French is the mother tongue of about 6.8 million Canadians (22.7% of the Canadian population).[1] While most native French speakers in Canada live in Quebec, where it is the majority and sole official language, about one million native francophones live in other provinces, forming sizeable minorities in Manitoba, New Brunswick which is officially a bilingual province and Ontario and significantly smaller communities in Alberta, Nova Scotia and Saskatchewan. Many, but not all, of these communities are supported by French-language institutions.
While French, with no specification as to dialect or variety, has the status of one of Canada's two official languages at the federal government level, English is the native language of the majority of Canadians. The federal government provides services and operates in both languages. French is the sole official language[2] in Quebec at the provincial level and is co-official with English in New Brunswick. The provincial governments of Ontario, New Brunswick, and Manitoba are required to provide services in French where justified by the number of francophones (French-speakers). However, the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms requires all provinces to provide primary and secondary education to their official-language minorities at public expense. The French used in Canada is regulated by the Office québécois de la langue française (OQLF), previously known as the Office de la langue française (OLF).
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As a consequence of geographical seclusion and, due to the British Conquest, political isolation of Canada from France, the French language in Canada presents three distinct but related dialects. They share certain features which distinguish them from European French. The name Canadian French is now usually viewed as an umbrella term for all of these varieties.poda pulle!!!
These dialects are not Old French – a much earlier stage of the language that was spoken during the High Middle Ages. The origins of Quebec French lie in 17th century and 18th century Parisian French, with some influences from regional varieties of early Modern French, also known as Classical French, and of other Oïl languages (such as Norman, Picard, Poitevin and Saintongeais) that French colonists brought to New France. The influence of these dialects on Acadian French is acknowledged to be stronger than on Quebec French. The three dialects can also be historically and geographically associated with three of the five former colonies of New France, respectively Canada, Acadia, and Terre-Neuve (Newfoundland).
In addition, there is a mixed language known as Michif which is based on Cree and French. It is spoken by Métis communities in Manitoba and Saskatchewan as well as adjacent areas of the United States.
Finally, more recent immigration (post-World War II) has brought francophone immigrants from around the world, and with them other French dialects.
Within Canadian French, Quebec French is so dominant that they are often considered one and the same. The liberal use of the label "Canadian French" is in some ways similar to the English and French uses of "Flemish" / "le flamand". These terms are almost always over-generalized to signify Dutch - the standard, common, and official language spoken by the Flemish Community of Belgium. For a detailed explanation, see the introductions for the articles on Flemish and on Dutch.
Speakers of Acadian French tend to view the more formal varieties of Quebec French as a linguistic standard for three main reasons:[citation needed]
Quebec is the only province whose sole official language is French. Today, 81.4 percent of Quebecers are francophone.[4] However, many of the services the provincial government provides are available in English for the sizeable anglophone population of the province (notably in Montreal). For native French speakers, Quebec French is noticeably different in pronunciation and vocabulary from the French of France, sometimes called Metropolitan French, but they are easily mutually intelligible in their formal varieties, and after moderate exposure, in most of their informal ones as well. The differences are due primarily to changes that have occurred in Quebec French and Parisian French since the 18th century, when Britain gained possession of Canada. Different regions of Quebec have their own varieties: Gaspé Peninsula, Côte-Nord, Quebec City, Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean, Outaouais, and Abitibi-Témiscamingue have characteristic differences in pronunciation as well as vocabulary. For example, depending on one's region, the ordinary word for "kettle" can be bouilloire, bombe, or canard.
In Quebec, the French language is of paramount importance. For example, the stop signs are written ARRÊT (which means STOP in English), even if other French countries, like France, use STOP. On a similar note, movies originally made in languages other than French (mostly movies made originally in English) are named more literally in Quebec than they are in France (eg. The movie The Love Guru is called Love Gourou in France, but in Quebec it is called Le Gourou de l'amour) Also, Québécois don't always use the same words as the French, who are more tolerant of direct borrowings from English. Here are some examples:
| English | Quebec French | Metropolitan French |
|---|---|---|
| weekend | fin de semaine | week-end |
| parking | stationnement | parking |
| courriel | ||
| spam | pourriel | spam |
| (to) chat | clavarder | chater |
| podcasting | baladodiffusion | podcasting |
| caribou | caribou | renne |
| beverage | breuvage | boisson |
| breakfast | déjeuner | petit-déjeuner |
| lunch | dîner | déjeuner |
| dinner | souper | dîner |
Commonly known as Acadian French, the variety of French spoken in Atlantic Canada possesses features different from those of Quebec French. It is historically related to Cajun French.
French is one of the official languages, with English, of the province of New Brunswick. Apart from Quebec, this is the only other Canadian province that recognizes French as an official language. Approximately one third of New Brunswickers are francophone[4], by far the largest Acadian population in Canada. The Acadian community is concentrated in primarily rural areas along the border with Quebec and the eastern coast of the province. Francophones in the Madawaska area may also be identified as Brayon, although sociologists have disputed whether the Brayons represent a distinct francophone community, a subgroup of the Acadians or an extraprovincial community of Québécois.
The only major Acadian population centre is Moncton, home to the main campus of the Université de Moncton. Francophones are, however, in the minority in Moncton.
In addition to New Brunswick, Acadian French has speakers in portions of mainland Quebec and in the Atlantic provinces of Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, and Newfoundland. In these provinces, the percentage of francophones is much smaller than in New Brunswick. In some communities, French is an endangered language.
Although not traditionally part of Acadia, the Magdalen Islands, an archipelago of nine small islands belonging to Quebec, also speak Acadian French.
Newfoundland is also home to its own distinct dialect of French, Newfoundland French.
Although French is the native language of just over half a million Canadians in Ontario, francophone Ontarians represent only 4.4 percent of the province's population. They are concentrated primarily in the Eastern Ontario and Northeastern Ontario regions, near the border with Quebec, although they are also present in smaller numbers throughout the province. Forty percent of Franco-Ontarians no longer speak the language at home.
The province has no official language defined in law, although it is a largely English-speaking province. Ontario law requires that the provincial Legislative Assembly operate in both English and French (individuals can speak in the Assembly in the official language of their choice), and requires that all provincial statutes and bills be made available in English and French. Furthermore, under the French Language Services Act, individuals are entitled to communicate with the head or central office of any provincial government department or agency in French, as well as to receive all government services in French in 25 designated areas in the province, selected according to minority population criteria. The provincial government of Ontario's website is bilingual.
Also, there are several French speaking communities on Military bases in Ontario, such as the French speaking community at CFB Trenton. these communities are founded by French Canadians in the Canadian Forces who are stationed in Military residences together.
Manitoba also has a significant Franco-Manitoban community, centred especially in the St. Boniface area of Winnipeg, but also in many surrounding villages. The provincial government of Manitoba boasts the only bilingual website of the Prairies; the Canadian constitution makes French an official language in Manitoba for the legislature and courts. Saskatchewan also has a Fransaskois community, as does Alberta with its Franco-Albertans. British-Columbia, on the other hand, hosts only a small francophone population, the Franco-Columbians.
Although not a dialect of French, Michif, a unique mixed language derived from Cree and French, is spoken by a small number of Métis living mostly in the province of Manitoba.
French is an official language in each of the three northern territories: the Yukon, the Northwest Territories, and Nunavut. Francophones in the Yukon are called Franco-Yukonnais, those from the Northwest Territories, Franco-Ténois (from the French acronym for the Northwest Territories, T.N.-O.), and those in Nunavut, Franco-Nunavois.
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   | Canadian French - English Dictionary - French Canadian English Dictionary |
| | 2001 Census: Language - 2001 Census: Profile of languages in Canada: Table of contents |
| | Office québécois de la langue française - Office québécois de la langue française - Page d'accueil |
| | Statistics Canada - Language Composition of Canada |
| | sole official language - English section- The Charter of the French language |
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