frankly accepted it, and the supporters of religious tradition have made broad their phylacteries to write on them the new words.
.
A closer scrutiny of the writers of all ages who preceded Charles Darwin, and, in particular, the light thrown back from Darwin on the earlier writings of Herbert Spencer, have made plain that without Darwin the world by this time might have come to a.
^ They all want to take us back to the middle ages, at least when it comes to "how we got here" questions.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ People who have never made a creationist or ID statement get denied tenure and publication all the time because their scholarship is lacking scientific rigor.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ This is just like all those who said that "Darwin is wrong because we will never see proof that there was ever a 'walking fish' "...
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

general acceptance of evolution; but it seems established as a historical fact that the world has come to accept evolution, first, because of .Darwin's theory of natural selection, and second, because of Darwin's exposition of the evidence for the actual occurrence of organic evolution.^ Since this is artificial selection, it has nothing to do with Darwin's theories about NATURAL selection.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The Theory of Evolution, as first formed by Darwin, and in its magnificent elucidation since then, does not require one to know anything of biogenesis - in essence, it STARTS with reproducing life forms.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Evolution, as I have pointed out, has MOUNTAINS of evidence for it, and a hair of evidence against it (I'm playing it safe here - I haven't actually heard of any such evidence on the other side).
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.The evidence as set out by Darwin has been added to enormously; new knowledge has in many cases altered our conceptions of the mode of the actual process of evolution, and from time to time a varying stress has been laid on what are known as the purely Darwinian factors in the theory.^ But in many cases (as with evolution), it's faith backed up by a lot of EVIDENCE. .
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Evolution, as I have pointed out, has MOUNTAINS of evidence for it, and a hair of evidence against it (I'm playing it safe here - I haven't actually heard of any such evidence on the other side).
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Some scientists who accept the theory of evolution dispute various bits of it (like, historically, punctuated equilibrium and coevolution - but I repeat an earlier post).
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.
The balance of these tendencies has been against the attachment of great importance to sexual selection, and in favour of attaching a great importance to natural selection; but the dominant feature in the recent history of the theory has been its universal acceptance and the recognition that this general acceptance has come from the stimulus given by Darwin.
^ Since this is artificial selection, it has nothing to do with Darwin's theories about NATURAL selection.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Katie: Scientists may be divided on the mechanisms by which evolution works, but not on the basic principle that sexual selection, natural selection and mutation cause and continue to affect and effect speciation.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Evolutionary theory states that speciation, the "diversity of life," is the result of chance variation interacting with a process of natural selection, it does not make claims to explain "any behavior."
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

PHYLOGENY]
.A change has taken place in the use of the word evolution.^ Even if it were somehow demonstrated that this could not have happened, it would not change any of the evidence that evolution happened In other words, it is just theory.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

Huxley, following historical custom, devoted one section of his article to the " Evolution of the Individual." .The facts and theories respecting this are now discussed under such headings as Embryology; Heredity; Variation And Selection; under these headings must be sought information on the important recent modifications with regard to the theory of the relation between the development of the individual and the development of the race, the part played by the environment on the individual, and the modern developments of the old quarrel between evolution and epigenesis.^ Theories that have been proved and are now fact/law.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Also look at the FURTHER READINGS, where the major creationist website also agrees that your whole 'fact/theory' discussion is nothing but a red herring: What people usually mean when they say this is "Evolution is not proven fact, so it should not be promoted dogmatically."
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ "Basically there are 6 types of evolution, 5 are theory and one is fact."
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.
The most striking general change has been against seeing in the facts of ontogeny any direct evidence as to phylogeny.
^ I don't see how someone can argue against the overwhelming evidence that in general we were not able to successfully oppose the trend of drifting towards theocracy.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.The general proposition as to a parallelism between individual and ancestral development is no doubt indisputable, but extended knowledge of the very different ontogenetic histories of closely allied forms has led us to a much fuller conception of the mode in which stages in embryonic and larval history have been modified in relation to their surroundings, and to a consequent reluctance to attach detailed importance to the embryological argument for evolution.^ I'm certainly no expert on history, but my gut is telling me that government had very little to do with those advancements.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Until then, Paul's denial of evolution tells us that, at least in some ways, he still is too tied into some bullshit to honestly move much of anything forward.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ That is the form of every single ID argument - "not evolution, therefore God."
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]


The vast bulk of botanical and zoological work on living and extinct forms published during the last quarter of the 19th. century increased almost beyond all expectation the PhyJogeny ev i dence for the fact of evolution. .The discovery of a single fossil creature in a geological stratum of a wrong period, the detection of a single anatomical or physiological fact irreconcilable with origin by descent with modification, would have been destructive of the theory and would have made the reputation of the observer.^ Darwin himself stated that his theory would be greatly compromised if the fossil record did not show evidence of such a transition.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ If Darwin's theory only spoke of the genetic modifications in life it would have been laughed at by the average English farmer who's ancestors have been experts in the art of evolution for centuries."
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Who's to say which of these theories would be right or wrong?
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.But in the prodigious number of supporting discoveries that have been made no single negative factor has appeared, and the evolution from their predecessors of the forms of life existing now or at any other period must be taken as proved.^ The Theory of Evolution, as first formed by Darwin, and in its magnificent elucidation since then, does not require one to know anything of biogenesis - in essence, it STARTS with reproducing life forms.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ And when that "capacity for culture" appeared, we are not talking about biological evolution anymore, it is now "cultural evolution."
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Now, that "capacity for culture" must have some definition on the basis of evolution, right?
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.
It is necessary to notice, however, that although the general course of the stream of life is certain, there is not the same certainty as to the actual individual pedigrees of the existing forms.
^ And in The Origin itself, his famous "there is grandeur in this view of life" quote spoke of the first life forms having been 'breathed' into existence.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.In the attempts to place existing creatures in approximately phylogenetic order, a striking change, due to a more logical consideration of the process of evolution, has become established and is already resolving many of the earlier difficulties and banishing from the more recent tables the numerous hypothetical intermediate forms so familiar in the older phylogenetic trees.^ This is EVOLUTION. Already established as harmless to religious though, except for literalists.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Many, if not most, of the established Christian churches explicitly support honest science, and evolution, in their doctrines.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ A fallacy (which you asked about in an earlier post) is an identified error in the logic-thinking process, a error that reduces the probability of figuring out how to get what we want.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

The older method was to attempt the comparison between the highest member of a lower group and the lowest member of a higher group - to suppose, for example, that the gorilla and the chimpanzee, the highest members of the apes, were the existing representatives of the ancestors of man and to compare these forms with the lowest members of the human race.
.
Such a comparison is necessarily illogical, as the existing apes are separated from the common ancestor by at least as large a number of generations as separate it from any of the forms of existing man.
^ What do you expect, a stop-motion video depicting the evolution from the common ancestor of Eukarya, Prokarya and Archaea to modern man?
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The common ancestor is neither modern ape nor modern man (whether it's classifiably in the same genus as apes is a matter for taxonomists).
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ According to evolutionary theory there was a common ancestor of apes and men, at which point the lines split, one evolving into apes and one evolving into men.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.In the natural process of growth, the gap must necessarily be wider between the summits of the twigs than lower down, and, instead of imagining " missing links," it is necessary to trace each separate branch as low down as possible, and to institute the comparisons between the lowest points that can be reached.^ The only difference is that I can see you will never know, unless you invent some mystical missing link between biochemical processes and morality - which is what some of you are trying to do here with "interaction," "environment," etc.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ I am still being lectured on the difference between the executive and legislative branches of government), and other than all that, as if that wasn't enough...
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Essentially, it boils down to, "Since random processes are involved, therefore nothing other than random processes exist."
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

The method is simply the logical result of the fact that every existing form of life stands at the summit of a long branch of the whole tree of life.

A due consideration of it leads to the curious paradox that if any two animals be compared, the zoologically lower will be separated from the common ancestor by a larger number of generations, since, on the average, sexual maturity is reached more quickly by the lower form. .Naturally very many other factors have to be considered, but this alone is a sufficient reason to restrain attempts to place existing forms in linear phylogenetic series.^ I remember many reasons suggested at teh time, but natural selection was not one of them, either from the pro war governments or the people who suggested the had ulterior motives.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.In embryology the method finds its expression in the limitation of comparisons to the corresponding stages of low and high forms and the exclusion of the comparisons between the adult stages of low forms and the embryonic stages of higher forms.^ The only meaningful comparison would be between theories and hypotheses, where theories have a higher level of certainty.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]


Another expression of the same method, due to Cope, and specially valuable to the taxonomist, is that when the relationship between orders is being considered, characters of subordinal rank must be neglected. .It must not be supposed that earlier writers all neglected this method, or still less that all writers now employ it, but merely that formerly it was frequently overlooked by the best writers, and now is neglected only by the worst.^ If shown all that evidence, would you still claim that it's merely a rhetorical ploy, using observable phenomena as evidence for evolution?
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

The result is, on the one hand, a clearing away of much fantastic phylogeny, on the other, an enormous reduction of the supposed gaps between groups.
.
There has been a renewed activity in the study of existing forms from the point of view of obtaining evidence as to the nature and origin of species.
^ Also things are not so clear about the lack of evidence for natural origins of life as you make it out to be.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Evolution likewise can be studied by the evidence left behind, but there every single living thing (and many non-living things as well) bears the stamps of what happened in the past.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ And in The Origin itself, his famous "there is grandeur in this view of life" quote spoke of the first life forms having been 'breathed' into existence.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

Comparative anatomists have been learning to refrain from basing the diagnosis of a species, or the description of the condition of an organ, on the evidence of a single specimen. .Naturalists who deal specially with museum collections have been compelled, it is true, for other reasons to attach an increasing importance to what is called the type specimen, but they find that this insistence on the individual, although invaluable from the point of view of recording species, is unsatisfactory from the point of view of scientific zoology; and propositions for the amelioration of this condition of affairs range from a refusal of Linnaean nomenclature in such cases, to the institution of a division between master species for such species as have been properly revised by the comparative morphologist, and provisional species for such species as have been provisionally registered by those working at collections.^ "Thus, God could make the law of noncontradiction false; in other words, God could arrange matters so that a proposition and its negation were true at the same time."
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Evolution has a long track record of making such successful predictions, including most recently the finding of the Tiktaalik fossil precisely where it was predicted (the type of sediments it would be found in) and when it was predicted (the age of those sediments).
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ That does not necessarily mean that metaphysical naturalism is true; even those who do not hold to metaphysical naturalism - you know, those thousands of scientists who do believe in the supernatural - still practice methodological naturalism in their work.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.
Those who work with living forms of which it is possible to obtain a large number of specimens, and those who make revisions of the provisional species of palaeontologists, are slowly coming to some such conception as that a species is the abstract central point around which a group of variations oscillate, and that the peripheral oscillations of one species may even overlap those of an allied species.
^ Also, if you're going to quote more than one person at a time when you're posting, you need to make it clear who you're quoting, and when.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ That does not necessarily mean that metaphysical naturalism is true; even those who do not hold to metaphysical naturalism - you know, those thousands of scientists who do believe in the supernatural - still practice methodological naturalism in their work.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ You know, Paul has such a following because some of the things he says make absolute sense.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.It is plain that we have moved far from the connotation and denotation of the word species at the time when Darwin began to discuss the origin of species, and that the movement, on the one hand, tends to simplify the problem philosophically, and, on the other, to make it difficult for the amateur theorist.^ The name of Darwin's book was "Origin of the SPECIES".
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ "Thus, God could make the law of noncontradiction false; in other words, God could arrange matters so that a proposition and its negation were true at the same time."
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ In other words the last 7 years times 1000.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.
The conception of evolution is being applied more rigidly to the comparative anatomy of organs and systems of organs.
^ So there was nothing more for me to add, other than to point out that studies on evolution/morality were and are being performed.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ But applying the concepts to physical objects is more messy.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.When a series of the modifications of an anatomical structure has been sufficiently examined, it is frequently possible to decide that one particular condition is primitive, ancestral or central, and that the other conditions have been derived from it.^ Well, then again, how do you decide which one of these "other means" is the standard to define morality?
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

Such a condition has been termed, with regard to the group of animals or plants the organs of which are being studied, archecentric. The possession of the character in the archecentric condition in (say) two of the members of the group does not indicate that these two members are more nearly related to one another than they are to other members of the group; the archecentric condition is part of the common heritage of all the members of the group, and may be retained by any.

On the other hand, when the ancestral condition is modified, it may be regarded as having moved outwards along some radius from the archecentric condition. Such modified conditions have been termed apocentric. It is obvious that the mere apocentricity of a character can be no guide to the affinities of its possessor. It is necessary to determine if the modification be a simple change that might have occurred in independent cases, in fact if it be a multiradial apocentricity, or if it involved intricate and precisely combined anatomical changes that we could not expect to occur twice independently; that is to say, if it be a uniradial apocentricity. Multiradial apocentricities lie at the root of many of the phenomena that have been grouped under the designation convergence.

Especially in the case of manifest adaptations, organs possessed by creatures far apart genealogically may be moulded into conditions that are extremely alike. Sir E. Ray Lankester's term, homoplasy, has passed into currency as designating such cases where different genetic material has been pressed by similar conditions into similar moulds. These may be called heterogeneous homoplasies, but it is necessary to recognize the existence of homogeneous homoplasies, here called multiradial apocentricities. A complex apocentric modification of a kind which we cannot imagine to have been repeated independently, and which is to be designated as uniradial, frequently forms a new centre around which new diverging modifications are produced.
.
With reference to any particular group of forms such a new centre of modification may be termed a metacentre, and it is plain that the archecentre of the whole group is a metacentre of the larger group cf which the group under consideration is a branch.
^ That new ability to observe a whole new form of evidence previously unknown could very well have falsified evolutionary theory; instead, it confirmed our theory perfectly.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ In that case "facts" are only valid in an axiomatic framework, i.e., "the set of integers forms a group under multiplication", which is only true given definitions of sets, numbers, and algebraic structures.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

Thus, for instance, the archecentric condition of any Avian structure is a metacentre of the Sauropsidan stem. .A form of apocentricity extremely common and often perplexing may be termed pseudocentric; in such a condition there is an apparent simplicity that tive anatomy. reveals its secondary nature by some small and apparently meaningless complexity.^ It presupposes the uniformity of nature: that natural laws govern the world and that there are no violations of such laws.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.
Another group of investigations that seems to play an important part in the future development of the theory of evolution relates to the study of what is known as organic symmetry.
^ The fact that you keep spitting out your evolution theory is pretty sad, cant you get another example?
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ It is not that any of the theories that form the basis for evolution are necessarily without merit, but they remain, for the most part, as unestablished as their religious counterparts.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ He was speculating - this was not a hypothesis, it was not part of the Theory of Evolution - it was speculation, labeled as such.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.The differentiations of structure that char acterize animals and plants are being shown to be orderly and definite in many respects; the relations of the various parts to one another and to the whole, the modes of repetition of parts, and the series of changes that occur in groups of repeated parts, appear to be to a certain extent inevitable, to depend on the nature of the living material itself and on the necessary conditions of its growth.^ So if he was asked does he think that its possible for plants and animals DNA to modify itself, he would have a different question to answer then do you believe in evolution.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Humans evolved as a social species, which means we naturally live in groups.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ It appears that, in many cases, people have simply exchanged one set of faith-based tenants for another.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.Closely allied to the study of symmetry is the study of the direct effect of the circumambient media on embryonic young and adult stages of living beings (see Embryology: Physiology; Heredity; and Variation And Selection), and a still larger number of observers have added to our knowledge of these.^ I suspect I'll have to check in again to see how these other very basic reminders might have taken to being shot down again!
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ These still massive holes in our knowledge of the universe and of our own existence are a gaping space, and if a person chooses to fill that space with a Creator, I don't think anyone can criticize them until they can posit a more concrete alternative.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Yes, our knowledge of how resistance to antibiotics evolves allows us to create new chemical entities that are still effective.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.
It is impossible here to give even a list of the names of the many observers who in recent times have made empirical study of the effects of growth-forces and of the symmetrical limitations and definitions of growth.
^ Of the little iamso910 wrote in his post, he argues from an empirical perspective: "I've studied, and there are many unanswered questions".
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ I remember many reasons suggested at teh time, but natural selection was not one of them, either from the pro war governments or the people who suggested the had ulterior motives.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ People who have never made a creationist or ID statement get denied tenure and publication all the time because their scholarship is lacking scientific rigor.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.It is to be noticed, however, that, even after such phenomena have been properly grouped and designated under Greek names as laws of organic growth, they have not become explanations of the series of facts they correlate.^ Theories don't become laws any more than they become facts.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Theories do not become facts, they explain facts.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Yet he apparently thinks that amendments to the Constitution don't become part of the document in spite of the clear fact that they do, as they were originally intended.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.Their importance in the theory of evolution is none the less very great.^ If we speak of the ability to cross to a new species then we speak of the theory of evolution which is still very un-proven, and therefor a theory.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Evolution is no longer a theory and has not been for a very long time it is a " Law " much like the law of gravity as an example.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ I am very disappointed to learn that Ron Paul does not accept the theory of evolution.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.In the first place, they lessen the number of separate facts to be explained; in the second, they limit the field within which explanation must be sought, since, for instance, if a particular mode of repetition of parts occur in mosses, in flowering-plants, in beetles and in elephants, the seeker of ultimate explanations may exclude from the field of his inquiry all the conditions individual to these different organic forms, and confine himself only to what is common to all of them; that is to say, practically only the living material and its environment.^ These are all facts, meaning they are observational data .
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ These are not only two separate steps, they're two entirely different theories.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Theories do not become facts, they explain facts.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.
The prosecution of such inquiries is beginning to make unnecessary much ingenious speculation of a kind that was prominent from r880 to 'goo; much futile effort has been wasted in the endeavour to find on Darwinian principles special " selection-values " for phenomena the universality of which places them outside the possibility of having relations with the particular conditions of particular organisms.
^ Well, note that I said "a good deal of the research" - and most of the government funded part is basic research that makes the applied research, such as individual drugs, possible.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Humans, being the only species that can consider such things on a rational level rather than acting out of instinct, can make rational choices about such things.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Katie: Scientists may be divided on the mechanisms by which evolution works, but not on the basic principle that sexual selection, natural selection and mutation cause and continue to affect and effect speciation.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.On the other hand, many of those who have been specially successful in grouping diverse phenomena under empirical generalizations have erred logically in posing their generalizations against such a vera causa as the preservation of favoured individuals and races.^ Evolution, as I have pointed out, has MOUNTAINS of evidence for it, and a hair of evidence against it (I'm playing it safe here - I haven't actually heard of any such evidence on the other side).
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ And many voters are reluctant to vote for someone like Paul who espouses such views.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ I know, it does sound ludicrous, but it proves persuasive for those who have no formal education in logic and are undecided.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.
The thirty years which followed the publication of the Origin of Species were characterized chiefly by anatomical and embryological work; since then there has been no diminution in anatomical and embryological enthusiasm, but many of the continually increasing body of investigators have turned again to bionomical work.
^ No one - absolutely no one - says that On the Origin of Species (not "the" species) is "completely infallible gospel."
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ He doesn't come out and say that there's no evolutionary process at work in the world he believes to have been created by "the creator [he] know[s]."
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Well since your premise is incorrect, there is no need to attempt to answer your question.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.Inasmuch as Lamarck attempted to frame a theory of evolution in which the principle of natural selection had no part, the interpretation placed on their work by many bionomical investigators recalls the theories of Lamarck, and the name Neo-Lamarckism has been used of such a school of biologists, particularly active in America.^ He was speculating - this was not a hypothesis, it was not part of the Theory of Evolution - it was speculation, labeled as such.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ But I do know theories in many fields I do work with.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Evolution doesn't care whether God created bacteria or they formed without assistance over long periods of time; evolution only cares whether those bacteria follow the principles of natural selection, heritable variation, etc.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.
The weakness of the NeoLamarckian view lies in its interpretation of heredity; its strength lies in its zealous study of the living world and the detection therein of proximate empirical laws, a strength shared by very many bionomical investigations, the authors of which would prefer to call themselves Darwinians, or to leave themselves without sectarian designation.
^ Evolution likewise can be studied by the evidence left behind, but there every single living thing (and many non-living things as well) bears the stamps of what happened in the past.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ If "the theory of evolution" were called "the empirically established paradigm for evolution", it would be harder for people to flippantly dismiss it as "just a theory".
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ So, some 'smartest guy in the world' has a "theory of everything," makes his living as a "weight-lifting bouncer," and promotes 'intelligent design.'
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.
Statistical inquiry into the facts of life has long been employed, and in particular Francis Galton, within the Darwinian period, has advocated its employment and developed its methods.
^ Try as the ID advocates might to turn themselves into martyrs, the facts just don't back it up.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

BM- Within quite recent years, however, a special school q Y P has arisen with the main object of treating the processes of evolution quantitatively. Here it is right to speak of Karl Pearson as a pioneer of notable importance. .It has been the habit of biologists to use the terms variation, selection, elimination, correlation and so forth, vaguely; the new school, which has been strongly reinforced from the side of physical science, insists on quantitative measurements of the terms.^ Do tell what evolutionary biologist uses the terms "horizontal evolution and vertical evolution" in the way you suggest here?
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Because the "ladder of certainty" use of these terms is an artifact of poor science education.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.When the anatomist says that one race is characterized by long heads, another by round heads, the biometricist demands numbers and percentages.^ There is a long history on this sort of interpretation of the Commerce Clause, and the economics of stopping an activity in one state merely so that it doesn't lessen the demand for something in that state from other states.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]


When an organ is stated to be variable, the biometricist demands statistics to show the range of the variations and the mode of their distribution. When a character is said to be favoured by natural selection, the biometricist demands investigation of the death-rate of individuals with or without the character. When a character is said to be transmitted, or to be correlated with another character, the biometricist declares the statement valueless without numerical estimations of the inheritance or correlation. .The subject is still so new, and its technical methods (see Variation And Selection) have as yet spread so little beyond the group which is formulating and defining them, that it is difficult to do more than guess at the importance of the results likely to be gained.^ Truth is the first order of business, and it's more beautiful than libertarianism dysfunctionally marketed, less likely implemented.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ They would contain various exceptions to powers which are not granted; and on this very account, would afford a colourable pretext to claim more than were granted.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ But it's several orders of magnitude more likely to be true than any other theory we've got.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.
Enough, however, has already been done to show the vast importance of the method in grouping and codifying the empirical facts of life, and in so preparing the way for the investigation of ultimate " causes."
^ But not least of all is the fact that faint traces of lunacy often have a method of being detected in different ways to many different people.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

The chief pitfall appears to be the tendency to attach more meaning to the results than from their nature they can bear. The ultimate value of numerical inquiries must depend on the equivalence of the units on which they are based. Many of the characters that up to the present have been dealt with by biometrical inquiry are obviously composite.
.
The height or length of the arm of a human being, for instance, is the result of many factors, some inherent, some due to environment, and until these have been sifted out, numerical laws of inheritance or of correlation can have no more than an empirical value.
^ Science is a pursuit of physically observable fact, but being a creation of man, is no more infallible than man's interpretations of God.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ That argument should be taken no more seriously than when the geocentrists make the same argument about Copernicus.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Many of these people are scientists or technologists of some kind.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

The analysis of composite characters into their indivisible units and statistical inquiry into the behaviour of the units would seem to be a necessary part of biometric investigation, and one to which much further attention will have to be paid.
.
It is well known that Darwin was deeply impressed by differences in flora and fauna, which seemed to be functions of locality, and not the result of obvious dissimilarities of environment.
^ Since not all organisms are equally well adapted to their environment, some will survive and reproduce better than others -- this is known as natural selection.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.A. R. Wallace's studies of island life, and the work of many different observers on local races of animals and plants, marine, fluviatile and terrestrial, have brought about a conception of segregation as apart from differences of environment as being one of the factors in the differentiation of living forms.^ So if he was asked does he think that its possible for plants and animals DNA to modify itself, he would have a different question to answer then do you believe in evolution.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ "One of the things I have noted about evolutionists is that they tend to switch their opinions when it comes to the mechanics of the evolutionary transformation process when it is applied to different species.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Whether it came about through one of the many abiogenesis hypotheses being researched, or by god poofing it into existence, or by being transported here by a meteor, the theory of common descent remains absolutely valid.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.
The segregation may be geographical, or may be the result of preferential mating, or of seasonal mating, and its effects plainly can be made no more of than proximate or empirical laws of differentiation, of great importance in codifying and simplifying the facts to be explained.
^ Theories don't become laws any more than they become facts.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Science is a pursuit of physically observable fact, but being a creation of man, is no more infallible than man's interpretations of God.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ That argument should be taken no more seriously than when the geocentrists make the same argument about Copernicus.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.The minute attention paid by modern systematists to the exact localities of subspecies and races is bringing together a vast store of facts which will throw further light on the problem of segregation, but the difficulty of utilizing these facts is increased by an unfortunate tendency to make locality itself one of the diagnostic characters.^ But one further point, in math and physics theories do become fact.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Since to make sense of science one must assume that there are no miracles, one must further assume that Christianity is false.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.
Consideration of phylogenetic series, especially from the palaeontological side, has led many writers to the conception that there is something of the nature of a growth-force inherent in organisms and tending inevitably towards divergent evolution.
^ Its a fact there are indeed many MD's who don't have a clue about evolution and many who reject it for whatever reasons.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ "I mean, DAMN, the evolution toward Fascism is happening and there is no good in it for anyone but the top 1% of the population.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Evolution likewise can be studied by the evidence left behind, but there every single living thing (and many non-living things as well) bears the stamps of what happened in the past.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.It is suggested that even in the absence of modification produced by any possible Darwinian or Lamarckian factors, that even in a neutral environment, divergent evolution of some kind would have occurred.^ Even if it were somehow demonstrated that this could not have happened, it would not change any of the evidence that evolution happened No, therefore it is just a theory, correct?
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Stupid that some of you folks would choose a president based on whether or not he/she believed in evolution.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ I wish you guys would do some kind of research on this guy before making snap judgments.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

The conception is necessarily somewhat hazy, but the words bathmism and bathmic Evolution have been employed by a number of writers for some such conception. .Closely connected with it, and probably underlying many of the facts which have led to it, is a more definite group of ideas that may be brought together under the phrase " phylogenetic limitation of variation."^ In fact I argue that many facets of the contemporary world make a more limited government more rather than less desirable.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ In that case "facts" are only valid in an axiomatic framework, i.e., "the set of integers forms a group under multiplication", which is only true given definitions of sets, numbers, and algebraic structures.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]


In its simplest form, this phrase implies such an obvious fact as that whatever be the future development of, say, existing cockroaches, it will be on lines determined by the present structure of these creatures. .In a more general way, the phrase implies that at each successive branching of the tree of life, the branches become more specialized, more defined, and, in a sense, more limited.^ We further observe that over time, as new species in that new taxon appear they look less and less like that older species, become more and more diversified and look more and more like the modern members of that taxon.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Natural selection is the process by which favorable traits that are heritable become more common in successive generations of a population of reproducing organisms, and unfavorable traits that are heritable become less common (from Wikipedia).
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ There are underlying psychological frameworks that sense disruption and to which only people that specialize in that field can determine a responsible and successful answer.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.The full implications of the group of ideas require, and are likely to receive, much attention in the immediate future of biological investigation, but it is enough at present to point out that until the more obvious lines of inquiry have been opened out much more fully, we cannot be in a position to guess at the existence of a residuum, for which such a metaphysical conception as bathmism would serve even as a convenient disguise for ignorance.^ Evolution, as I have pointed out, has MOUNTAINS of evidence for it, and a hair of evidence against it (I'm playing it safe here - I haven't actually heard of any such evidence on the other side).
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Thirdly, I would like to know why you continually refuse to countenance the idea that atoms make up much bigger things, and those bigger things interact with each other, and that interaction creates things like morality and society and culture.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Much like anything else, I must take each point and each position upon its merits and evaluate it."
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.Almost every side of zoology has contributed to the theory of evolution, but of special importance are the facts and theories associated with the names of Gregor Mendel, A. Weismann and Hugo de Vries.^ "Basically there are 6 types of evolution, 5 are theory and one is fact."
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ You seem to ignore my statements and concentrate on an almost religious insistence that theories are facts.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ If we speak of the ability to cross to a new species then we speak of the theory of evolution which is still very un-proven, and therefor a theory.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

These are discussed under the headings Heredity; Mendelism; and Variation And Selection. .It has been a feature of great promise in recent contributions to the theory of evolution, that such contributions have received attention almost directly in proportion to the new methods of observation and the new series of facts with which they have come.^ I am as strong a believer in evolution as they come.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Theories do not become facts, they explain facts.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Also look at the FURTHER READINGS, where the major creationist website also agrees that your whole 'fact/theory' discussion is nothing but a red herring: What people usually mean when they say this is "Evolution is not proven fact, so it should not be promoted dogmatically."
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.
Those have found little favour who brought to the debate only formal criticisms or amplifications of the Darwinian arguments, or re-marshallings of the Darwinian facts, however ably conducted.
^ And the fact that he seems to be the only honest politician who doesn't have to consult polls, his staff, or perform a political cost-benefit analysis of every position he takes.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ It's not as like things are only facts when they are proven or disproven in some absolute sense reserved for mathematics and formal logic.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ I've been an atheist who has been debating (on a non formal basis) religion and evolution for over 20 years.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.The time has not yet come for the attempt to synthesize the results of the many different and often apparently antagonistic groups of workers.^ But not least of all is the fact that faint traces of lunacy often have a method of being detected in different ways to many different people.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.The great work that is going on is the simplification of the facts to be explained by grouping them under empirical laws; and the most general statement relating to these that can yet be made is that no single one of these laws has as yet shown signs of taking rank as a vera causa comparable with the Darwinian principle of natural selection.^ "Natural selection" is virtually scientific law.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Katie: Scientists may be divided on the mechanisms by which evolution works, but not on the basic principle that sexual selection, natural selection and mutation cause and continue to affect and effect speciation.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Every single argument you make applies to every single scientific theory, yet the only one you apply it to is the one you reject on religious grounds.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

For evolution in relation to society see Sociology.
REFERENCES. - Practically, every botanical and zoological publication of recent date has its bearing on evolution. .The following are a few of the more general works: Bateson, Materials for the Study of Variation; Bunge, Vitalismus and Mechanismus; Cope, Origin of the Fittest, Primary Factors of Organic Evolution, Darwin's Life and Letters; H. de Vries, Species and Varieties and their Origin by Mutation; Eimer, Organic Evolution; Gulick, " Divergent Evolution through Cumulative Segregation," Jour.^ The Theory of Evolution, as first formed by Darwin, and in its magnificent elucidation since then, does not require one to know anything of biogenesis - in essence, it STARTS with reproducing life forms.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Darwin's work picks up in the middle of life.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Lee, I agree its more speculation then hypothesis, I only quoted that in relation to Eds request for anything on Darwin hypothesizing on the origin of life.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

Linn. Soc.
xx.; Haacke, Schopfung des Menschen; Mitchell, " Valuation of Zoological Characters," Trans. Linn. Soc. viii. pt. 7; Pearson, Grammar of Science; Romanes, Darwin and after Darwin; Sedgwick, Presidential Address to Section Zoology, Brit. Ass. Rep. 1899; Wallace, Darwinism; Weismann, The Germ-Plasm. Further references of great value will be found in the works of Bateson and Pearson referred to above, and in the annual volumes of the Zoological Record, particularly under the head " General Subject." (P. C. M.)


Wiktionary

Up to date as of January 15, 2010

Definition from Wiktionary, a free dictionary

See also evolution, and évolution

German

Pronunciation

  • IPA: /ʔevoluˈtsi̯oːn/

Noun

Evolution f. (genitive Evolution, no plural)
  1. evolution

Wikibooks

Up to date as of January 23, 2010
(Redirected to Evolutionary Biology article)

From Wikibooks, the open-content textbooks collection

Introduction

Life on Earth is astonishingly complex. .There are tens of millions of living species, or kinds of organisms.^ An early species of mammal may, over time(tens of millions to hundreds of millions of years) - give rise to species as diverse as bats, felines, primates, whales, ungulates, etc.
  • The Social Affairs Unit - Web Review: The Theory of Evolution: Just a Theory? 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC www.socialaffairsunit.org.uk [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ For example if different kind of living organism live in a place that is dark, the one which is more adapted to lack of light will survive while the other will disappear.
  • Anti-War 100,000 - Pro-War 400 - Page 15 12 October 2009 10:52 UTC forums.digitalpoint.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The species is Australopithecus afarensis, which lived in Africa between about 4 million and 3 million years ago.
  • The Social Affairs Unit - Web Review: The Theory of Evolution: Just a Theory? 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC www.socialaffairsunit.org.uk [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.Some endangered species have just a few individual organisms, while others have quadrillions.^ In this case, two different species of plants are crossed with each other and none of the diploid offspring are able to reproduce, but some of the polyploids are capable of reproduction among themselves.
  • Understanding Evolution: History, Theory, Evidence, and Implictions 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC www.rationalrevolution.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Some children will be taller than others that’s just the nature of reproduction.
  • Evolution: The Impossible Theory | Scienceray 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceray.com [Source type: Original source]

^ And since it is not the work of a single book to run over the errors of each individually, let it be sufficient to have enumerated a few, from which the nature of the others may be understood."
  • Understanding Evolution: History, Theory, Evidence, and Implictions 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC www.rationalrevolution.net [Source type: Original source]

.Every individual organism is, all by itself, an extremely complicated object, with many interacting parts.^ Every individual organism detects a slightly different range of electromagnetic waves.
  • Understanding Evolution: History, Theory, Evidence, and Implictions 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC www.rationalrevolution.net [Source type: Original source]

^ This fact strikes every one on first beholding the negro slaves in Brazil, who have been imported from all parts of Africa.
  • Understanding Evolution: History, Theory, Evidence, and Implictions 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC www.rationalrevolution.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Answer: There would be an innumerable host of anthropoid brutes, in many parts of the world, in all gradations.
  • The Evolution of Man Scientifically Disproved 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC ldolphin.org [Source type: Original source]

.Further, organisms interact with other organisms, of the same species and of other species, to form an inconceivably complex network of causes and effects.^ In the tropics naturalists observed that many forms of life, such as leaf bugs, had developed complex forms and behaviors that helped them hide from other animals.
  • Understanding Evolution: History, Theory, Evidence, and Implictions 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC www.rationalrevolution.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Would not the same causes, if any cause all the species to lose their tails?
  • The Evolution of Man Scientifically Disproved 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC ldolphin.org [Source type: Original source]

^ These pressures, in the long term, can also shape a species, and even cause a population of organisms within that species to diverge and become a new one.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.Evolutionary biology studies the origin and methods of this complexity.^ I do agree that evolutionary biology is a complex subject, easy to misunderstand and requiring some serious study to understand.
  • The Social Affairs Unit - Web Review: The Theory of Evolution: Just a Theory? 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC www.socialaffairsunit.org.uk [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ "Computational complexity theory" is probably the most crisp analogue to "evolutionary theory" in biology.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.Evolutionary biologists try to answer questions like: Why are there so many species, and how did they come to be?^ How many species trust Him?
  • The Evolution of Man Scientifically Disproved 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC ldolphin.org [Source type: Original source]

^ How many feel that there is too much?
  • Final Report Capital Beltway Update: Beltway User Focus Groups 15 September 2009 4:04 UTC www.nhtsa.dot.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ How many times did they take action?
  • Anti-War 100,000 - Pro-War 400 - Page 15 12 October 2009 10:52 UTC forums.digitalpoint.com [Source type: Original source]

.What are the relationships between species and how did these relationships arise?^ If those relationships were real, then the protein comparisons should show the same degree of relationship between those species.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ And, by the way, how did you manage to create a big collective of all humans as a species and create rules for what's good for their survival and what's not?
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ These studies include research to make associations between the morphological changes and genetic changes, as well as speciation studies.
  • Understanding Evolution: History, Theory, Evidence, and Implictions 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC www.rationalrevolution.net [Source type: Original source]

.How did organisms develop their intricate structures and ways of life?^ If life began 500,000,000 years ago, how would the rapidity of skull and brain development in 2,000.000 years compare with that of the 498,000,000 years preceding?
  • The Evolution of Man Scientifically Disproved 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC ldolphin.org [Source type: Original source]

^ It is also important to note that The Theory of Biological Evolution only deals with the development of life from living things, it does not address, in any way, how life originated.
  • Understanding Evolution: History, Theory, Evidence, and Implictions 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC www.rationalrevolution.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Every time people attempt to define the boundaries of life or of systems we later learn that the boundaries are not so simple to define and that there are many different ways in which systems can naturally develop.
  • Understanding Evolution: History, Theory, Evidence, and Implictions 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC www.rationalrevolution.net [Source type: Original source]

.Why do species become extinct?^ If so, why did man survive and become the dominant species, with eyes less perfect?
  • The Evolution of Man Scientifically Disproved 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC ldolphin.org [Source type: Original source]

^ "But why," he says, "in the case of distinct species, the sexual elements should so generally have become more or less modified, leading to their mutual infertility, we do not know."
  • The Evolution of Man Scientifically Disproved 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC ldolphin.org [Source type: Original source]

.How did life originate in the first place?^ How did that transformation take place?
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Posted by: Randy Crum at May 15, 2005 02:12 AM ••• First off, how did we get dogs from wolves?
  • The Social Affairs Unit - Web Review: The Theory of Evolution: Just a Theory? 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC www.socialaffairsunit.org.uk [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ And in The Origin itself, his famous "there is grandeur in this view of life" quote spoke of the first life forms having been 'breathed' into existence.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.In the last two hundred years, great advances have been made in answering many of these questions.^ These are all questions that religions have sought to answer for years.
  • Understanding Evolution: History, Theory, Evidence, and Implictions 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC www.rationalrevolution.net [Source type: Original source]

^ If one-third of the normal brain developed in the last 750,000 years, the rate of development must have been 39.5 times as great as in the preceding 59,250,000 years.
  • The Evolution of Man Scientifically Disproved 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC ldolphin.org [Source type: Original source]

^ These same questions were being asked by many Christians for the last 30 years, and they never got a real answer to these real questions.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

.An overarching theory, the theory of evolution by modification and natural selection, first expounded by Charles Darwin in the 1850's, has been very successful at explaining the origin of life's complexity in general, although many puzzling questions remain unanswered.^ Letter to Haeckel on the origins of Darwin's theory of evolution .
  • Darwin Online: Darwin's Publications 12 October 2009 10:52 UTC darwin-online.org.uk [Source type: Academic]

^ First of all, you are confusing artifical selection and natural selection with evolution.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ [Letter to Haeckel on the origins of Darwin's theory of evolution].
  • Darwin Online: Darwin's Publications 12 October 2009 10:52 UTC darwin-online.org.uk [Source type: Academic]

.This book will present our current understanding of how life on Earth got the way it is, and describe current research directions in this profound and fascinating field.^ He's apparently unaware of the immense field of research known as evolutionary theory -- the basis for all of our understanding of modern biology.
  • The Social Affairs Unit - Web Review: The Theory of Evolution: Just a Theory? 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC www.socialaffairsunit.org.uk [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ That statement may very well describe the present state of life on earth, but it does nothing to demonstrate the process that is responsible for this condition.
  • Re: New evidence for theory of evolution found 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC lofi.forum.physorg.com [Source type: Original source]

^ And, if anything, the ToE is more solid, in that we know ToR and QT are currently irreconcilable as far as our understanding goes.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

Chapters

  1. Early History of Life on Planet Earth
  2. Speciation
  3. Evolution before Darwin
  4. Darwin's Life and Impact
  5. Microevolution
  6. Phylogeny
  7. Primary endosymbiosis
  8. Secondary endosymbiosis

Strategy wiki

Up to date as of January 23, 2010
(Redirected to Category:Evolution article)

From StrategyWiki, the free strategy guide and walkthrough wiki

stub
.This series is a stub. Help us expand it with details as well as an {{infobox}}.^ Evolutionary theory and research helps us to understand many other aspects of human behavior as well.
  • Understanding Evolution: History, Theory, Evidence, and Implictions 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC www.rationalrevolution.net [Source type: Original source]

.Reliable information can be researched on Wikipedia or you can just search for "Evolution" on Google.^ "SCIENCE is the realm where that information will be integrated and where it has and will be shown to bolster evolution, NOT RELIGION! (()) " What your responses show is that you cannot defend those assertions successfully.
  • Re: New evidence for theory of evolution found 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC lofi.forum.physorg.com [Source type: Original source]

^ And you repeat the creationist canard that 'evolution is "not proven" therefore it is "just" a theory', thus demonstrating ignorance of the scientific meaning of "theory".
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

^ If that's what he was saying, then he's just as confused about the difference between origins and evolution as you are.
  • Ron Paul Rejects Evolution : Dispatches from the Culture Wars 3 February 2010 18:22 UTC scienceblogs.com [Source type: Original source]

Do this and you get a cookie.

Pages in category "Evolution"

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Up to date as of February 01, 2010

From Wikia Gaming, your source for walkthroughs, games, guides, and more!

Evolution

Developer(s) Sydney Development
Publisher(s) Sydney Development
Release date ColecoVision:
1983 (NA)
Genre Mini-games
Mode(s) Single player
Age rating(s) N/A
ColecoVision
Platform(s) ColecoVision
Input ColecoVision Controller
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Simple English

Evolution is a scientific theory used by biologists. It explains how animals and plants changed over a long time, and how they have come to be the way they are.[1]

The earth has been around for a very long time.[2][3] By doing research on the layers of rock we can find out about its past. That kind of research is called historical geology. We know that living things have changed over time, because we can see their remains in the rocks. These remains are called "fossils". So we know that the animals and plants of today are different from those of long ago. And the further we go back, the more different the fossils are.[4] How has this come about? Evolution has taken place. That evolution has taken place is a fact, because it is overwhelmingly supported by many lines of evidence.[5][6][7] At the same time, evolutionary questions are still being actively researched by biologists.

The theory of evolution is the basis of modern biology. Nothing in biology makes sense without it.[8]

Contents

Living things belong to groups

When biologists look at living things, they see that animals and plants belong to groups which have something in common. For example, all insects are related. They share a basic body plan. They have six legs; they have hard parts on the outside of the body (an exoskeleton); they have eyes formed of many separate chambers, and so on. Biologists explain this with evolution. All insects are the descendants of a group of animals who lived a long time ago. They still keep the basic plan (six legs and so on) but the details change. They look different now because they changed in different ways: this is evolution.

Fossils show that change has occurred

s of our horses lived in the forest. A card from a series showing prehistoric animals (1920).]]

The evolution of the horse family (Equidae) is a good example of the way that evolution works. The oldest fossil of a horse is about 52 million years old. It was a small animal with five toes on the front feet and four on the hind feet. At that time, there were more forests in the world than today. This horse lived in woodland, eating leaves, nuts and fruit with its simple teeth. It was only about as big as a fox.

About 30 million years ago the world started to become cooler and drier. Forests shrank; grassland expanded, and horses changed. They ate grass, they grew larger, and they ran faster because they had to escape faster predators. Because grass wears teeth out, horses with longer-lasting teeth had an advantage. For most of this long period of time, there were a number of horse types (genera). Now, however, only one genus exists: the modern horse, Equus. It has teeth which grow all its life, hooves on single toes, great long legs for running, and the animal is big and strong enough to survive in the open plain.[9] Horses lived in western Canada until 12,000 years ago,[10] but all horses in North America became extinct about 11,000 years ago. The causes of this extinction are not yet clear. Climate change and over-hunting by humans are suggested.

So, scientists can see that changes have happened. They have happened slowly over a long time. How these changes have come about is explained by the theory of evolution.

Definitions

Organism

An organism is a living thing. Organisms are all the different types of living things: bacteria, archaea, fungi, plants, and the different kinds of animals, including human beings. Scientists who study evolution are interested in looking at the changes to all sorts of different types of organisms.

Species

All animals or plants that are of the same kind belong to the same species. Most species have a common name, for example a rook, and a scientific name. The rook's scientific name is Corvus frugilegus. It is a member of the Crow family, and you can see it does look much like a crow. However, crows mate only with crows, and rooks mate only with rooks. This is the simplest test of a species. According to Darwin, the basic question of evolution is, how do species evolve? That is why he called his famous book The origin of species.

Traits

Every living thing, from tiny organisms like bacteria, to plants, animals and humans, has some things that make it special. Biologists call those traits. The living thing is built in a certain way; this is its anatomy, its structure or body. The physical structure works in a certain way; this is its function, the way its body works. An animal also acts in a certain way; this is its behaviour. The way that a living thing is structured, the way its body works and the way that it acts are all traits. The basic traits are shared by all the members of the group, that is why they are put in the same group. Other traits are only shared by a small number of the group.

For example:

  • It is an anatomical trait of giraffes to have long necks. All giraffes have this trait.
  • It is a physiological function of birds to lay eggs to produce their young. All birds have this trait.
  • It is part of the behaviour of wolves to live and hunt in packs; it is part of the behaviour of cats to live alone or in small family groups, and to hunt alone.

Variation

All living things show variation. Every population which has been studied shows that animal and plants vary as much as humans do. This is a great fact of nature, and without it evolution would not occur. Darwin said that, just as man selects what he wants in his farm animals, so in nature, the variations allow natural selection to work.[11]

Photographs of family members, if taken at the same age, would show how each one looked a bit different from the others. This is the fact of evolution: each person has a slightly different set of genes from every other person. The exception: only identical twins have the same genetic make-up. Also, of course, each person lives a somewhat different life: that increases the differences.

Where does variation come from? Genetic variation is increased by gene mutations. DNA does not always reproduce exactly. Rare changes occur, and these changes can be inherited. Many changes in DNA cause faults; some are neutral or even advantageous. This gives rise to genetic variation, which is the seed-corn of evolution. Sexual reproduction, by the crossing over of chromosomes during meiosis, spreads variation through the population. Other events, like natural selection and drift, reduce variation. So a population in the wild always has variation, but the details are always changing.

Generations

"Generation" is a word that is used in describing how traits are inherited, or passed on through a family. A generation is the people (or other living organism) that is on a particular level of the family tree. A person and their brothers and sisters are one generation. They have come from their parents, who are an earlier generation. The parents have come from the grandparents, who are a still earlier generation.

Adaptation

Adaptation is one of the basic phenomena of biology.[12] Through the process of adaptation, an organism becomes better suited to its habitat.[13]

When people speak about adaptation they mean something which helps an animal or plant survive. An example is the adaptation of horses' teeth to grinding grass. Camouflage is another adaptation; so is mimicry. The better adapted animals are the most likely to survive, and to reproduce successfully. This process is known as natural selection; it is the basic cause of evolutionary change.

Inheritance

The traits of a particular person are of two types, the ones that they inherit from their parents, and the ones that are caused by outside forces. Some things are entirely inherited, others partly, and some not inherited at all.

The colour of your eyes is entirely inherited; they are a genetic trait. Your height or weight is only partly inherited, and the language you speak is not at all inherited. Just to be clear: the fact that you can speak is inherited, but what language you learn depends on where you live and what you are taught.

Evolution only concerns the traits which can be inherited. The hereditary traits are passed on from one generation to the next through the genes. A person's genes contain all the traits which they inherit from their parents. The accidents of life are not passed on.

Evolution

Some biologists say that evolution has happened when a trait that is caused by genetics becomes more or less common in a group of organisms.[14] Others call it evolution when new species appear.

Changes can happen quickly in the smaller, simpler types of living things. For example, many bacteria that cause disease can no longer be killed with some of the antibiotic medicines. These medicines have only been in use about eighty years, and at first worked extremely well. The bacteria have evolved so that they are no longer affected by antibiotics anymore.[15] The drugs killed off all the bacteria except a few which had some resistance. These few resistant bactieria produced the next generation.

Theory

Evolution mainly works by natural selection. What does this mean? Animals and plants which are best suited to their environment will, on average, survive better. There is a struggle for existence. Those who survive will produce the next generation. Their genes will be passed on, and the genes of those who did not reproduce will not. This is the basic mechanism which changes a population and causes evolution.

Natural selection

Natural selection explains why living organisms change over time to have the anatomy, the functions and behaviour that they have. It works like this:

  1. All living things have such fertility that their population size could increase rapidly for ever.
  2. We see that the size of populations does not increase to this extent. Mostly, numbers remain about the same.
  3. The food and other resources are limited. Therefore, there is competition for food and resources.
  4. No two individuals are alike. Therefore, they will not have the same chances to live and reproduce.
  5. Much of this variation can be inherited. The parents pass such traits to the children through their genes.
  6. The next generation can only come from those that survive and reproduce. After many generations of this, the population will have more helpful genetic differences, and fewer harmful ones.[16] Natural selection is really a process of elimination.[1]p117 The elimination is being caused by the relative fit between the individuals, and the environment they live in.

The wings of birds are good examples of evolution that is caused by the creature adapting (changing to fit in) to its environment. Many birds' wings have evolved so that they can fly in different ways, depending on their needs. Forest birds have different needs to desert birds. Vultures live where there is little food. They have to search for it over long distances. Their wings have evolved for soaring so that they do not use much energy when flying for long periods of time.

Penguins spend a lot of time in the ocean. Over time their wings evolved into flippers so that penguins now fly through water, but not through air. Other birds, like ostriches, live on the ground, and do not need their wings to fly. These birds can run fast, and also defend themselves. The wings got smaller. Ostriches' wings are now used only for display. The bird fluffs its wings out to make its body look bigger.

Genetic drift and its effect

Genetic drift explains how random chance can affect evolution in surprisingly big ways, but only when populations are quite small. What 'small' means would depend on the organism. 50 individuals is small, 5000 is not, 500 is maybe. The basic mechanism of drift is that genetic variety is reduced by chance, making the individuals more similar to each other, and hence more vulnerable.

  1. Drift reduces genetic variation in populations, potentially reducing a population’s ability to survive new selective pressures.
  2. Genetic drift acts faster and has more drastic results in smaller populations. Small populations usually become extinct.
  3. Genetic drift may contribute to speciation, if the small group does survive.
  4. Bottleneck events: when a large population is suddenly and drastically reduced in size by some event, the genetic variety will be very much reduced. Infections and extreme climate events are frequent causes. Occasionally, invasions by more competitive species can be devastating.[17]
    ♦ In the 1880/90s, hunting reduced the Northern elephant seal to only about 20 individuals. Although the population has rebounded, its genetic variability is much less than that of the Southern elephant seal.
    Cheetahs have very little variation. We think the species was reduced to a small number at some recent time. Because it lacks genetic variation, it is in danger from infectious diseases.[18]
  5. Founder events: these occur when a small group buds off from a larger population. The small group then lives separately from the main population. The human species is often quoted as having been through such stages. For example, when groups left Africa to set up elsewhere (see human evolution). Apparently, we have less variation than would be expected from our worldwide distribution.
    Groups that arrive on islands far from the mainland are also good examples. These groups, by virtue of their small size, cannot carry the full range of alleles to be found in the parent population.[19][20]

Species splitting

Two groups that start the same can also become very different if they live in different places. When a species gets split into two geographical regions, a process starts. Each adapts to its own situation. After a while, individuals from one group can no longer reproduce with the other group. Two good species have evolved from one.

A German explorer, Moritz Wagner, during his three years in Algeria in the 1830s, studied flightless beetles. Each species is confined to a stretch of the north coast between rivers which descend from the Atlas mountains to the Mediterranean. As soon as one crosses a river, a different but closely related species appears.[21] He wrote later:

"... a [new] species will only [arise] when a few individuals [cross] the limiting borders of their range... the formation of a new race will never succeed... without a long continued separation of the colonists from the other members of their species".[22]

This was an early account of the importance of geographical separation.


One example of natural speciation is the three-spined stickleback, a sea fish that, after the last ice age, invaded freshwater, and set up colonies in isolated lakes and streams. Over about 10,000 generations, the sticklebacks show great differences, including variations in fins, changes in the number or size of their bony plates, variable jaw structure, and color differences.[23]

The wombats of Australia fall into two main groups, Common wombats and Hairy-nosed wombats. The two types look very similar, apart from the hairiness of their noses. However, they are adapted to different environments. Common wombats live in forested areas and eat mostly green food with lots of moisture. They often feed in the daytime. Hairy-nosed wombats live on hot dry plains where they eat dry grass with very little water or goodness in it. Their metabolic system is slow and they sleep most of the day underground.

When two groups that started the same become different enough, then they become two different species. Part of the theory of evolution is that all living things started off the same, but then split off into different groups over billions of years.[24]

History

Lamarck

Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck (1744–1829), a French biologist, claimed that animals changed according to natural laws. He said that animals could pass on traits they had acquired during their lifetime to their offspring, using inheritance. Today, his theory is known as Lamarckism. Its main purpose is to explain adaptations by natural means.[25] He proposed a tendency for organisms to become more complex, moving up a ladder of progress, plus use and disuse.

Lamarck's idea was that a giraffe's neck grew longer because it tried to reach higher up. This idea failed because it cannot be reconciled with heredity (Mendel's work). Mendel made his discoveries about half a century after Lamarck's work.

Darwin

Charles Darwin (1809–1882) wrote a book called The Origin of Species in 1859. In this book, Darwin put forward much evidence that evolution had occurred. He also proposed natural selection as the way evolution had taken place. But Darwin did not understand about genetics and how traits were actually passed on. He could not accurately explain what made children look like their parents.

Nevertheless, Darwin's explanation of evolution was fundamentally correct. In contrast to Lamark, Darwin's idea was that the giraffe's neck became longer because those with longer necks survived better. These survivors passed their genes on, and in time the whole race got longer necks.

Mendel

An Austrian monk called Gregor Mendel (1822–1884) bred plants. In the mid-19th century, he discovered how traits were passed on from one generation to the next. He used peas for his experiments: some peas have white flowers and others have red ones. Some peas have green seeds and others have yellow seeds. Mendel used artificial pollination to breed the peas. His results are discussed further in Mendelian inheritance. Darwin thought that the inheritance from both parents blended together. Mendel proved that the genes from the two parents stay separate, and may be passed on to later generations.

But Mendel published his results in a journal that was not well-known, and his discoveries were overlooked. Around 1900, his work was rediscovered.[26][27] It turned out that things called genes were passed from parent to child. Genes are bits of information that work like a set of instructions. A set of genes are in every living cell. Together, genes organise the way an egg develops into an adult. With mammals and many other living things, a copy of each gene comes from the father and another copy from the mother. Some living organisms, including some plants, only have one parent, so get all their genes from them. These genes produce the genetic differences that evolution acts on.

Modern evolutionary synthesis

This explains how the ideas of Charles Darwin fit with the discoveries of Gregor Mendel, who found out how we inherit our genes. The modern synthesis brought Darwin's idea up to date. It bridged the gap between different types of biologists: geneticists, naturalists, and palaeontologists.

When the theory of evolution was developed, it was not clear that natural selection and genetics worked together. But Ronald Fisher showed that natural selection would work to change species.[28] Sewall Wright explained genetic drift in 1931.[29]

  • Evolution and genetics: evolution consists mainly of changes in the frequencies of alleles between one generation and another.
  • Evolution and fossils: the same factors which act today also acted in the past.
  • Natural selection: The struggle for existence of animals and plant in the wild causes natural selection. The strength of natural selection in the wild was greater than even Darwin expected.
  • Genetic drift can be important in small populations.
  • The rate of evolution can vary.

Responses to the idea of evolution

Debates about evolution

became accepted in the 1870s, caricatures of Charles Darwin with an ape body symbolized evolution.[30]]]

The idea that all life evolved had been proposed before Charles Darwin published On the Origin of species. Even today, some people still discuss the concept of evolution and what it means to them, their philosophy and their religion. Sometimes these people also talk about the social implications of evolution.

In order to fit in the idea of evolution with their religious views, people have come up with ideas like guided evolution or theistic evolution. They say that evolution is real, but they say that someone is guiding it in certain ways.[31] There are many different concepts of theistic evolution. Many creationists believe that the creation myth found in their religion goes against the idea of evolution.[32] As Darwin realised, the most controversial part of the evolutionary thought is what it means for human origins.

In some countries, especially in the United States, there is tension between people who accept the idea of evolution and those who do not accept it. The debate is mostly about whether evolution should be taught in schools, and in what way this should be done.[33]

Other fields, like cosmology[34] and earth science[35] also do not match with the original writings of many religious texts. These ideas were once also fiercely opposed, but no longer. Evolutionary biology is a more recent idea. It is opposed much more by some religious believers than other groups.

The Roman Catholic Church has the following position on evolution. Pope Pius XII said in his encyclical Humani Generis published in the 1950s:

"The Church does not forbid that (...) research and discussions (..) take place with regard to the doctrine of evolution, in as far as it inquires into the origin of the human body as coming from pre-existent and living matter." Pope Pius XII Humani Generis[36]

Pope John Paul II updated this position in 1996. He said that Evolution was "more than a hypothesis":

"In his encyclical Humani Generis, my predecessor Pius XII has already [said] that there is no conflict between evolution and the doctrine of the faith regarding man and his vocation. (...) Today, more than a half-century after (..) that encyclical, some new findings lead us toward the recognition of evolution as more than an hypothesis. In fact it is remarkable that this theory has had progressively greater influence on the spirit of researchers, following a series of discoveries in different scholarly disciplines." Pope John Paul II speaking to the Pontifical Academy of Science[37]

The Anglican Communion also does not oppose the scientific account of evolution.

Social ideas which invoke evolution

Some people have tried to use evolution to support racism. People wanting to justify racism claimed that certain groups, such as black people, were inferior. In nature, some animals do survive better than others, and it does lead to animals better adapted to their circumstances. With humans groups from different parts of the world, all evolution can say is that each group is probably well suited to its original situation. Evolution makes no judgements about better or worse. It does not say that any human groups are superior to any other groups.[38]

The idea of eugenics was rather different. Two things had been noticed as far back as the 18th century. One was the great success of farmers in breeding cattle and crop plants. They did this by selecting which animals or plants would produce the next generation (artificial selection). The other observation was that lower class people had more children than upper class people. If (and it's a big if) the higher classes were there on merit, then their lack of children was the exact reverse of what should be happening. Faster breeding in the lower classes would lead to the society getting worse.

The idea to improve the human species by selective breeding is called eugenics. The name was proposed by Francis Galton. Galton was a bright scientist,[39] and meant to do good. He said that the human gene pool should be improved by selective breeding policies. This would mean that those who were considered "good stock" would receive a reward if they reproduced. However, other people suggested that those considered "bad stock" would need to undergo compulsory sterilization, prenatal testing and birth control; and they might even have to be killed.[40] The problem with Galton's idea is how to decide which features to select. There's so many different skills people could have, you could not agree who was "good stock" and who was "bad stock". There was rather more agreement on who should not be breeding. Several countries passed laws for the compulsory sterilisation of unwelcome groups.[41] Most of these laws were passed during between 1900 and 1940. After World War II, disgust at what the Nazis had done squashed any more attempts at eugenics.

Another example of using ideas about evolution to support social action is "Social Darwinism". Social Darwinism is a term given to the 19th century Whig Malthusian theory started by Herbert Spencer. Spencer believed the survival of the fittest could and should be applied to commerce and human societies as a whole. Again, some people used these ideas to claim that racism, and ruthless economic policies were justified.[42] Today, most biologists and philosophers say that the theory of evolution should not be applied to social policy.[43][44]

Controversy

Some people disagree with the idea of evolution. They disagree with it for a number of reasons. Most often these reasons are influenced by or based on their religious beliefs. People who do not agree with evolution usually believe in creationism or intelligent design.

Despite this, evolution is one of the most successful theories in science. People have discovered it to be useful for different kinds of research. None of the other suggestions explain things, such as fossil records, as well. So, for almost all scientists, evolution is not in doubt.[8][45][46]

Some areas of research

Co-evolution

Co-evolution, where the existence of one species is tightly bound up with the life of another species. New or 'improved' adaptations which occur in one species are often followed by the appearance and spread of related features in the other species. The life and death of living things is intimately connected, not just with the physical environment, but with the life of other species. These relationships are dynamic, and may continue on a trajectory for millions of years, as has the relationship between flowering plants and insects (pollination).
The gut contents, wing structures, and mouthparts of fossilized beetles and flies suggest that they acted as early pollinators. The association between beetles and angiosperms during the early Cretaceous period led to parallel radiations of angiosperms and insects into the late Cretaceous. The evolution of nectaries in late Cretaceous flowers signals the beginning of the mutualism between hymenopterans and angiosperms.[47]

Tree of life

Tree of life: Charles Darwin was the first to use this metaphor in biology. The evolutionary tree shows the relationships among various biological groups. It includes data from DNA, RNA and protein analysis. Tree of life work is a product of traditional comparative anatomy, and modern molecular evolution and molecular clock research. Below is a simplified version of present-day understanding.

Macroevolution

Macroevolution: the study of how changes above the species level take place. The basic data for such a study are fossils (palaeontology) and the reconstruction of ancient environments. Some subjects whose study falls within the realm of macroevolution:

    • Adaptive radiation, such as the Cambrian Explosion.
    • Changes in biodiversity through time.
    • Mass extinctions.
    • Speciation and extinction rates.
    • The debate between punctuated equilibrium and gradualism.
    • The role of development in shaping evolution.
    • Origin of birds

Altruism and group selection

Altruism – the willingness of some to sacrifice themselves for others – is widespread in social animals. As explained above, the next generation can only come from those who survive and reproduce. Some biologists have thought that this meant altruism could not evolve by the normal process of selection. Instead a process called "group selection" was proposed.[48][49] Group selection refers to the idea that alleles can become fixed or spread in a population because of the benefits they bestow on groups, regardless of the alleles' effect on the fitness of individuals within that group.

For several decades, critiques cast serious doubt on group selection as a major mechanism of evolution.[50][51][52][53]

In simple cases it can be seen at once that traditional selection suffices. For example, if one sibling sacrifices itself for three siblings, the genetic disposition for the act will be increased. This is because siblings share on average 50% of their genetic inheritance, and the sacrificial act has led to greater representation of the genes in the next generation.

Altruism is now generally seen as emerging from standard selection.[54][55][56][57][58] The warning note from Ernst Mayr, and the work of William Hamilton are both important to this discussion.[59][60]

Hamilton's equation

Hamilton's equation describes whether or not a gene for altruistic behaviour will spread in a population. The gene will spread if rxb is greater than c:

rb > c \

where:

  • c \ is the reproductive cost to the altruist,
  • b \ is the reproductive benefit to the recipient of the altruistic behavior, and
  • r \ is the probability, above the population average, of the individuals sharing an altruistic gene – the "degree of relatedness".

Sexual reproduction

At first, sexual reproduction might seem to be at a disadvantage compared with asexual reproduction. In order to be advantageous, sexual reproduction (cross-fertilisation) has to overcome a two-fold disadvantage (takes two to reproduce) plus the difficulty of finding a mate. Why, then, is sex so nearly universal among eukaryotes?. This is one of the oldest questions in biology.[61]

The answer has been given since Darwin's time: because the sexual populations adapt better to changing circumstances. A recent laboratory experiment suggests this is indeed the correct explanation.[62][63]

"When populations are outcrossed[64] genetic recombination occurs between different parental genomes. This allows beneficial mutations to escape deleterious alleles on its original background, and to combine with other beneficial alleles that arise elsewhere in the population. In selfing[65] populations individuals are largely homozygous, and recombination has no effect".[62]

In the main experiment, nematode worms were divided into two groups. One group was entirely outcrossing, the other was entirely selfing. The groups were subjected to a rugged terrain and repeatedly subjected to a mutagen.[66] After 50 generations, the selfing population showed a substantial decline in fitness (= survival), whereas the outcrossing population showed no decline. This is one of a number of studies that show sexuality to have real advantages over non-sexual types of reproduction.[67]

What evolution is used for today

A big field where selection is used is artificial selection. This is when humans choose which animals to breed from, based on their traits. Humans have used this for thousands of years to domesticate plants and animals.[68] More recently, such selection has become a very important part of genetic engineering. Selectable markers such as antibiotic resistance genes are used to manipulate DNA in molecular biology.

However, the real purpose of the evolution is to explain and help understanding. After all, it is the first good explanation of how living things came to be the way they are. That is a big achievement. The practical things come from genetics, the science started by Gregor Mendel.

Evolution gems

In 2010 the journal Nature selected 15 topics as 'Evolution gems'. These were:

Gems from the fossil record

  1. Land-living ancestors of whales
  2. From water to land (see tetrapod)
  3. The origin of feathers (see origin of birds)
  4. The evolutionary history of teeth
  5. The origin of vertebrate skeleton

Gems from habitats

  1. Natural selection in speciation
  2. Natural selection in lizards
  3. A case of co-adaptation
  4. Differential dispersal in wild birds
  5. Selective survival in wild guppies
  6. Evolutionary history matters

Gems from molecular processes

  1. Darwin's Galapagos finches
  2. Microevolution meets macroevolution
  3. Toxin resistance in snakes and clams
  4. Variation versus stability
  • Nature is the oldest scientific weekly journal. The link downloads as a free text file, complete with references. The idea is to make the information available to teachers. [2]

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 Mayr, Ernst. 2001. What evolution is. Harvard.
  2. about 4.5 billion years: see Age of the Earth.
  3. Dalrymple G. Brent 2004. Ancient Earth and ancient skies: the age of the Earth and its cosmic surroundings. Stanford
  4. Levin, Harold L. 2005. The Earth through time. 8th ed, Wiley, N.Y. Chapter 6: Life on Earth: what do fossils reveal?
  5. Futuyma, Douglas J. 1997. Evolutionary biology, 3rd ed. Sinauer Associates. p751. ISBN 0878931899.
  6. Dawkins, Richard; Coyne, Jerry (1 September 2005). "One side can be wrong". guardian.co.uk. http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2005/sep/01/schools.research. Retrieved 29 January 2011. 
  7. Muller, H. J. (1959). "One hundred years without Darwin are enough". School Science and Mathematics 59: 304–305. http://www.skepticfiles.org/evolut/100pcnts.htm.  Reprinted in: Zetterberg, Peter (ed.) (1983). Evolution versus creationism: the public education controversy. Phoenix AZ: ORYX Press. ISBN 0897740610. 
  8. 8.0 8.1 Theodosius Dobzhansky, Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution, from The American Biology Teacher, March 1973 (35:125-129)
  9. Simpson G.G. 1951. Horses: the story of the horse family in the modern world and through sixty million years of history. Oxford, New York. (despite the title, the earliest record of the horse is 52 mya)
  10. Singer, Ben 2005. A brief history of the horse in America. Canadian Geographic Magazine. [1]
  11. A paraphrase of Darwin C.D. 1859. On the origin of species. Chapters 1 and 2, especially p45.
  12. Williams, George C. 1966. Adaptation and natural selection: a critique of some current evolutionary thought. Princeton. "Evolutionary adaptation is a phenomenon of pervasive importance in biology." p5
  13. The Oxford Dictionary of Science defines adaptation as "Any change in the structure or functioning of an organism that makes it better suited to its environment".
  14. Stephen Jay Gould, Evolution as fact and theory from Hen's teeth and horse's toes, New York: Norton 1994, pp253-262.
  15. Quammen, David , Was Darwin wrong?, National Geographic, November 2004
  16. Evolution 101: Natural selection from the Understanding evolution webpages made by the University of California at Berkeley
  17. The extinction of many Australian marsupials by foreign species is a famous example.
  18. O'Brien S. Wildt D. & Bush M. 1986. The Cheetah in genetic peril. Scientific American 254: 68–76. Skin grafts between non-related cheetahs illustrate this point: there is no rejection of the donor skin.
  19. Evolution 101:Sampling Error and Evolution and Effects of Genetic Drift from the Understanding Evolution webpages made by the University of California at Berkeley
  20. Evolution 101: Peripatric Speciation from the Understanding Evolution webpages made by the University of California at Berkeley
  21. Wagner M. Reisen in der Regentschaft Algier in den Jahren 1836, 1837 & 1838. Voss, Leipzig. p199-200
  22. Wagner M. 1873. The Darwinian theory and the law of the migration of organisms. Translated by I.L. Laird, London.
  23. Kingsley D.M. January 2009. From atoms to traits. Scientific American p57
  24. Evolution 101: Definition: What is Macroevolution? from the Understanding Evolution webpages made by the University of California at Berkeley
  25. see, for example, the discussion in Bowler, Peter H. 2003. Evolution: the history of an idea. 3rd ed, California. p86–95, especially "Whatever the true nature of Lamarck's theory, it was his mechanism of adaptation that caught the attention of later naturalists". (p90)
  26. Stern, Curt and Underwood, Eva R. (eds) 1966. The origin of genetics: a Mendel source book. Freeman, San Francisco.
  27. Carlson, E.A. 1966. The gene: a critical history. Saunders, N.Y.
  28. Larson Evolution: the remarkable history of a scientific theory pp. 221-243
  29. Provine1, William B., Genetics and Speciation, Genetics, Vol. 167, 1041-1046, July 2004
  30. Browne, Janet (2003). Charles Darwin: The power of place. London: Pimlico. pp. 376-379. ISBN 0-7126-6837-3. 
  31. For an overview of the philosophical, religious, and cosmological controversies, see: Dennett, D (1995). Darwin's dangerous idea: Evolution and the meanings of life. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0684824710. 
    For the scientific and social reception of evolution in the 19th and early 20th centuries, see: Johnston, Ian C.. "History of science: origins of evolutionary theory". And still we evolve. Liberal Studies Department, Malaspina University College. http://www.mala.bc.ca/~johnstoi/darwin/sect3.htm. Retrieved 2007-05-24. 
    *Bowler, PJ (2003). Evolution: the history of an idea, 3rd ed, revised and expanded. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0520236936. 
    *Zuckerkandl E (2006). [Expression error: Unexpected < operator "Intelligent design and biological complexity"]. Gene 385: 2–18. doi:10.1016/j.gene.2006.03.025. PMID 17011142. 
  32. Ross M.R. (2005). "Who believes what? Clearing up confusion over intelligent design and young-Earth creationism". Journal Of Geoscience Education 53 (3): 319. http://www.nagt.org/files/nagt/jge/abstracts/Ross_v53n3p319.pdf. Retrieved 2008-04-28. 
  33. Spergel D.N. (2006). [Expression error: Unexpected < operator "Science communication. Public acceptance of evolution"]. Science 313 (5788): 765–66. doi:10.1126/science.1126746. PMID 16902112. 
  34. Spergel, D N.; et al. (2003). [Expression error: Unexpected < operator "First-year Wilkinson microwave anisotropy probe (WMAP) observations: determination of cosmological parameters"]. The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series 148: 175–94. doi:10.1086/377226. 
  35. Wilde SA, Valley JW, Peck WH, Graham CM (2001). [Expression error: Unexpected < operator "Evidence from detrital zircons for the existence of continental crust and oceans on the Earth 4.4 Gyr ago"]. Nature 409 (6817): 175&section=1275–78. doi:10.1038/35051550. PMID 11196637. 
  36. "English version of Humani Generis". The Holy See. http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/pius_xii/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xii_enc_12081950_humani-generis_en.html. 
  37. "Message to the Pontifical Academy of Science: On Evolution". EWTN. http://www.ewtn.com/library/PAPALDOC/JP961022.HTM. 
  38. Higgins A.C. Scientific racism: a review of the science and politics of racial research by William H. Tucker (Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1994).
  39. Today, Galton is remembered for many things he did in topics of mathematics and psychology. He was the first to use Regression analysis to see how different things that depend on one another influence one another. He used fingerprints in forensic science. He is seen as the father of experimental psychology, together with Wilhelm Wundt. He developed the Bean machine to show probability distributions, among other things.
  40. Kevles DJ (1999). "Eugenics and human rights". BMJ 319 (7207): 435–8. PMID 10445929. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=10445929. 
  41. Though the details vary from country to country, and in the U.S. from state to state, here is some idea of the groups who might be subject to sterilization: violent criminals; the insane; mentally disabled persons; unmarried mothers taken into public care; orphans in public care. Eugenics ideas also influenced legislation on immigration in some countries (see Kevles 1998 Chapter 7 Eugenic enactments).
  42. On the history of eugenics and evolution, see Kevles, D (1998). In the name of Eugenics: genetics and the uses of human heredity. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0674445574. 
  43. Darwin strongly disagreed with attempts by Herbert Spencer and others to apply evolutionary ideas to all possible subjects; see Midgley, M (2004). The myths we live by. Routledge. pp. 62. ISBN 978-0415340779. 
  44. Allhoff F (2003). [Expression error: Unexpected < operator "Evolutionary ethics from Darwin to Moore"]. History and philosophy of the life sciences 25 (1): 51–79. doi:10.1080/03919710312331272945. PMID 15293515. 
  45. Moran, Laurence 1993. TalkOrigins: Evolution is a fact and a theory
  46. H. Allen Orr, Devolution: Why intelligent design isn’t, The New Yorker, May 30, 2005
  47. Stebbins, G. Ledyard, Jr. 1974. Flowering plants: evolution above the species level. Harvard.
  48. Wynne-Edwards, V. 1962. Animal dispersion in relation to social behavior. Oliver & Boyd, London.
  49. Wynne-Edwards, V. 1986. Evolution through group selection. Blackwell, Oxford. ISBN 0632015411.
  50. Williams, George C. 1972. Adaptation and natural selection: a critique of some current evolutionary thought. Princeton University Press.ISBN 0-691-02357-3
  51. Williams G.C. 1986. Evolution through group selection. Blackwell. ISBN 0-632-01541-1
  52. Maynard Smith, John 1964. Group selection and kin selection Nature 201:1145–1147
  53. Maynard Smith, John 1998. Evolutionary genetics, 2nd ed. Oxford.
  54. Koeslag J.H. 1997. Sex, the prisoner's dilemma game, and the evolutionary inevitability of cooperation. J. Theor. Biol. 189, 53–61
  55. Koeslag J.H. 2003. Evolution of cooperation: cooperation defeats defection in the cornfield model. J. Theor. Biol. 224, 399–410
  56. Hamilton, W. 1963. "The evolution of altruistic behavior." American Naturalist 97:354-356
  57. Dawkins R. 1976. The selfish gene. Oxford.
  58. Dawkins R. 1982. The extended phenotype. Freeman, Oxford.
  59. Mayr, Ernst 1997. The objects of selection. PNAS 94 2091-2094 The objects of selection.
  60. Hamilton W.D. 1996. Narrow roads of geneland: the collected papers of W.D. Hamilton, vol 1. Freeman, Oxford.
  61. Maynard Smith J. 1978. The evolution of sex. Cambridge.
  62. 62.0 62.1 Agrawal A.F. 2009. Why reproduction often takes two. Nature 462 p294
  63. Morran L.T. Parmenter M.D. & Phillips P.C. 2009. Mutation load and rapid adaptation favour outcrossing over self-fertilisation. Nature 462 p350
  64. Normal sexual reproduction with unrelated members of the population.
  65. Self-fertilisation (which is possible in some animals and plants) is an extreme form of inbreeding which leads to loss of genetic variability.
  66. Mutagen = chemical which causes mutations.
  67. "Non-sexual", because obligatory selfing is effectively asexual in its genetic effect.
  68. Doebley JF, Gaut BS, Smith BD (2006). [Expression error: Unexpected < operator "The molecular genetics of crop domestication"]. Cell 127 (7): 1309–21. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2006.12.006. PMID 17190597. 

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