A trend is a line of general direction of movement, a prevaling tendency of inclination, a style or preference, a line of development, or the general movement over time of a statistically detectable change . [1] In a few words, "trend" is a synonym to "tendency".
A fad is a practice or interest followed for a time with exaggerated zeal. [2] The nature of fad is individual. It could be called as an individual/individual society's over interest in some thing which is considered to have consist of some virtue i.e fad diet, exercise etc. The benefit of something considered as fad may not have been scientifically verified or it may lack the rational proof. During anciet times several food items were considered as super food and were consumed by the rich and famous i.e chokolate in Belgium and Somrus in India, even today there are several food and beverages are availabel which may be classified as fad for example detox food, fortified pulses.
A craze is a product, idea, cultural movement,propencity or model that gains popularity among a small section of the populace then quickly migrates to the mainstream. Crazes are characterized by their lightning fast adoption and swift departure from public awareness. Being of temporary nature is one of the major characteristics of craze. Crazes and fads are also characterized by their unusually high interest and sales figures relative to the time they are active in the marketplace, as compared with other similar products, ideas, cultural movements or models.
| FAD | |
|---|---|
| File:Flavin adenine | |
| File:FAD B& | |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS number | 146-14-5 |
| PubChem | 643975 |
| ChemSpider | 559059 |
| UNII | ZC44YTI8KK |
| MeSH | Flavin-Adenine+Dinucleotide |
| SMILES | Cc1cc2c(cc1C)n(c-3nc(=O)[nH]c(=O)c3n2)C[C@@H]([C@@H]([C@@H](COP(=O)(O)OP(=O)(O)OC[C@@H]4[C@H]([C@H]([C@@H](O4)n5cnc6c5ncnc6N)O)O)O)O)O
|
| InChI | InChI=1/C27H33N9O15P2/c1-10-3-12-13(4-11(10)2)35(24-18(32-12)25(42)34-27(43)33-24)5-14(37)19(39)15(38)6-48-52(44,45)51-53(46,47)49-7-16-20(40)21(41)26(50-16)36-9-31-17-22(28)29-8-30-23(17)36/h3-4,8-9,14-16,19-21,26,37-41H,5-7H2,1-2H3,(H,44,45)(H,46,47)(H2,28,29,30)(H,34,42,43)/t14-,15+,16+,19-,20+,21+,26+/m0/s1
|
| InChI key | VWWQXMAJTJZDQX-UYBVJOGSBL
|
| Properties | |
| Molecular formula | C27H33N9O15P2 |
| Molar mass | 785.55 |
| (what is this?) (verify) Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa) | |
| Infobox references | |
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This article relies largely or entirely upon a single source. Please help improve this article by introducing appropriate citations to additional sources. (May 2009) |
In biochemistry, flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) is a redox cofactor involved in several important reactions in metabolism. FAD can exist in two different redox states, which it converts between by accepting or donating electrons. The molecule consists of a riboflavin moiety (vitamin B2) bound to the phosphate group of an ADP molecule. The flavin group is bound to ribitol, a sugar alcohol, by a carbon-nitrogen bond, not a glycosidic bond. Thus, riboflavin is not technically a nucleotide; the name flavin adenine dinucleotide is a misnomer.[1]
FAD can be reduced to FADH2, whereby it accepts two hydrogen atoms (a net gain of two electrons):
FAD (fully oxidized form, or quinone form) accepts two electrons and two protons to become FADH2 (hydroquinone form). FADH2 can then be oxidized to the semireduced form (semiquinone) FADH by donating one electron and one proton. The semiquinone is then oxidized once more by losing an electron and a proton and is returned to the initial quinone form (FAD).
FAD is an aromatic ring system, whereas FADH2 is not. This means that FADH2 is significantly higher in energy, without the stabilization that aromatic structure provides. FADH2 is an energy-carrying molecule, because, if it is oxidized, it will regain aromaticity and release all the energy represented by this stabilization.
The primary biochemical role of FADH2 in eukaryotes is to carry high-energy electrons used for oxidative phosphorylation. FAD is a prosthetic group in the enzyme complex succinate dehydrogenase (complex II) that oxidizes succinate to fumarate in the eighth step of the citric acid cycle. The high-energy electrons from this oxidation are stored momentarily by reducing FAD to FADH2. FADH2 then reverts to FAD, sending its two high-energy electrons through the electron transport chain; the energy in FADH2 is enough to produce 1,5 equivalents of ATP[2] by oxidative phosphorylation. Another metabolic source of FADH2 is beta oxidation, where FAD serves as a coenzyme to acyl CoA dehydrogenase.
Any oxidoreductase enzyme that uses FAD as an electron carrier is called a flavoprotein. There are many flavoproteins besides components of the succinate dehydrogenase complex, including α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase and a component of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex.
Flavin adenine dinucleotide
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Adenine chemical
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Contents |
American, SAMPA: [f{d]
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Singular |
Plural |
fad (plural fads)
From French fade, from Late Latin *fatidus, a blend of Latin fatuus (“‘foolish’”) and vapidus (“‘vapid’”).
fad (neuter fad or fadt, definite and plural fade)
From Old Norse fat (“‘vat, vessel, luggage, clothing’”).
fad n. (singular definite fadet, plural indefinite fade)
| neuter gender | Singular | Plural | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| indefinite | definite | indefinite | definite | |
| nominative, dative and accusative | fad | fadet | fade | fadene |
| genitive | fads | fadets | fades | fadenes |
fad m.
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Bare forms:
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Forms with the definite article:
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| Irish mutation | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Radical | Lenition | Eclipsis | |
| fad | fhad | bhfad | |
| Note: Some of these forms may be
hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs. |
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fad m.
fad
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