| Names | |
|---|---|
| Xìng 姓: | Fàn 范 |
| Míng 名: | Zhòngyān 仲淹 |
| Zì 字: | Xīwén 希文 |
| Shì 謚: | Wénzhèng 文正¹ |
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1. hence referred to as Fàn Wénzhènggōng 范文正公 |
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Fan Zhongyan (Chinese: 范仲淹; pinyin: Fàn Zhòngyān) (989–1052), born in Wuxian 吳縣, Suzhou (in Jiangsu province today), was a prominent politician and literary figure in Song dynasty China. He was also a strategist and educator. After serving the central government of the state for many years he finally rose to the seat of chancellor over the whole of the Chinese empire.
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In the 1030s, Fan served as the prefect of Kaifeng. While there, he took on a young Ouyang Xiu as a disciple; a partnership that would become very important a decade later. However, after criticizing the Chief Councillor of the Song state when he submitted a proposal to reform criteria used in the advancement and demotion of officials, he was demoted to regional government.
Fan was recalled in 1040 when the Liao and Western Xia once again threatened Song borders from the north. Fan, who had long favored a strong defense, was brought back to devise a response to the northern threat. [1]
After the Song granted Western Xia indemnities similar to those granted the Liao in the Treaty of Shanyuan, Fan, along with other advocates of Confucian ideals, sought reform at the court. He presented a ten-point proposal covering various aspects of government administration, including reforms to the recruitment system, higher pay for minor local officials to discourage against corruption,[2] and wider sponsorship programs to ensure that officials were drafted more on the basis of their intellect and character. However, many of the reforms that he introduced met with the opposition of conservative ministers who felt the system did not need drastic changes (and who felt threatened by the prospect of change halfway through their careers as state bureaucrats). The emperor rescinded the reforms in 1045,[3] after Fan and his friend and colleague Ouyan had been charged with forming a faction, which was considered subversive by definition.[4] Nevertheless, his idealist approach to governance inspired others, like the later Chancellor Wang Anshi.
Fan also began educational reforms in the 1040s. In the early Northern Song era, prefectural schools were neglected by the state and were left to the devices of wealthy patrons who provided private finances.[5] While Chancellor, Fan Zhongyan issued an edict that would have a combination of government funding and private financing to restore and rebuild all prefectural schools that had fallen into disuse and abandoned since the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms (907–960).[6] Fan attempted to restore all county-level schools in the same manner, but did not designate where funds for the effort would be formally acquired and the decree was not taken seriously until the later Emperor Huizong of Song who expanded the county-level school system dramatically.[7] Fan's trend of government funding for education set in motion the movement of public schools that eclipsed private academies, which would not be officially reversed until Emperor Lizong of Song the mid 13th century.[8]
His most famous work was Yueyang Lou Ji 岳陽樓記, composed on occasion of the reconstruction of Yueyang Lou under the governance of a friend of his. Yueyang Lou, a city gate by the side of Dongting Lake, was known as one of the three great Lou's in Southern China, due to their association with famous literary works (the others being Huanghe Lou 黃鶴樓 and Tengwang Ge 滕王閣). This commemorative Ji was written in prose, with extensive usage of phrases in four. It's most famous for the political ideal he expressed at the end, culminating in the oft-quoted 先天下之憂而憂，後天下之樂而樂 (Feel worried before Tianxia starts to worry, and feel happy after Tianxia has rejoiced.)
“寧鳴而死，不默而生” ( Die from remonstrance rather than alive in
silence. ) also is a famous quotation. Actually, the meaning of it
is very close to a wise saying - "Give me Liberty, or give
me Death!"（Patrick Henry, March 23, 1775) This quotation comes
from Ling Wu Fu《靈烏賦》 ( Ling
Wu Fu) in 1036, which was written for reply a
friend(Mei Yaochen 梅堯臣)'s advice. Because Fan 范
had been relegated due to remonstrate several times, he was
relegated for remonstrance again. Mei 梅 tried to persuade
him to stop considering for Tianxia and consider him self’s official career
and life.As a response, Fan told a fable about a spirit bird and
used metaphor to expressed his aspiration. And “寧鳴而死，不默而生”
is the climax of this story. It well embodies the moral integrity
to insist on pleading on behalf of people and the spirit of Shi Da
Fu, namely "The Moral Responsibilities of Intellectuals". [9]
He was also known for his ci. Among the most famous are Su Mu Zhe
蘇幕遮 and Yu Jia Ao 漁家傲. Together with Su Shi, he was considered one of
the founders of the haofang 豪放 school of ci.
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