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Francis Bacon

Sir Francis Bacon, Viscount St Alban
Born 22 January 1561(1561-01-22)
London, England
Died 9 April 1626 (aged 65)
Highgate, England
Era Renaissance philosophy
Region Western philosophy
School Empiricism
Signature
Francis Bacon, 1st and Only Viscount of St. Alban, KC (22 January 1561 – 9 April 1626) was an English philosopher, statesman, scientist, lawyer, jurist and author. He served both as Attorney General and Lord Chancellor of England. Although his political career ended in disgrace, he remained extremely influential through his works, especially as philosophical advocate and practitioner of the scientific revolution. .His dedication brought him into a rare historical group of scientists who were killed by their own experiments.^ But when this is brought into use, and experience has been taught to read and write, better things may be hoped.
  • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

 ^ The men of experiment are like the ant, they only collect and use; the reasoners resemble spiders, who make cobwebs out of their own substance.
  • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]
His works established and popularized an inductive methodology for scientific inquiry, often called the Baconian method or simply, the scientific method. .His demand for a planned procedure of investigating all things natural marked a new turn in the rhetorical and theoretical framework for science, much of which still surrounds conceptions of proper methodology today.^ There is one principal and as it were radical distinction between different minds, in respect of philosophy and the sciences, which is this: that some minds are stronger and apter to mark the differences of things, others to mark their resemblances.
  • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

 ^ In the third and fourth kind, reductions are applicable to a great many things, and in the investigations of nature should be sought for on all sides.
  • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

 ^ And although these divisions are ill filled out and are but as empty cases, still to the common mind they present the form and plan of a perfect science.
  • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]
Bacon was knighted in 1603, created Baron Verulam in 1618, and Viscount St Alban in 1621; as he died without heirs both peerages became extinct upon his death.

Contents

Biography

Early life

The Italianate York Water Gate, built about 1626
Bacon was born on 22 January at York House near the Strand in London, the son of Nicholas Bacon by his second wife Anne (Cooke) Bacon. Biographers believe that Bacon was educated at home in his early years owing to poor health (which plagued him throughout his life), receiving tuition from John Walsall, a graduate of Oxford with a strong leaning towards Puritanism. .He entered Trinity College, Cambridge, on 5 April 1573 at the age of twelve,[1] living for three years there together with his older brother Anthony under the personal tutelage of Dr John Whitgift, future Archbishop of Canterbury.^ The Samuel Butler Collection at Saint John's College Cambridge (English) (as Author) Bartholomew, Stephen .
  • Browse By Author: B - Project Gutenberg 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.gutenberg.org [Source type: Original source]

 Bacon's education was conducted largely in Latin and followed the medieval curriculum. He was also educated at the University of Poitiers. It was at Cambridge that he first met Queen Elizabeth, who was impressed by his precocious intellect, and was accustomed to calling him "the young Lord Keeper". [2]
.His studies brought him to the belief that the methods and results of science as then practiced were erroneous.^ The New Avatar and The Destiny of the Soul The Findings of Natural Science Reduced to Practical Studies in Psychology (English) (as Author) Buckland, A. R. (Augustus Robert), 1857-1942 .
  • Browse By Author: B - Project Gutenberg 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.gutenberg.org [Source type: Original source]

 His reverence for Aristotle conflicted with his loathing of Aristotelian philosophy, which seemed to him barren, disputatious, and wrong in its objectives.
Trinity College, Great Court with fountain
On 27 June 1576 he and Anthony entered de societate magistrorum at Gray's Inn. .A few months later, Francis went abroad with Sir Amias Paulet, the English ambassador at Paris, while Anthony continued his studies at home.^ The Satyricon of Petronius Arbiter (English) (as Translator) Burnand, F. C. (Francis Cowley), Sir, 1836-1917 .
  • Browse By Author: B - Project Gutenberg 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.gutenberg.org [Source type: Original source]

 ^ Masters of the English Novel A Study of Principles and Personalities (English) (as Author) Burton, Richard Francis, Sir, 1821-1890 .
  • Browse By Author: B - Project Gutenberg 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.gutenberg.org [Source type: Original source]

 The state of government and society in France under Henry III afforded him valuable political instruction. For the next three years he visited Blois, Poitiers, Tours, Italy, and Spain. During his travels, Bacon studied language, statecraft, and civil law while performing routine diplomatic tasks. On at least one occasion he delivered diplomatic letters to England for Walsingham, Burghley, and Leicester, as well as for the queen.
The sudden death of his father in February 1579 prompted Bacon to return to England. Sir Nicholas had laid up a considerable sum of money to purchase an estate for his youngest son, but he died before doing so, and Francis was left with only a fifth of that money. Having borrowed money, Bacon got into debt. To support himself, he took up his residence in law at Gray's Inn in 1579.

Parliamentarian

Bacon's threefold goals were to uncover truth, to serve his country, and to serve his church. Seeking a prestigious post would aid him toward these ends. In 1580, through his uncle, Lord Burghley, he applied for a post at court, which might enable him to pursue a life of learning. His application failed. For two years he worked quietly at Gray's Inn, until admitted as an outer barrister in 1582.
The Hall, Gray’s Inn, 1892, by Herbert Railton
In 1584, he took his seat in parliament for Melcombe in Dorset, and subsequently for Taunton (1586). At this time, he began to write on the condition of parties in the church, as well as philosophical reform in the lost tract, Temporis Partus Maximus. Yet, he failed to gain a position he thought would lead him to success. He showed signs of sympathy to Puritanism, attending the sermons of the Puritan chaplain of Gray's Inn and accompanying his mother to the Temple chapel to hear Walter Travers. This led to the publication of his earliest surviving tract, which criticised the English church's suppression of the Puritan clergy. In the Parliament of 1586, openly, he urged execution for Mary, Queen of Scots.
About this time, he again approached his powerful uncle for help, the result of which may be traced in his rapid progress at the bar. He became Bencher in 1586, and he was elected a reader in 1587, delivering his first set of lectures in Lent the following year. In 1589, he received the valuable appointment of reversion to the Clerkship of the Star Chamber, although he did not formally take office until 1608 - a post which was worth £16,000 per annum.[3]

Attorney General

Memorial to Francis Bacon, in the chapel of Trinity College, Cambridge
Bacon soon became acquainted with Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex, Queen Elizabeth's favourite. By 1591, he acted as the earl's confidential adviser.
In 1592, he was commissioned to write a tract response to the Jesuit Robert Parson's anti-government polemic, which he entitled Certain observations made upon a libel identifying England with the ideals of Republican Athens against the belligerence of Spain.
Bacon took his third parliamentary seat for Middlesex when in February 1593 Elizabeth summoned Parliament to investigate a Roman Catholic plot against her. Bacon's opposition to a bill that would levy triple subsidies in half the usual time offended many people. Opponents accused him of seeking popularity. For a time, the royal court excluded him.
When the Attorney-Generalship fell vacant in 1594, Lord Essex's influence was not enough to secure Bacon's candidacy into the office. Likewise, Bacon failed to secure the lesser office of Solicitor-General in 1595.[3] To console him for these disappointments, Essex presented him with a property at Twickenham, which he sold subsequently for £1,800.
In 1596, Bacon became Queen's Counsel, but missed the appointment of Master of the Rolls. During the next few years, his financial situation remained bad. .His friends could find no public office for him, and a scheme for retrieving his position by a marriage with the wealthy and young widow Lady Elizabeth Hatton failed after she broke off their relationship upon accepting marriage to a wealthier man (see Personal Relationships below).^ For although it may happen once or twice that a man shall stumble on a thing by accident which, when taking great pains to search for it, he could not find, yet upon the whole it unquestionably falls out the other way.
  • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

 ^ Meantime, let no man be alarmed at the multitude of particulars, but let this rather encourage him to hope.
  • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

 In 1598 Bacon was arrested because of his debts. Afterwards however, his standing in the queen's eyes improved. .Gradually, Bacon earned the standing of one of the learned counsels, though he had no commission or warrant and received no salary.^ A piece of sugar too, or a sponge, if dipped at one end in water or wine, while the other stands out far above the surface, draws the water or the wine gradually upward.
  • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

 His relationship with the queen further improved when he severed ties with Essex, a shrewd move because Essex was executed for treason in 1601.
With others, Bacon was appointed to investigate the charges against Essex, his former friend and benefactor. Bacon pressed the case hard against Essex. To justify himself, Bacon wrote A Declaration of the Practices and Treasons, etc., of ... the Earl of Essex. He received a gift of a fine of £1200 on one of Essex's accomplices.

James I comes to the throne

The accession of James I brought Bacon into greater favour. He was knighted in 1603. In another shrewd move, Bacon wrote Apologie in defence of his proceedings in the case of Essex, as Essex had favoured James to ascend to throne.
The following year, during the course of the uneventful first parliament session, Bacon married Alice Barnham. In June 1607 he was at last rewarded with the office of Solicitor-General.[3] The following year, he began working as the Clerkship of the Star Chamber. .In spite of a generous income, old debts and spendthrift ways kept him indebted.^ For putrefaction, which paves the way for the generation of a new form, is preceded by a dissolution of the old, which is itself a meeting together of homogeneous parts.
  • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

 He sought further promotion and wealth by supporting King James and his arbitrary policies.
In 1610 the famous fourth parliament of James met. Despite Bacon's advice to him, James and the Commons found themselves at odds over royal prerogatives and the king's embarrassing extravagance. The House dissolved in February 1611. Throughout this period Bacon managed to stay in the favour of the king while retaining the confidence of the Commons.
In 1613, Bacon was appointed attorney general, after advising the king to shuffle judicial appointments. As attorney general, Bacon prosecuted Somerset in 1616. The parliament of April 1614 objected to Bacon's presence in the seat for Cambridge and to the various royal plans which Bacon had supported. Although he was allowed to stay, parliament passed a law that forbade the attorney-general to sit in parliament. His influence over the king inspired resentment or apprehension in many of his peers. Bacon continued to receive the King's favour. In 1618, King James appointed Bacon to the position of Lord Chancellor.

Lord Chancellor and public disgrace

The Tower of London
Bacon's public career ended in disgrace in 1621. After he fell into debt, a Parliamentary Committee on the administration of the law charged him with twenty-three separate counts of corruption. To the lords, who sent a committee to inquire whether a confession was really his, he replied, "My lords, it is my act, my hand, and my heart; I beseech your lordships to be merciful to a broken reed." .He was sentenced to a fine of £40,000, remitted by King James, to be committed to the Tower of London during the king's pleasure (his imprisonment lasted only a few days).^ Wikipedia Godliness : being reports of a series of addresses delivered at James's Hall, London, W. during 1881 (English) (as Author) Booth, Evangeline, 1865-1950 .
  • Browse By Author: B - Project Gutenberg 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.gutenberg.org [Source type: Original source]

 More seriously, parliament declared Bacon incapable of holding future office or sitting in parliament. Narrowly, he escaped being deprived of his titles. Subsequently the disgraced viscount devoted himself to study and writing.
Historians such as Nieves Mathews believe Bacon may have been innocent of the bribery charges; Bacon himself said that he pleaded guilty by force deliberately[citation needed] so to save the king from a worse political scandal, stating:
"I was the justest judge that was in England these last fifty years. When the book of all hearts is opened, I trust I shall not be found to have the troubled fountain of a corrupt heart. I know I have clean hands and a clean heart. I am as innocent of bribes as any born on St Innocents Day."

Personal relationships

Francis Bacon
Though the well-connected antiquary John Aubrey noted among his private memoranda concerning Bacon, "He was a Pederast. His Ganimeds and Favourites tooke Bribes",[4] biographers continue to debate about Bacon's sexual inclinations and the precise nature of his personal relationships.[5]
When he was 36, Bacon engaged in the courtship of Elizabeth Hatton, a young widow of 20. Reportedly, she broke off their relationship upon accepting marriage to a wealthier man—Edward Coke. Years later, Bacon still wrote of his regret that the marriage to Elizabeth had never taken place.[6]
.At the age of forty-five, Bacon married Alice Barnham, the fourteen-year-old daughter of a well-connected London alderman and M.P. Bacon wrote two sonnets proclaiming his love for Alice.^ But these means, as well as the way of escape from them, ought to be investigated with all diligence because they pertain to the rekindling of the vital power in old age.
  • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

 The first sonnet was written during his courtship and the second sonnet on his wedding day, 10 May 1606. When Bacon was appointed Regent of the Kingdom, "by special Warrant of the King, Lady Bacon was given precedence over all other Court ladies".
Engraving of Alice Barnham
.Reports of increasing friction in his marriage to Alice appeared, with speculation that some of this may have been due to financial resources not being as readily available to her as she was accustomed to having in the past.^ I have dwelt on them at some length to the end that men may gradually learn and accustom themselves to judge of nature by instances of the fingerpost and experiments of light, and not by probable reasonings.
  • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

 .Alice was reportedly interested in fame and fortune, and when reserves of money were no longer available, there were complaints about where all the money was going.^ The former of these explanations is adopted by Fracastorius and almost all who have entered into the investigation with any subtlety, and there is no doubt that the air has something to do with it.
  • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

 Alice Chambers Bunten wrote in her Life of Alice Barnham[7] that, upon their descent into debt, she actually went on trips to ask for financial favours and assistance from their circle of friends. Bacon disinherited her upon discovering her secret romantic relationship with John Underhill. He rewrote his will, which had previously been very generous to her (leaving her lands, goods, and income), revoking it all.
Several authors, such as A .L. Rowse, Alan Stewart, and Lisa Jardine,[8][9] believe that despite his marriage Bacon was primarily attracted to the same sex. Professor Forker[10] for example has explored the "historically documentable sexual preferences" of both King James and Bacon in addition to those of dramatist Christopher Marlowe and of Bacon's brother Anthony - and concluded they were all oriented to "masculine love", a contemporary term that "seems to have been used exclusively to refer to the sexual preference of men for members of their own gender."[11] The Jacobean antiquarian, Sir Simonds D'Ewes implied there had been a question of bringing him to trial for buggery[12]. .This conclusion has been disputed by other authors, such as Nieves Mathews,[13][14] who consider the sources to be more open to interpretation.^ Lastly, the true form is such that it deduces the given nature from some source of being which is inherent in more natures, and which is better known in the natural order of things than the form itself.
  • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

 ^ And as for the universality of the censure, certainly if the matter be truly considered such a censure is not only more probable but more modest, too, than a partial one would be.
  • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

Death

Monument to Bacon at his burial place, St Michael's Church in St Albans
.In April 1626, Sir Francis Bacon came to Highgate near London, and died at the empty (except for the caretaker) Arundel mansion.^ Manual of Ship Subsidies (English) (as Author) Bacon, Francis, 1561-1626 .
  • Browse By Author: B - Project Gutenberg 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.gutenberg.org [Source type: Original source]

 A famous and influential account of the circumstances of his death was given by John Aubrey in his Brief Lives. Aubrey has been criticized for his evident credulousness in this and other works; on the other hand, he knew Thomas Hobbes, the fellow-philosopher and friend of Bacon. .Aubrey's vivid account, which portrays Bacon as a martyr to experimental scientific method, has him journeying to Highgate through the snow with the King's physician when he is suddenly inspired by the possibility of using the snow to preserve meat.^ For boys find that snow after a while seems to burn their hands; and cold preserves meat from putrefaction, no less than fire; and heat contracts bodies, which cold does also.
  • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

 "They were resolved they would try the experiment presently. .They alighted out of the coach and went into a poor woman's house at the bottom of Highgate hill, and bought a fowl, and made the woman exenterate it". After stuffing the fowl with snow, he happened to contract a fatal case of pneumonia.^ It was said by Borgia of the expedition of the French into Italy, that they came with chalk in their hands to mark out their lodgings, not with arms to force their way in.
  • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

 ^ Of a similar kind are the droppings from a house, which if there be water to follow, lengthen themselves out into a very thin thread to preserve the continuity of the water; but if there be not water enough to follow, then they fall in round drops, which is the figure that best preserves the water from a solution of continuity.
  • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

 ^ And although these divisions are ill filled out and are but as empty cases, still to the common mind they present the form and plan of a perfect science.
  • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

 .Some people, including Aubrey, consider these two contiguous, possibly coincidental events as related and causative of his death: "The Snow so chilled him that he immediately fell so extremely ill, that he could not return to his Lodging ...^ The question is to which of these two causes the ebb and flow should be assigned.
  • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

 ^ For these two senses give information at large and concerning objects in general, whereas the other three give hardly any information but what is immediate and relates to their proper objects.
  • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

 ^ Which of these two is the real cause will more readily appear if oil be poured on instead of water, for oil will serve equally well with water to concentrate the enclosed spirit, but not to irritate it.
  • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

 but went to the Earle of Arundel's house at Highgate, where they put him into ... a damp bed that had not been layn-in ... which gave him such a cold that in 2 or 3 days as I remember Mr Hobbes told me, he died of Suffocation."
Being unwittingly on his deathbed, the philosopher wrote his last letter to his absent host and friend Lord Arundel:
."My very good Lord,—I was likely to have had the fortune of Caius Plinius the elder, who lost his life by trying an experiment about the burning of Mount Vesuvius; for I was also desirous to try an experiment or two touching the conservation and induration of bodies.^ It is good too to spread bodies over with wax, honey, pitch, and like tenacious substances, for the more perfect enclosure of them and to keep off the air and heavenly bodies.
  • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

 ^ For example, it is obvious that air and spirit, and like bodies, which in their entire substance are rare and subtle, can neither be seen nor touched.
  • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

 ^ The moon indeed cannot be removed from the sea, nor the earth from the falling body, and therefore we can try no experiment in these cases; but the principle is the same.
  • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

 .As for the experiment itself, it succeeded excellently well; but in the journey between London and Highgate, I was taken with such a fit of casting as I know not whether it were the Stone, or some surfeit or cold, or indeed a touch of them all three.^ The rays of the moon and of stars and comets are not found to be hot to the touch; indeed the severest colds are observed to be at the full moons.
  • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

 ^ Nor is the exclusive part itself at all complete, nor indeed can it possibly be so at first.
  • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

 ^ It may be thought, indeed, that I who make such frequent mention of works and refer everything to that end, should produce some myself by way of earnest.
  • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

 .But when I came to your Lordship's House, I was not able to go back, and therefore was forced to take up my lodging here, where your housekeeper is very careful and diligent about me, which I assure myself your Lordship will not only pardon towards him, but think the better of him for it.^ Good hopes may therefore be conceived of natural philosophy, when natural history, which is the basis and foundation of it, has been drawn up on a better plan; but not till then.
  • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

 ^ There was this difference only, that the former class was wandering and mercenary, going about from town to town, putting up their wisdom to sale, and taking a price for it, while the latter was more pompous and dignified, as composed of men who had fixed abodes, and who opened schools and taught their philosophy without reward.
  • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

 ^ By this sign, therefore, men will easily take warning not to mix up their fortunes and labors with dogmas not only despaired of but dedicated to despair.
  • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

 .For indeed your Lordship's House was happy to me, and I kiss your noble hands for the welcome which I am sure you give me to it.^ If you put it in perpendicularly and hold it by the top, it soon burns your hand; if at the side or from below, not nearly so soon.
  • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

 .I know how unfit it is for me to write with any other hand than mine own, but by my troth my fingers are so disjointed with sickness that I cannot steadily hold a pen."^ But certain subjects are found wherein the required nature appears more in its vigor than in others, either through the absence of impediments or the predominance of its own virtue.
  • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

 ^ For he that knows the ways of nature will more easily observe her deviations; and on the other hand he that knows her deviations will more accurately describe her ways.
  • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

 [15]
He died at Lord Arundel's home[16] on 9 April 1626, leaving personal assets of about £7,000 and lands that realised £6,000 when sold.[17] His debts amounted to more than £23,000, an equivalent to over £3m at today's prices.[17][18]
This account appears in a biography by William Rawley, Bacon's personal secretary and chaplain:
"He died on the ninth day of April in the year 1626, in the early morning of the day then celebrated for our Saviour's resurrection, in the sixty-sixth year of his age, at the Earl of Arundel's house in Highgate, near London, to which place he casually repaired about a week before; God so ordaining that he should die there of a gentle fever, accidentally accompanied with a great cold, whereby the defluxion of rheum fell so plentifully upon his breast, that he died by suffocation."[19]
At his April 1626 funeral, over thirty great minds collected together their eulogies of him. .It appears from these that he was not only loved deeply, but that there was something about his character which led men even of the stature of Ben Jonson to hold him in reverence and awe.^ But as it is, it appears to me from what has been said, and also from what has been left unsaid, that there is hope enough and to spare, not only to make a bold man try, but also to make a sober-minded and wise man believe.
  • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

 ^ There are other natures beside these; for these tables are not perfect, but meant only for examples.
  • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

 ^ The former of these explanations is adopted by Fracastorius and almost all who have entered into the investigation with any subtlety, and there is no doubt that the air has something to do with it.
  • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

 A volume of the 32 eulogies was published in Latin in 1730.[20]

Philosophy and works

Bacon did not propose an actual philosophy, but rather a method of developing philosophy. .He argued that although philosophy at the time used the deductive syllogism to interpret nature, the philosopher should instead proceed through inductive reasoning from fact to axiom to law.^ It is time therefore to proceed to the art itself and rule of interpreting nature.
  • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

 ^ That reason which is elicited from facts by a just and methodical process, I call Interpretation of Nature .
  • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

 ^ For the operations of nature are performed by far smaller portions at a time, and by arrangements far more exquisite and varied than the operations of fire, as we use it now.
  • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

 Before beginning this induction, the inquirer is to free his or her mind from certain false notions or tendencies which distort the truth. These are called "Idols" (idola)[21], and are of four kinds:
  • "Idols of the Tribe" (idola tribus), which are common to the race;
  • "Idols of the Den" (idola specus), which are peculiar to the individual;
  • "Idols of the Marketplace" (idola fori), coming from the misuse of language; and
  • "Idols of the Theatre" (idola theatri), which result from an abuse of authority.
.The end of induction is the discovery of forms, the ways in which natural phenomena occur, the causes from which they proceed.^ Their use is pretty nearly the same, for they correct the erroneous impressions suggested to the understanding by ordinary phenomena, and reveal common forms.
  • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

 ^ And the betrayal of the form in a single instance leads the way (as is evident from all that has been said) to the discovery of it in all.
  • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

 ^ They are those which constitute a single species of the proposed nature, a sort of Lesser Form.
  • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]
.Derived through use of his methods, Bacon explicated his somewhat fragmentary ethical system in the seventh and eighth books of his De augmentis scientiarum (1623) - where he distinguished between duty to the community, an ethical matter, and duty to God, a religious matter.^ And it is from this abundance and scantiness of matter that the abstract notions of dense and rare, though variously and promiscuously used, are, properly speaking, derived.
  • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

 Bacon claimed that:
  • Any moral action is the action of the human will, which is governed by belief and spurred on by the passions;
  • Good habit is what aids men in directing their will toward the good; and
  • No universal rules can be made, as both situations and men's characters differ.
Francis Bacon
Regarding faith, in De augmentis, he wrote that "the more discordant, therefore, and incredible, the divine mystery is, the more honour is shown to God in believing it, and the nobler is the victory of faith." .He wrote in "The Essays: Of Atheism" that "a little philosophy inclineth man’s mind to atheism; but depth in philosophy bringeth men’s minds about to religion."^ Meanwhile it is not surprising if the growth of natural philosophy is checked when religion, the thing which has most power over men's minds, has by the simpleness and incautious zeal of certain persons been drawn to take part against her.
  • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

 ^ Lastly, there are Idols which have immigrated into men's minds from the various dogmas of philosophies, and also from wrong laws of demonstration.
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Bacon contrasted the new approach of the development of science with that of the Middle Ages:
"Men have sought to make a world from their own conception and to draw from their own minds all the material which they employed, but if, instead of doing so, they had consulted experience and observation, they would have the facts and not opinions to reason about, and might have ultimately arrived at the knowledge of the laws which govern the material world."
.Bacon's works include his Essays, as well as the Colours of Good and Evil and the Meditationes Sacrae, all published in 1597. His famous aphorism, "knowledge is power", is found in the Meditations.^ The cause and root of nearly all evils in the sciences is this — that while we falsely admire and extol the powers of the human mind we neglect to seek for its true helps.
  • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

 ^ And the truth is that the knowledge of simple natures well examined and defined is as light: it gives entrance to all the secrets of nature's workshop, and virtually includes and draws after it whole bands and troops of works, and opens to us the sources of the noblest axioms; and yet in itself it is of no great use.
  • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

 He published The Proficience and Advancement of Learning in 1605. Bacon also wrote In felicem memoriam Elizabethae, a eulogy for the queen written in 1609; and various philosophical works which constitute the fragmentary and incomplete Instauratio magna (Great Renewal), the most important part of which is the Novum Organum (New Instrument, published 1620); in this work he cites three world-changing inventions:
"Printing, gunpowder and the compass: These three have changed the whole face and state of things throughout the world; the first in literature, the second in warfare, the third in navigation; whence have followed innumerable changes, in so much that no empire, no sect, no star seems to have exerted greater power and influence in human affairs than these mechanical discoveries."[22]
Peter Linebaugh and Marcus Rediker have argued that Bacon was not as idealistic as his utopian works suggest, rather that he was what might today be considered an advocate of genocidal eugenics. A year prior to the release of New Atlantis, Bacon published an essay that reveals a version of himself not often seen in history. .This essay, a lesser-known work entitled, An Advertisement Touching an Holy War, advocated the elimination of detrimental societal elements by the English and compared this to the endeavors of Hercules while establishing civilized society in ancient Greece.^ Myths and Legends of Ancient Greece and Rome (English) (as Author) Berens, Lewis Henry .
  • Browse By Author: B - Project Gutenberg 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.gutenberg.org [Source type: Original source]

 ^ Iconoclast en.wikipedia Ancient and Modern Celebrated Freethinkers Reprinted From an English Work, Entitled "Half-Hours With The Freethinkers."
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 ^ (English) (as Author) Transactions of the American Society of Civil Engineers, vol.
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 He saw the "extirpation and debellating of giants, monsters, and foreign tyrants, not only as lawful, but as meritorious, even divine honour..."[23]
Laurence Lampert has interpreted Bacon's treatise An Advertisement Touching a Holy War as advocating "spiritual warfare against the spiritual rulers of European civilization."[24]

Bacon's Utopia

Main article: New Atlantis
In 1623 Bacon expressed his aspirations and ideals in New Atlantis. Released in 1627, this was his creation of an ideal land where "generosity and enlightenment, dignity and splendor, piety and public spirit" were the commonly held qualities of the inhabitants of Bensalem. In this work, he portrayed a vision of the future of human discovery and knowledge. The plan and organization of his ideal college, "Solomon's House", envisioned the modern research university in both applied and pure science.

Baconian method

Main article: Baconian method
.The Novum Organum is a philosophical work by Francis Bacon published in 1620. The title is a reference to Aristotle's work Organon, which was his treatise on logic and syllogism.^ Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) THE NEW ORGANON OR TRUE DIRECTIONS CONCERNING THE INTERPRETATION OF NATURE .
  • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

 .In Novum Organum, Bacon detailed a new system of logic he believed to be superior to the old ways of syllogism.^ For putrefaction, which paves the way for the generation of a new form, is preceded by a dissolution of the old, which is itself a meeting together of homogeneous parts.
  • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

 ^ Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) THE NEW ORGANON OR TRUE DIRECTIONS CONCERNING THE INTERPRETATION OF NATURE .
  • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

 In this work, we see the development of the Baconian method, consisting of procedures for isolating the form, nature or cause of a phenomenon, employing the method of agreement, method of difference, and method of concomitant variation devised by Avicenna in 1025.

List of published works

Many of Bacon's writings were only published after his death in 1626.
.
  • Essays (1597)
  • The Elements of the Common Law of England (1597)
  • A Declaration of the Practises & Treasons Attempted and Committed by Robert, late Earl of Essex and his Complices (1601)
  • Temporis Partus Masculus (The Masculine Birth of Time; 1603, unfinished)
  • De Interpretatione Naturae Prooemium (1603, unfinished)
  • Valerius Terminus of the Interpretation of Nature, with Annotations of Hermes Stella (1603, unfinished—published 1734)
  • Cogitationes de Natura Rerum (Thoughts on the Nature of Things; 1604, unfinished)
  • Cogitationes de Scientia Humana (Thoughts on Human Knowledge; 1604, unfinished)
  • Francis Bacon His Apology, in Certain Imputations Concerning the late Earl of Essex (1604)
  • Certain Considerations Touching the Better Pacification and Edification of the Church of England (1604)
  • The Proficience and Advancement of Learning (1605)
  • Cogitata et Visa (Thoughts and Conclusions; 1607)
  • Redargutio Philosphiarum (The Refutation of Philosophies; 1608, published posthumously)
  • Inquisitio Legitima de Motu (1608?, published 1653)
  • De sapientia veterum liber (1609)
  • Descriptio Globi Intellectus (1612)
  • Thema Coeli (1612, published 1653)
  • The Charge of Sir Francis Bacon, Knight, the King's Attorney-General, Touching Duels (1614)
  • The Wisdom of the Ancients (1619)
  • De Principiis atque Originibus (1620, published 1653)
  • Novum Organum (1620)
  • The History of the Reign of King Henry the Seventh (1622)
  • Historia Naturalis et Experimentalis (1622)
  • Apophthegms, New and Old (1625)
  • The Translation of Certain Psalms (1625)
  • New Atlantis (1626)
  • De Augmentis Scientiarium (1623)
  • Sylva Sylvarum (1623, published 1627)
  • Scripta in naturali et universli philisophia (pub.^ From a natural philosophy pure and unmixed, better things are to be expected.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     ^ And truly as we look for greater knowledge of human things and a riper judgment in the old man than in the young, because of his experience and of the number and variety of the things which he has seen and heard and thought of, so in like manner from our age, if it but knew its own strength and chose to essay and exert it, much more might fairly be expected than from the ancient times, inasmuch as it is a more advanced age of the world, and stored and stocked with infinite experiments and observations.
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     ^ It is time therefore to proceed to the art itself and rule of interpreting nature.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     1653)
  • Baconiana, Or Certain Genuine Remains Of Sr. Francis Bacon (pub. 1679)

Influence

Bacon's ideas about the improvement of the human lot were influential in the 1630s and 1650s among a number of Parliamentarian scholars. .During the Restoration, Bacon was commonly invoked as a guiding spirit of the Royal Society founded under Charles II in 1660.[25][26] In the nineteenth century his emphasis on induction was revived and developed by William Whewell, among others.^ It is found however in other bodies in a lower degree; as I said of blood and urine, which are not decomposed till the spirit which mixes and keeps together their parts be discharged or quenched.
  • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

 [27]

North America

.There are some scholars who believe that Bacon's vision for a Utopian New World in North America was laid out in his novel New Atlantis, which depicts a mythical island, Bensalem, in the Pacific Ocean west of Peru.^ And there is yet a third class, consisting of those who out of faith and veneration mix their philosophy with theology and traditions; among whom the vanity of some has gone so far aside as to seek the origin of sciences among spirits and genii.
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 ^ Again, out of these twenty-seven instances there are some of which we must make a collection at once, as I said above, without waiting for the particular investigation of natures.
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 ^ Owindia : a true tale of the MacKenzie River Indians, North-West America (English) (as Author) Bonaparte, Napoléon, 1769-1821 .
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 .He envisioned a land where there would be greater rights for women, the abolition of slavery, elimination of debtors' prisons, separation of church and state, and freedom of religious and political expression.^ For the worst of all auguries is from consent in matters intellectual (divinity excepted, and politics where there is right of vote).
  • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

 ^ The Grimké Sisters Sarah and Angelina Grimké: the First American Women Advocates of Abolition and Woman's Rights (English) (as Author) Biroekoff, Pavel Ivanovich .
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 [28][29][30][31] .Francis Bacon played a leading role in creating the British colonies, especially in Virginia, the Carolinas, and Newfoundland.^ The Rescue of the Princess Winsome A Fairy Play for Old and Young (English) (as Unknown role) Bacon, Ann, Lady, 1528-1610 .
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 His government report on “The Virginia Colony” was submitted in 1609. Bacon and his associates formed the Newfoundland Colonization Company and in 1610 sent John Guy to found a colony in Newfoundland. In 1910 Newfoundland issued a postage stamp to commemorate Bacon's role in establishing Newfoundland. The stamp describes Bacon as, "the guiding spirit in Colonization Schemes in 1610."[6] The third US president Thomas Jefferson wrote; "Bacon, Locke and Newton. I consider them as the three greatest men that have ever lived, without any exception, and as having laid the foundation of those superstructures which have been raised in the Physical and Moral sciences".[32][33][34]

Religious influence

Main article: Occult theories about Francis Bacon
.Francis Bacon's influence can also be seen on a variety of religious and spiritual authors, and on groups that have utilized his writings in their own belief systems.^ Manual of Ship Subsidies (English) (as Author) Bacon, Francis, 1561-1626 .
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 [35][36][37][38][39]

Historical debates and fringe theories

Bacon and Shakespeare

Main articles: Baconian theory and Bacon's cipher
The Baconian theory of Shakespearean authorship holds that Sir Francis Bacon wrote the plays conventionally attributed to William Shakespeare.
.The mainstream view is that William Shakespeare of Stratford, an actor in the Lord Chamberlain's Men (later the King's Men), wrote the poems and plays that bear his name.^ (English) (as Author) Life and Letters of Robert Browning (English) (as Author) Men and Women (English) (as Author) The Pied Piper of Hamelin (English) (as Author) Selections from the Poems and Plays of Robert Browning (English) (as Author) Browning, William Ernst .
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 ^ The Kings and Queens of England with Other Poems (English) (as Author) Bigelow, William F. (William Frederick), 1879-1966 .
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 The Baconians, however, hold that scholars are so focused on the details of Shakespeare's life that they neglect to investigate the many facts that they see as connecting Bacon to the Shakespearean work.
Sir Francis Bacon's letter to John Davies, "so desiring you to be good to concealed poets."
.The main Baconian evidence is founded on the presentation of a motive for concealment, the circumstances surrounding the first known performance of The Comedy of Errors, the proximity of Bacon to the William Strachey letter upon which many scholars think The Tempest was based, perceived allusions in the plays to Bacon's legal acquaintances, the many supposed parallels with the plays of Bacon's published work and entries in the Promus (his private wastebook), Bacon's interest in civil histories, and ostensible autobiographical allusions in the plays.^ The first work, therefore, of true induction (as far as regards the discovery of forms) is the rejection or exclusion of the several natures which are not found in some instance where the given nature is present, or are found in some instance where the given nature is absent, or are found to increase in some instance when the given nature decreases, or to decrease when the given nature increases.
  • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

 ^ (English) (as Author) Life and Letters of Robert Browning (English) (as Author) Men and Women (English) (as Author) The Pied Piper of Hamelin (English) (as Author) Selections from the Poems and Plays of Robert Browning (English) (as Author) Browning, William Ernst .
  • Browse By Author: B - Project Gutenberg 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.gutenberg.org [Source type: Original source]

 ^ Advice to a Young Man upon First Going to Oxford In Ten Letters, From an Uncle to His Nephew (English) (as Author) Berens, E.M. .
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 .Because Bacon had first-hand knowledge of government cipher methods, most Baconians see it as feasible that he left his signature somewhere in the Shakespearean work.^ And this remark, be it observed, applies not merely to this first and inceptive attempt of mine, but to all that shall take the work in hand hereafter.
  • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]
Supporters of the standard view, often referred to as "Stratfordian" or "Mainstream", dispute all contentions in favour of Bacon, and criticize Bacon's poetry as not being comparable in quality with that of Shakespeare.

Secret societies

Main article: Occult theories about Francis Bacon
.Francis Bacon often gathered with the men at Gray's Inn to discuss politics and philosophy, and to try out various theatrical scenes that he admitted writing.^ Lastly, there are Idols which have immigrated into men's minds from the various dogmas of philosophies, and also from wrong laws of demonstration.
  • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

 [40] Bacon's alleged connection to the Rosicrucians and the Freemasons has been widely discussed by authors and scholars in many books.[41]. .However others, including Daphne du Maurier (in her biography of Bacon), have argued there is no substantive evidence to support claims of involvement with the Rosicrucians.^ And no wonder; for the earth and heaven are ever there, whereas the causes and origins of most other motions are sometimes absent, sometimes present.
  • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

 ^ There is this difference however, that some substances contract warmth more quickly, as air, oil, and water; others more slowly, as stone and metal.
  • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

 [42] .Frances Yates[43] does not make the claim that Bacon was a Rosicrucian, but presents evidence that he was nevertheless involved in some of the more closed intellectual movements of his day.^ For it is a fact in nature that an armed magnet at some distance off does not attract iron more powerfully than an unarmed magnet.
  • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

 ^ And yet if you look at it more closely, this does not prove the case in favor of the rising and against the progressive motion.
  • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

 .She argues that Bacon's movement for the advancement of learning was closely connected with the German Rosicrucian movement, while Bacon's New Atlantis portrays a land ruled by Rosicrucians.^ Wikipedia The Advancement of Learning (English) (as Author) The Essays of Francis Bacon (English) (as Author) The Essays of Francis Bacon (English) (as Author) Filosofiset mietelmät (Finnish) (as Author) Ideal Commonwealths (English) (as Contributor) New Atlantis (English) (as Author) Prefaces and Prologues to Famous Books with Introductions, Notes and Illustrations (English) (as Contributor) Valerius Terminus; of the interpretation of nature (English) (as Author) Bacon, John Mackenzie, 1846-1904 .
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 He apparently saw his own movement for the advancement of learning to be in conformity with Rosicrucian ideals.[44]

Parentage theories

A small number of authors have theorized that Francis Bacon could have been the unacknowledged son of Queen Elizabeth and Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester[45]

Noteworthy relative

.It has been claimed[46] that Bacon is a distant relative of the English painter Francis Bacon, who was named in honor of the original.^ Manual of Ship Subsidies (English) (as Author) Bacon, Francis, 1561-1626 .
  • Browse By Author: B - Project Gutenberg 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.gutenberg.org [Source type: Original source]

 The artist's father claimed descent from Bacon's elder half-brother, Nicholas. The homosexual painter "made little of his family's traditional claim" but was more "amused by his namesake's well-known prodigality and homosexuality" and excited by the "notion that the philosopher-statesman might also have been 'Shakespeare', whose work he revered."

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Bacon, Francis in Venn, J. & J. A., Alumni Cantabrigienses, Cambridge University Press, 10 vols, 1922–1958.
  2. ^ Collins, Arthur (1741). The English Baronetage: Containing a Genealogical and Historical Account of All the English Baronets, Now Existing: Their Descents, Marriages, and Issues; Memorable Actions, Both in War, and Peace; Religious and Charitable Donations; Deaths, Places of Burial and Monumental Iiscriptions [sic]. Printed for Tho. Wotton at the Three Daggers and Queen's Head. p. 5. 
  3. ^ a b c Peltonen, Markku (October 2007). "Bacon, Francis, Viscount St Alban (1561–1626)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. 
  4. ^ Oliver Lawson Dick, ed. Aubrey's Brief Lives. Edited from the Original Manuscripts, 1949, s.v. "Francis Bacon, Viscount of St. Albans" p. 11.
  5. ^ See opposing opinions of: A. L. Rowse, Homosexuals in History, New York: Carroll & Garf, 1977. page 44; Jardine, Lisa; Stewart, Alan Hostage To Fortune: The Troubled Life of Francis Bacon Hill & Wang, 1999. page 148; Nieves Mathews, Francis Bacon: The History of a Character Assassination, Yale University Press, 1996; Ross Jackson, The Companion to Shaker of the Speare: The Francis Bacon Story, England: Book Guild Publishing, 2005. pages 45 - 46
  6. ^ a b Alfred Dodd, Francis Bacon's Personal Life Story', Volume 2 - The Age of James, England: Rider & Co., 1949, 1986. pages 157 - 158, 425, 502 - 503, 518 - 532
  7. ^ Alice Chambers Bunten, Life of Alice Barnham, Wife of Sir Francis Bacon, London: Oliphants Ltd. 1928.
  8. ^ A. L. Rowse, Homosexuals in History, New York: Carroll & Garf, 1977. page 44
  9. ^ Jardine, Lisa; Stewart, Alan Hostage To Fortune: The Troubled Life of Francis Bacon Hill & Wang, 1999. page 148
  10. ^ Charles R. Forker, Masculine Love, Renaissance Writing, and the New Invention of Homosexuality: An Addendum in the Journal of Homosexuality (1996), Indiana University
  11. ^ Journal of Homosexuality, Volume: 31 Issue: 3, 1996, pages 85-93, ISSN: 0091-8369
  12. ^ Fulton Anderson, Francis Bacon:His career and his thought, Los Angeles, 1962
  13. ^ Nieves Mathews, Francis Bacon: The History of a Character Assassination, Yale University Press, 1996
  14. ^ Ross Jackson, The Companion to Shaker of the Speare: The Francis Bacon Story, England: Book Guild Publishing, 2005. pages 45 - 46
  15. ^ Bacon, The Works of Francis Bacon, Lord Chancellor of England. A new Edition, ed.Basil Montagu, London: 1825-1834
  16. ^ Bryant, Mark: Private Lives, 2001, p.22.
  17. ^ a b Lovejoy, Benjamin (1888). Francis Bacon: A Critical Review. London: Unwin. p. 171. OCLC 79886184. 
  18. ^ Officer, Lawrence; Williamson, Samuel. "Purchasing Power of British Pounds from 1264 to Present". Measuring Worth.com. http://www.measuringworth.com/ppoweruk/. Retrieved 2009-10-18. 
  19. ^ William Rawley (Bacon's personal secretary and chaplain) Resuscitatio, or, Bringing into Publick Light Several Pieces of the Works, Civil, Historical, Philosophical, & Theological, Hitherto Sleeping; of the Right Honourable Francis Bacon....Together with his Lordship's Life 1657. "Francis Bacon, the glory of his age and nation, the adorner and ornament of learning, was born in York House, or York Place, in the Strand, on the two and twentieth day of January, in the year of our Lord 1560."
  20. ^ W.G.C. Gundry, ed. Manes Verulamani. This important volume consists of 32 eulogies originally published in Latin shortly after Bacon's funeral in 1626. Bacon's peers refer to him as "a supreme poet" and "a concealed poet," and also link him with the theatre.
  21. ^ "Idols" is the usual translation of idola, but 'illusion' is perhaps a more accurate translation to modern English. See footnote, The New Organon, (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Pr., 2000), p.18.
  22. ^ Novum Organum, Liber I, CXXIX - Adapted from the 1863 translation
  23. ^ Linebaugh, Peter, and Marcus Rediker. The Many Headed Hydra. Boston: Beacon P, 2000. 36-70. Argues for an alternative point of view towards Bacon
  24. ^ An Advertisement Touching a Holy War by Francis Bacon, Laurence Lampert (Editor). Waveland Press 2000 ISBN 978-1577661283
  25. ^ Julian Martin, Francis Bacon: The State and the Reform of Natural Philosophy, 1992
  26. ^ Byron Steel, Sir Francis Bacon: The First Modern Mind, Garden City, NY: Doubleday, Doran and Co., Inc., 1930
  27. ^ Peter Urbach, Francis Bacon's Philosophy of Science, Open Court Publishing Co., 1987. A study which argues from a close consideration of Bacon's actual words in context, that he was immensely more sophisticated and modern than is generally allowed. Bacon's reputation as a philosopher of science has sunk since the 17th and early 18th centuries, when he was accorded the title "Father of Experimental Philosophy".
  28. ^ Harvey Wheeler, Francis Bacon’s Case of the Post-Nati:(1608); Foundations of Anglo-American Constitutionalism; An Application of Critical Constitutional Theory, Ward, 1998
  29. ^ Howard B. White, Peace Among the Willows: The Political Philosophy of Francis Bacon, The Hague Martinus Nijhoff, 1968
  30. ^ Harvey Wheeler, Francis Bacon’s "Verulamium": the Common Law Template of The Modern in English Science and Culture, 1999
  31. ^ Frances Yates, (essay) Bacon's Magic, in Frances Yates, Ideas and Ideals in the North European Renaissance, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1984
  32. ^ "The Three Greatest Men". http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/trm033.html. Retrieved 2009-08-29. "Jefferson identified Bacon, Locke, and Newton as "the three greatest men that have ever lived, without any exception". Their works in the physical and moral sciences were instrumental in Jefferson's education and world view." 
  33. ^ "The Letters of Thomas Jefferson: 1743-1826 Bacon, Locke, and Newton". http://www.let.rug.nl/usa/P/tj3/writings/brf/jefl74.htm. Retrieved 2009-06-13. "Bacon, Locke and Newton, whose pictures I will trouble you to have copied for me: and as I consider them as the three greatest men that have ever lived, without any exception, and as having laid the foundation of those superstructures which have been raised in the Physical & Moral sciences." 
  34. ^ http://explorer.monticello.org/text/index.php?id=82&type=4 Jefferson called Bacon, Newton, and Locke, who had so indelibly shaped his ideas, "my trinity of the three greatest men the world had ever produced"
  35. ^ Saint Germain Foundation. The History of the "I AM" Activity and Saint Germain Foundation. Schaumburg, Illinois: Saint Germain Press 2003
  36. ^ Luk, A.D.K.. Law of Life — Book II. Pueblo, Colorado: A.D.K. Luk Publications 1989, pages 254 - 267
  37. ^ White Paper - Wesak World Congress 2002. Acropolis Sophia Books & Works 2003.
  38. ^ Partridge, Christopher ed. New Religions: A Guide: New Religious Movements, Sects and Alternative Spiritualities Oxford University Press, USA 2004.
  39. ^ Schroeder, Werner Ascended Masters and Their Retreats Ascended Master Teaching Foundation 2004, pages 250 - 255
  40. ^ Frances Yates, Theatre of the World, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1969
  41. ^ Bryan Bevan, The Real Francis Bacon, England: Centaur Press, 1960
  42. ^ Daphne du Maurier, The Winding Stair, Biography of Bacon 1976.
  43. ^ Frances Yates, The Occult Philosophy in the Elizabethan Age, pages 61 - 68, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1979
  44. ^ Frances Yates, The Rosicrucian Enlightenment, London and Boston: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1972
  45. ^ Comyns Beaumont, The Private Life of the Virgin Queen, London England, 1947
  46. ^ [Peppiatt, Michael (1996) Francis Bacon: Anatomy of an Enigma London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson]

Sources

  • Material originally from the 1911 Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religion.
  • Material originally from the 1912 Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religion.
  • Wikisource-logo.svg "Bacon, Francis". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911. 
  • Wikisource-logo.svg John William Cousin, “Bacon, Francis, Lord Verulam, And Viscount St. Alban,” in A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature, London: J. M. Dent & Sons, 1910.
  • John Farrell, "The Science of Suspicion." Paranoia and Modernity: Cervantes to Rousseau (Cornell UP, 2006), chapter six.
  • "Our Western Heritage" Roselle / Young: Chapter five "The 'Scientific Revolution' and the 'Intellectual Revolution'".
  • Mary Heese, "Francis Bacon's Philosophy of Science," Essential Articles for the Study of Francis Bacon, ed. Brian Vickers (Hamden, CT: Archon Books, 1968), pp. 114-139.
  • Benjamin Farrington, The Philosophy of Francis Bacon (Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1964). Contains English translations of
    • Temporis Partus Masculus
    • Cogitata et Visa
    • Redargutio Philosphiarum
  • James Spedding, Robert Leslie Ellis, Douglas Denon Heath, The Works of Francis Bacon, Baron of Verulam, Viscount St Albans and Lord High Chancellor of England 15 vols (London, 1857-74).

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Quotes

Up to date as of January 14, 2010

From Wikiquote

I have taken all knowledge to be my province.
.Francis Bacon, 1st Viscount St Albans, KC (22 January 1561 – 9 April 1626) was an English philosopher, statesman and essayist.^ April 22, 1897 A Weekly Magazine for Boys and Girls (English) (as Editor) The Great Round World and What Is Going On In It, Vol.
  • Browse By Author: B - Project Gutenberg 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.gutenberg.org [Source type: Original source]

 ^ Manual of Ship Subsidies (English) (as Author) Bacon, Francis, 1561-1626 .
  • Browse By Author: B - Project Gutenberg 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.gutenberg.org [Source type: Original source]

Contents

Sourced

.
  • The monuments of wit survive the monuments of power.
    • Essex's Device (1595)
  • Nam et ipsa scientia potestas est.
    • Knowledge is power.
    • Meditationes Sacræ [Sacred Meditations] (1597) "De Hæresibus" [Of Heresies]
  • I confess that I have as vast contemplative ends, as I have moderate civil ends: for I have taken all knowledge to be my province; and if I could purge it of two sorts of rovers, whereof the one with frivolous disputations, confutations, and verbosities, the other with blind experiments and auricular traditions and impostures, hath committed so many spoils, I hope I should bring in industrious observations, grounded conclusions, and profitable inventions and discoveries; the best state of that province.^ St-Charles Roman de moeurs du journalisme et de la politique dans la province de Québec (French) (as Author) Best, Harry, 1880- .
    • Browse By Author: B - Project Gutenberg 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.gutenberg.org [Source type: Original source]

     .This, whether it be curiosity, or vain glory, or nature, or (if one take it favourably) philanthropia, is so fixed in my mind as it cannot be removed.^ My purpose, on the contrary, is to try whether I cannot in very fact lay more firmly the foundations and extend more widely the limits of the power and greatness of man.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     ^ And to make my meaning clearer and to familiarize the thing by giving it a name, I have chosen to call one of these methods or ways Anticipation of the Mind , the other Interpretation of Nature .
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     .And I do easily see, that place of any reasonable countenance doth bring commandment of more wits than of a man's own; which is the thing I greatly affect.^ Lastly, the true form is such that it deduces the given nature from some source of being which is inherent in more natures, and which is better known in the natural order of things than the form itself.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     ^ But certain subjects are found wherein the required nature appears more in its vigor than in others, either through the absence of impediments or the predominance of its own virtue.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     ^ Now let any man soberly and diligently consider what the way is by which men have been accustomed to proceed in the investigation and discovery of things, and in the first place he will no doubt remark a method of discovery very simple and inartificial, which is the most ordinary method, and is no more than this.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]
    • Letter to William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley, published in The Works of Francis Bacon: Baron of Verulam, Viscount St. Alban, and Lord High Chancellor of England 14 Vols. (1870) James Spedding, Robert L. Ellis, Douglas D. Heath, editors, Vol. XIII p. 109
  • Aristotle... a mere bond-servant to his logic, thereby rendering it contentious and well nigh useless.
    • Rerum Novarum (1605)
  • I do plainly and ingenuously confess that I am guilty of corruption, and do renounce all defense. I beseech your Lordships to be merciful to a broken reed.
    • On being charged by Parliament with corruption in office (1621)
  • Lucid intervals and happy pauses.
    • History of King Henry VII, III (1622)
Nothing is terrible except fear itself.
  • Nil terribile nisi ipse timor.
    • Nothing is terrible except fear itself.
    • De Augmentis Scientiarum, Book II, Fortitudo (1623)
  • Riches are a good handmaid, but the worst mistress.
    • De Augmentis Scientiarum, Book II, Antitheta (1623)
  • Audacter calumniare, semper aliquid haeret.
    • Translated: "Hurl your calumnies boldly; something is sure to stick".
    • De Augmentis Scientiarum (1623)
  • I bequeath my soul to God... My body to be buried obscurely. For my name and memory, I leave it to men's charitable speeches, and to foreign nations, and the next age. .
    • From his will (1626)
  • We have also sound houses, where we practice and demonstrate all sounds and their generation.^ They are of two kinds, and seven in number, though I call them all by the general name of Practical Instances .
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     We have harmonies which you have not, of quarter sounds and lesser slides of sounds. Divers instruments of music likewise to you unknown, some sweeter than any you have; together with bells and rings that are dainty and sweet. We represent small sounds as great and deep; likewise divers trembling and warblings of sounds, which in their original are entire. We represent and imitate all articulate sounds and letters, and the voices of beasts and birds. We have certain helps which set to the ear to do further the hearing greatly. .We have also divers strange and artificial echoes, reflecting the voice many times, and as if it were tossing it; and some that give back the voice louder than it came, some shriller and some deeper; yea, some rendering the voice, differing in the letters or articulate sound from that they receive.^ But if it happens that in some region the sun is at the same time in perigee and near the perpendicular, his heat must of necessity be greater than in a region where he is also in perigee, but shining more obliquely.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     ^ Falling stars, as they are called, are commonly supposed to consist rather of some bright and lighted viscous substance, than to be of any strong fiery nature.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     ^ They differ from the instances subjoined to the instances of companionship, in that the latter indicate the separation of a nature from some concrete substance with which it is ordinarily in conjunction, while these instances indicate the separation of one nature from another.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     We have also means to convey sounds in tubes and pipes, in strange lines and distances... .
  • It is true that that may hold in these things, which is the general root of superstition; namely, that men observe when things hit, and not when they miss; and commit to memory the one, and forget and pass over the other.
    • Sylva Sylvarum century x (1627)
  • …death is a friend of ours; and he that is not ready to entertain him is not at home.^ These therefore we may pass.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     ^ Now these two directions, the one active the other contemplative, are one and the same thing; and what in operation is most useful, that in knowledge is most true.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     ^ But on these inquiries also, and I may say on all the discovery of the latent configuration, a true and clear light is shed by the primary axioms which entirely dispels darkness and subtlety.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]
    • An Essay on Death published in The Remaines of the Right Honourable Francis Lord Verulam (1648) but may not have been written by Bacon

The Advancement of Learning (1605)

.
If a man will begin with certainties, he shall end in doubts; but if he will be content to begin with doubts he shall end in certainties.
  • For all knowledge and wonder (which is the seed of knowledge) is an impression of pleasure in itself.
    • Book I, i, 3
  • Time, which is the author of authors.^ Now in divine operations even the smallest beginnings lead of a certainty to their end.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     ^ And with regard to authority, it shows a feeble mind to grant so much to authors and yet deny time his rights, who is the author of authors, nay, rather of all authority.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     ^ All bodies, whether solid or liquid, whether dense or rare (as the air itself is), held for a time near the fire.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     .
    • Book I, iv, 12
  • If a man will begin with certainties, he shall end in doubts; but if he will be content to begin with doubts he shall end in certainties.
    • Book I, v, 8
  • Antiquitas saeculi juventus mundi. [The age of antiquity is the youth of the world.] These times are the ancient times, when the world is ancient, and not those which we account ancient ordine retrogrado, by a computation backward from ourselves.^ It may be thought again that I am but doing what has been done before; that the ancients themselves took the same course which I am now taking; and that it is likely therefore that I too, after all this stir and striving, shall come at last to some one of those systems which prevailed in ancient times.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     ^ Now in divine operations even the smallest beginnings lead of a certainty to their end.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     ^ For the old age of the world is to be accounted the true antiquity; and this is the attribute of our own times, not of that earlier age of the world in which the ancients lived, and which, though in respect of us it was the elder, yet in respect of the world it was the younger.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]
    • Book I, v, 8
  • The greatest error of all the rest is the mistaking or misplacing of the last or farthest end of knowledge: for men have entered into a desire of learning and knowledge, sometimes upon a natural curiosity and inquisitive appetite; sometimes to entertain their minds with variety and delight; sometimes for ornament and reputation; and sometimes to enable them to victory of wit and contradiction; and most times for lucre and profession; and seldom sincerely to give a true account of their gift of reason, to the benefit and use of men: as if there were sought in knowledge a couch whereupon to rest a searching and restless spirit; or a tarrasse, for a wandering and variable mind to walk up and down with a fair prospect; or a tower of state, for a proud mind to raise itself upon; or a fort or commanding ground, for strife and contention; or a shop, for profit or sale; and not a rich storehouse, for the glory of the Creator and the relief of man's estate.
    • Book I, v, 11
.
In this theater of man's life it is reserved only for God and angels to be lookers on.
  • The use of this feigned history hath been to give some shadow of satisfaction to the mind of man in those points wherein the nature of things doth deny it, the world being in proportion inferior to the soul; by reason whereof there is, agreeable to the spirit of man, a more ample greatness, a more exact goodness, and a more absolute variety, than can be found in the nature of things.^ So it does more harm than good.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     ^ But then only will there be good ground of hope for the further advance of knowledge when there shall be received and gathered together into natural history a variety of experiments which are of no use in themselves but simply serve to discover causes and axioms, which I call Experimenta lucifera , experiments of light , to distinguish them from those which I call fructifera , experiments of fruit .
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     ^ There will be found, no doubt, when ray history and tables of discovery are read, some things in the experiments themselves that are not quite certain, or perhaps that are quite false, which may make a man think that the foundations and principles upon which my discoveries rest are false and doubtful.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     Therefore, because the acts or events of true history have not that magnitude which satisfieth the mind of man, poesy feigneth acts and events greater and more heroical: because true history propoundeth the successes and issues of actions not so agreeable to the merits of virtue and vice, therefore poesy feigns them more just in retribution, and more according to revealed providence: because true history representeth actions and events more ordinary, and less interchanged, therefore poesy endueth them with more rareness, and more unexpected and alternative variations: so as it appeareth that poesy serveth and conferreth to magnanimity, morality, and to delectation. .And therefore it was ever thought to have some participation of divineness, because it doth raise and erect the mind, by submitting the shows of things to the desires of the mind; whereas reason doth buckle and bow the mind into the nature of things.
    • Book II, iv, 2
  • They are ill discoverers that think there is no land, when they can see nothing but sea.
    • Book II, vii, 5
  • But men must know that in this theater of man's life it is reserved only for God and angels to be lookers on.
    • Book II, xx, 8
  • We are much beholden to Machiavel and others, that write what men do, and not what they ought to do.^ And therefore it is no wonder if they and I do not think alike.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     ^ For the winning of assent, indeed, anticipations are far more powerful than interpretations, because being collected from a few instances, and those for the most part of familiar occurrence, they straightway touch the understanding and fill the imagination; whereas interpretations, on the other hand, being gathered here and there from very various and widely dispersed facts, cannot suddenly strike the understanding; and therefore they must needs, in respect of the opinions of the time, seem harsh and out of tune, much as the mysteries of faith do.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     ^ From what has been said it is clear that the five classes of instances last mentioned (namely, Instances Conformable, Singular, Deviating, Bordering, and of Power) ought not to be reserved until some certain nature be in question (as the other instances which I have placed first, and most of those that are to follow should), but a collection of them must be begun at once, as a sort of particular history; because they serve to digest the matters that enter the understanding, and to correct the ill complexion of the understanding itself, which cannot but be tinged and infected, and at length perverted and distorted, by daily and habitual impression.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]
    • Book II, xxi, 9
  • All good moral philosophy is but the handmaid to religion.
    • Book II, xxii, 14
  • For man seeketh in society comfort, use, and protection: and they be three wisdoms of divers natures, which do often sever: wisdom of the behaviour, wisdom of business, and wisdom of state. .
    • Book II, xxiii
  • Primum quaerite bona animi; caetera aut aderunt, aut non oberunt
    • seek first the virtues of the mind; and other things either will come, or will not be wanted
    • Book II, xxxi
  • Silence is the virtue of a fool.^ For when we try to recollect or call a thing to mind, if we have no prenotion or perception of what we are seeking, we seek and toil and wander here and there, as if in infinite space.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     ^ Other instances will give us this fourth species: that things which are chiefly imprinted when the mind is clear and not occupied with anything else either before or after, as what is learned in childhood, or what we think of before going to sleep, also things that happen for the first time, dwell longest in the memory.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     ^ The first is that, if a universal affirmative or negative be wanting, that very thing be carefully noted as a thing that is not; as we have done in the case of heat, where a universal negative (as far as the essences that have come under our knowledge are concerned) is not to be found in the nature of things.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]
    • Book VI, xxxi

Descriptio Globi Intellectus (1612)

  • Art is man added to Nature Descriptio Globi Intellectus (1612)

Novum Organum (The New Organon) (1620)

.
Man, being the servant and interpreter of Nature, can do and understand so much and so much only as he has observed in fact or in thought of the course of nature.^ Man, being the servant and interpreter of Nature, can do and understand so much and so much only as he has observed in fact or in thought of the course of nature.
  • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

 ^ That reason which is elicited from facts by a just and methodical process, I call Interpretation of Nature .
  • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

 ^ In fact, what in some things is accounted a secret has in others a manifest and well-known nature, which will never be recognized as long as the experiments and thoughts of men are engaged on the former only.
  • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

 .Beyond this he neither knows anything nor can do anything.
  • Those who have taken upon them to lay down the law of nature as a thing already searched out and understood, whether they have spoken in simple assurance or professional affectation, have therein done philosophy and the sciences great injury. For as they have been successful in inducing belief, so they have been effective in quenching and stopping inquiry; and have done more harm by spoiling and putting an end to other men's efforts than good by their own.^ Those who have taken upon them to lay down the law of nature as a thing already searched out and understood, whether they have spoken in simple assurance or professional affectation, have therein done philosophy and the sciences great injury.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     ^ So it does more harm than good.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     ^ For as they have been successful in inducing belief, so they have been effective in quenching and stopping inquiry; and have done more harm by spoiling and putting an end to other men's efforts than good by their own.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     .Those on the other hand who have taken a contrary course, and asserted that absolutely nothing can be known — whether it were from hatred of the ancient sophists, or from uncertainty and fluctuation of mind, or even from a kind of fullness of learning, that they fell upon this opinion — have certainly advanced reasons for it that are not to be despised; but yet they have neither started from true principles nor rested in the just conclusion, zeal and affectation having carried them much too far....^ Those on the other hand who have taken a contrary course, and asserted that absolutely nothing can be known — whether it were from hatred of the ancient sophists, or from uncertainty and fluctuation of mind, or even from a kind of fullness of learning, that they fell upon this opinion — have certainly advanced reasons for it that are not to be despised; but yet they have neither started from true principles nor rested in the just conclusion, zeal and affectation having carried them much too far.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     ^ Those who have taken upon them to lay down the law of nature as a thing already searched out and understood, whether they have spoken in simple assurance or professional affectation, have therein done philosophy and the sciences great injury.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     ^ And there is yet a third class, consisting of those who out of faith and veneration mix their philosophy with theology and traditions; among whom the vanity of some has gone so far aside as to seek the origin of sciences among spirits and genii.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]
    Now my method, though hard to practice, is easy to explain; and it is this. .I propose to establish progressive stages of certainty.^ I propose to establish progressive stages of certainty.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     .The evidence of the sense, helped and guarded by a certain process of correction, I retain.^ The evidence of the sense, helped and guarded by a certain process of correction, I retain.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     ^ For what I understand by it is not certain measures or signs or successive steps of process in bodies, which can be seen; but a process perfectly continuous, which for the most part escapes the sense.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     But the mental operation which follows the act of sense I for the most part reject; and instead of it I open and lay out a new and certain path for the mind to proceed in, starting directly from the simple sensuous perception.

Book I

.
  • Man, being the servant and interpreter of Nature, can do and understand so much and so much only as he has observed in fact or in thought of the course of nature.^ Man, being the servant and interpreter of Nature, can do and understand so much and so much only as he has observed in fact or in thought of the course of nature.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     ^ That reason which is elicited from facts by a just and methodical process, I call Interpretation of Nature .
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     ^ Such instances afford very great light and are of high authority, the course of interpretation sometimes ending in them and being completed.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     Beyond this he neither knows anything nor can do anything.
    • Aphorism 1
.
Human knowledge and human power meet in one; for where the cause is not known the effect cannot be produced.^ Human knowledge and human power meet in one; for where the cause is not known the effect cannot be produced.
  • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

 ^ If a man be acquainted with the cause of any nature (as whiteness or heat) in certain subjects only, his knowledge is imperfect; and if he be able to superinduce an effect on certain substances only (of those susceptible of such effect), his power is in like manner imperfect.
  • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

 ^ The flame of powerful lightning seems to exceed in strength all the former, for it has even been known to melt wrought iron into drops, which those other flames cannot do.
  • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

 .Nature to be commanded must be obeyed...
  • Human knowledge and human power meet in one; for where the cause is not known the effect cannot be produced.^ Nature to be commanded must be obeyed; and that which in contemplation is as the cause is in operation as the rule.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     ^ For we cannot command nature except by obeying her.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     ^ For mere power and mere knowledge exalt human nature, but do not bless it.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     Nature to be commanded must be obeyed; and that which in contemplation is as the cause is in operation as the rule.
    • Aphorism 3
  • It would be an unsound fancy and self-contradictory to expect that things which have never yet been done can be done except by means which have never yet been tried. .
    • Aphorism 6
  • The logic now in use serves rather to fix and give stability to the errors which have their foundation in commonly received notions than to help the search for truth.^ The logic now in use serves rather to fix and give stability to the errors which have their foundation in commonly received notions than to help the search after truth.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     ^ For the operations of nature are performed by far smaller portions at a time, and by arrangements far more exquisite and varied than the operations of fire, as we use it now.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     ^ Falling stars, as they are called, are commonly supposed to consist rather of some bright and lighted viscous substance, than to be of any strong fiery nature.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     .So it does more harm than good.
    • Aphorism 7
  • The cause and root of nearly all evils in the sciences is this — that while we falsely admire and extol the powers of the human mind we neglect to seek for its true helps.^ The cause and root of nearly all evils in the sciences is this — that while we falsely admire and extol the powers of the human mind we neglect to seek for its true helps.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     ^ So it does more harm than good.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     ^ But the course I propose for the discovery of sciences is such as leaves but little to the acuteness and strength of wits, but places all wits and understandings nearly on a level.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]
    • Aphorism 9
.
The subtlety of nature is greater many times over than the subtlety of argument.
  • There are and can be only two ways of searching into and discovering truth. The one flies from the senses and particulars to the most general axioms, and from these principles, the truth of which it takes for settled and immovable, proceeds to judgment and to the discovery of middle axioms.^ But certainly in these two one of the most general consents in nature does seem to be observable.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     ^ It cannot be that axioms established by argumentation should avail for the discovery of new works, since the subtlety of nature is greater many times over than the subtlety of argument.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     ^ There are and can be only two ways of searching into and discovering truth.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     .And this way is now in fashion.^ And this way is now in fashion.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     .The other derives axioms from the senses and particulars, rising by a gradual and unbroken ascent, so that it arrives at the most general axioms last of all.^ The other derives axioms from the senses and particulars, rising by a gradual and unbroken ascent, so that it arrives at the most general axioms last of all.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     ^ But then, and then only, may we hope well of the sciences when in a just scale of ascent, and by successive steps not interrupted or broken, we rise from particulars to lesser axioms; and then to middle axioms, one above the other; and last of all to the most general.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     ^ For the lowest axioms differ but slightly from bare experience, while the highest and most general (which we now have) are notional and abstract and without solidity.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     .This is the true way, but as yet untried.
    • Aphorism 19
  • It cannot be that axioms established by argumentation should avail for the discovery of new works, since the subtlety of nature is greater many times over than the subtlety of argument. But axioms duly and orderly formed from particulars easily discover the way to new particulars, and thus render sciences active.^ But axioms duly and orderly formed from particulars easily discover the way to new particulars, and thus render sciences active.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     ^ It cannot be that axioms established by argumentation should avail for the discovery of new works, since the subtlety of nature is greater many times over than the subtlety of argument.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     ^ This is the true way, but as yet untried.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]
    • Aphorism 24
.
We cannot command nature except by obeying her.
  • Further, it will not be amiss to distinguish the three kinds and, as it were, grades of ambition in mankind. The first is of those who desire to extend their own power in their native country, a vulgar and degenerate kind.^ The second is of those who labor to extend the power and dominion of their country among men.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     ^ The first is of those who desire to extend their own power in their native country, a vulgar and degenerate kind.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     ^ For we cannot command nature except by obeying her.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     .The second is of those who labor to extend the power and dominion of their country among men.^ The second is of those who labor to extend the power and dominion of their country among men.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     ^ For we see among the Greeks that those who first proposed to men's then uninitiated ears the natural causes for thunder and for storms were thereupon found guilty of impiety.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     ^ The first is of those who desire to extend their own power in their native country, a vulgar and degenerate kind.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     .This certainly has more dignity, though not less covetousness.^ This certainly has more dignity, though not less covetousness.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     .But if a man endeavor to establish and extend the power and dominion of the human race itself over the universe, his ambition (if ambition it can be called) is without doubt both a more wholesome and a more noble thing than the other two.^ But if a man endeavor to establish and extend the power and dominion of the human race itself over the universe, his ambition (if ambition it can be called) is without doubt both a more wholesome and a more noble thing than the other two.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     ^ Now these two directions, the one active the other contemplative, are one and the same thing; and what in operation is most useful, that in knowledge is most true.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     ^ Indeed, in the establishment of any true axiom, the negative instance is the more forcible of the two.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     Now the empire of man over things depends wholly on the arts and sciences. .For we cannot command nature except by obeying her.
    • Aphorism 28
  • There are four classes of Idols which beset men's minds. To these for distinction's sake I have assigned names — calling the first class, Idols of the Tribe ; the second, Idols of the Cave; the third, Idols of the Market-Place; the fourth, Idols of the Theater.^ The Idols of the Tribe have their foundation in human nature itself, and in the tribe or race of men.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     ^ There are four classes of Idols which beset men's minds.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     ^ For we cannot command nature except by obeying her.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     .
    • Aphorism 39
  • The Idols of Tribe have their foundation in human nature itself, and in the tribe or race of men.^ The Idols of the Tribe have their foundation in human nature itself, and in the tribe or race of men.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     .For it is a false assertion that the sense of man is the measure of things.     On the contrary, all perceptions as well of the sense as of the mind are according to the measure of the individual and not according to the measure of the universe.^ For it is a false assertion that the sense of man is the measure of things.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     ^ On the contrary, all perceptions as well of the sense as of the mind are according to the measure of the individual and not according to the measure of the universe.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     ^ On the contrary, I regard that the mind, not only in its own faculties, but in its connection with things, must needs hold that the art of discovery may advance as discoveries advance.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     And the human understanding is like a false mirror, which, receiving rays irregularly, distorts and discolors the nature of things by mingling its own nature with it.
    • Aphorism 41
The spirit of man (according as it is meted out to different individuals) is in fact a thing variable and full of perturbation, and governed as it were by chance...
  • The Idols of the Cave are the idols of the individual man. .For everyone (besides the errors common to human nature in general) has a cave or den of his own, which refracts and discolors the light of nature, owing either to his own proper and peculiar nature; or to his education and conversation with others; or to the reading of books, and the authority of those whom he esteems and admires; or to the differences of impressions, accordingly as they take place in a mind preoccupied and predisposed or in a mind indifferent and settled; or the like.^ For everyone (besides the errors common to human nature in general) has a cave or den of his own, which refracts and discolors the light of nature, owing either to his own proper and peculiar nature; or to his education and conversation with others; or to the reading of books, and the authority of those whom he esteems and admires; or to the differences of impressions, accordingly as they take place in a mind preoccupied and predisposed or in a mind indifferent and settled; or the like.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     ^ Among Prerogative Instances I will put in the eighth place Deviating Instances , that is, errors, vagaries, and prodigies of nature, wherein nature deviates and turns aside from her ordinary course.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     ^ Nor have I forgotten that in a former passage I noted and corrected as an error of the human mind the opinion that forms give existence.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     .So that the spirit of man (according as it is meted out to different individuals) is in fact a thing variable and full of perturbation, and governed as it were by chance.^ So that the spirit of man (according as it is meted out to different individuals) is in fact a thing variable and full of perturbation, and governed as it were by chance.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     ^ Hence the opinion that forms or true differences of things (which are in fact laws of pure act) are past finding out and beyond the reach of man.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     ^ Heat, as far as regards the sense and touch of man, is a thing various and relative; insomuch that tepid water feels hot if the hand be cold, but cold if the hand be hot.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     Whence it was well observed by Heraclitus that men look for sciences in their own lesser worlds, and not in the greater or common world. .
    • Aphorism 42
  • There are also Idols formed by the intercourse and association of men with each other, which I call Idols of the Market Place, on account of the commerce and consort of men there. For it is by discourse that men associate, and words are imposed according to the apprehension of the vulgar.^ For it is by discourse that men associate, and words are imposed according to the apprehension of the vulgar.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     ^ There are also Idols formed by the intercourse and association of men with each other, which I call Idols of the Market Place, on account of the commerce and consort of men there.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     ^ But the Idols of the Market Place are the most troublesome of all — idols which have crept into the understanding through the alliances of words and names.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     .And therefore the ill and unfit choice of words wonderfully obstructs the understanding.^ And therefore the ill and unfit choice of words wonderfully obstructs the understanding.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     .Nor do the definitions or explanations wherewith in some things learned men are wont to guard and defend themselves, by any means set the matter right.^ Nor do the definitions or explanations wherewith in some things learned men are wont to guard and defend themselves, by any means set the matter right.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     ^ Even to deliver and explain what I bring forward is no easy matter, for things in themselves new will yet be apprehended with reference to what is old.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     ^ For this is not what I am about, nor do I think that it matters much to the fortunes of men what abstract notions one may entertain concerning nature and the principles of things.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     But words plainly force and overrule the understanding, and throw all into confusion, and lead men away into numberless empty controversies and idle fancies.
    • Aphorism 43
.
In my judgment all the received systems are but so many stage plays, representing worlds of their own creation after an unreal and scenic fashion.
  • Lastly, there are Idols which have immigrated into men's minds from the various dogmas of philosophies, and also from wrong laws of demonstration.^ There are four classes of Idols which beset men's minds.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     ^ Idols of the Theater, or of Systems, are many, and there can be and perhaps will be yet many more.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     ^ Lastly, there are Idols which have immigrated into men's minds from the various dogmas of philosophies, and also from wrong laws of demonstration.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     These I call Idols of the Theater, because in my judgment all the received systems are but so many stage plays, representing worlds of their own creation after an unreal and scenic fashion.
    • Aphorism 44
  • The human understanding is of its own nature prone to suppose the existence of more order and regularity in the world than it finds. And though there be many things in nature which are singular and unmatched, yet it devises for them parallels and conjugates and relatives which do not exist. .Hence the fiction that all celestial bodies move in perfect circles, spirals and dragons being (except in name) utterly rejected.^ Hence the fiction that all celestial bodies move in perfect circles, spirals and dragons being (except in name) utterly rejected.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     ^ Now if there be found any body which, being dense and solid, does not move to the earth, there is an end of this division.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     ^ On account of the ease with which all bodies are heated, without any destruction or observable alteration, reject a destructive nature, or the violent communication of any new nature.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     .
    • Aphorism 45
  • The human understanding when it has once adopted an opinion (either as being the received opinion or as being agreeable to itself) draws all things else to support and agree with it.^ The human understanding when it has once adopted an opinion (either as being the received opinion or as being agreeable to itself) draws all things else to support and agree with it.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     ^ Besides, in the work itself of interpretation in each particular subject, I always assign a place to the human chart , or chart of things to be wished for .
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     ^ The human understanding is of its own nature prone to abstractions and gives a substance and reality to things which are fleeting.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     And though there be a greater number and weight of instances to be found on the other side, yet these it either neglects and despises, or else by some distinction sets aside and rejects, in order that by this great and pernicious predetermination the authority of its former conclusions may remain inviolate. .
    • Aphorism 46
  • …it is the peculiar and perpetual error of the human understanding to be more moved and excited by affirmatives than by negatives…
    • Aphorism 46
  • The human understanding is moved by those things most which strike and enter the mind simultaneously and suddenly, and so fill the imagination; and then it feigns and supposes all other things to be somehow, though it cannot see how, similar to those few things by which it is surrounded.^ The human understanding is moved by those things most which strike and enter the mind simultaneously and suddenly, and so fill the imagination; and then it feigns and supposes all other things to be somehow, though it cannot see how, similar to those few things by which it is surrounded.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     ^ Besides, independently of that delight and vanity which I have described, it is the peculiar and perpetual error of the human intellect to be more moved and excited by affirmatives than by negatives; whereas it ought properly to hold itself indifferently disposed toward both alike.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     ^ For the winning of assent, indeed, anticipations are far more powerful than interpretations, because being collected from a few instances, and those for the most part of familiar occurrence, they straightway touch the understanding and fill the imagination; whereas interpretations, on the other hand, being gathered here and there from very various and widely dispersed facts, cannot suddenly strike the understanding; and therefore they must needs, in respect of the opinions of the time, seem harsh and out of tune, much as the mysteries of faith do.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     .
    • Aphorism 47
  • The human understanding is unquiet; it cannot stop or rest, and still presses onward, but in vain.^ The human understanding is unquiet; it cannot stop or rest, and still presses onward, but in vain.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     ^ But this inability interferes more mischievously in the discovery of causes; for although the most general principles in nature ought to be held merely positive, as they are discovered, and cannot with truth be referred to a cause, nevertheless the human understanding being unable to rest still seeks something prior in the order of nature.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     .Therefore it is that we cannot conceive of any end or limit to the world, but always as of necessity it occurs to us that there is something beyond... But he is no less an unskilled and shallow philosopher who seeks causes of that which is most general, than he who in things subordinate and subaltern omits to do so.^ Therefore it is that we cannot conceive of any end or limit to the world, but always as of necessity it occurs to us that there is something beyond.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     ^ But he is no less an unskilled and shallow philosopher who seeks causes of that which is most general, than he who in things subordinate and subaltern omits to do so.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     ^ In times no less than in regions there are wastes and deserts.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     .
    • Aphorism 48
  • But by far the greatest hindrance and aberration of the human understanding proceeds from the dullness, incompetency, and deceptions of the senses; in that things which strike the sense outweigh things which do not immediately strike it, though they be more important.^ But by far the greatest hindrance and aberration of the human understanding proceeds from the dullness, incompetency, and deceptions of the senses; in that things which strike the sense outweigh things which do not immediately strike it, though they be more important.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     ^ In like manner it appears that the more subtle textures and configurations of things (though the entire body be visible or tangible) are perceptible neither to the sight nor touch.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     ^ The human understanding when it has once adopted an opinion (either as being the received opinion or as being agreeable to itself) draws all things else to support and agree with it.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     Hence it is that speculation commonly ceases where sight ceases; insomuch that of things invisible there is little or no observation. .
    • Aphorism 50
  • But the best demonstration by far is experience, if it go not beyond the actual experiment.^ But the best demonstration by far is experience, if it go not beyond the actual experiment.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]
    • Aphorism 70
  • It is not possible to run a course aright when the goal itself has not been rightly placed.
    • Aphorism 81
.
By far the greatest obstacle to the progress of science and to the undertaking of new tasks and provinces therein is found in this — that men despair and think things impossible.
  • But by far the greatest obstacle to the progress of science and to the undertaking of new tasks and provinces therein is found in this — that men despair and think things impossible.
    • Aphorism 92
  • Those who have handled sciences have been either men of experiment or men of dogmas.^ Those who have handled sciences have been either men of experiment or men of dogmas.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     ^ And there is yet a third class, consisting of those who out of faith and veneration mix their philosophy with theology and traditions; among whom the vanity of some has gone so far aside as to seek the origin of sciences among spirits and genii.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     ^ So much, then, for the mischievous authorities of systems, which are founded either on common notions, or on a few experiments, or on superstition.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     .The men of experiment are like the ant, they only collect and use; the reasoners resemble spiders, who make cobwebs out of their own substance.^ But the manner of making experiments which men now use is blind and stupid.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     ^ The men of experiment are like the ant, they only collect and use; the reasoners resemble spiders, who make cobwebs out of their own substance.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     ^ And yet I do not tie down the diligence that should be used in such a collection to those works only which are esteemed the masterpieces and mysteries of any art, and which excite wonder.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     .But the bee takes a middle course: it gathers its material from the flowers of the garden and of the field, but transforms and digests it by a power of its own.     Not unlike this is the true business of philosophy; for it neither relies solely or chiefly on the powers of the mind, nor does it take the matter which it gathers from natural history and mechanical experiments and lay it up in the memory whole, as it finds it, but lays it up in the understanding altered and digested.^ Practical Taxidermy A manual of instruction to the amateur in collecting, preserving, and setting up natural history specimens of all kinds.
    • Browse By Author: B - Project Gutenberg 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.gutenberg.org [Source type: Original source]

     Therefore from a closer and purer league between these two faculties, the experimental and the rational (such as has never yet been made), much may be hoped.
    • Aphorism 95
.
Let men but think over their infinite expenditure of understanding, time, and means on matters and pursuits of far less use and value; whereof, if but a small part were directed to sound and solid studies, there is no difficulty that might not be overcome.
  • No one has yet been found so firm of mind and purpose as resolutely to compel himself to sweep away all theories and common notions, and to apply the understanding, thus made fair and even, to a fresh examination of particulars. Thus it happens that human knowledge, as we have it, is a mere medley and ill-digested mass, made up of much credulity and much accident, and also of the childish notions which we at first imbibed.^ Thus it happens that human knowledge, as we have it, is a mere medley and ill-digested mass, made up of much credulity and much accident, and also of the childish notions which we at first imbibed.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     ^ In times no less than in regions there are wastes and deserts.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     ^ And thus much for the simple measures of time.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     .
    • Aphorism 97
  • Another argument of hope may be drawn from this — that some of the inventions already known are such as before they were discovered it could hardly have entered any man's head to think of; they would have been simply set aside as impossible. For in conjecturing what may be men set before them the example of what has been, and divine of the new with an imagination preoccupied and colored by the old; which way of forming opinions is very fallacious, for streams that are drawn from the springheads of nature do not always run in the old channels.
    • Aphorism 109
  • There is another ground of hope that must not be omitted.^ Another argument of hope may be drawn from this — that some of the inventions already known are such as before they were discovered it could hardly have entered any man's head to think of; they would have been simply set aside as impossible.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     ^ We must now see what else there is to ground hope upon.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     ^ Under this head there is no need of examples, they are so plentiful.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     Let men but think over their infinite expenditure of understanding, time, and means on matters and pursuits of far less use and value; whereof, if but a small part were directed to sound and solid studies, there is no difficulty that might not be overcome.
    • Aphorism 111
  • Truth therefore and utility are here the very same thing…
    • Aphorism 124

Book II

.
  • Truth will sooner come out from error than from confusion.
    • Aphorism 20
  • Since my logic aims to teach and instruct the understanding, not that it may with the slender tendrils of the mind snatch at and lay hold of abstract notions (as the common logic does), but that it may in very truth dissect nature, and discover the virtues and actions of bodies, with their laws as determined in matter; so that this science flows not merely from the nature of the mind, but also from the nature of things.^ But since my logic aims to teach and instruct the understanding, not that it may with the slender tendrils of the mind snatch at and lay hold of abstract notions (as the common logic does), but that it may in very truth dissect nature, and discover the virtues and actions of bodies, with their laws as determined in matter; so that this science flows not merely from the nature of the mind, but also from the nature of things — no wonder that it is everywhere sprinkled and illustrated with speculations and experiments in nature, as examples of the art I teach.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     ^ Again, it will be thought, no doubt, that the goal and mark of knowledge which I myself set up (the very point which I object to in others) is not the true or the best, for that the contemplation of truth is a thing worthier and loftier than all utility and magnitude of works; and that this long and anxious dwelling with experience and matter and the fluctuations of individual things, drags down the mind to earth, or rather sinks it to a very Tartarus of turmoil and confusion, removing and withdrawing it from the serene tranquility of abstract wisdom, a condition far more heavenly.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     ^ But, nevertheless, since my method of interpretation, after the history has been prepared and duly arranged, regards not the working and discourse of the mind only (as the common logic does) but the nature of things also, I supply the mind such rules and guidance that it may in every case apply itself aptly to the nature of things.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]
    • Aphorism 42

Apophthegms (1624)

  • Hope is a good breakfast, but it is a bad supper.
    • No. .36
  • Like strawberry wives, that laid two or three great strawberries at the mouth of their pot, and all the rest were little ones.^ For then only will men begin to know their strength when instead of great numbers doing all the same things, one shall take charge of one thing and another of another.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     ^ And if one or two have the boldness to use any liberty of judgment, they must undertake the task all by themselves; they can have no advantage from the company of others.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]
    • No. 54
  • Sir Amice Pawlet, when he saw too much haste made in any matter, was wont to say. "Stay a while, that we may make an end the sooner."
    • No. .76
  • Alonso of Aragon was wont to say in commendation of age, that age appears to be best in four things — old wood best to burn, old wine to drink, old friends to trust, and old authors to read.^ I may say then of myself that which one said in jest (since it marks the distinction so truly), "It cannot be that we should think alike, when one drinks water and the other drinks wine."
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]
    • No. 97
  • Cosmus, Duke of Florence, was wont to say of perfidious friends, that "We read that we ought to forgive our enemies; but we do not read that we ought to forgive our friends."
    • No. 206
  • Cato said the best way to keep good acts in memory was to refresh them with new.
    • No. 247

Essays (1625)

What is truth? said jesting Pilate, and would not stay for an answer.
  • What is truth? said jesting Pilate, and would not stay for an answer.
    • Of Truth
  • No pleasure is comparable to the standing upon the vantage-ground of truth.
    • Of Truth
  • Truth is a naked and open daylight, that doth not shew the masks and mummeries and triumphs of the world, half so stately and daintily as candlelights.
    • Of Truth
  • It is not the lie that passeth through the mind, but the lie that sinketh in and settleth in it, that doth the hurt.
    • Of Truth
  • Certainly, it is heaven upon earth, to have a man's mind move in charity, rest in providence, and turn upon the poles of truth.
    • Of Truth
  • There is no vice that doth so cover a man with shame as to be found false and perfidious.
    • Of Truth
.
Certainly, it is heaven upon earth, to have a man's mind move in charity, rest in providence, and turn upon the poles of truth.
  • Men fear death as children fear to go in the dark; and as that natural fear in children is increased with tales, so is the other.^ It is quite a received division that dense and solid bodies move toward the center of the earth, rare and light toward the circumference of the heaven, as to their proper places.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     ^ For it is strange how careless men are in this matter; for they study nature only by fits and at intervals, and when bodies are finished and completed, not while she is at work upon them.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     ^ But this he devised upon an assumption which cannot be allowed, viz., that the earth moves, and also without being well informed as to the sexhorary motion of the tide.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]
    • Of Death
  • It is worthy the observing, that there is no passion in the mind of man, so weak, but it mates, and masters, the fear of death; and therefore, death is no such terrible enemy, when a man hath so many attendants about him, that can win the combat of him. Revenge triumphs over death; love slights it; honor aspireth to it; grief flieth to it; fear preoccupieth it. .
    • Of Death
  • Revenge is a kind of wild justice; which the more man's nature runs to, the more ought law to weed it out.
    • Of Revenge
  • Base and crafty cowards are like the arrow that flieth in the dark.^ For when I speak of forms, I mean nothing more than those laws and determinations of absolute actuality which govern and constitute any simple nature, as heat, light, weight, in every kind of matter and subject that is susceptible of them.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     ^ For I do not run off like a child after golden apples, but stake all on the victory of art over nature in the race.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     ^ Hence the opinion that forms or true differences of things (which are in fact laws of pure act) are past finding out and beyond the reach of man.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]
    • Of Revenge
.
Certainly, in taking revenge, a man is but even with his enemy; but in passing it over, he is superior; for it is a prince's part to pardon.
  • Certainly, in taking revenge, a man is but even with his enemy; but in passing it over, he is superior; for it is a prince's part to pardon.
    • Of Revenge
  • It is yet a higher speech of his than the other, “It is true greatness to have in one the frailty of a man and the security of a god.”
    • Of Adversity
  • It was a high speech of Seneca (after the manner of the Stoics), that “The good things which belong to prosperity are to be wished, but the good things that belong to adversity are to be admired.”
    • Of Adversity
  • Prosperity is the blessing of the Old Testament; adversity is the blessing of the New.^ Wikipedia Conflict of Northern and Southern Theories of Man and Society Great Speech, Delivered in New York City (English) (as Author) Twelve Causes of Dishonesty (English) (as Author) Beech, Franklin .
    • Browse By Author: B - Project Gutenberg 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.gutenberg.org [Source type: Original source]
    • Of Adversity
The joys of parents are secret; and so are their griefs and fears. .They cannot utter the one; nor they will not utter the other.
  • Prosperity is not without many fears and distastes; and adversity is not without comforts and hopes.^ I may say then of myself that which one said in jest (since it marks the distinction so truly), "It cannot be that we should think alike, when one drinks water and the other drinks wine."
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     ^ For the motion by which the waters rise in the flood and sink in the ebb without any accession of other waters rolling in, must necessarily be brought about in one of these three ways.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     ^ Had they been uttered earlier, they might have seemed like idle wishes, but now that hopes have been raised and unfair prejudices removed, they may perhaps have greater weight.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     .
    • Of Adversity
  • Prosperity doth best discover vice, but adversity doth best discover virtue.
    • Of Adversity
  • Virtue is like precious odors — most fragrant when they are incensed or crushed.^ So that if they were removed to such a distance from the earth that the earth's virtue could not act upon them, they would remain suspended like the earth itself, and not fall at all.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     .
    • Of Adversity
  • The joys of parents are secret; and so are their griefs and fears. They cannot utter the one; nor they will not utter the other.^ I may say then of myself that which one said in jest (since it marks the distinction so truly), "It cannot be that we should think alike, when one drinks water and the other drinks wine."
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     ^ And if one or two have the boldness to use any liberty of judgment, they must undertake the task all by themselves; they can have no advantage from the company of others.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     .
    • Of Parents and Children
  • He that hath wife and children hath given hostages to fortune; for they are impediments to great enterprises, either of virtue or mischief.^ But certain subjects are found wherein the required nature appears more in its vigor than in others, either through the absence of impediments or the predominance of its own virtue.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     .Certainly the best works, and of greatest merit for the public, have proceeded from the unmarried or childless men; which both in affection and means, have married and endowed the public.^ For certainly chance has something to do with men's thoughts, as well as with their works and deeds.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     ^ But men are utterly impatient both of the inquiry and the practice, though it is the very thread of the labyrinth as regards works of any magnitude.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]
    • Of Marriage and Single Life
  • Wives are young men's mistresses, companions for middle age, and old men's nurses. .
    • Of Marriage and Single Life
  • A man that hath no virtue in himself, ever envieth virtue in others.^ Let no man therefore trouble himself for this.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     .For men's minds, will either feed upon their own good, or upon others' evil    ; and who wanteth the one, will prey upon the other; and whoso is out of hope, to attain to another's virtue, will seek to come at even hand, by depressing another's fortune.^ The beginning is from God: for the business which is in hand, having the character of good so strongly impressed upon it, appears manifestly to proceed from God, who is the author of good, and the Father of Lights.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     ^ A piece of sugar too, or a sponge, if dipped at one end in water or wine, while the other stands out far above the surface, draws the water or the wine gradually upward.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     ^ For one medium suits light, another sound, another heat and cold, another magnetic virtues, and so on.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     .
    • Of Envy
  • For there was never proud man thought so absurdly well of himself, as the lover doth of the person loved; and therefore it was well said, That it is impossible to love, and to be wise.^ And therefore (as I have said elsewhere) if a man had been thinking of the war engines and battering-rams of the ancients, though he had done it with all his might and spent his whole life in it, yet he would never have lighted on the discovery of cannon acting by means of gunpowder.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     ^ But as it is, it appears to me from what has been said, and also from what has been left unsaid, that there is hope enough and to spare, not only to make a bold man try, but also to make a sober-minded and wise man believe.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]
    • Of Love
  • For it is a true rule, that love is ever rewarded either with the reciproque, or with an inward and secret contempt.
    • Of Love
  • Nuptial love maketh mankind, friendly love perfecteth it, but wonton love corrupteth and embaseth it.
    • Of Love
.
All rising to great place is by a winding stair...
  • It is an assured sign of a worthy and generous spirit, whom honor amends.^ The other derives axioms from the senses and particulars, rising by a gradual and unbroken ascent, so that it arrives at the most general axioms last of all.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     .For honor is, or should be, the place of virtue and as in nature, things move violently to their place, and calmly in their place, so virtue in ambition is violent, in authority settled and calm.^ In the third and fourth kind, reductions are applicable to a great many things, and in the investigations of nature should be sought for on all sides.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     ^ Those which are not favorably placed move in a right line (as the shortest path) to consort with bodies of their own nature.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     ^ And all these things with their measures should in the investigation of nature be explored and set down, either in their certitude, or by estimate, or by comparison, as the case will admit.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     .All rising to great place is by a winding stair; and if there be factions, it is good to side a man's self, whilst he is in the rising, and to balance himself when he is placed.     Use the memory of thy predecessor, fairly and tenderly; for if thou dost not, it is a debt will sure be paid when thou art gone.^ In the third and fourth kind, reductions are applicable to a great many things, and in the investigations of nature should be sought for on all sides.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     ^ For in the first place there is found in all arts one general device, which has now become familiar — that the author lays the weakness of his art to the charge of nature: whatever his art cannot attain he sets down on the authority of the same art to be in nature impossible.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     ^ For at that period there was but a narrow and meager knowledge either of time or place, which is the worst thing that can be, especially for those who rest all on experience.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     .If thou have colleagues, respect them, and rather call them, when they look not for it, than exclude them, when they have reason to look to be called.^ For the theory which they have devised rather confuses the experiments than aids them.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     ^ Falling stars, as they are called, are commonly supposed to consist rather of some bright and lighted viscous substance, than to be of any strong fiery nature.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     ^ And why, it might be asked, should these poles be placed where they are, rather than anywhere else?
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     .Be not too sensible, or too remembering, of thy place in conversation, and private answers to suitors; but let it rather be said, When he sits in place, he is another man.^ But this objection (or scruple rather) will be easily answered by anyone who has not quite forgotten what I have said above.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     ^ Meantime, let no man be alarmed at the multitude of particulars, but let this rather encourage him to hope.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     ^ Let the seventeenth motion be the spontaneous motion of rotation , by which bodies delighting in motion and favorably placed for it enjoy their own nature, and follow themselves, not another body, and court (so to speak) their own embraces.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]
    • Of Great Place
.
In charity there is no excess.
  • There is in human nature generally more of the fool than of the wise.^ For corporeal nature appears to be no less requisite for sustaining and conveying natural action than for exciting or generating it.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     ^ On a given body, to generate and superinduce a new nature or new natures is the work and aim of human power.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     ^ As for the meeting of bodies from a distance, that is a rare occurrence, and yet it exists in more cases than are generally observed.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]
    • Of Boldness
  • Boldness is ever blind; for it seeth not dangers and inconveniences. .
    • Of Boldness
  • A good name is like a precious ointment; it filleth all around about, and will not easily away; for the odors of ointments are more durable than those of flowers.^ So it does more harm than good.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     ^ It is good too to spread bodies over with wax, honey, pitch, and like tenacious substances, for the more perfect enclosure of them and to keep off the air and heavenly bodies.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     ^ Again, verse is learned and remembered more easily than prose.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     .
    • Of Praise
  • In charity there is no excess.
    • Of Goodness and Goodness of Nature
  • If a man be gracious and courteous to strangers, it shows he is a citizen of the world, and that his heart is no island cut off from other lands, but a continent that joins to them.
    • Of Goodness and Goodness of Nature
  • The desire of power in excess caused the angels to fall; the desire of knowledge in excess caused man to fall.^ Concerning the grounds then for putting away despair, which has been one of the most powerful causes of delay and hindrance to the progress of knowledge, I have now spoken.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     ^ Again there is another great and powerful cause why the sciences have made but little progress, which is this.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     ^ But though there are no doubt in nature certain things ultimate and without cause, this does not appear to me to be one of them, being caused in my opinion by a certain harmony and consent of the universe which has not yet fallen under observation.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     .
    • Of Goodness and Goodness of Nature
  • Money is like muck, not good except it be spread.
    • Of Seditions and Troubles
  • I had rather believe all the fables in the legends and the Talmud and the Alcoran, than that this universal frame is without a mind.^ It is good too to spread bodies over with wax, honey, pitch, and like tenacious substances, for the more perfect enclosure of them and to keep off the air and heavenly bodies.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     ^ In like manner, if the nature in question be eternity or incorruptibility, no universal affirmative is to be found here.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     ^ For I do not run off like a child after golden apples, but stake all on the victory of art over nature in the race.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]
    • Of Atheism
  • A little philosophy inclineth man's mind to atheism, but depth in philosophy bringeth men's minds about to religion.
    • Of Atheism
.
A little philosophy inclineth man's mind to atheism, but depth in philosophy bringeth men's minds about to religion.
  • It were better to have no opinion of God at all, than such an opinion, as is unworthy of him.^ But the course I propose for the discovery of sciences is such as leaves but little to the acuteness and strength of wits, but places all wits and understandings nearly on a level.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     ^ Whereas now the thoughts of men go no further than to pronounce such things the secrets and mighty works of nature, things as it were causeless, and exceptions to general rules.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     ^ When a man addresses himself to discover something, he first seeks out and sets before him all that has been said about it by others; then he begins to meditate for himself; and so by much agitation and working of the wit solicits and as it were evokes his own spirit to give him oracles; which method has no foundation at all, but rests only upon opinions and is carried about with them.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     .For the one is unbelief, the other is contumely    ; and certainly superstition is the reproach of the Deity.^ Certainly, one cause of twilight, among others, is the reflection of the rays of the sun from the upper part of the air.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]
    • Of Superstition
  • Travel, in the younger sort, is a part of education; in the elder, a part of experience. He that traveleth into a country before he hath some entrance into the language, goeth to school, and not to travel. .
    • Of Travel
  • Princes are like heavenly bodies, which cause good or evil times, and which have much veneration but no rest.^ It is good too to spread bodies over with wax, honey, pitch, and like tenacious substances, for the more perfect enclosure of them and to keep off the air and heavenly bodies.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     ^ And there are many instances of the same kind, so that no one can doubt that the heat of fire may in many subjects be modified so as to resemble the heat of heavenly bodies and of animals.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     ^ So incredible did it appear to me that the images or rays of heavenly bodies could be conveyed at once to the sight through such an immense space and did not rather take a perceptible time in traveling to us.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]
    • Of Empire
  • The greatest trust, between man and man, is the trust of giving counsel. .For in other confidences, men commit the parts of life; their lands, their goods, their children, their credit, some particular affair; but to such as they make their counsellors, they commit the whole: by how much the more, they are obliged to all faith and integrity.^ Again, if men have thought so much of some one particular discovery as to regard him as more than man who has been able by some benefit to make the whole human race his debtor, how much higher a thing to discover that by means of which all things else shall be discovered with ease!
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     ^ But those eddyings in fluids, by which when pressed, before they can free themselves, they relieve each other that they may all have a fair share of the pressure, belong more properly to the motion of liberty.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     ^ But the middle are the true and solid and living axioms, on which depend the affairs and fortunes of men; and above them again, last of all, those which are indeed the most general; such, I mean, as are not abstract, but of which those intermediate axioms are really limitations.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]
    • Of Counsel
  • Fortune is like the market, where many times, if you can stay a little, the price will fall. .
    • Of Delays
  • Nothing doth more hurt in a state than that cunning men pass for wise.
    • Of Cunning
  • Be true to thyself, as thou be not false to others.^ Nay, in my judgment philosophy has been hindered by nothing more than this, that things of familiar and frequent occurrence do not arrest and detain the thoughts of men, but are received in passing without any inquiry into their causes; insomuch that information concerning things which are not known is not oftener wanted than attention concerning things which are.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     ^ Lastly, the true form is such that it deduces the given nature from some source of being which is inherent in more natures, and which is better known in the natural order of things than the form itself.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     ^ For as they have been successful in inducing belief, so they have been effective in quenching and stopping inquiry; and have done more harm by spoiling and putting an end to other men's efforts than good by their own.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     .
    • Of Wisdom for a Man's Self
  • It is the nature of extreme self-lovers, as they will set an house on fire, and it were but to roast their eggs.
    • Of Wisdom for a Man's Self
  • As the births of living creatures at first are ill-shapen, so are all Innovations, which are the births of time.^ For in the first place there is found in all arts one general device, which has now become familiar — that the author lays the weakness of his art to the charge of nature: whatever his art cannot attain he sets down on the authority of the same art to be in nature impossible.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     ^ All bodies, whether solid or liquid, whether dense or rare (as the air itself is), held for a time near the fire.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     ^ For all motion or natural action is performed in time, some more quickly, some more slowly, but all in periods determined and fixed in the nature of things.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     .
    • Of Innovations
  • He that will not apply new remedies must expect new evils; for time is the greatest innovator.
    • Of Innovations
  • Affected dispatch is one of the most dangerous things to business that can be.^ Now these two directions, the one active the other contemplative, are one and the same thing; and what in operation is most useful, that in knowledge is most true.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     ^ It is idle to expect any great advancement in science from the superinducing and engrafting of new things upon old.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     ^ For no one successfully investigates the nature of a thing in the thing itself; the inquiry must be enlarged so as to become more general.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     It is like that, which the physicians call predigestion, or hasty digestion; which is sure to fill the body full of crudities, and secret seeds of diseases. Therefore measure not dispatch, by the times of sitting, but by the advancement of the business. .
    • Of Dispatch
  • Seeming wise men may make shift to get opinion; but let no man choose them for employment; for certainly you were better take for business, a man somewhat absurd, than over-formal.
    • Of Seeming Wise
  • A crowd is not company; and faces are but a gallery of pictures; and talk but a tinkling cymbal, where there is no love.^ There will be found, no doubt, when ray history and tables of discovery are read, some things in the experiments themselves that are not quite certain, or perhaps that are quite false, which may make a man think that the foundations and principles upon which my discoveries rest are false and doubtful.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     ^ Meantime, let no man be alarmed at the multitude of particulars, but let this rather encourage him to hope.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     ^ But as it is, it appears to me from what has been said, and also from what has been left unsaid, that there is hope enough and to spare, not only to make a bold man try, but also to make a sober-minded and wise man believe.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     .
    • Of Friendship
  • But we may go further, and affirm most truly, that it is a mere and miserable solitude to want true friends; without which the world is but a wilderness; and even in this sense also of solitude, whosoever in the frame of his nature and affections, is unfit for friendship, he taketh it of the beast, and not from humanity.^ For I am building in the human understanding a true model of the world, such as it is in fact, not such as a man's own reason would have it to be; a thing which cannot be done without a very diligent dissection and anatomy of the world.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     ^ And now it is time for me to propound the art itself of interpreting nature, in which, although I conceive that I have given true and most useful precepts, yet I do not say either that it is absolutely necessary (as if nothing could be done without it) or that it is perfect.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     ^ For in water, air, stone, metal, and most other substances, heat is variable, and may come and go, but all flame is hot, so that heat is always in attendance on the concretion of flame.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]
    • Of Friendship
  • Cure the disease and kill the patient. .
    • Of Friendship
  • Riches are for spending.
    • Of Expense
  • He that commands the sea is at great liberty, and may take as much and as little of the war as he will.^ This I thought good to add, because I plainly confess that a collection of history natural and experimental, such as I conceive it and as it ought to be, is a great, I may say a royal work, and of much labor and expense.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]
    • Of the True Greatness of Kingdoms and Estates
  • The greatness of an estate, in bulk and territory, doth fall under measure; and the greatness of finances and revenue, doth fall under computation. The population may appear by musters; and the number and greatness of cities and towns by cards and maps. .But yet there is not any thing amongst civil affairs more subject to error, than the right valuation and true judgment concerning the power and forces of an estate.^ And though every exclusion promotes the affirmative, yet this is done more decidedly when it occurs in the same than in different subjects.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     ^ As for the meeting of bodies from a distance, that is a rare occurrence, and yet it exists in more cases than are generally observed.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     ^ And yet air contracts heat much more quickly than stone.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]
    • Of the True Greatness of Kingdoms and Estates
  • There is a wisdom in this beyond the rules of physic. A man's own observation, what he finds good of and what he finds hurt of, is the best physic to preserve health.
    • Of Regimen of Health
  • As for the passions and studies of the mind: avoid envy; anxious fears; anger fretting inwards; subtle and knotty inquisitions; joys and exhilarations in excess; sadness not communicated. .Entertain hopes; mirth rather than joy; variety of delights, rather than surfeit of them; wonder and admiration, and therefore novelties; studies that fill the mind with splendid and illustrious objects, as histories, fables, and contemplations of nature.^ Again the students of natural magic, who explain everything by sympathies and antipathies, have in their idle and most slothful conjectures ascribed to substances wonderful virtues and operations; and if ever they have produced works, they have been such as aim rather at admiration and novelty than at utility and fruit.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     ^ And for things that are mean or even filthy — things which (as Pliny says) must be introduced with an apology — such things, no less than the most splendid and costly, must be admitted into natural history.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     ^ Falling stars, as they are called, are commonly supposed to consist rather of some bright and lighted viscous substance, than to be of any strong fiery nature.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]
    • Of Regimen of Health
  • Suspicions amongst thoughts, are like bats amongst birds, they ever fly by twilight. Certainly they are to be repressed, or at least well guarded: for they cloud the mind; they leese friends; and they check with business, whereby business cannot go on currently and constantly. They dispose kings to tyranny, husbands to jealousy, wise men to irresolution and melancholy. .They are defects, not in the heart, but in the brain; for they take place in the stoutest natures.^ For that expansion must necessarily take place, and that there must needs follow thereon a discharge or removal of the opposing body, if flame be generated, they rightly judge.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     .
    • Of Suspicion
  • Intermingle...jest with earnest.
    • Of Discourse
  • Discretion of speech, is more than eloquence; and to speak agreeably to him, with whom we deal, is more than to speak in good words, or in good order.^ So it does more harm than good.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     ^ But this assuredly is more than man can do, to whom it is granted only to proceed at first by negatives, and at last to end in affirmatives after exclusion has been exhausted.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     ^ Lastly, the true form is such that it deduces the given nature from some source of being which is inherent in more natures, and which is better known in the natural order of things than the form itself.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     .
    • Of Discourse
  • So ambitious men, if they find the way open for their rising, and still get forward, they are rather busy than dangerous; but if they be checked in their desires, they become secretly discontent, and look upon men and matters with an evil eye, and are best pleased, when things go backward.^ And though theirs is a fairer seeming way than arbitrary decisions, since they say that they by no means destroy all investigation, like Pyrrho and his Refrainers, but allow of some things to be followed as probable, though of none to be maintained as true; yet still when the human mind has once despaired of finding truth, its interest in all things grows fainter, and the result is that men turn aside to pleasant disputations and discourses and roam as it were from object to object, rather than keep on a course of severe inquisition.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     ^ But it is a far greater evil that they make the quiescent principles, wherefrom , and not the moving principles, whereby , things are produced, the object of their contemplation and inquiry.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     ^ For the theory which they have devised rather confuses the experiments than aids them.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     .
    • Of Ambition
  • Nature is often hidden; sometimes overcome; seldom extinguished.
    • Of Nature in Men
  • Men's thoughts, are much according to their inclination; their discourse and speeches, according to their learning and infused opinions; but their deeds, are after as they have been accustomed.^ For certainly chance has something to do with men's thoughts, as well as with their works and deeds.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     ^ For it is by discourse that men associate, and words are imposed according to the apprehension of the vulgar.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     ^ For this is not what I am about, nor do I think that it matters much to the fortunes of men what abstract notions one may entertain concerning nature and the principles of things.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     .
    • Of Custom and Education
  • If a man look sharply and attentively, he shall see Fortune; for though she is blind, she is not invisible.
    • Of Fortune
  • Chiefly the mold of a man's fortune is in his own hands.^ For if a man be pinned to the ground, tied hand and foot, or otherwise held fast, and yet struggle to rise with all his might, the resistance is not the less though it be unsuccessful.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]
    • Of Fortune
  • Young men are fitter to invent than to judge, fitter for execution than for counsel, and fitter for new projects than for settled business.
    • Of Youth and Age
  • Virtue is like a rich stone — best plain set.
    • Of Beauty
.
There is no excellent beauty that hath not some strangeness in the proportion.
  • There is no excellent beauty that hath not some strangeness in the proportion.
    • Of Beauty
  • Deformed persons are commonly even with nature; for as nature hath done ill by them, so do they by nature; being for the most part (as the Scripture saith) void of natural affection; and so they have their revenge of nature.^ For it is strange how careless men are in this matter; for they study nature only by fits and at intervals, and when bodies are finished and completed, not while she is at work upon them.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     ^ And for things that are mean or even filthy — things which (as Pliny says) must be introduced with an apology — such things, no less than the most splendid and costly, must be admitted into natural history.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     ^ For most certain it is that he who will not attend to things like these as being too paltry and minute, can neither win the kingdom of nature nor govern it.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     .
    • Of Deformity
  • Houses are built to live in, not to look on; therefore, let use be preferred before uniformity, except where both may be had.^ Whatever therefore serves to exclude them may justly be reckoned among things of general use.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]
    • Of Building
  • God Almighty first planted a garden. And indeed it is the purest of human pleasures. .
    • Of Gardens
  • If you would work any man, you must either know his nature and fashions, and so lead him; or his ends, and so persuade him or his weakness and disadvantages, and so awe him or those that have interest in him, and so govern him.^ And even in the case of simple natures I would not be understood to speak of abstract forms and ideas, either not defined in matter at all, or ill defined.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     ^ But my course and method, as I have often clearly stated and would wish to state again, is this — not to extract works from works or experiments from experiments (as an empiric), but from works and experiments to extract causes and axioms, and again from those causes and axioms new works and experiments, as a legitimate interpreter of nature.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     ^ We must therefore consider, if a man wanted to generate and superinduce any nature upon a given body, what kind of rule or direction or guidance he would most wish for, and express the same in the simplest and least abstruse language.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     .In dealing with cunning persons, we must ever consider their ends, to interpret their speeches; and it is good to say little to them, and that which they least look for.     In all negotiations of difficulty, a man may not look to sow and reap at once; but must prepare business, and so ripen it by degrees.^ And assuredly in the interpretation of nature the mind should by all means be so prepared and disposed that while it rests and finds footing in due stages and degrees of certainty, it may remember withal (especially at the beginning) that what it has before it depends in great measure upon what remains behind.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     ^ We must therefore form tables and arrangements of instances, in such a method and order that the understanding may be able to deal with them.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     ^ We must therefore consider, if a man wanted to generate and superinduce any nature upon a given body, what kind of rule or direction or guidance he would most wish for, and express the same in the simplest and least abstruse language.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]
    • Of Negotiating
  • Costly followers are not to be liked; lest while a man maketh his train longer, he make his wings shorter. .
    • Of Followers and Friends
  • To spend too much time in studies is sloth; to use them too much for ornament, is affectation; to make judgment wholly by their rules, is the humor of a scholar. They perfect nature, and are perfected by experience: for natural abilities are like natural plants, that need proyning, by study; and studies themselves, do give forth directions too much at large, except they be bounded in by experience.
    • Of Studies
  • Read not to contradict and confute; nor to believe and take for granted; nor to find talk and discourse; but to weigh and consider.
    • Of Studies
  • Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested: that is, some books are to be read only in parts, others to be read, but not curiously, and some few to be read wholly, and with diligence and attention.^ Of these five instances of the lamp, the first strengthen, enlarge, and rectify the immediate actions of the senses; the second make manifest things which are not directly perceptible by means of others which are; the third indicate the continued processes or series of those things and motions which are for the most part unobserved except in their end or periods; the fourth provide the sense with some substitute when it utterly fails; the fifth excite the attention and notice of the sense, and at the same time set bounds to the subtlety of things.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     ^ For wise and serious men are wont in these matters to be altogether distrustful, considering with themselves the obscurity of nature, the shortness of life, the deceitfulness of the senses, the weakness of the judgment, the difficulty of experiment, and the like; and so supposing that in the revolution of time and of the ages of the world the sciences have their ebbs and flows; that at one season they grow and flourish, at another wither and decay, yet in such sort that when they have reached a certain point and condition they can advance no further.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     ^ But when the spirit is neither wholly detained nor wholly discharged, but only makes trials and experiments within its prison house, and meets with tangible parts that are obedient and ready to follow, so that wheresoever the spirit leads they go along with it, then ensues the forming of an organic body and the development of organic parts, and all the other vital actions as well in vegetable as in animal substances.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     .
    • Of Studies
  • Reading maketh a full man, conference a ready man, and writing an exact man.
    • Of Studies
  • Histories make men wise; poets, witty; the mathematics, subtile; natural philosophy, deep; moral, grave; logic and rhetoric, able to contend.^ For a natural history which is composed for its own sake is not like one that is collected to supply the understanding with information for the building up of philosophy.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     ^ Good hopes may therefore be conceived of natural philosophy, when natural history, which is the basis and foundation of it, has been drawn up on a better plan; but not till then.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     ^ For it is strange how careless men are in this matter; for they study nature only by fits and at intervals, and when bodies are finished and completed, not while she is at work upon them.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     .
    • Of Studies
  • A wise man will make more opportunities, than he finds.
    • Of Ceremonies and Respect
  • Certainly fame is like a river, that beareth up things light and swoln, and drowns things weighty and solid.^ And therefore they were in my judgment more successful; only that their works were in the course of time obscured by those slighter persons who had more which suits and pleases the capacity and tastes of the vulgar; time, like a river, bringing down to us things which are light and puffed up, but letting weighty matters sink.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     ^ But we may have an instance of the fingerpost more nicely adapted to this purpose, if the thing can be made manifest with bicolored lights.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     ^ To suppose, therefore, that things like these are of no use is the same as to suppose that light is of no use, because it is not a thing solid or material.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]
    • Of Praise
  • Glorious men are the scorn of wise men, the admiration of fools, the idols of parasites, and the slaves of their own vaunts.
    • Of Vain-Glory
.
The greatest vicissitude of things amongst men is the vicissitude of sects and religions.
  • The winning of honor, is but the revealing of a man's virtue and worth, without disadvantage.^ But by far the greatest obstacle to the progress of science and to the undertaking of new tasks and provinces therein is found in this — that men despair and think things impossible.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]
    • Of Honor and Reputation
  • Judges ought to remember, that their office is jus dicere, and not jus dare; to interpret law, and not to make law, or give law.
    • Of Judicature
  • To seek to extinguish anger utterly, is but a bravery of the Stoics. We have better oracles: Be angry, but sin not. Let not the sun go down upon your anger. .Anger must be limited and confined, both in race and in time.
    • Of Anger
  • The greatest vicissitude of things amongst men is the vicissitude of sects and religions.^ But by far the greatest obstacle to the progress of science and to the undertaking of new tasks and provinces therein is found in this — that men despair and think things impossible.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]

     ^ First, then, I must request men not to suppose that after the fashion of ancient Greeks, and of certain moderns, as Telesius, Patricius, Severinus, I wish to found a new sect in philosophy.
    • Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620) 16 January 2010 9:46 UTC www.constitution.org [Source type: Original source]
    • Of Vicissitude of Things

The World (1629)

  • The world's a bubble, and the life of man
    Less than a span.
  • Who then to frail mortality shall trust
    But limns the water, or but writes in dust.
  • What then remains but that we still should cry
    Not to be born, or, being born, to die?

Resuscitatio (1657)

  • Books must follow sciences, and not sciences books.
    • Proposition touching Amendment of Laws

Unsourced

  • Imagination was given to man to compensate for what he is not, and a sense of humor to console him for what he is.

Misattributed

  • Choose the best life; for habit will make it pleasant

External links

Wikipedia
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1911 encyclopedia

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Simple English

Francis Bacon
Born January 22, 1561
Died April 9, 1626

Sir Francis Bacon KC, (January 22 1561 — April 9 1626)[1], was an English philosopher, statesman, and author. He has been described as one of the greatest thinkers ever whose ideas have changed the way people think.[1]

He was born in London, the son of Sir Nicholas Bacon and the nephew of Queen Elizabeth's advisor, William Cecil[1]. He was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge. His first job was a lawyer. He later became a Member of Parliament and in 1586 he took a leading part in having Mary Queen of Scots executed.[1] He became a friend of Robert Deveraux, the Earl of Essex, in 1591, and received many valuable gifts from him.[1] After Essex led a rebellion against the Queen, Bacon was one of the people who led the investigation which led to Essex's execution in 1601.

Bacon was often in trouble for spending too much, and in 1601 he was arrested for debt.[1] When King James became king in 1603, Bacon's position improved. He was knighted in 1603. He was one of the people appointed to plan the joining of England and Scotland together as one country. He married Alice Barnham in 1606, and the next year he was made the Solicitor General.[1] He continued to be given better paying positions including Attorney General, Lord Keeper, and Lord Chancellor.

He was made Baron Verulam in 1618, and Viscount St Albans in 1621. Because he did not have children both titles ended when he died.

He used his positions to make more money for himself, and in 1621 the Parliament found that he was corrupt. He was fined £40,000 and removed from all his jobs. King James overturned the fine, but he was kept as a prisoner in the Tower of London for a while.[1]

He became best known as a leading thinker in new ways of looking at the world. His writings started and made famous a way of thinking about science. This way of thinking is now called the Baconian method. It is based on looking at the world by making experiments. After watching the results the scientist comes up with an idea to explain what has happened. This idea or hypothesis is then further tested by more experiments. This way of thinking about science is called inductive methodology. In Bacon's time these methods were linked with magic including hermeticism and alchemy. Alchemy was the study of fire, earth, water and air. Alchemists tried to make gold from lead.

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 Cousins, John W. (1910). "Sir Francis Bacon (1561 - 1626)". Luminarium. http://www.luminarium.org/sevenlit/bacon/bio.php. Retrieved 2009-10-28. 

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