when it was first described in the late 1600s, the earthstarfungusGeastrum fornicatum(pictured) was named Fungus anthropomorphus for its resemblance to the human form?
immature specimens of the lantern stinkhornfungus(pictured), with an odor of dog feces, sewage, or rotting flesh when mature, are considered an edible and medicinal delicacy in China?
.Clockwise from top left: Amanita muscaria, a
basidiomycete; Sarcoscypha coccinea, an
ascomycete; bread covered in mold;
a chytrid; a Penicilliumconidiophore.^Unlike ascomycetes, basidiomycetes, or zygomycetes, chytrids, as they are commonly called, produce flagellated, asexual reproductive cells known as zoospores.
Chytrid Fungi Online Isolation Methods27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.botany.uga.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^These groups correspond to the five phyla of the Kingdom Fungi and are the ascomycetes (Phylum Ascomycota), basidiomycetes (Phylum Basidiomycota), zygomycetes (Phylum Zygomycota), chytridiomycetes or chytrids (Phylum Chytridiomycota), and Fungi Imperfecti.
Taxonomy and Nomenclature27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.doctorfungus.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^The scarlet cup fungus ( Sarcoscypha coccinea ), a beautiful fungus that grows on moss-covered logs of the Pacific northwest.
The Amazing Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwaynesword.palomar.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.A fungus (pronounced /ˈfʌŋɡəs/) is a member of a large group of eukaryotic organisms that
includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms.^Yeasts, molds, and mushrooms are examples of fungi.
Fungi - Encyclopedia of Life27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.eol.org [Source type: Reference]
What do fungi, algae, ferns, lichens mushrooms etc. need to live...25 September 2009 1:53 UTCwww.answerbag.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^Yeasts , molds , and mushrooms are examples of fungi.
Fungus - encyclopedia article - Citizendium27 January 2010 23:54 UTCreid.citizendium.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Fungus - encyclopedia article - Citizendium27 January 2010 23:54 UTCen.citizendium.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Fungi.eu25 September 2009 1:53 UTCwww.fungi.eu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^Examples of fungi include mushrooms, mold, and yeast.
.The Fungi
(pronounced /ˈfʌndʒaɪ/ or /ˈfʌŋɡaɪ/) are classified as a kingdom
that is separate from plants, animals and bacteria.^Fungi work along with the Monerans and Protists to decompose the waste and remains of plants and animals.
FUNGI27 January 2010 23:54 UTCleavingbio.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^Over the past 3 decades the realization has emerged that fungi represent a third group (or kingdom), equivalent to the plants (plant kingdom) and the animals (animal kingdom).
AGARICS, BOLETES AND CHANTERELLES - CLASSIFICATION OF FUNGI25 September 2009 1:53 UTCwww.naturewatch.ca [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^For years, all fungi were considered part of the Plant Kingdom and frequently referred to as "lower plants".
.One major difference is that fungal
cells have cell walls
that contain chitin, unlike
the cell walls of plants, which contain cellulose.^All but one group of this phylum has chitin comprising their cell walls.
Biological Diversity 427 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.emc.maricopa.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^Cell wall structure and growth: the structure of the fungal cell wall .
^In contrast to plants and the oomycetes, fu ngal cell walls do not contain cellulose.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
.These and other differences show
that the fungi form a single group of related organisms, named the
Eumycota (true fungi or Eumycetes), that
share a common ancestor (a monophyletic group).^Both of these basidiomycete fungi are parasitic on other organisms.
BioMEDIA ASSOCIATES27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.ebiomedia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^The opalozoan Apusomonas is related to the common ancestor of animals, fungi, and choanoflagellates.
The Protistan Origins of Animals and Fungi -- Steenkamp et al. 23 (1): 93 -- Molecular Biology and Evolution25 September 2009 1:53 UTCmbe.oxfordjournals.org [Source type: Academic]
^Fungi have numerous interactions with other organisms.
What is a fungus ?27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.anbg.gov.au [Source type: Original source]
.This fungal group
is distinct from the structurally similar slime molds (myxomycetes) and water
molds (oomycetes).^Myxomycetes, the slime molds .
vPlants - Guide to Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.vplants.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
vPlants - Guide to Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.vplants.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^The true fungi are clearly distinct from the morphologically similar slime molds (myxomycetes) and water molds (oomycetes).
Fungi - Encyclopedia of Life27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.eol.org [Source type: Reference]
.The discipline of biology devoted to the study of fungi is known
as mycology, which is
often regarded as a branch of botany, even though genetic studies have shown
that fungi are more closely related to animals than to plants.^Scientists have determined that fungi are more closely related to human beings and animals than to other plants.
^Some may even be more closely related to true yeasts than to pezizomycotines .
Palaeos Fungi: Ascomycota27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.palaeos.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^Animals are much less susceptible to parasitic fungi than are plants.
Chapter 31 - Fungi | Course-Notes.Org27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.course-notes.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.Abundant worldwide, most fungi are inconspicuous because of the
small size of their structures, and their cryptic lifestyles in soil, on dead matter, and
as symbionts of plants,
animals, or other fungi.^Most other species of fungi are multicellular.
Chapter 31 - Fungi | Course-Notes.Org27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.course-notes.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^Fungi are important because they help to process dead plant and animal matter through decay.
Biodiversity Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.naturegrid.org.uk [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^Soil-borne fungi are essential for the decay of plant and animal matter.
Fact Sheet - FUNGI 27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.workershealth.com.au [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.They may become noticeable when fruiting,
either as mushrooms or molds.^Some fungi become noticeable when fruiting, either as mushrooms or molds.
Fungi - Encyclopedia of Life27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.eol.org [Source type: Reference]
^Fungi may become noticeable when fruiting, either as mushrooms or molds.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^All fungi in the Armillaria genus are known as honey mushrooms, for the yellow-capped and sweet fruiting bodies they produce.
Strange but True: The Largest Organism on Earth Is a Fungus: Scientific American27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.scientificamerican.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.Fungi perform an essential role in
the decomposition of organic matter and have fundamental roles in
nutrient cycling and exchange.^They perform an essential role in all ecosystems in decomposing organic matter and are indispensable in nutrient cycling and exchange.
Fungi - Encyclopedia of Life27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.eol.org [Source type: Reference]
^They perform an essential role in the decomposition of organic matter and have fundamental roles in nutrient cycling and exchange.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Fertilization hastens decomposition of organic matter.
Mushrooms and Other Nuisance Fungi in Lawns Management Guidelines--UC IPM27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.ipm.ucdavis.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.They have long been used as a direct source of food, such as
mushrooms and truffles, as a leavening agent for bread, and in fermentation of various food
products, such as wine, beer, and soy sauce.^They are used for beer and wine fermentations and bread production.
Bakery technology - Yeast and sourdough19 September 2009 0:51 UTCwww.classofoods.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^Obviously, they can also be used to flavor wines.
Welcome to Jack Keller's WineBlog7 January 2010 5:30 UTCwinemaking.jackkeller.net [Source type: Original source]
^The Romans used grape must from wine making as bread leavening.
yeasts-msg17 September 2009 2:34 UTCwww.florilegium.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.Since the 1940s, fungi have been
used for the production of antibiotics, and, more recently, various enzymes produced by fungi are
used industrially and in detergents.^The hydrolytic enzymes of fungi are useful for a number of industrial processes.
FUNGI,27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.history.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^Since the 1940s, fungi have been used for the production of antibiotics , and, more recently, various enzymes produced by fungi are used industrially an d in detergents .
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^More recently, fungi are being used as sources for antibiotics used in medicine and various enzymes, such as cellulases, pectinases, and proteases, important for industrial use or as active ingredients of detergents.
Fungi - Encyclopedia of Life27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.eol.org [Source type: Reference]
.Fungi are also
used as biological agents to control weeds and
pests.^Some fungi can be used as biological control agents .
Kingdom Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.hutchcc.edu [Source type: Reference]
^They are often used in biological control of insect pests.
Chapter 31 - Fungi | Course-Notes.Org27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.course-notes.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^Fungi are also used as biological agents to control weeds and pests.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
.Many species produce bioactive compounds called mycotoxins, such as alkaloids and polyketides, that are
toxic to animals including humans.^Many fungi produce bioactive compounds called mycotoxins, such as alkaloids and polyketides that are toxic to animals including humans.
Fungi - Encyclopedia of Life27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.eol.org [Source type: Reference]
^Toxic mold is a type of mold that produces hazardous byproducts, called mycotoxins .
Mold & Fungus27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.tuberose.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^Many species of animals, including humans, are susceptible to fungal skin infections.
Ringworm a persistent fungus27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.ringworm.com.au [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.The fruiting structures of a few
species contain psychotropic compounds and are consumed recreationally or in traditional
spiritual ceremonies.^The fruiting structures of a few species are consumed recreationally or in traditional ceremonies as a source of psychotropic compounds.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Most species produce specialized fruiting bodies called ascocarps whose details of structure help define different species, classes, or orders.
Fungi – FREE Fungi information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Fungi research25 September 2009 1:53 UTCwww.encyclopedia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^Asexual fruiting structure of Aspergillus species, illustrating septate hyphae, conidiophore, vesicle, phialides and conidiospores.
Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.atsu.edu [Source type: Academic]
.Fungi can break down
manufactured materials and buildings, and become significant pathogens of
humans and other animals.^Fungi can break down manufactured materials and buildings, and become significant pathogens of humans and other animals.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Some fungi are pathogenic to humans and other animals.
Fungi Facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Academic]
.Losses of crops due to fungal diseases
(e.g.^Several species of the fungi are significant pathogens of humans and other animals, and losses due to diseases of crops (e.g., rice blast disease) or food spoilage caused by fungi can have a large impact on human food supply and local economies.
Fungi - Encyclopedia of Life27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.eol.org [Source type: Reference]
^Losses of crops due to fungal diseases (e.g., rice blast disease ) or food spoilage can have a large impact on human food supplies and local economies.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Fungi also are important crop parasites, causing loss of food plants, spoilage of food and some infectious diseases.
Biological Diversity 427 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.emc.maricopa.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.rice blast disease) or food spoilage
can have a large impact on human food supplies and local economies.^Losses of crops due to fungal diseases (e.g., rice blast disease ) or food spoilage can have a large impact on human food supplies and local economies.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Several species of the fungi are significant pathogens of humans and other animals, and losses due to diseases of crops (e.g., rice blast disease) or food spoilage caused by fungi can have a large impact on human food supply and local economies.
Fungi - Encyclopedia of Life27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.eol.org [Source type: Reference]
^Fungi can also destroy crops, cause diseases in humans (e.g., candidiasis and ringworm ), and ruin clothing and food with mildew and rot.
fungus (biology) -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.britannica.com [Source type: Reference]
.The fungus kingdom encompasses an enormous diversity of taxa with varied ecologies, life
cycle strategies, and morphologies ranging from
single-celled aquatic chytrids to large mushrooms.^Life cycle of fungi - Ecology of fungi .
fungus (biology) -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.britannica.com [Source type: Reference]
Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Nature/Fungi - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks27 January 2010 23:54 UTCen.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.However,
little is known of the true biodiversity of Kingdom Fungi, which has
been estimated at around 1.5 million species, with about 5% of
these having been formally classified.^There is otherwise little special about them.
Skin Fungus27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.squidoo.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^However, mycologists commonly distinguish within the kingdom Fungi —the true .
FUNGI,27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.history.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^However, little is known of the true biodiversity of Kingdom Fungi, which has been estimated at around 1.5 million species, with about 5% of these having been formally classified.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
.Ever since the pioneering
18th and 19th century taxonomical works of Carl Linnaeus, Christian Hendrik Persoon, and Elias Magnus
Fries, fungi have been classified according to their
morphology (e.g., characteristics such as spore color or
microscopic features) or physiology.^Ever since the pioneering 18th and 19th century taxonomical works of Carl Linnaeus , Christian Hendrik Persoon , and Elias Magnus Fries , fungi have been classified according to their morphology (e.g., characteristics such as spore color or microscopic features) or physiology .
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Fungi can be identified on the basis of a number of macroscopic and microscopic characteristics, including, spore structure, cap shape and colour, presence of gills or tubes, flesh colour, smell and habitat.
^Extending the use of the binomial system of nomenclature introduced by Carl Linnaeus in his Species plantarum (1753), the Dutch Christian Hendrik Persoon (17611836) established the first classification of mushrooms with such skill so as to be considered a founder of modern mycology.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
.Advances in molecular
genetics have opened the way for DNA analysis to be incorporated into
taxonomy, which has sometimes challenged the historical groupings
based on morphology and other traits.^Advances in molecular genetics have opened the way for DNA analysis to be incorporated into taxonomy, which has sometimes challenged the historical groupings based on morphology and other traits.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Prior classification systems of Fungi based primarily on morphology are in need of updating to more accurately reflect phylogenetic relationships as determined by molecular systematics.
Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCtolweb.org [Source type: Academic]
Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCtolweb.org [Source type: Academic]
Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCtolweb.org [Source type: Academic]
^Other highly consequential microbes such as the microsporidia and the oomycetes commonly elicit reactions such as "I really should look into them sometime."
Small Things Considered: Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCschaechter.asmblog.org [Source type: General]
.Phylogenetic studies
published in the last decade have helped reshape the classification
of Kingdom Fungi, which is divided into one subkingdom, seven
phyla, and ten subphyla.^A higher-level phylogenetic classification of the Fungi.
Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCtolweb.org [Source type: Academic]
Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCtolweb.org [Source type: Academic]
Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCtolweb.org [Source type: Academic]
^Phylogenetic studies published in the last decade have helped reshape the classification of Kingdom Fungi, which is divided into one subkingdom , seven phyla , and ten subphyla.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^The five-kingdom system has been supplanted by a multiple-kingdom classification, and species traditionally treated as fungi are now distributed across several kingdoms.
Fungi – FREE Fungi information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Fungi research25 September 2009 1:53 UTCwww.encyclopedia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.The English word fungus is directly adopted from the Latinfungus (mushroom),
used in the writings of Horace
and Pliny.^Back to top ] The English word fungus is directly adopted from the Latin fungus (mushroom), used in the writings of Horace and Pliny .
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Our research at Penn State has shown that blending used mushroom compost with a landscape mulch at about 40 % will greatly suppress artillery fungus sporulation.
Artillery Fungus- Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.personal.psu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^QUESTION ] 07/25/2009: Kenneth from Spring Valley, Ca writes: "I see a lot of posts of ACV uses for toenail fungus by soaking the nail.
Nail Fungus Remedies on Earth Clinic, Your Source for Natural Cures.27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.earthclinic.com [Source type: General]
[3].This in
turn is derived from the Greek word sphongos/σφογγος
("sponge"), which refers to the macroscopic structures
and morphology of mushrooms and molds; the root is also used in
other languages, such as the German Schwamm ("sponge"),
Schimmel ("mold"), and the French champignon and
the Spanish champiñon (which both mean "mushroom").^Huphe is the Greek word for a web, and mycelium is derived from mukes meaning mushroom.
Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.herbs2000.com [Source type: Academic]
^Onychia is derived from Greek and refers to nail.
Toe Nail Fungus information at MyFootShop.com!27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.myfootshop.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^We are attracted by other Fungi such as the bright red Fly Agaric mushroom, and the unusual Bird's Nest fungi.
Biodiversity Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.naturegrid.org.uk [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[4].The use of the word mycology, which is derived from the
Greek mykes/μύκης (mushroom) and logos/λόγος
(discourse),[5] to
denote the scientific study of fungi is thought to have originated
in 1836 with English naturalist Miles Joseph Berkeley's
publication The English Flora of Sir James Edward Smith, Vol.^Mycology mycology is the study of fungi.
.Before the introduction of molecular methods for
phylogenetic analysis, taxonomists considered fungi to be members of
the Plant Kingdom because of
similarities in lifestyle: both fungi and plants are mainly immobile, and have similarities in
general morphology and growth habitat.^Back to top ] Before the introduction of molecular methods for phylogenetic analysis, taxonomists considered fungi to be members of the Plant Kingdom , based largely on similarities in lifestyle: both fungi and plants are mainly immobile , and have similarities in general morphology and growth habitat.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Submissions for the collection: Introduction to Kingdom Fungi .
Introduction to Kingdom Fungi - a knol by Steven Albee-Scott, Ph.D.27 January 2010 23:54 UTCknol.google.com [Source type: Academic]
^Thus both the fungi and the plants flourish because of the association.
Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.slideshare.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.Like plants, fungi often
grow in soil, and in the case of mushrooms form conspicuous fruiting bodies, which sometimes bear
resemblance to plants such as mosses.^Fungi are often erroneously said to resemble plants.
Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.herbs2000.com [Source type: Academic]
^Mushrooms are fruiting bodies of underground mycelia .
^It is from such structures that reproductive fruiting bodies are formed.
Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.herbs2000.com [Source type: Academic]
.The fungi are now considered a
separate kingdom, distinct from both plants and animals, from which
they appear to have diverged around one billion years ago.^Both plants and fungi possess a cell wall, a feature absent in the Animal Kingdom .
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^The fungi are now considered a separate kingdom, distinct from both plants and animals, from which they appear to have diverged around one billion years ago.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
Mold & Fungus27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.tuberose.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[6][7] Some
morphological, biochemical, and genetic features are shared with
other organisms, while others are unique to the fungi, clearly
separating them from the other kingdoms:
Kingdom Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.hutchcc.edu [Source type: Reference]
^Their nucleus like that of other eukaryotic organisms contains a nucleolus and several chromosomes that are bound by a nuclear membrane.
Aquatic Pathogens-Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.env.gov.bc.ca [Source type: Academic]
^With other eukaryotes: As other eukaryotes, fungal cells contain membrane-bound nuclei with chromosomes that contain DNA with noncoding regions called introns and coding regions called exons .
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
.In
addition, fungi possess membrane-bound cytoplasmic organelles such as mitochondria, sterol-containing membranes, and
ribosomes of the 80S type.^In addition, fungi possess membrane-bound cytoplasmic organelles such as mitochondria , sterol -containing membranes, and ribosomes of the 80S type.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Hyphae contain nuclei, mitochondria, ribosomes, Golgi and membrane-bound vesicles within a plasma-membrane bound cytoplasm.
^They have a characteristic range of soluble carbohydrates and storage compounds, including sugar alcohols (e.g., mannitol ), disaccharides , (e.g., trehalose ), and polysaccharides (e.g., g lycogen , which is also found in animals [8 ] ).
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Because fungi are more chemically and genetically similar to animals than other organisms, this makes fungal diseases very difficult to treat.
^Both plants and fungi possess a cell wall, a feature absent in the Animal Kingdom .
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^With plants: Fungi possess a cell wall [10 ] and vacuoles .
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
[12].They reproduce by both sexual and asexual means, and like basal
plant groups (such as ferns and mosses) produce spores.^Spores can be produced sexually or asexually .
Kingdom Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.hutchcc.edu [Source type: Reference]
^They reproduce by both sexual and asexual means, and like basal plant groups (such as ferns and mosses ) produce spores .
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
Reproduction of fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.microbiologybytes.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.Similar to mosses and algae, fungi
typically have haploid nuclei.^Similar to mosses and algae, fungi typically have haploid nuclei.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Though fungi nuclei are typically haploid , that doesn't stop haploid nuclei from different fungal parents (e.g., mom and dad equivalents) from being present in the same cytoplasm .
^With euglenoids and bacteria: Higher fungi, euglenoids, a nd some bacteria produce the amino acid L -lysine in specific biosynthesis steps, called the a-aminoadipate pathway .
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
The cells of most fungi grow as tubular, elongated, and
thread-like (filamentous) structures and are called hyphae, which
may contain multiple nuclei and extend at their tips.
^Both fungi and oomycetes grow as filamentous hyphal cells.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^They grow as thread-like structures, called hyphae.
BioMEDIA ASSOCIATES27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.ebiomedia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^Most fungi grow as hyphae , which are cylindrical, thread-like structures 210 m in diameter and up to several centimeters in length.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
.Each tip
contains a set of aggregated vesicles—cellular structures
consisting of proteins, lipids, and other organic
molecules—called Spitzenkörper.^Each tip contains a set of aggregated vesicles cellular structures consisting of proteins , lipids , and other organic moleculescalled Spitzenkrper .
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Functional red rice yeast (latin name: Monascus purpureus, other names: Hong Qu, red rice, red yeast) is a substance by fermenting a type of red yeast called Monascus purpureus over organic rice, used...
^With other eukaryotes: As other eukaryotes, fungal cells contain membrane-bound nuclei with chromosomes that contain DNA with noncoding regions called introns and coding regions called exons .
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
[16].Both
fungi and oomycetes grow
as filamentous hyphal cells.^Oomycetes (kingdom Chromista) are distinguished from true fungi by having glucan-cellulose cell walls that only occasionally incorporate small amounts of chitin.
Fungi – FREE Fungi information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Fungi research25 September 2009 1:53 UTCwww.encyclopedia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^Both mold and mildew are fungi, but they are different kinds of fungi that prefer different environments in which to grow.
Tag: Fungi - Explore content tagged Fungi on eHow.com27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.ehow.com [Source type: General]
^In most fungi the hyphal growth unit includes the tip cell plus 2 to 3 sub-apical compartments.
[17].In
contrast, similar-looking organisms, such as filamentous green algae, grow by
repeated cell division within a chain of cells.^In contrast, similar-looking organisms, such as filamentous green algae , grow b y repeated cell division within a chain of cells.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Unipolar cell divisions in the yeast S. cerevisiae lead to filamentous growth: Regulation by starvation and RAS [My Copy] Cell , Vol.
CiteULike: Tag yeast [at least 200 articles]7 January 2010 5:30 UTCwww.citeulike.org [Source type: Academic]
^Knowledge of the genes that the parasite uses to start this lethal cell division may shed light on the mechanisms that cause human tumours to grow.
Cancer Fungus - The Link between the Microbe and Cancer27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.alternative-cancer-care.com [Source type: Academic]
http://www.aerias.org/DesktopModules/ArticleDetail.aspx?articleId=52&spaceid=1&subid=627 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.aerias.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^In many ways fungi are more closely related to animals than to plants, and they have been thought to share a common protist ancestor with animals.
Fungi Facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Academic]
Chapter 31 - Fungi | Course-Notes.Org27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.course-notes.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.Dimorphic
fungi can switch between a yeast phase and a hyphal phase in
response to environmental conditions.^Dimorphic fungi can switch between a yeast phase and a hyphal phase in response to environmental conditions.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Fungi are also used extensively by humans: yeasts are responsible for fermentation of beer and bread, and mushroom farming and gathering is a large industry in many countries.
Fungi.eu25 September 2009 1:53 UTCwww.fungi.eu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^Studies on fungi similar to Ophiocordyceps show that they need very humid conditions to grow well, and temperatures between 20 and 30 degrees C. .
Respect For the Fungus Overlords | The Loom | Discover Magazine27 January 2010 23:54 UTCblogs.discovermagazine.com [Source type: General]
The fungal cell wall is composed of glucans and chitin; while the former compounds are also
found in plants and the latter in the exoskeleton of arthropods,[20][21]
fungi are the only organisms that combine these two structural
molecules in their cell wall.
^The cell wall of fungi consists of chitin, chitosan, glucan, mannan and other components in various combinations.
Aquatic Pathogens-Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.env.gov.bc.ca [Source type: Academic]
.In contrast to plants and the
oomycetes, fungal cell walls do not contain cellulose.^In contrast to plants and the oomycetes, fu ngal cell walls do not contain cellulose.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
.Most fungi lack an efficient system for long-distance transport
of water and nutrients, such as the xylem and phloem in many plants.^Omphalotus nidiformis , a bioluminescent mushroom Most fungi lack an efficient system for long-distance transport of water and nutrients, such as the xylem and phloem in many plants.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^The ability of fungi to derive nutrients from decaying matter such as rotting trees is termed saprophytous .
^Mineral nutrient requirements and ion uptake, water conditions like water related stress, internal transport processes for the manufacture and distribution of nutrients, the role of plant hormones, inhibitors, and phytochromes in the regulation of plant growth and development, must be understood.
Aquatic Pathogens-Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.env.gov.bc.ca [Source type: Academic]
.To overcome these
limitations, some fungi, such as Armillaria, form rhizomorphs,[23]
that resemble and perform functions similar to the roots of plants.^Fungi are also important aiders of plant root function, as mycorrizhae .
Biological Diversity 427 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.emc.maricopa.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.slideshare.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.Another characteristic shared
with plants includes a biosynthetic
pathway for producing terpenes that uses mevalonic acid and pyrophosphate as chemical building blocks.^Characteristics shared with plants also include a biosynthetic pathway for producing terpenes that uses mevalonic acid and pyrophosphate as chemical building blocks .
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Fungi are used extensively to produce industrial chemicals like citric , gluconic , lactic , and malic acids , antibiotics, and even to make stonewashed jeans .
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Fungi are also used to produce industrial chemicals like lactic acid , antibiotics and even to make stonewashed jeans .
Fungus - encyclopedia article - Citizendium27 January 2010 23:54 UTCreid.citizendium.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Fungus - encyclopedia article - Citizendium27 January 2010 23:54 UTCen.citizendium.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Fungi.eu25 September 2009 1:53 UTCwww.fungi.eu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[24].However, plants have an additional terpene pathway in their
chloroplasts, a structure fungi do not possess.^However, plants have an additional terpene pathway in their chloroplasts, a structure fungi do not possess.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^In addition, most vascular plants could not grow without the symbiotic fungi, or mycorrhizae , that inhabit their roots and supply essential nutrients.
^However, the cell wall structure of plants and fungi differs considerably, with plant cell walls being made of celluloses and hemi-celluloses, and the fungal cell walls composed mainly of other polysaccharides including chitin, a polymer of N-acetylglucosamine.
Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.herbs2000.com [Source type: Academic]
[25].Fungi produce several secondary metabolites that are
similar or identical in structure to those made by plants.^Fungi can also produce secondary metabolites as needed.
Mold & Fungus27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.tuberose.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^These fungi produce secondary metabolites, or mycotoxins .
Mold & Fungus27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.tuberose.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^Fungi produce several secondary metabolites that are similar or identical in structure to those made by plants.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
[24].Many of the plant and fungal enzymes that make these compounds
differ from each other in sequence and other characteristics,
which indicates separate origins and evolution of these enzymes in
the fungi and plants.^These fungi come in so many different types that...
Tag: Fungi - Explore content tagged Fungi on eHow.com27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.ehow.com [Source type: General]
^Many of the plant and fungal enzymes that make these compounds differ from each other in sequence and other characteristics, which indicates separate origins and evolution of these enzymes in the fungi and plants.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Many fungi are parasites on plants, animals (including humans), and other fungi.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
.Fungi have a worldwide distribution, and grow in a wide range of
habitats, including extreme environments such as deserts or areas with
high salt concentrations[27]
or ionizing radiation,[28]
as well as in deep sea
sediments.^These fungi are distributed worldwide.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Fungi with high Aw values like to grow in wetter environments.
Aquatic Pathogens-Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.env.gov.bc.ca [Source type: Academic]
^Back to top ] Fungi have a worldwide distribution, and grow in a wide range of habitats, including extreme environments such as deserts or areas with high salt concentrations [26 ] or ionizing radiation , [27 ] as well as in deep sea sediments.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
[29
].Some can survive the intense UV and cosmic radiation
encountered during space travel.^Some can survive the intense UV and cosmic radiation encountered during space travel.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^The function of some spores is not primarily for dispersal, but to allow the organisms to survive as resistant cells during periods when the conditions of the environment are not conducive to growth.
Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCtolweb.org [Source type: Academic]
^Some are survival spores formed in response to adverse abiotic conditions that can include desiccation, high UV, high/low temperatures or starvation.
Reproduction of fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.microbiologybytes.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[30].Most grow in terrestrial environments, though several species live
partly or solely in aquatic habitats, such as the chytrid
fungus Batrachochytrium
dendrobatidis, a parasite that has been responsible for a
worldwide decline in amphibian populations.^Most grow in terrestrial environments, but several species live partly or solely in aquatic habitats, such as the chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis , which has been responsible for a worldwide decline in amphibian populations.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^It takes a while but the fungus will not grow in the environment.
Toenail Fungus cure : by Ray Sahelian, M.D. Home remedy for toe nail fungus infection27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.raysahelian.com [Source type: General]
^An alkaline environment encourages the fungus to grow.
MoonDragon's Health & Wellness: Fungal Infection22 September 2009 23:023 UTCwww.moondragon.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.This organism spends
part of its life cycle as a motile zoospore, enabling it to propel itself through
water and enter its amphibian host.^This organism spends part of its life cycle as a motile zoospore , enabling it to propel itself through water and enter its amphibian host.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Club fungi spend most of their life cycle in the dikaryotic state .
^Concept 31.2 Fungi produce spores through sexual or asexual life cycles .
Chapter 31 - Fungi | Course-Notes.Org27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.course-notes.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[31].Other examples of aquatic fungi include those living in hydrothermal areas of the ocean.^Although one species of Amanita and various other Fungi possessing a volva are edible, yet the safest plan for those not familiar to them is to avoid all species possessing this organ.
botanical.com - A Modern Herbal | Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.botanical.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^People who have lived in areas endemic for such fungi may develop, many years later in other parts of the world, an illness related to reactivation of a persistent, latent, fungal infection.
Aquatic Pathogens-Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.env.gov.bc.ca [Source type: Academic]
^Examples where inoculating with either EM or AM fungi is beneficial when planting a mycorrhizal-dependent crop in an area where native inoculum potential is low: .
Mycorrhiza27 January 2010 23:54 UTCcropsoil.psu.edu [Source type: Academic]
.Around 100,000 species of fungi have been formally described by
taxonomists,[33] but
the global biodiversity of the fungus kingdom is not fully
understood.^Edited...the estimated 1,500,000 species of fungi on Earth have been described.
Fungi Facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Academic]
^Around 100,000 species of fungi have been formally described by taxonomists , [32 ] but the true dimension of global fungal diversity is not well understood.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
Biological Diversity 427 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.emc.maricopa.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[34].On the basis of observations of the ratio of the number of fungal
species to the number of plant species in selected environments,
the fungal kingdom has been estimated to contain about 1.5 million
species.^Based on observations of the ratio of the number of fungal species to the number of plant species in selected environments, the fungal kingdom has been estimated to contain about 1.5 million species.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Currently the database contains 80,000 fungal taxa on 56,000 vascular plant hosts representing 324,000 unique host-fungus combinations.
SMML Fungus-Host Distribution Database27 January 2010 23:54 UTCnt.ars-grin.gov [Source type: Reference]
^One drop of fermenting juice can contain five million yeast cells capable of doubling their number every two hours in absolutely perfect conditions.
winemaking: yeast7 January 2010 5:30 UTCwinemaking.jackkeller.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[35].In mycology, species have
historically been distinguished by a variety of methods and
concepts.^In mycology, species have historically been distinguished using a variety of species concepts.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
.Classification based on morphological characteristics,
such as the size and shape of spores or fruiting structures, has
traditionally dominated fungal taxonomy.^Classification based on morphological characteristics, such as the size and shape of spores or fruiting structures, has traditionally dominated fungal taxonomy.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Fungi can be identified on the basis of a number of macroscopic and microscopic characteristics, including, spore structure, cap shape and colour, presence of gills or tubes, flesh colour, smell and habitat.
^Mushroom fruiting bodies occur in many shapes and forms, and certain variations in their morphology underlay the traditional classification scheme for such fungi, which originated in the 19th century but is now obsolete for scientific purposes.
FUNGI,27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.history.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[36].Species may also be distinguished by their biochemical and physiological characteristics, such as their
ability to metabolize certain biochemicals, or their reaction to chemical
tests.^Species may also be distinguished by their biochemical and physiological characteristics, such as their ability to metabolize certain biochemicals, or their reaction to chemical tests .
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Use of some medicines that are available over the counter, can cause certain side effects especially for those who are already suffering from liver diseases and can also stimulate an allergic reaction because of some harmful chemicals they may contain.
Nail & Toe Nail Fungus Blog - … because you deserve beautiful nails27 January 2010 23:54 UTCnailflora.com [Source type: General]
^Around 40 species of fungi and certain bacteria are capable of carrying out chemical reactions that give out light sometimes causing the wood or leaves they attack to become luminous.
Frequently Asked Questions About Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCfungus.org.uk [Source type: Original source]
.The biological
species concept discriminates species based on their ability to
mate.^The biological species concept discriminates species based on their ability to mate .
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Mating experiments between fungal isolates may identify species based on biological species concepts.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Delimiting species in fungi is often difficult, but in Armillaria the biological species concept, based on mating compatibility, has gained wide acceptance.
Armillaria gallica, the humongous fungus humungus. Tom Volk's Fungus of the Month for April 200227 January 2010 23:54 UTCbotit.botany.wisc.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.The
application of molecular tools, such as DNA sequencing
and phylogenetic analysis, to study diversity has greatly enhanced
the resolution and added robustness to estimates of genetic
diversity within various taxonomic groups.^Phylogenetic studies within the Pezizales.
Cup Fungi (MushroomExpert.Com)27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.mushroomexpert.com [Source type: Academic]
^The application of molecular tools, such as DNA sequencing and phylogenetic analysis, to study diversity has greatly enhanced the resolution and added robustness to estimates of genetic diversity within various taxonomic groups.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^A recent classification system suggested by nucleic acid (genetic material) comparisons places the fungi with the animals and the plants in an overarching taxonomic group called the eukarya.
Fungi Facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Academic]
A hypha of Hyaloperonospora
parasitica (downy mildew) growing within the leaf tissue
of Arabidopsis thaliana.^A hypha of Hyaloperonospora parasitica (downy mildew) growing within the leaf tissue of Arabidopsis thaliana .
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Mycelia are tangled masses of hyphae typically found growing within a fungal food source .
The
long structure is the hypha, and the little spheres are haustoria, which extract nutrients from the
plant cells.
.Most fungi grow as hyphae,
which are cylindrical, thread-like structures 2–10 µm
in diameter and up to several centimeters in length.^All fungi are made up of many thin thread-like structures called hypha e.
Fungi.eu25 September 2009 1:53 UTCwww.fungi.eu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^As fungi generally lack hard parts they are rarely found as fossils, but thread-like representatives have been found in Precambrian rocks.
Fungi Facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Academic]
^When molds and fungi grow on building materials, they inevitably digest the materials, destroying the surfaces and ultimately weakening underlying structures.
http://www.aerias.org/DesktopModules/ArticleDetail.aspx?articleId=52&spaceid=1&subid=627 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.aerias.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.Hyphae grow at
their tips (apices); new hyphae are typically formed by emergence
of new tips along existing hyphae by a process called
branching, or occasionally growing hyphal tips bifurcate
(fork) giving rise to two parallel-growing hyphae.^Hyphae grow by elongation at the tips and also by branching.
FUNGI,27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.history.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^Hyphae grow at their tips (apices); new tips typically form by branching from sub-apical hyphal locations or occasionally by bifurcation (forking) of growing tips.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^In Sporodinia the branches give rise also to short branches, which meet and fuse their contents to form zygospores.
Fungi - LoveToKnow 191127 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[38].The combination of apical growth and branching/forking leads to the
development of a mycelium,
an interconnected network of hyphae.^The combination of apical growth and branching/forking leads to the development of a mycelium , an interconnected network of hyphae.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Mycelium : a network of numerous hyphae which develop within or along the substrate.
Palaeos Fungi: Glossary M27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.palaeos.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^Such fast growth is possible because pr o teins and other materials synthesized by the entire mycelium are channeled by cytoplasmic streaming to the tips of the extending hyphae.
[19
].Hyphae can be either septate or coenocytic: septate hyphae are divided into
compartments separated by cross walls (internal cell walls, called
septa, that are formed at right angles to the cell wall giving the
hypha its shape), with each compartment containing one or more
nuclei; coenocytic hyphae are not compartmentalized.^Many other fungi have septations that devide the hyphae into compartments that usually contain one to several nuclei per compartment.
Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCtolweb.org [Source type: Academic]
Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCtolweb.org [Source type: Academic]
Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCtolweb.org [Source type: Academic]
^Septate : with more or less regularly occurring cross-walls.
Palaeos Fungi: Glossary M27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.palaeos.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^The hyphae are coenocytic, with septa found only where reproductive cells are formed.
Chapter 31 - Fungi | Course-Notes.Org27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.course-notes.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[39].Septa
have pores
that allow cytoplasm, organelles, and sometimes
nuclei to pass through; an example is the dolipore septum in the
fungi of the phylum Basidiomycota.^Septate hyphae have "walls" between their cells, called septa, though these septa have holes that allow cytoplasm, organelles, and sometimes nuclei to pass through.
Fungi.eu25 September 2009 1:53 UTCwww.fungi.eu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^Septa typically possess pores through which cytoplasm can flow .
.Many species have developed specialized hyphal structures for
nutrient uptake from living hosts; examples include haustoria in plant-parasitic species of
most fungal phyla, and arbuscules of several mycorrhizal fungi, which
penetrate into the host cells to consume nutrients.^The long structure is the hypha, and the little spheres are haustoria , which extract nutrients from the plant cells.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^The Basidiomycotina includes many fungi that live in association with plants.
Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.herbs2000.com [Source type: Academic]
.Although fungi are opisthokonts—a grouping of evolutionarily
related organisms broadly characterized by a single posterior flagellum—all phyla except
for the chytrids have lost their posterior
flagella.^Although fungi are part of the opisthokont cladea grouping of evolutionarily related organisms broadly characterized by a single posterior flagellum all phyla except for the chytrids have lost their posterior flagella.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Moreover, the common occurrence of a single flagellum in chytrids, some ichthyosporeans, animals, and choanoflagellates suggests that the Nuclearia + Fungi ancestor also possessed a flagellum, which was subsequently lost in all fungi except chytrids.
The Protistan Origins of Animals and Fungi -- Steenkamp et al. 23 (1): 93 -- Molecular Biology and Evolution25 September 2009 1:53 UTCmbe.oxfordjournals.org [Source type: Academic]
^Fungi, animals, and other heterotrophic protist-like organisms such as choanoflagellates and Mesomycetozoea are now considered part of the larger group termed opisthokonts (Cavalier-Smith, 1987) in reference to the posterior flagellum.
Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCtolweb.org [Source type: Academic]
Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCtolweb.org [Source type: Academic]
[43].Fungi
are unusual among the eukaryotes in having a cell wall that, in
addition to glucans (e.g.,
β-1,3-glucan) and other typical components, also contains the biopolymer chitin.^Fungi have cell walls made of chitin .
.Fungal mycelia can become visible to the naked eye, for example,
on various surfaces and substrates, such as damp walls and on
spoilt food, where they are commonly called mold.^They also infect several commercially important animal species such as bees, silk worms, and salmon, and various domesticated mammals.
Small Things Considered: Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCschaechter.asmblog.org [Source type: General]
^Several groups of ants cultivate various fungi in the Agaricales as their primary food source, while ambrosia beetles cultivate various kinds of fungi in the bark of trees that they infest.
Fungi.eu25 September 2009 1:53 UTCwww.fungi.eu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^When molds and fungi grow on building materials, they inevitably digest the materials, destroying the surfaces and ultimately weakening underlying structures.
http://www.aerias.org/DesktopModules/ArticleDetail.aspx?articleId=52&spaceid=1&subid=627 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.aerias.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.Mycelia grown on solid agar media in laboratory petri dishes are usually referred to as
colonies.^Armillaria ostoyae Fungal mycelia can become visible macroscopically, for example, as concentric rings on various surfaces, such as damp walls, and on other substrates, such as spoilt food, and are commonly and generically called mold (British spelling , mould); mycelia grown on solid agar media in laboratory petri dishes are usually referred to as colonies, exhibiting characteristic macroscopic growth shapes and colors, due to spores or pigmentation .
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^The agar solution is then poured into the petri dishes.
Yeast Information and Technique Resource7 January 2010 5:30 UTChbd.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^Often Petri dishes are used, but the media is level, and hence the term slant is not always appropriate.
Yeast Information and Technique Resource7 January 2010 5:30 UTChbd.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.These colonies can exhibit growth shapes and colors (due
to spores or pigmentation)
that can be used as diagnostic features in the identification of
species or groups.^The colonies have a round, smooth,slightly domed shape, with a clearly defined border, and blue coloration.
Moulds and yeasts17 September 2009 2:34 UTCwww.ourfood.com [Source type: Academic]
^Armillaria ostoyae Fungal mycelia can become visible macroscopically, for example, as concentric rings on various surfaces, such as damp walls, and on other substrates, such as spoilt food, and are commonly and generically called mold (British spelling , mould); mycelia grown on solid agar media in laboratory petri dishes are usually referred to as colonies, exhibiting characteristic macroscopic growth shapes and colors, due to spores or pigmentation .
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Finally those who have fingernail fungus, avoid using any nail polish as most colored nail polish covers up the fingernail, causing or encouraging fungus growth.
Nail Fungus Remedies on Earth Clinic, Your Source for Natural Cures.27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.earthclinic.com [Source type: General]
[45].Some
individual fungal colonies can reach extraordinary dimensions and
ages as in the case of a clonal colony of Armillaria
ostoyae, which extends over an area of more than
900 ha, with an
estimated age of nearly 9,000 years.^Using this method, some individual lichen colonies have been estimated to be 9000 years old.
Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.slideshare.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Brewers Yeast Good For - Shop Smarter.com15 September 2009 4:41 UTCwww.smarter.com [Source type: General]
^Some individual fungal colonies can grow to a very large size and mass, in some cases reaching extraordinary dimensions and ages as in the case of a clonal colony of Armillaria ostoyae , which extends over an area of more than 900 ha , with an estimated age of nearly 9,000 years.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
.The apothecium—a specialized structure
important in sexual reproduction in the
ascomycetes—is a cup-shaped fruiting body that
holds the hymenium, a
layer of tissue containing the spore-bearing cells.^It is from such structures that reproductive fruiting bodies are formed.
Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.herbs2000.com [Source type: Academic]
^Sexual reproduction in basidiomycetes is similar to that of ascomycetes.
Fungi.eu25 September 2009 1:53 UTCwww.fungi.eu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^In the ascomycetes, a specialized structure important in sexual reproduction is the apothecium , a cup-shaped structure that holds the hymenium , a layer of tissue containing the spore-bearing cells.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
[47].The
fruiting bodies of the basidiomycetes and some ascomycetes can
sometimes grow very large, and many are well-known as mushrooms.^Mushrooms are fruiting bodies of underground mycelia .
Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.slideshare.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Growth and
physiology
.The growth of fungi as hyphae on or in solid substrates or as
single cells in aquatic environments is adapted for the efficient
extraction of nutrients, because these growth forms have high surface
area to volume ratios.^Hyphae are specifically adapted for growth on solid surfaces, and to invade substrates and tissues.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Back to top ] The growth of fungi as filamentous hyphae on or in solid substrates or as single cells in aquatic environments is adapted for the efficient extraction of nutrients, because these growth forms have high surface area to volume ratios .
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
Chapter 31 - Fungi | Course-Notes.Org27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.course-notes.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[48].Hyphae are specifically adapted for growth on solid surfaces, and
to invade substrates and tissues.^Hyphae are specifically adapted for growth on solid surfaces, and to invade substrates and tissues.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Back to top ] The growth of fungi as filamentous hyphae on or in solid substrates or as single cells in aquatic environments is adapted for the efficient extraction of nutrients, because these growth forms have high surface area to volume ratios .
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^More generally, a mass or matrix of vegetative hyphae, with or without tissue of the host or substrate, in or on which spores are produced.
Palaeos Fungi: Glossary M27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.palaeos.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[49].They can exert large penetrative mechanical forces; for example,
the plant pathogenMagnaporthe
grisea forms a structure called an appressorium which evolved to puncture
plant tissues.^They can exert large penetrative mechanical forces; for example, the plant pathogen Magnaporthe grisea forms a structure called an appressorium which evolved to puncture plant tissues.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Parasitic fungi absorb nutrients from the body fluids of its host, and parasites of plants may produce specialized hyphae called haustoria that penetrate a plants cell wall and lie against the plasma membrane, where they can both absorb food.
Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCfaculty.unlv.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^These usually are species that produce large numbers of spores, and examples include many species pathogenic on agricultural crops and trees.
Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCtolweb.org [Source type: Academic]
[50].The pressure generated by the appressorium, directed against the
plant epidermis, can exceed 8 MPa (80 bars).^The pressure generated by the appressorium, directed against the plant epidermis , can exceed 8 MPa (80& #160;bars ).
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^The mechanical pressure exerted by the appressorium is generated from physiological processes that increase intracellular turgor by producing osmolytes such as glycerol .
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^They generate humus soils and facilitate multi-directional transfer of nutrients between plants.
Andy's northern Ontario Alien Wildflowers - Mushroom or Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.ontariowildflower.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[50].The filamentous fungus Paecilomyces lilacinus uses
a similar structure to penetrate the eggs of nematodes.^The filamentous fungus Paecilomyces lilacinus uses a similar structure to penetrate the eggs of plant-parasitic nematodes .
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^The latter fungus is useful to humans as a leavening agent in bread as well as brewing of beer and similar alcoholic beverages.
Biological Diversity 427 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.emc.maricopa.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^Some carnivorous fungi , like Paecilomyces lilacinus , are predators of nematodes , which they capture using an array of specialized structures such as constricting rings or adhesive nets.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
.Mold covering a decaying peach.^Mold covering a decaying peach.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
The
frames were taken approximately 12 hours apart over a period of six
days.
.The mechanical pressure exerted by the appressorium is generated
from physiological processes that increase intracellular turgor by
producing osmolytes such
as glycerol.^The mechanical pressure exerted by the appressorium is generated from physiological processes that increase intracellular turgor by producing osmolytes such as glycerol .
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^The pressure generated by the appressorium, directed against the plant epidermis , can exceed 8 MPa (80& #160;bars ).
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^In addition, some varieties of fungi form polysaccharides and polyhydroxy alcohol such as mannitol and GLYCEROL. Proteins and fats are produced in abundance by some fungi.
FUNGI,27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.history.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[52].Morphological adaptations such as these are complemented by hydrolytic enzymes secreted
into the environment to digest large organic molecules—such as polysaccharides,
proteins, lipids, and other organic substrates—into smaller
molecules that may then be absorbed as nutrients.^They are heterotrophic and digest their food externally, absorbing nutrient molecules into their cells.
Fungi.eu25 September 2009 1:53 UTCwww.fungi.eu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^Fungi feed by secreting hydrolytic enzymes into their local environment.
Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.herbs2000.com [Source type: Academic]
^Morphological adaptations such as these are complemented by hydrolytic enzymes secreted into the environment to digest large organic moleculessuch as polysaccharides , proteins , lipids , and other organic substratesinto smaller molecules that may then be absorbed as nutrients.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
[53][54][55].The vast majority of filamentous fungi grow in a polar
fashion—i.e., by extension into one direction—by elongation at the
tip (apex) of the hypha.^Hyphae grow by elongation at the tips and also by branching.
FUNGI,27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.history.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^While the vast majority of filamentous (hypha-forming) fungi grow in a polar or directional fashion by extension at the tip of the hypha, [56 ] intercalary extension as in the case of some endophytic fungi, [57 ] or by volume expansion during the development of mushroom stipes and other large organs [58 ] are alternative forms of growth.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Micheli not only observed spores, but showed that under the proper conditions, they could be induced into growing into the same species of fungi from which they originated.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
[56].Alternative forms of fungal growth include intercalary extension
(i.e., by longitudinal expansion of hyphal compartments that are
below the apex) as in the case of some endophytic fungi,[57]
or growth by volume expansion during the development of mushroom
stipes and other large organs.^While the vast majority of filamentous (hypha-forming) fungi grow in a polar or directional fashion by extension at the tip of the hypha, [56 ] intercalary extension as in the case of some endophytic fungi, [57 ] or by volume expansion during the development of mushroom stipes and other large organs [58 ] are alternative forms of growth.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Mushrooms and other fungi : their form and colour /by H. Kleijn ; with 94 colour photos.
Franklin Subject Browse Demo27 January 2010 23:54 UTCdevplw.library.upenn.edu [Source type: Academic]
^Around 100,000 species of fungi are divided into five phyla, based largely on the characteristics of their reproductive organs.
[58].Growth of fungi as multicellular
structures consisting of somatic and reproductive cells—a feature
independently evolved in animals and plants[59]—has
several functions, including the development of fruiting bodies for
dissemination of sexual spores (see above) and biofilms for substrate colonization and intercellular communication.^Both plants and fungi possess a cell wall, a feature absent in the Animal Kingdom .
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^It is from such structures that reproductive fruiting bodies are formed.
Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.herbs2000.com [Source type: Academic]
^It differs in many aspects from sexual reproduction in animals or plants.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
.Traditionally, the fungi are considered heterotrophs, organisms that rely solely on
carbon fixed
by other organisms for metabolism.^These fungi are pretty unique because, unlike the other light-emitting organisms, fungi don't walk, swim, or fly.
Small Things Considered: Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCschaechter.asmblog.org [Source type: General]
^Because fungi are more chemically and genetically similar to animals than other organisms, this makes fungal diseases very difficult to treat.
^The fossil record shows that fungi were present in Antarctica, as is the case for other organisms with Gondwanan distributions.
Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCtolweb.org [Source type: Academic]
.Fungi have evolved a high degree of metabolic
versatility that allows them to use a diverse range of organic
substrates for growth, including simple compounds such as nitrate, ammonia, acetate, or ethanol.^Fungi have evolved a remarkable metabolic versatility that allows them to use a diverse range of organic substrates for growth, including simple compounds such as nitrate , ammonia , acetate , or ethanol .
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^In addition a number of fungi are used in the processing and flavoring of foods (baker's and brewer's yeasts, Penicillia in cheese-making) and in production of antibiotics and organic acids.
Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCtolweb.org [Source type: Academic]
Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCtolweb.org [Source type: Academic]
Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCtolweb.org [Source type: Academic]
^WHAT IS FUNGUS? (n) fungus (an organism of the kingdom Fungi lacking chlorophyll and feeding on organic matter; ranging from unicellular or multicellular organisms to spore-bearing syncytia) .
Nail Fungus Cures - Toenail Fungus Treatments, Nail Fungus Pictures27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.nailfunguscure.org [Source type: General]
[61][62].For some species it has been shown that the pigment melanin may play a role in
extracting energy from ionizing radiation, such as gamma
radiation; however, this form of "radiotrophic" growth has only been
described for a few species, the effects on growth rates are small,
and the underlying biophysical and biochemical processes are
not known.^Some species reproduce only asexually.
Chapter 31 - Fungi | Course-Notes.Org27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.course-notes.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^It has long been known that some foods have an effect on the growth of yeast.
Paramecium - www.101science.com22 September 2009 20:18 UTCwww.101science.com [Source type: Academic]
[28].The authors speculate that this process might bear similarity to
CO2 fixation via visible light, but instead utilizing
ionizing radiation as a source of energy.^This process might bear similarity to CO 2 fixation via anaplerotic reactions using visible light , but instead utilizing ionizing radiation as a source of energy.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Some of these volatile compounds are produced continually as the fungus consumes its energy source during primary metabolic processes.
Mold & Fungus27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.tuberose.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^Instead of " rubbing the bevel " as is the usual process for light cuts, try " floating the bevel" instead.
Hilton Handcraft - Spalting, A Fungus Amongus: Spalted Wood Explained27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.hiltonhandcraft.com [Source type: Original source]
.Fungal reproduction is complex, reflecting the differences in
lifestyles and genetic makeup within this kingdom of organisms.^Back to top ] Polyporus squamosus Fungal reproduction is complex, reflecting the heterogeneity in lifestyles and genetic makeup within this Kingdom of organisms.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Within an ascus, karyogamy combines the two parental genomes, and meiosis forms four genetically different nuclei forming eight ascospores.
Chapter 31 - Fungi | Course-Notes.Org27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.course-notes.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^The fungal kingdom is defined by several featuressome shared with other organisms, others unique to the fungi: .
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
[64].It is
estimated that a third of all fungi reproduce by different modes of
propagation; for example, reproduction may occur in two
well-differentiated stages within the life
cycle of a species, the teleomorph and the anamorph.^Life cycle of fungi - Ecology of fungi .
fungus (biology) -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.britannica.com [Source type: Reference]
^It is estimated that a third of all fungi use more than one type of reproduction, frequently in t wo well-differentiated life cycle stages (the teleomorph and the anamorph ).
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Most fungi have both a haploid and diploid stage in their life cycles.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
[65].Environmental conditions trigger genetically determined
developmental states that lead to the creation of specialized
structures for sexual or asexual reproduction.^Environmental conditions trigger genetically determined developmental programs that lead to the creation of specialized structures for sexual or asexual reproduction.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Growth and reproduction are life processes, which depend upon different sets of conditions; in the lower organisms external conditions mainly, determine whether growth or reproduction takes place.
Role of Fungi in Coffee Plantation Ecology (INeedCoffee.com)27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.ineedcoffee.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^The process of growth and reproduction differ in that growth may take place under a wide range of environmental; conditions than reproduction; growth may take place , therefore under conditions which inhibit reproduction and Vegetative growth appears to be mostly a preliminary step for reproduction in that it creates a suitable internal environment for it.
Role of Fungi in Coffee Plantation Ecology (INeedCoffee.com)27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.ineedcoffee.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.These structures aid
reproduction by efficiently dispersing spores or spore-containing
propagules.^These structures aid both reproduction and efficient dispersal of spores or spore-containing propagules .
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Reproduction in fungi may be asexual or sexual and, in both cases, spores are the structures that are responsible for dispersing progeny to colonize new locations.
Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.herbs2000.com [Source type: Academic]
^These (n + n) mycelia grow into visible, above-ground, spore-bearing reproductive structures (called fruiting bodies) that we recognize as puffballs, morels, mushrooms and shelf fungi.
The Amazing Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwaynesword.palomar.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Asexual
reproduction
.Asexual reproduction via
vegetative spores (conidia) or through mycelial fragmentation is
common; it maintains clonal populations
adapted to a specific niche, and allows more rapid dispersal
than sexual reproduction.^Asexual reproduction is much less common in basidiomycetes than in ascomycetes.
Chapter 31 - Fungi | Course-Notes.Org27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.course-notes.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^Reproduction in fungi may be asexual or sexual and, in both cases, spores are the structures that are responsible for dispersing progeny to colonize new locations.
Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.herbs2000.com [Source type: Academic]
^After their death the fungal growth erupts through the fly cuticle, and dispersal by forcible spore discharge is a source of inoculum for infection of new flies.
Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCtolweb.org [Source type: Academic]
Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCtolweb.org [Source type: Academic]
Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCtolweb.org [Source type: Academic]
[66].The "Fungi imperfecti" (fungi lacking the perfect or sexual stage)
or Deuteromycota comprise all the species
which lack an observable sexual cycle.^Hindwings are lacking in all species of Microgramme .
Urban Entomology [Ebeling Chap. 10] Pests in Excessively Damp Locations<27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.entomology.ucr.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^In the case of the "Fungi imperfecti" or Deuteromycota , which lack a sexual cycle, it is the only means of propagation.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Species Video Images All Home > Fungi (including lichens) List by common name List by scientific name Click on the first letter of the common name.
Fungi - sorted by common name - ARKive27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.arkive.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Fungi - sorted by scientific name - ARKive27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.arkive.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.Sexual reproduction with meiosis exists in all fungal phyla (with the
exception of the Glomeromycota).^Sexual reproduction with meiosis exists in all fungal phyla (with the exception of the Glomeromycota ).
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Differences also exist between fungal groups and can be used to discriminate species based on morphological differences in sexual structures and reproductive strategies.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^See also: List of fungal orders The major phyla (sometimes called divisions) of fungi have been classified based mainly on the characteristics of their sexual reproductive structures.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
[68].It differs in many aspects from sexual reproduction in animals or
plants.^We would effectively be lost under piles, many meters thick, of dead plant and animal remains.
Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCfaculty.unlv.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^We would effectively be lost under piles many meters thick, of dead plant and animal remains.
Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.slideshare.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^Mycorrhizal fungi can often form associations with many different kinds of plants at the same time.
Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.slideshare.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.Differences also exist between fungal groups and can be
used to discriminate species by morphological differences in sexual
structures and reproductive strategies.^Differences also exist between fungal groups and can be used to discriminate species based on morphological differences in sexual structures and reproductive strategies.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Because of morphological similarities between P. stipitis and C. shehatae , the former was believed to be the teleomorph and the latter the anamorph of closely related species.
Genetic Engineering of Xylose Fermenting Yeasts17 September 2009 2:34 UTCcalvin.biotech.wisc.edu [Source type: Academic]
^Fungal Ecology: It has recently been estimated that some 1.5 x 106 species of fungi are thought to exist, with about 80,000 species or only 5% having yet having been described, making the fungi one of the most speciose groups of organisms on the planet.
NJ Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.eboehm.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[69][70].Mating
experiments between fungal isolates may identify species on the
basis of biological species concepts.^Mating experiments between fungal isolates may identify species based on biological species concepts.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^The biological species concept discriminates species based on their ability to mate .
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Candida species were identified on the basis of germ-tube production, spore formation in cornmeal agar, and results of biochemical testing.
[70].The major fungal groupings have initially been delineated based on
the morphology of their sexual structures and spores; for example,
the spore-containing structures, asci and basidia, can be used in the identification of
ascomycetes and basidiomycetes, respectively.^Asci and basidia are both microscopic structures.
Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.slideshare.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^Athletes foot and Candida infections are examples of human fungal infections Food Spoilage It has already been noted that fungi play a major role in recycling organic material.
Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.slideshare.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^As in most analyses of fungal phylogeny (e.g., Berbee and Taylor 2001 ), a strongly supported grouping of "higher fungi," containing typical ascomycete and basidiomycete clusters, is reconstructed by these data ( fig.
The Protistan Origins of Animals and Fungi -- Steenkamp et al. 23 (1): 93 -- Molecular Biology and Evolution25 September 2009 1:53 UTCmbe.oxfordjournals.org [Source type: Academic]
.Some species may
allow mating only between individuals of opposite mating type, while
others can mate and sexually reproduce with any other individual or
itself.^Some species may allow mating only between individuals of opposite mating type , while others can mate and sexually reproduce with any other individual or itself.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^However, some Basidiomycota reproduce asexually, and may or may not also reproduce sexually.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Some species grow as single-celled yeasts that reproduce by budding or binary fission .
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
.Species of the former mating system are called heterothallic, and
of the latter homothallic.^Species of the former mating system are called heterothallic , and of the latter homothallic .
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Because of morphological similarities between P. stipitis and C. shehatae , the former was believed to be the teleomorph and the latter the anamorph of closely related species.
Genetic Engineering of Xylose Fermenting Yeasts17 September 2009 2:34 UTCcalvin.biotech.wisc.edu [Source type: Academic]
.Most fungi have both an haploid and diploid stage in their life
cycles.^Most fungi have both a haploid and diploid stage in their life cycles.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^True fungi typically do not have eukaryotic 9 + 2 flagella (called undulipodia) at any stage in their life cycles.
The Amazing Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwaynesword.palomar.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^The life cycles of most chytrids are poorly studied, but some (Blastocladiomycota) are known to have zygotic meiosis (therefore, alternation between haploid and diploid generations).
Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCtolweb.org [Source type: Academic]
Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCtolweb.org [Source type: Academic]
Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCtolweb.org [Source type: Academic]
.In sexually reproducing fungi, compatible individuals may
combine by fusing their hyphae together into an interconnected
network; this process, anastomosis, is required for the initiation
of the sexual cycle.^Hyphae may separate into arthoconidia.
Moulds and yeasts17 September 2009 2:34 UTCwww.ourfood.com [Source type: Academic]
^In sexually reproducing fungi, compatible individuals may combine by fusing their hyphae together into an interconnected network; this process, anastomosis , is required for the initiation of the sexual cycle.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Hyphae fusing together (fungi mating = plasmogomy); numbers are in minutes: .
.Ascomycetes and basidiomycetes go through a dikaryotic stage, in which the nuclei
inherited from the two parents do not combine immediately after
cell fusion, but remain separate in the hyphal cells (see heterokaryosis).^Ascomycetes and basidiomycetes go through a dikaryotic stage, in which the nuclei inherited from the two parents do not combine immediately after cell fusion, but remain separate in the hyphal cells (see heterokaryosis ).
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
.In ascomycetes, dikaryotic hyphae of the hymenium (the spore-bearing tissue layer) form
a characteristic hook at the hyphal septum.^Other series of modifications arise in which the tissues corresponding to the stroma invest the sporogenous hyphal ends, and thus enclose the spores, asci, basidia, &c., in a cavity.
Fungi - LoveToKnow 191127 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^The sporophore is obsolete when the spore-bearing hyphae are not sharply distinct from the mycelium, simple when the constituent hyphae are isolated, and compound when the latter are conjoined.
Fungi - LoveToKnow 191127 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^Except for some yeasts and a few other types, ascomycetes have well-developed hyphae, usually with a single nucleus in each hyphal cell.
FUNGI,27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.history.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.During cell division,
formation of the hook ensures proper distribution of the newly
divided nuclei into the apical and basal hyphal compartments.^During cell division , formation of the hook ensures proper distribution of the newly divided nuclei in to the apical and basal hyphal compartments.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Prior to the formation of spores there is a fusion of the (+ and -) nuclei within special cells to form diploid (2n) zygotes which undergo meiosis to form the haploid spores.
The Amazing Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwaynesword.palomar.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^As with the structurally similar hook in the ascomycetes, the clamp connection in the basidiomycetes is required for controlled transfer of nuclei during cell division, to maintain the dika ryotic stage with two genetically different nuclei in each hyphal compartment.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
.An
ascus (plural asci) is then formed, in which karyogamy (nuclear fusion)
occurs.^An ascus (plural asci ) is then formed, in which karyogamy (nuclear fusion) occurs.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^It is to be noted that all the forms exhibit the fusion of nuclei in the ascus, so that those with the normal or reduced sexual process described above have two nuclear fusions in their lifehistory.
Fungi - LoveToKnow 191127 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^The theory may be put forward that the ordinary forms have been derived from sexual forms like Schizosaccharomyces and Zygosaccharomyces by a loss of sexuality, the sporangium being formed parthenogenetically without any nuclear fusion.
Fungi - LoveToKnow 191127 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.Asci are embedded in an ascocarp, or fruiting body.^Asci are embedded in an ascocarp , or fruiting body.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^They can be identified from the fruiting bodies which bear the asci and the way in which the asci develop.
Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.slideshare.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^In the Helvellaceae there is no apothecium but a large irregular fruit body which at maturity bears the asci on its surface.
Fungi - LoveToKnow 191127 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.Karyogamy in the
asci is followed immediately by meiosis and the production of ascospores.^Karyogamy in the asci is followed immediately by meiosis and the production of ascospores .
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Both asci and basidia are technically meiosprangia in which the products of meiosis, meiospores (i.e., ascospores and basidiospores), are formed.
NJ Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.eboehm.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^The fungi have a brief diploid stage consisting of two haploid nuclei going through karyogamy and almost immediate entry into meiosis.
Introduction to Kingdom Fungi - a knol by Steven Albee-Scott, Ph.D.27 January 2010 23:54 UTCknol.google.com [Source type: Academic]
.After
dispersal, the ascospores may germinate and form a new haploid
mycelium.^After dispersal, the ascospores may germinate and form a new haploid mycelium.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Reproduction in fungi may be asexual or sexual and, in both cases, spores are the structures that are responsible for dispersing progeny to colonize new locations.
Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.herbs2000.com [Source type: Academic]
^These sporangiospores allow the fungus to rapidly disperse and germinate i nto new genetically identical haploid fungal mycelia.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
.Sexual reproduction in basidiomycetes is similar to that of the
ascomycetes.^Sexual reproduction in basidiomycetes is similar to that of the ascomycetes.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Their sexual states (teleomorphs) can be classified among two major fungal classes, the Ascomycetes and the Basidiomycetes.
Moulds and yeasts17 September 2009 2:34 UTCwww.ourfood.com [Source type: Academic]
^In the ascomycetes, a specialized structure important in sexual reproduction is the apothecium , a cup-shaped structure that holds the hymenium , a layer of tissue containing the spore-bearing cells.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
.Compatible haploid hyphae fuse to produce a dikaryotic
mycelium.^Compatible haploid hyphae fuse to produce a dikaryotic mycelium.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^In glomeromycetes (formerly zygomycetes), haploid hyphae of two individuals fuse, forming a gametangium , a specialized cell structure that becomes a fertile gamete -producing cell.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^At certain times of the year, opposite mating strains (+ and - strains) of subterranean, septate, haploid (n) mycelia fuse together producing dikaryotic (n + n) septate mycelia with two kinds of nuclei (+ and -) in each cell.
The Amazing Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwaynesword.palomar.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.However, the dikaryotic phase is more extensive in the
basidiomycetes, often also present in the vegetatively growing
mycelium.^However, the dikaryotic phase is more extensive in the basidiomycetes, often also present in the vegetatively growing mycelium.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^For more mobile nutrients such as nitrate, the depletion zone is wide and it is less likely that hyphae grow extensively into the zone that is not influenced by the root alone.
Mycorrhiza27 January 2010 23:54 UTCcropsoil.psu.edu [Source type: Academic]
^My nails are growing back completely normal and seem to be growing faster so I am able to trim them more often.
Nail Fungus Remedies on Earth Clinic, Your Source for Natural Cures.27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.earthclinic.com [Source type: General]
.A specialized anatomical structure, called a clamp
connection, is formed at each hyphal septum.^They may form branched chains of cells that attach to their substrate by a root-like structure called a rhizoid.
Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.herbs2000.com [Source type: Academic]
^The cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells is distinguished by the presence of different membranous structures called organelles, e.g., mitochondria and chloroplasts, which form the site for different metabolic and other activities.
Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.herbs2000.com [Source type: Academic]
^In a special group of fungi (Oomycetes) within the Phycomycetes, cellulose forms the dominant structural component of the cell wall material.
Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.herbs2000.com [Source type: Academic]
.As with the
structurally similar hook in the ascomycetes, the clamp connection
in the basidiomycetes is required for controlled transfer of nuclei
during cell division, to maintain the dikaryotic stage with two
genetically different nuclei in each hyphal compartment.^During cell division , formation of the hook ensures proper distribution of the newly divided nuclei in to the apical and basal hyphal compartments.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Sexual reproduction in basidiomycetes is similar to that of the ascomycetes.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^In ascomycetes, cell division is synchronous and a cell wall separates the two nuclei called a dikaryon.
Introduction to Kingdom Fungi - a knol by Steven Albee-Scott, Ph.D.27 January 2010 23:54 UTCknol.google.com [Source type: Academic]
[74].A basidiocarp is formed
in which club-like structures known as basidia generate haploid basidiospores after karyogamy and
meiosis.^A basidiocarp is formed in which club-like structures known as basidia generate haploid basidiospores after karyogamy and meiosis.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Prior to the formation of spores there is a fusion of the (+ and -) nuclei within special cells to form diploid (2n) zygotes which undergo meiosis to form the haploid spores.
The Amazing Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwaynesword.palomar.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^Members of the Basidiomycota , commonly known as the club fungi or basidiomycetes, produce meiospores called basidiospores o n club-like stalks called basidia .
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
[75].The
most commonly known basidiocarps are mushrooms, but they may also
take other forms (see Morphology section).^The most commonly known basidiocarps are mushrooms, but they may also take other forms (see Morphology section).
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^The most commonly eaten mushrooms are the basidiomycetes .
Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCfaculty.unlv.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^Agaricus bisporus , sold as button mushrooms when small or Portobello mushrooms when larger, is a commonly-eaten species, used in salads, soups, and many other dishes.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
.In glomeromycetes (formerly zygomycetes), haploid hyphae of two
individuals fuse, forming a gametangium, a specialized cell structure
that becomes a fertile gamete-producing cell.^In glomeromycetes (formerly zygomycetes), haploid hyphae of two individuals fuse, forming a gametangium , a specialized cell structure that becomes a fertile gamete -producing cell.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Zygomycetes , a hypha which forms a gametangium and suspensor cell.
ABRS | Fungi of Australia glossary27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.environment.gov.au [Source type: Academic]
^Compatible haploid hyphae fuse to produce a dikaryotic mycelium.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
.The gametangium develops
into a zygospore, a
thick-walled spore formed by the union of gametes.^The taxonomy is further divided into suborders based on the presence of: (i) vesicles in the root and formation of chlamydospores (thick wall, asexual spore) borne from subtending hyphae for the suborder Glomineae or (ii) absence of vesicles in the root and formation of auxiliary cells and azygospores (spores resembling a zygospore but developing asexually from a subtending hypha resulting in a distinct bulbous attachment) in the soil for the suborder Gigasporineae.
Mycorrhiza27 January 2010 23:54 UTCcropsoil.psu.edu [Source type: Academic]
^A striking soil fungus called an "earthstar," so named because the outer wall of the spore-bearing body splits open into a star.
The Amazing Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwaynesword.palomar.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^Fungi with non-septate or irregularly septate hyphae and thick-walled spores were traditionally placed in the phylum Zygomycota.
Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCtolweb.org [Source type: Academic]
Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCtolweb.org [Source type: Academic]
Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCtolweb.org [Source type: Academic]
.When the
zygospore germinates, it undergoes meiosis, generating new haploid hyphae, which
may then form asexual sporangiospores.^When the zygospore germinates, it undergoes meiosis , generating new haploid hyphae, which may then form asexual sporangiospores .
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^After dispersal, the ascospores may germinate and form a new haploid mycelium.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Prior to the formation of spores there is a fusion of the (+ and -) nuclei within special cells to form diploid (2n) zygotes which undergo meiosis to form the haploid spores.
The Amazing Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwaynesword.palomar.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.These sporangiospores allow the fungus to rapidly disperse and
germinate into new genetically identical haploid fungal
mycelia.^These sporangiospores allow the fungus to rapidly disperse and germinate i nto new genetically identical haploid fungal mycelia.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^After dispersal, the ascospores may germinate and form a new haploid mycelium.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^After their death the fungal growth erupts through the fly cuticle, and dispersal by forcible spore discharge is a source of inoculum for infection of new flies.
Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCtolweb.org [Source type: Academic]
Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCtolweb.org [Source type: Academic]
Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCtolweb.org [Source type: Academic]
.Both asexual and sexual spores or sporangiospores are often
actively dispersed by forcible ejection from their reproductive
structures.^Both asexual and sexual spores or sporangiospores are often actively dispersed by forcible ejection from their reproductive structures.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^These structures aid both reproduction and efficient dispersal of spores or spore-containing propagules .
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Sexual reproduction as above, asexual by sporangia or conidia or both: Mucoraceae.
Fungi - LoveToKnow 191127 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.This ejection ensures exit of the spores from the
reproductive structures as well as travelling through the air over
long distances.^This ejection ensures exit of the spores from the reproductive structures as well as travelling through the air over long distances.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Reproduction in fungi may be asexual or sexual and, in both cases, spores are the structures that are responsible for dispersing progeny to colonize new locations.
Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.herbs2000.com [Source type: Academic]
^In general, a high level of moisture facilitates the germination of spores and other reproductive structures of the fungus.
Role of Fungi in Coffee Plantation Ecology (INeedCoffee.com)27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.ineedcoffee.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.Specialized mechanical and physiological mechanisms, as well as
spore surface structures (such as hydrophobins), enable efficient spore
ejection.^The bird's nest fungus Cyathus stercoreus Specialized mechanical and physiological mechanisms as well as spore-surface structures, such as hydrophobins , enable efficient spore ejection.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^This ejection ensures exit of the spores from the reproductive structures as well as travelling through the air over long distances.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Both asexual and sexual spores or sporangiospores are often actively dispersed by forcible ejection from their reproductive structures.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
[77].For example, the structure of the spore-bearing cells in some ascomycete species is
such that the buildup of substances affecting cell volume and fluid
balance enables the explosive discharge of spores into the air.^For example, the structure of the spore-bearing cells in some ascomycete species is such that the buildup of substances affecting cell volume and fluid balance enables the explosive discharge of spores into the air.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Prior to the formation of spores there is a fusion of the (+ and -) nuclei within special cells to form diploid (2n) zygotes which undergo meiosis to form the haploid spores.
The Amazing Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwaynesword.palomar.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^Some carnivorous fungi , like Paecilomyces lilacinus , are predators of nematodes , which they capture using an array of specialized structures such as constricting rings or adhesive nets.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
[78].The forcible discharge of single spores termed
ballistospores involves formation of a small drop of water
(Buller's drop), which upon contact with the spore leads to its
projectile release with an initial acceleration of more than
10,000 g;[79]
the net result is that the spore is ejected 0.01–0.02 cm,
sufficient distance for it to fall through the gills or pores into
the air below.^Note the apical pore through which a cloud of dark spores are released.
The Amazing Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwaynesword.palomar.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.herbs2000.com [Source type: Academic]
^Molds are fungi that reproduce by releasing tiny spores into the air.
Mold & Fungus27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.tuberose.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[80].Other
fungi, like the puffballs, rely on alternative mechanisms
for spore release, such as external mechanical forces.^Other fungi, like the puffballs , rely on alternative mechanisms for spore release, such as external mechanical forces.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Other fungi produce secondary metabolites such as aflatoxins that may be potent toxins and carcinogens in food of birds, fish, humans, and other mammals.
Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCtolweb.org [Source type: Academic]
Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCtolweb.org [Source type: Academic]
Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCtolweb.org [Source type: Academic]
^The problems seem to arise from the spores of the fungi causing respiratory problems especially for those with preexisting conditions such as asthma or certain allergies.
Hilton Handcraft - Spalting, A Fungus Amongus: Spalted Wood Explained27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.hiltonhandcraft.com [Source type: Original source]
.The bird's nest fungi
use the force of falling water drops to liberate the spores from
cup-shaped fruiting bodies.^Fruiting body of the scarlet cup fungus.
Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCtolweb.org [Source type: Academic]
Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCtolweb.org [Source type: Academic]
Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCtolweb.org [Source type: Academic]
^The bird's nest fungi use the force of falling water drops to liberate the spores from cup-shaped fruiting bodies.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Any water used for people with compromised immune systems must also be sterile since pathogenic fungi are a serious risk for such people.
Aquatic Pathogens-Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.env.gov.bc.ca [Source type: Academic]
[81].Another strategy is seen in the stinkhorns, a group of
fungi with lively colors and putrid odor that attract insects to
disperse their spores.^Another strategy is seen in the stinkhorns , a group of fungi with lively colors and putrid odor that attract insects to disperse their spores.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^The hymenium supports the basidia during sporulation and is designed to maximize the ability of fungi to disperse spores (Moore 1998).
Introduction to Kingdom Fungi - a knol by Steven Albee-Scott, Ph.D.27 January 2010 23:54 UTCknol.google.com [Source type: Academic]
^Fungal spores are also a cause of allergies , and fungi from different taxonomic groups can evoke allergic reactions.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
.Besides regular sexual reproduction with meiosis, certain fungi,
such as those in the genera Penicillium and Aspergillus, may
exchange genetic material via parasexual processes,
initiated by anastomosis between hyphae and plasmogamy of fungal cells.^Besides regular sexual reproduction with meiosis, certain fungi, such as those in the genera Penicillium and Aspergillus , may exchange genetic material via parasexual processes, initiated by anastomosis between hyphae and plasmogamy of fungal cells.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Furthermore, persons with immuno-deficiencies are particularly susceptible to disease by genera such as Aspergillus , Candida , Cryptoccocus , [129 ] [149 ] [150 ] Histoplasma , [151 ] and Pneumocystis .
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Other fungi produce secondary metabolites such as aflatoxins that may be potent toxins and carcinogens in food of birds, fish, humans, and other mammals.
Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCtolweb.org [Source type: Academic]
Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCtolweb.org [Source type: Academic]
Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCtolweb.org [Source type: Academic]
[83].The
frequency and relative importance of parasexual events is unclear
and may be lower than other sexual processes.^The frequency and relative importance of parasexual events is unclear and may be lower than other sexual processes.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Some species may allow mating only between individuals of opposite mating type , while others can mate and sexually reproduce with any other individual or itself.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^In sexually reproducing fungi, compatible individuals may combine by fusing their hyphae together into an interconnected network; this process, anastomosis , is required for the initiation of the sexual cycle.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
.It is known to play a
role in intraspecific hybridization[84]
and is likely required for hybridization between species, which has
been associated with major events in fungal evolution.^In: I nsect-fungal associations: Ecology and evolution .
Sung-Oui Suh17 September 2009 2:34 UTClsb380.plbio.lsu.edu [Source type: Academic]
^It is known to play a role in intraspecific hybridization [83 ] and is likely required for hybridization between species, which has been associated with major events in fungal evolution.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Aspergillus are well-known to play roles in three different clinical settings in man: opportunistic infections, allergic states and toxicoses.
Aquatic Pathogens-Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.env.gov.bc.ca [Source type: Academic]
.In contrast to plants and animals, the early fossil
record of the fungi is meager.^Back to top ] Main article: Evolution of fungi In contrast to plants and animals , the early fossil record of the fungi is meager.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Finally, many fungi are notorious for the diseases they cause in plants, animals and man, especially in regard to the difficulty with which they can be controlled by chemical ameliorants.
NJ Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.eboehm.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^Fungi are key drivers in the recycling of important chemical elements that, without their activity, would remain forever locked up in dead plant and animal bodies.
Role of Fungi in Coffee Plantation Ecology (INeedCoffee.com)27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.ineedcoffee.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.Factors that likely contribute to
the under-representation of fungal species among fossils include
the nature of fungal fruiting bodies, which are soft,
fleshy, and easily degradable tissues and the microscopic
dimensions of most fungal structures, which therefore are not
readily evident.^Factors that likely contribute to the under-r epresentation of fungal species among fossils include the nature of fungal fruiting bodies , which are soft, fleshy, and easily degradable tissues and the microscopic dimensions of most fungal structures, which therefore are not readily evident.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Most biologists have seen dense filamentous fungal colonies growing on rich nutrient agar plates, but in nature the filaments can be much longer and the colonies less dense.
Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCtolweb.org [Source type: Academic]
Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCtolweb.org [Source type: Academic]
Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCtolweb.org [Source type: Academic]
^Fungal fossils are difficult to distinguish from those of other microbes, and are most easily identified when they resemble extant fungi.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
.Fungal fossils are difficult to distinguish from
those of other microbes, and are most easily identified when they
resemble extant
fungi.^Fungal fossils are difficult to distinguish from those of other microbes, and are most easily identified when they resemble extant fungi.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Factors that likely contribute to the under-r epresentation of fungal species among fossils include the nature of fungal fruiting bodies , which are soft, fleshy, and easily degradable tissues and the microscopic dimensions of most fungal structures, which therefore are not readily evident.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Fungal infections are not commonly contagious nor do they spread easily between people.
Toenail and Nail Fungus Treatments and Remedies for Onychomycosis and Fungal Infection27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.nail-fungus-treatment.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[86].Often recovered from a permineralized plant or animal host,
these samples are typically studied by making thin-section
preparations that can be examined with light
microscopy or transmission electron
microscopy.^Often recovered from a permineralized plant or animal host, these samples are typically studied by making thin-section preparations that can be examined with light microscopy or transmission electron microscopy .
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Compression fossils are studied by dissolving the surrounding matrix with acid and then using light or scanning electron microscopy to examine surface details.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Permalink May 07, 2008 01:44 PM PDT Today, we examine plant and animal cells.
Dr. Gayden's Science Zone22 September 2009 20:18 UTCdrgcdms.podomatic.com [Source type: General]
[87].Compression
fossils are studied by dissolving the surrounding matrix with
acid and then using light or scanning
electron microscopy to examine surface details.^Compression fossils are studied by dissolving the surrounding matrix with acid and then using light or scanning electron microscopy to examine surface details.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Often recovered from a permineralized plant or animal host, these samples are typically studied by making thin-section preparations that can be examined with light microscopy or transmission electron microscopy .
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
.The earliest fossils possessing features typical of fungi date
to the Proterozoic
eon, some 1,430 million years
ago (Ma); these
multicellular benthic organisms had filamentous
structures with septa, and were capable of anastomosis.^The earliest fossils possessing features typical of fungi date to the Proterozoic eon, some 1,430 million years ago (Ma ); these multicellular benthic organisms had filamentous structures with septa, and were capable of anastomosis.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
The Amazing Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwaynesword.palomar.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^The fungal cell wall is composed of glucans and chitin ; while the former compounds are also found in plants and the latter in the exoskeleton of arthropods , [18 ] [19 ] fungi are the only organisms that combine these two structural molecules in their cell wall.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
[89].More recent studies (2009) estimate the arrival of fungal organisms
at about 760–1060 Ma on the basis of comparisons of the rate
of evolution in closely related groups.^The fermentation rate is closely related to temperature.
Yeast Information and Technique Resource7 January 2010 5:30 UTChbd.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^All molecular studies have shown that microsporidia evolve at an extremely accelerated rate of evolution, making their placement in the Tree of Life difficult.
Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCtolweb.org [Source type: Academic]
Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCtolweb.org [Source type: Academic]
^Fungal Ecology: It has recently been estimated that some 1.5 x 106 species of fungi are thought to exist, with about 80,000 species or only 5% having yet having been described, making the fungi one of the most speciose groups of organisms on the planet.
NJ Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.eboehm.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[90].For much of the Paleozoic Era (542–251 Ma), the fungi
appear to have been aquatic and consisted of organisms similar to
the extant Chytrids in having flagellum-bearing spores.^For much of the Paleozoic Era (542251 Ma), the fungi appear to have been aquatic and consisted of organisms similar to the extant Chytrids in having flagellum-bearing spores.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Although fungi are part of the opisthokont cladea grouping of evolutionarily related organisms broadly characterized by a single posterior flagellum all phyla except for the chytrids have lost their posterior flagella.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^The metabolic pathways in fungi are similar to mammals and other heterotrophic organisms, but their function is turned inside out with all digestive processing on the outside of the cell.
Introduction to Kingdom Fungi - a knol by Steven Albee-Scott, Ph.D.27 January 2010 23:54 UTCknol.google.com [Source type: Academic]
[91].The evolutionary adaptation from an aquatic to a terrestrial
lifestyle necessitated a diversification of ecological strategies
for obtaining nutrients, including parasitism, saprobism, and the development of mutualistic relationships such as
mycorrhiza and
lichenization.^The evolutionary adaptation from an aquatic to a terrestrial lifestyle necessitated a diversification of ecological strategies for obtaining nutrients, including parasitism , saprobism , and the development of mutualistic relationships such as mycorrhiza and lichenization.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^If thrush persists, other symptoms may develop, including depression, recurrent cystitis, and fungal infections such as athlete's foot.
Fungal Cleanse for fungus infections22 September 2009 23:023 UTCwww.fonoils.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^For some mycorrhizae, the extramatrical hyphae produce hydrolytic enzymes, such as proteases and phosphatases, that can have an important impact on organic matter mineralization and nutrient availability.
Mycorrhiza27 January 2010 23:54 UTCcropsoil.psu.edu [Source type: Academic]
[92].Recent (2009) studies suggest that the ancestral ecological state
of the Ascomycota was saprobism, and that independent lichenization
events have occurred multiple times.^Recent (2009) studies suggest that the ancestral ecological state of the Ascomycota was saprobism, and that independent lichenization events have occurred multiple times.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^More recent studies (2009) estimate the arrival of fungal organisms at about 7601060 Ma based on comparisons of the rate of evolution in closely related groups.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Multiple origins of lichen symbioses in fungi suggested by SSU rDNA phylogeny.
Molecular Phylogeny of Parasitic Zygomycota (Dimargaritales, Zoopagales) Based on Nuclear27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.biology.duke.edu [Source type: Academic]
.The fungi probably colonized the land during the Cambrian (542–488.3 Ma),
long before land plants.^Molecular evidence for the early colonization of land by fungi and plants.
Molecular Phylogeny of Parasitic Zygomycota (Dimargaritales, Zoopagales) Based on Nuclear27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.biology.duke.edu [Source type: Academic]
^The fungi probably colonized the land during the Cambrian (542488.3 Ma), long before land plants.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Recent fossil and molecular evidence suggest that fungi were one of the first land colonizers and many scientists now believe that fungi played a decisive role in the initial colonization of the terrestrial habitat by land plants.
NJ Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.eboehm.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[94].Fossilized hyphae and spores recovered from the Ordovician of Wisconsin
(460 Ma) resemble modern-day Glomerales, and existed at a time when the
land flora likely consisted of only non-vascular bryophyte-like plants.^Fossilized hyphae and spores recovered from the Ordovician of Wisco nsin (460 Ma) resemble modern-day Glomerales , and existed at a time when the land flora likely consisted of only non-vascular bryophyte -like plants.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Biology of Yeast Cells - Simplified Yeast are a tiny form of fungi or plant-like microorganism (visible only under a microscope) that exist in or on all living matter i.e.
Yeast-Section One7 January 2010 5:30 UTCwww.theartisan.net [Source type: Reference]
^The oldest fossil with microscopic features resembling modern-day basidiomycetes is Palaeoancistr us , found permineralized with a fern from the Pennsylvanian.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
[95].Prototaxites,
which was probably a fungus or lichen, would have been the tallest
organism of the late Silurian.^Shares of NexMed tanked after the company announced late Tuesday that Novartis would not be submitting an NDA for their partnered nail fungus therapy "at this time."
Nail Fungus | LIVESTRONG.COM27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.livestrong.com [Source type: General]
.Fungal fossils do not become common
and uncontroversial until the early Devonian (416–359.2 Ma), when they are
abundant in the Rhynie
chert, mostly as Zygomycota and Chytridiomycota.^Fossil arbuscular mycorrhizae from the Early Devonian.
Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCtolweb.org [Source type: Academic]
Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCtolweb.org [Source type: Academic]
Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCtolweb.org [Source type: Academic]
^Fungal fossils do not become common and uncontroversial until the early Devonian (416359.2 Ma), when they are abundant in the Rhynie chert , mostly as Zygomycota and Chytridiomycota.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Fungal fossils are difficult to distinguish from those of other microbes, and are most easily identified when they resemble extant fungi.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
[94][96][97].At
about this same time, approximately 400 Ma, the Ascomycota and
Basidiomycota diverged,[98]
and all modern classes of fungi were present by the
Late Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian, 318.1–299 Ma).^At about this same time, approximately 400 Ma, the Ascomycota and Basidiomycota diverged, [97 ] and all modern classes of fungi were present by the Late Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian , 318.1299 Ma).
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Fungal fossil diversity increased throughout the Paleozoic Era (Taylor et al., 1994b) with all modern classes reported in the Pennsylvanian Epoch (320-286 mya).
Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCtolweb.org [Source type: Academic]
Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCtolweb.org [Source type: Academic]
Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCtolweb.org [Source type: Academic]
^Basidiomycota, be modified as a dolipore or which may, in Ascomycota, be associated with Woronin bodies; characteristic of higher fungi (Hawksworth et al.
ABRS | Fungi of Australia glossary27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.environment.gov.au [Source type: Academic]
.Lichen-like fossils have
been found in the Doushantuo Formation in southern
China dating back to 635–551 Ma.^Lichen -like fossils have been found in the Doushantuo Formation in southern China dating back to 635551 Ma.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Lichens were a component of the early terrestrial ecosystems, and the estimated age of the oldest terrestrial lichen fossil is 400 Ma; [100 ] this date corresponds to the age of the oldest known sporocarp fossil, a Paleopyrenomycites species found in the Rhynie Chert.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Churchyard lecanactis is a rare lichen that grows in crust-like formations.
Fungi - sorted by common name - ARKive27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.arkive.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Fungi - sorted by scientific name - ARKive27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.arkive.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[100].Lichens were a component of the early terrestrial ecosystems, and
the estimated age of the oldest terrestrial lichen fossil is
400 Ma;[101]
this date corresponds to the age of the oldest known sporocarp
fossil, a Paleopyrenomycites species found in the Rhynie
Chert.^Lichens were a component of the early terrestrial ecosystems, and the estimated age of the oldest terrestrial lichen fossil is 400 Ma; [100 ] this date corresponds to the age of the oldest known sporocarp fossil, a Paleopyrenomycites species found in the Rhynie Chert.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^The oldest fossil with microscopic features resembling modern-day basidiomycetes is Palaeoancistr us , found permineralized with a fern from the Pennsylvanian.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Laboulbeniineae are a group of about 150 species of fungi found on insects, especially beetles, and principally known from the researches of Thaxter in America.
Fungi - LoveToKnow 191127 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[102].The oldest fossil with microscopic features resembling modern-day
basidiomycetes is Palaeoancistrus, found permineralized
with a fern from the
Pennsylvanian.^The oldest fossil with microscopic features resembling modern-day basidiomycetes is Palaeoancistr us , found permineralized with a fern from the Pennsylvanian.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Fossilized hyphae and spores recovered from the Ordovician of Wisco nsin (460 Ma) resemble modern-day Glomerales , and existed at a time when the land flora likely consisted of only non-vascular bryophyte -like plants.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
[103].Rare in the fossil record are the homobasidiomycetes (a taxon roughly equivalent to the
mushroom-producing species of the agaricomycetes).^Rare in the fossil record are the homobasidiomycetes (a taxon roughly equivalent to the mushroom-producing species of the agaricomycetes ).
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^"Fossil mushrooms from Miocene and Cretaceous ambers and the evolution of homobasidiomycetes".
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Fungi reproduce via spores , which are often produced on specialized structures or in fruiting bodies , such as the head of a mushroom.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
.Two amber-preserved specimens provide evidence that
the earliest known mushroom-forming fungi (the extinct species
Archaeomarasmius legletti) appeared during the mid-Cretaceous,
90 Ma.^Based on two amber -preserved specimens, the earliest known mushroom-forming fungi (the extinct species Archaeomarasmius legletti ) appeared during the mid-Cretaceous , 90 Ma.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^The cytology of these forms is very little known; Dangeard states that there is a fusion of two nuclei in the chlamydospore, but this requires confirmation .
Fungi - LoveToKnow 191127 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^The most commonly known basidiocarps are mushrooms, but they may also take other forms (see Morphology section).
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
.Some time after the Permian-Triassic extinction event
(251.4 Ma), a fungal spike (originally thought to be an
extraordinary abundance of fungal spores in sediments) formed, suggesting that fungi were
the dominant life form at this time, representing nearly 100% of
the available fossil record for this period.^Some time after the Permian-Triassic extinction event (251.4 Ma), a fungal spike (originally thought to be an extraordinary abundance of fungal spores in sediments ) formed, suggesting that fungi were the dominant life form at this time, representing nearly 100% of the available fossil record for this period.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Fungal Ecology: It has recently been estimated that some 1.5 x 106 species of fungi are thought to exist, with about 80,000 species or only 5% having yet having been described, making the fungi one of the most speciose groups of organisms on the planet.
NJ Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.eboehm.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^Lamisil Anti Fungal Medicine Lamisil is a commercially produced drug that is widely available and taken as tablet form.
Nail Fungus Remedy | Nail Fungus Help27 January 2010 23:54 UTCacrylicnailfungus.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[106].However, the relative proportion of fungal spores relative to
spores formed by algal species
is difficult to assess,[107]
the spike did not appear worldwide,[108][109
] and in many places it did not fall on the
Permian-Triassic boundary.^However, the relative proportion of fungal spores relative to spores formed by algal species is difficult to assess, [106 ] the spike did not appear worldwide, [107 ] [108 ] and in many places it did not fall on the Permian-Triassic boundary.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Most of the fungal species are capable of producing spores in great masses.
Role of Fungi in Coffee Plantation Ecology (INeedCoffee.com)27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.ineedcoffee.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^These usually are species that produce large numbers of spores, and examples include many species pathogenic on agricultural crops and trees.
Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCtolweb.org [Source type: Academic]
Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCtolweb.org [Source type: Academic]
Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCtolweb.org [Source type: Academic]
.Even though traditionally included in many botany curricula and
textbooks, fungi are now thought to be more closely related to animals than to plants and are
placed with the animals in the monophyletic group of
opisthokonts.^Back to top ] Even though traditionally included in many botany curricula and textbooks, fungi are now thought to be more closely related to animals than to plants and are placed with the animals in the monophyletic group of opisthokonts .
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Many fungi are parasites on plants, animals (including humans), and other fungi.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^The discipline of biology devoted to the study of fungi is known as mycology , which is often regarded as a branch of botany , even though geneti c studies have shown that fungi are more closely related to animals than to plants.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
[111].Analyses using molecular phylogenetics support
a monophyletic origin of the Fungi.^Besides molecular phylogenetic data, few traits unite animals and fungi and their proposed protistan allies.
The Protistan Origins of Animals and Fungi -- Steenkamp et al. 23 (1): 93 -- Molecular Biology and Evolution25 September 2009 1:53 UTCmbe.oxfordjournals.org [Source type: Academic]
^Besides molecular phylogenetic data, few traits unite animals and fungi with each other, much less with their protistan allies.
The Protistan Origins of Animals and Fungi -- Steenkamp et al. 23 (1): 93 -- Molecular Biology and Evolution25 September 2009 1:53 UTCmbe.oxfordjournals.org [Source type: Academic]
^Prior classification systems of Fungi based primarily on morphology are in need of updating to more accurately reflect phylogenetic relationships as determined by molecular systematics.
Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCtolweb.org [Source type: Academic]
Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCtolweb.org [Source type: Academic]
[37].The taxonomy of the Fungi
is in a state of constant flux, especially due to recent research
based on DNA comparisons.^The taxonomy of the Fungi is in a state of constant flux, especially due to recent research based on DNA comparisons.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Evolution of nematode-trapping cells of predatory fungi of the Orbiliaceae based on evidence from rRNA-encoding DNA and multiprotein sequences ".
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Laboulbeniineae are a group of about 150 species of fungi found on insects, especially beetles, and principally known from the researches of Thaxter in America.
Fungi - LoveToKnow 191127 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.These current phylogenetic analyses often
overturn classifications based on older and sometimes less
discriminative methods based on morphological features and
biological species concepts obtained from experimental matings.^These current phylogenetic analyses often overturn classifications based on older and sometimes less discriminative methods based on morphological features and biological species concep ts obtained from experimental matings .
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^The biological species concept discriminates species based on their ability to mate .
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^"Phylogenetic species recognition and species concepts in fungi".
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
.There is no unique generally accepted system at the higher
taxonomic levels and there are frequent name changes at every
level, from species upwards.^There is no unique generally accepted system at the higher taxonomic levels and there are frequent name changes at every level, from species upwards.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^There is currently no known way to boost your immune system to make fungal infections less likely.
Toenail and Nail Fungus Treatments and Remedies for Onychomycosis and Fungal Infection27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.nail-fungus-treatment.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^You wouldn't be expected to know the names of every person in your country so don't expect to memorize all the various species as there are millions of them.
Paramecium - www.101science.com22 September 2009 20:18 UTCwww.101science.com [Source type: Academic]
.Efforts among researchers are now
underway to establish and encourage usage of a unified and more
consistent nomenclature.^Efforts among researchers are now underway to establish and encourage usage of a unified and more consistent nomenclature .
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
[37][113].Fungal species can also have multiple scientific names depending on
their life cycle and mode (sexual or asexual) of reproduction.^Fungal species can also have multiple scientific names depending on their life cycle and mode (sexual or asexual) of reproduction.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Environmental conditions trigger genetically determined developmental programs that lead to the creation of specialized structures for sexual or asexual reproduction.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Sexual reproduction by oogonia and antheridia; asexual reproduction by zoospores or conidia.
Fungi - LoveToKnow 191127 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.Web
sites such as Index Fungorum and ITIS list
current names of fungal species (with cross-references to older
synonyms).^Web sites such as Index Fungorum and ITIS list current names of fungal species (with cross-references to older synonyms).
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^In between the extremes are fungal infections associated with diseases such as diabetes, cancer and other conditions including cross infections amongst humans.
Mold & Fungus27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.tuberose.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^The web site says there will be some changes in early Fall (hope AC/DC isn't what they are referring to...
Punknews.org | XM Radio Punk Station Fungus 53 Replaced with 24/7 AC/DC27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.punknews.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.The 2007 classification of Kingdom Fungi is the result of a
large-scale collaborative research effort involving dozens of
mycologists and other scientists working on fungal taxonomy.^The 2007 classification of Kingdom Fungi is the result of a large-scale collaborative research effort involving dozens of mycologists and other scientists working on fungal taxonomy .
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCtolweb.org [Source type: Academic]
Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCtolweb.org [Source type: Academic]
Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCtolweb.org [Source type: Academic]
^The fungal kingdom is defined by several featuressome shared with other organisms, others unique to the fungi: .
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
[37].It recognizes seven phyla, two
of which—the Ascomycota and the Basidiomycota—are contained within
a branch representing subkingdom Dikarya.^It recognizes seven phyla , two of whichthe Ascomycota and the Basidiomycotaare contained within a branch representing subkingdom Dikarya.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Basidiomycota is one of two large that, together with the Ascomycota , comprise the subkingdom Dikarya (often referred to as the "Higher Fungi" ) within the Kingdom Fungi .
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Subkingdom (1): Dikarya Phylum (8): Anamorph · Ascomycota · Basidiomycota · Blastocladiomycota · Chytridiomycota · Glomeromycota · Microsporidia · Zygomycota Species : ZipcodeZoo has pages for 193,639 species and subspecies in the Kingdom Fungi .
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
The below cladogram depicts the major
fungal taxa and their
relationship to opisthokont and unikont organisms. .The lengths of
the branches in this tree are not proportional to evolutionary distances.^The lengths of the branches in this tree are not proportional to evolutionary distances.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Our results, together with the moderate length of the nucleariid branch in phylogenetic trees ( figs.
The Protistan Origins of Animals and Fungi -- Steenkamp et al. 23 (1): 93 -- Molecular Biology and Evolution25 September 2009 1:53 UTCmbe.oxfordjournals.org [Source type: Academic]
.The major phyla (sometimes
called divisions) of fungi have been classified mainly on the basis
of characteristics of their sexual reproductive structures.^See also: List of fungal orders The major phyla (sometimes called divisions) of fungi have been classified based mainly on the characteristics of their sexual reproductive structures.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Fungi can be identified on the basis of a number of macroscopic and microscopic characteristics, including, spore structure, cap shape and colour, presence of gills or tubes, flesh colour, smell and habitat.
^Environmental conditions trigger genetically determined developmental programs that lead to the creation of specialized structures for sexual or asexual reproduction.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
.Currently, seven
phyla are proposed: Microsporidia, Chytridiomycota,
Blastocladiomycota, Neocallimastigomycota, Glomeromycota,
Ascomycota, and Basidiomycota.^Currently, seven phyla are proposed: Microsporidia, Chytridiomycota, Blastocladiomycota, Neocallimastigomycota, Neocallimastigomycota, Glo meromycota, Ascomycota, and Basidiomycota.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Recent molecular data and ultrastructural characteristics, however, place the Blastocladiomycota as a sister clade to the Zygomycota, Glomeromycota, and Dikarya (Ascomycota and Basiomycota).
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Subkingdom (1): Dikarya Phylum (8): Anamorph · Ascomycota · Basidiomycota · Blastocladiomycota · Chytridiomycota · Glomeromycota · Microsporidia · Zygomycota Species : ZipcodeZoo has pages for 193,639 species and subspecies in the Kingdom Fungi .
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
.Phylogenetic analysis has demonstrated that the Microsporidia,
unicellular parasites of animals and protists, are fairly recent
and highly derived endobiotic fungi (living within the tissue
of another species).^Microsporidia are highly specialized intracellular parasites (primarily of animals) that lack mitochondria but have chitin and trehalose in their spores (similar to Fungi).
Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCtolweb.org [Source type: Academic]
Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCtolweb.org [Source type: Academic]
Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCtolweb.org [Source type: Academic]
^The most revolutionary addition to the fungal lineage has occurred with phylogenetic evidence indicating the protist group microsporidia is closely related to Fungi–possibly derived from zygomycetes (Keeling, 2003) or sister to the genus Rozella on the earliest branch in the fungal kingdom (James et al., 2006a).
Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCtolweb.org [Source type: Academic]
Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCtolweb.org [Source type: Academic]
Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCtolweb.org [Source type: Academic]
^It contains less than 200 species, chiefly parasitic on or in algae and other water-plants or animals, of various kinds, or in other fungi, seedlings, pollen and higher plants.
Fungi - LoveToKnow 191127 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[91][114].One 2006 study concludes that the Microsporidia are a sister group
to the true fungi, that is, they are each other's closest
evolutionary relative.^Dating the evolutionary radiations of the true fungi.
Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCtolweb.org [Source type: Academic]
^In addition, one of these lineages, Nuclearia , is specifically assigned as the sister taxon to fungi ( figs.
The Protistan Origins of Animals and Fungi -- Steenkamp et al. 23 (1): 93 -- Molecular Biology and Evolution25 September 2009 1:53 UTCmbe.oxfordjournals.org [Source type: Academic]
^More recently the nuclearid amoebae have been demonstrated to be a sister group to the Fungi with strong support (Steenkamp et al., 2006).
Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCtolweb.org [Source type: Academic]
[115].Hibbett and colleagues suggest that this analysis does not clash
with their classification of the Fungi, and although the
Microsporidia are elevated to phylum status, it is acknowledged
that further analysis is required to clarify evolutionary
relationships within this group.^Evolutionary relationships within the fungi: analysis of nuclear small subunit rRNA sequences.
Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCtolweb.org [Source type: Academic]
Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCtolweb.org [Source type: Academic]
Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCtolweb.org [Source type: Academic]
^Prior classification systems of Fungi based primarily on morphology are in need of updating to more accurately reflect phylogenetic relationships as determined by molecular systematics.
Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCtolweb.org [Source type: Academic]
Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCtolweb.org [Source type: Academic]
Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCtolweb.org [Source type: Academic]
^Phylogenetic analysis has demonstrated conclusively that the Microsporidia , unicellular parasites of animals and protists, are fairly recent and highly derived endobiotic fungi (living within the tissue of another species), [113 ] [90 ] [114 ] and they were given phylum status in 2007.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
.The Chytridiomycota are commonly known as
chytrids.^The Chytridiomycota are commonly known as chytrids.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
.These fungi are distributed worldwide.^These fungi are distributed worldwide.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
.Chytrids produce
zoospores that are capable
of active movement through aqueous phases with a single flagellum, leading early taxonomists to classify them as protists.^Chytrids produce zoospores that are capable of active movement through aqueous phases with a single flagellum , leading early taxonomists to classify them as protists .
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
.Molecular phylogenies, inferred
from rRNA
sequences in ribosomes,
suggest that the Chytrids are a basal group divergent from the
other fungal phyla, consisting of four major clades with suggestive evidence for paraphyly or possibly polyphyly.^Molecular phylogenies , inferred from rRNA sequences in ribosomes , suggest that the Chytrids are a basal group divergent from the other fungal phyla, consisting of four major clades with suggestive evidence for paraphyly or possibly polyphyly .
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Evolution of nematode-trapping cells of predatory fungi of the Orbiliaceae based on evidence from rRNA-encoding DNA and multiprotein sequences ".
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Previous classifications placed early-diverging fungal groups (non-Ascomycota or Basidiomycota) into two phyla: Chytridiomycota and Zygomycota.
Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCtolweb.org [Source type: Academic]
Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCtolweb.org [Source type: Academic]
Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCtolweb.org [Source type: Academic]
.The Blastocladiomycota were previously
considered a taxonomic clade within the Chytridiomycota.^The B lastocladiomycota were previously considered a taxonomic clade within the Chytridiomycota.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
.Recent
molecular data and ultrastructural characteristics,
however, place the Blastocladiomycota as a sister clade to the
Zygomycota, Glomeromycota, and Dikarya (Ascomycota and
Basiomycota).^Recent molecular data and ultrastructural characteristics, however, place the Blastocladiomycota as a sister clade to the Zygomycota, Glomeromycota, and Dikarya (Ascomycota and Basiomycota).
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Fungi that were placed in the Zygomycota are now being reassigned to the Glomeromycota, or the subphyla incertae sedis Mucoromycotina , Kickxellomycotina , the Zoopagomycotina and the Entomophthoromycotina .
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Subkingdom (1): Dikarya Phylum (8): Anamorph · Ascomycota · Basidiomycota · Blastocladiomycota · Chytridiomycota · Glomeromycota · Microsporidia · Zygomycota Species : ZipcodeZoo has pages for 193,639 species and subspecies in the Kingdom Fungi .
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
.The blastocladiomycetes are saprotrophs, feeding on
decomposing organic matter, and they are parasites of all
eukaryotic groups.^Wines will not go bad sitting three months on their yeast lees, but could go bad sitting on gross lees containing bits of fruit pulp or other decomposing organic matter.
Welcome to Jack Keller's WineBlog7 January 2010 5:30 UTCwinemaking.jackkeller.net [Source type: Original source]
^The derived nature of the EF-1 insertion is confirmed by its absence from representatives of all the major groups of nonopisthokont eukaryotes ( fig.
The Protistan Origins of Animals and Fungi -- Steenkamp et al. 23 (1): 93 -- Molecular Biology and Evolution25 September 2009 1:53 UTCmbe.oxfordjournals.org [Source type: Academic]
^The alignment shown includes representatives of all the major eukaryote and archaeal groups and corresponds to positions 153238 of the Homo sapiens EF-1 sequence.
The Protistan Origins of Animals and Fungi -- Steenkamp et al. 23 (1): 93 -- Molecular Biology and Evolution25 September 2009 1:53 UTCmbe.oxfordjournals.org [Source type: Academic]
.Unlike their close relatives, the chytrids,
which mostly exhibit zygotic meiosis, the
blastocladiomycetes undergo sporic meiosis.^Unlike their close relatives, the chytrids, which mostly exhibit zygotic meiosis , the blastocladiomycetes undergo sporic meiosis .
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^The life cycles of most chytrids are poorly studied, but some (Blastocladiomycota) are known to have zygotic meiosis (therefore, alternation between haploid and diploid generations).
Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCtolweb.org [Source type: Academic]
.The Neocallimastigomycota were
earlier placed in the phylum Chytridomycota.^The Neocallimastigomycota were earlier placed in the phylum Chytridomycota.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
.Members of this small
phylum are anaerobic organisms, living in the
digestive system of larger herbivorous mammals and possibly in
other terrestrial and aquatic environments.^Members of this small phylum are anaerobic organisms , living in the digestive system of larger herbivorous mammals and possibly in other terrestrial and aquatic environments.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^All of these microscopic organisms live in warm, moist environments, including swimming pools and showers.
Toenail and Nail Fungus Treatments and Remedies for Onychomycosis and Fungal Infection27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.nail-fungus-treatment.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^Most grow in terrestrial environments, but several species live partly or solely in aquatic habitats, such as the chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis , which has been responsible for a worldwide decline in amphibian populations.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
.They lack mitochondria but contain hydrogenosomes of
mitochondrial origin.^They lack mitochondria but contain hydrogenosomes of mitochondrial origin.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
.As the related chrytrids,
neocallimastigomycetes form zoospores that are posteriorly
uniflagellate or polyflagellate.^As the rela ted chrytrids, neocallimastigomycetes form zoospores that are posteriorly uniflagellate or polyflagellate.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
.Members of the Glomeromycota form arbuscular mycorrhizae, a form of symbiosis where fungal
hyphae invade plant root cells and both species benefit from the
resulting increased supply of nutrients.^"Arbuscular mycorrhiza: the mother of plant root endosymbioses".
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Members of the Glomeromycota form arbuscular mycorrhizas (AMs) with the roots or thalli (e.g.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^"Coevolution of roots and mycorrhizas of land plants".
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
.All known Glomeromycota
species reproduce asexually.^All known Glomeromycota species reproduce asexually.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
[68].The symbiotic association between the Glomeromycota and plants is
ancient, with evidence dating to 400 million years ago.^As the sister group of animals and part of the eukaryotic crown group that radiated about a billion years ago, the fungi constitute an independent group equal in rank to that of plants and animals.
Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCtolweb.org [Source type: Academic]
^They are among the most primitive insects, having been identified as fossils from the Devonian period, over 400 million years ago, and thus antedating any other known insect fossils (Jeannel, 1960).
Urban Entomology [Ebeling Chap. 10] Pests in Excessively Damp Locations<27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.entomology.ucr.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[116].Formerly part of the Zygomycota (commonly known as 'sugar' and
'pin' molds), the Glomeromycota were elevated to phylum status in
2001 and now replace the older phylum Zygomycota.^Formerly part of the Zygomycota (commonly known as 'sugar' and 'pin' molds), the Glomeromycota were elevated to phylum status in 2001 and now replace the older phylum Zygomycota.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Some well-known examples of fungi formerly in the Zygomycota include black bread mold ( Rhizopus stolonifer ), and Pilobolus species, capable of ejecting spores several meters through the air.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
[117].Fungi that were placed in the Zygomycota are now being reassigned
to the Glomeromycota, or the subphyla incertae sedisMucoromycotina, Kickxellomycotina, the Zoopagomycotina
and the Entomophthoromycotina.^Fungi that were placed in the Zygomycota are now being reassigned to the Glomeromycota, or the subphyla incertae sedis Mucoromycotina , Kickxellomycotina , the Zoopagomycotina and the Entomophthoromycotina .
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^However, evidence for a monophyletic Zygomycota is lacking (Seif et al., 2005), and the deconstruction of the Zygomycota into four unordered subphyla (Entomophthoromycotina, Kickxellomycotina, Mucoromycotina, Zoopagomycotina) has been proposed (Hibbett et al., 2007).
Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCtolweb.org [Source type: Academic]
Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCtolweb.org [Source type: Academic]
Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCtolweb.org [Source type: Academic]
^Recent molecular data and ultrastructural characteristics, however, place the Blastocladiomycota as a sister clade to the Zygomycota, Glomeromycota, and Dikarya (Ascomycota and Basiomycota).
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
[37].Some well-known examples of fungi formerly in the Zygomycota
include black bread mold (Rhizopus
stolonifer), and Pilobolus species, capable of ejecting
spores several meters through
the air.^Some mold spores will be found floating through the air and in house dust.
Mold & Fungus27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.tuberose.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^Edible mushrooms are well-known examples of fungi.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Some well-known examples of fungi formerly in the Zygomycota include black bread mold ( Rhizopus stolonifer ), and Pilobolus species, capable of ejecting spores several meters through the air.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
[118].Medically relevant genera include Mucor, Rhizomucor, and Rhizopus.^Medically relevant genera include Mucor , Rhizomucor , and Rhizopus .
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Rhizopus differs from Absidia , Mucor , and Rhizomucor by having simple sporangiophores arising opposite rhizoids at nodes.
Aquatic Pathogens-Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.env.gov.bc.ca [Source type: Academic]
Diagram of an apothecium (the typical cup-like
reproductive structure of Ascomycetes) showing sterile tissues as
well as developing and mature asci.
.The Ascomycota,
commonly known as sac fungi or ascomycetes, constitute the largest
taxonomic group within the Eumycota.^The Ascomycota are a of the kingdom Fungi , and subkingdom Dikarya , whose members are commonly known as the Sac Fungi .
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^The Ascomycota , commonly known as sac fungi or ascomycetes, constitute the largest taxonomic group within the Eumycota.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Members of the Basidiomycota , commonly known as the club fungi or basidiomycetes, produce meiospores called basidiospores o n club-like stalks called basidia .
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
[36].These fungi form meiotic spores called ascospores, which are enclosed in a special
sac-like structure called an ascus.^These specialized spores are called basidiospores .
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^These fungi form meiotic spores called ascospores , which are enclosed in a special sac-like structure called an ascus .
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
.This phylum includes morels, a few mushrooms and truffles, single-celled yeasts (e.g., of the genera Saccharomyces,
Kluyveromyces, Pichia, and Candida), and many filamentous
fungi living as saprotrophs, parasites, and mutualistic symbionts.^This phylum includes morels , a few mushrooms and truffles , single-celled yeasts (e.g., of t he genera Saccharomyces , Kluyveromyces , Pichia , and Candida ), and many filamentous fungi living as saprotrophs, parasites, and mutualistic symbionts.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Termites on the African savannah are also known to cultivate fungi, [143 ] and yeasts of the genera Candida and Lachancea inhabit the gut of a wide range of insects, including neuropterans , beetles , and cockroaches ; it is not known whether these fungi benefit their hosts.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Milk mushrooms , morels , chanterelles , truffles , black trumpets , and porcini mushrooms ( Boletus edulis ) (also known as king boletes) demand a high price on the market.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
.Prominent and important genera of filamentous ascomycetes include
Aspergillus, Penicillium,
Fusarium, and
Claviceps.^Prominent and important genera of filamentous ascomycetes include Aspergillus , Penicillium , Fusarium , and Claviceps .
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Among the genera most frequently found in numbers exceeding levels that they reach outdoors are Aspergillus, Penicillium, Stachybotrys , and Cladosporium .
Mold & Fungus27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.tuberose.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.Many ascomycete species
have only been observed undergoing asexual reproduction (called anamorphic species), but analysis of
molecular data has often been able to identify their closest teleomorphs in the Ascomycota.^Many ascomycete species have only been observed undergoing asexual reproduction (called anamorphic species), but analysis of molecular data has often been able to identify their closest teleomorphs in the Ascomycota.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Micheli not only observed spores, but showed that under the proper conditions, they could be induced into growing into the same species of fungi from which they originated.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Environmental conditions trigger genetically determined developmental programs that lead to the creation of specialized structures for sexual or asexual reproduction.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
[119].Because the products of meiosis are retained within the sac-like
ascus, ascomycetes have been used for elucidating principles of
genetics and heredity (e.g.^Because the products of meiosis are retained within the sac-like ascus, ascomycetes have been used for elucidating principles of genetics and heredity (e.g.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^The interaction probabilities in Supplementary Tables S7 and S8 are likely to be underestimated because the MIPS complexes used as a 'gold standard' are themselves imperfect 26 .
Global landscape of protein complexes in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae : Nature19 September 2009 0:51 UTCwww.nature.com [Source type: Academic]
^The Ascomycota , commonly known as sac fungi or ascomycetes, constitute the largest taxonomic group within the Eumycota.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
.Members of the Basidiomycota, commonly known as the club
fungi or basidiomycetes, produce meiospores called basidiospores on
club-like stalks called basidia.^Members of the Basidiomycota , commonly known as the club fungi or basidiomycetes, produce meiospores called basidiospores o n club-like stalks called basidia .
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Fungi are used extensively to produce industrial chemicals like citric , gluconic , lactic , and malic acids , antibiotics, and even to make stonewashed jeans .
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Basically, Basidiomycota are filamentous fungi composed of hyphae (except for those forming yeasts), and reproducing sexually via the formation of specialized club-shaped end cells called basidia that normally bear external meiospores (usually four).
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
.Most common mushrooms belong to this
group, as well as rust and smut fungi, which are major pathogens of
grains.^Fungi, including those pathogenic to humans and animals, are eukaryotic microorganisms that can be conveniently separated into two basic groups, moulds and yeasts.
Aquatic Pathogens-Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.env.gov.bc.ca [Source type: Academic]
^Included in the group "fungi" are yeasts, molds and mildews, as well as large mushrooms, puffballs and bracket fungi that grow on dead trees.
Mold & Fungus27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.tuberose.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^Most of the dimorphic fungi, yeasts and dangerous opportunistic pathogens are capable of causing systemic mycoses.
Aquatic Pathogens-Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.env.gov.bc.ca [Source type: Academic]
.Because of similarities in morphology and lifestyle, the slime
molds (myxomycetes) and water molds (oomycetes) were formerly
classified in the kingdom Fungi.^Because of similarities in morphology and lifestyle, the slime molds (myxomycetes) and water molds (oomycetes) were formerly classified in the kingdom Fungi.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^This fungal group is distinct from the structurally similar slime molds (myxomycetes) and water molds (oomycetes).
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Other organisms that were previously considered to be Fungi because of their heterotrophic, mold-like growth forms are now classified as stramenopiles (Oomycota, Hyphochytriomycota, and Labyrinthulomycota) or slime molds (Myxomycota, Plasmodiomycota, Dictyosteliomycota, Acrasiomycota) (Bhattacharya et al., 1992; Leipe et al., 1994; Van der Auwera et al., 1995).
Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCtolweb.org [Source type: Academic]
Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCtolweb.org [Source type: Academic]
.Unlike true fungi the cell walls
of these organisms contain cellulose and lack chitin.^One major difference is that fungal cells have cell walls that contain chitin , unlike the cell walls of plants, which contain cellulose .
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Unlike true fungi the cell walls of these organisms contain cellulose and lack chitin.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^This finding is significant because Nuclearia lacks a cell wall and has phagotrophic nutrition in which the food source (such as a bacterium or algal cell) is engulfed wholly, unlike fungi and microsporidia which utilize absorptive nutrition.
Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCtolweb.org [Source type: Academic]
.Slime molds
are unikonts like fungi, but
are grouped in the Amoebozoa.^Included in the group "fungi" are yeasts, molds and mildews, as well as large mushrooms, puffballs and bracket fungi that grow on dead trees.
Mold & Fungus27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.tuberose.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Water molds are diploid bikonts, grouped in the Chromalveolate
kingdom. .Neither water molds nor slime molds are closely related to
the true fungi, and, therefore, taxonomists no longer
group them in the kingdom Fungi.^After the source of the moisture has stopped, it does not mean that the mold is no longer dangerous.
Mold & Fungus27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.tuberose.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^They usually appear 3 or 4 months or as long as a year after the walls of a building are plastered, and disappear after the walls are thoroughly dry and can no longer support the growth of molds.
Urban Entomology [Ebeling Chap. 10] Pests in Excessively Damp Locations<27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.entomology.ucr.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^All the forms have the same life-history as the lepto forms of that group, so that there is no longer any trace of sexual organs.
Fungi - LoveToKnow 191127 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.Nonetheless, studies of the
oomycetes and myxomycetes are still often included in mycology textbooks and
primary research literature.^Nonetheless, studies of the oomycetes and myxomycetes are still often included in mycology textbooks and primary research literature.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
.The nucleariids,
currently grouped in the Choanozoa, may be a sister group to the
eumycete clade, and as such could be included in an expanded fungal
kingdom.^The nucleariids , currently grouped in the Choanozoa , may be a sister group to the eumycete clade, and as such could be included in an expanded fungal kingdom.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^In between the extremes are fungal infections associated with diseases such as diabetes, cancer and other conditions including cross infections amongst humans.
Mold & Fungus27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.tuberose.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^Domain: Eukaryota Whittaker & Margulis,1978 - eukaryotes Kingdom: Fungi (Linnaeus, 1753) Nees, 1817 The Kingdom Fungi is further organized into finer groupings including: .
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
.Although often inconspicuous, fungi occur in every environment
on Earth and play very important
roles in most ecosystems.^Back to top ] Although often inconspicuous, fungi occur in every environment on Earth and play very important roles in most ecosystems .
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Lichens occur in every ecosystem on all continents, play a key role in soil formation and the initiation of biological succession , [136 ] and are the dominating life forms in extreme environments, including polar , alpine , and semiarid desert regions.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Hanseniaspora uvarum is important in the first phase of grape fermentation and play a role in the production of certain flavours beneficial for the quality of wine and cider.
Moulds and yeasts17 September 2009 2:34 UTCwww.ourfood.com [Source type: Academic]
.Along with bacteria, fungi are
the major decomposers in most terrestrial (and some
aquatic) ecosystems, and therefore play a critical role in biogeochemical cycles[126]
and in many food webs.^For most cases of swimmer's ear, over-the-counter ear drops will dry up the ear canal and kill bacteria or fungi.
Aquatic Pathogens-Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.env.gov.bc.ca [Source type: Academic]
^The life cycles of most chytrids are poorly studied, but some (Blastocladiomycota) are known to have zygotic meiosis (therefore, alternation between haploid and diploid generations).
Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCtolweb.org [Source type: Academic]
Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCtolweb.org [Source type: Academic]
^Exceptions to this characterization of fungi are well known, and include the following: Most species of chytrids have cells with a single, smooth, posteriorly inserted flagellum at some stage in the life cycle, and centrioles are associated with nuclear division.
Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCtolweb.org [Source type: Academic]
Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCtolweb.org [Source type: Academic]
.As decomposers, they play an
essential role in nutrient cycling,
especially as saprotrophs and symbionts, degrading organic matter to
inorganic molecules, which can then re-enter anabolic metabolic
pathways in plants or other organisms.^The want of chlorophyll restricts their mode of life - which is rarely aquatic - since they are therefore unable to decompose the carbon dioxide of the atmosphere , and renders them dependent on other plants or (rarely) animals for their carbonaceous food-materials.
Fungi - LoveToKnow 191127 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^Wines will not go bad sitting three months on their yeast lees, but could go bad sitting on gross lees containing bits of fruit pulp or other decomposing organic matter.
Welcome to Jack Keller's WineBlog7 January 2010 5:30 UTCwinemaking.jackkeller.net [Source type: Original source]
^On the other hand, lichens , previously regarded as autonomous plants, are now known to be dual organisms - fungi symbiotic with algae .
Fungi - LoveToKnow 191127 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.Many fungi have important symbiotic relationships with organisms from
most if not all Kingdoms.^Many fungi have important symbiotic relationships with organisms from most if not all Kingdoms .
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^The functions of both symbiotic organisms are so closely intertwined that they function almost as a single organism; in most cases the resulting organism differs greatly from the individual components.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^The fungal kingdom is defined by several featuressome shared with other organisms, others unique to the fungi: .
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
[129][130][131].These interactions can be mutualistic or antagonistic in
nature, or in the case of commensal fungi are of no apparent benefit
or detriment to the host.^These interactions can be mutualistic or antagonistic in nature, or in the case of commensal fungi are of no apparent benefit or detriment to the host.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Termites on the African savannah are also known to cultivate fungi, [143 ] and yeasts of the genera Candida and Lachancea inhabit the gut of a wide range of insects, including neuropterans , beetles , and cockroaches ; it is not known whether these fungi benefit their hosts.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
.Mycorrhizal
symbiosis between plants and fungi is one of the most
well-known plant – fungus associations and is of significant
importance for plant growth and persistence in many ecosystems;
over 90% of all plant species engage in mycorrhizal relationships
with fungi and are dependent upon this relationship for
survival.^Basidiomycetes have always attracted a lot of attention because some of them have large basidiocarps, but the realization that all fungi are important in ecosystem function has drawn more attention to microscopic forms as well.
Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCtolweb.org [Source type: Academic]
Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCtolweb.org [Source type: Academic]
Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCtolweb.org [Source type: Academic]
^Extant chytrid species also occur in terrestrial environments as plant pathogenic fungi, soil fungi, and even as anaerobic inhabitants of the guts of herbivores such as cows (all Neocallimastigomycota).
Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCtolweb.org [Source type: Academic]
Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCtolweb.org [Source type: Academic]
Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCtolweb.org [Source type: Academic]
^Botany Fungi Great Britain Sowerby, James, Handbook of British fungi, with full descriptions of all the species, and illustrations of the genera.
.The mycorrhizal symbiosis is ancient, dating to at least 400
million years ago.^The symbiotic association between the Glomeromycota and plants is ancient, with evidence dating to 400 million years ago.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^The dark filaments are hyphae of the endophytic fungus Neotyphodium coenophialum in the intercellular spaces of tall fescue leaf sheath tissue The mycorrhizal symbiosis is ancient, dating to at least 400 million years ago.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
[116].It often increases the plant's uptake of inorganic compounds, such
as nitrate and phosphate from soils having
low concentrations of these key plant nutrients.^It often increases the plant's uptake of inorganic compounds, such as nitrate and phosphate from soils having low concentrations of these key plant nutrients.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^The larvae of some species feed on fungus in over-watered soil, but there are other species that consume plant roots as a source of nutrients.
Fungus Gnats27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.orkin.com [Source type: General]
^Unlike other flying insects, fully mature fungus gnats often remain low to the ground, close to plants and soil.
Fungus Gnats27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.orkin.com [Source type: General]
[127][136].The fungal partners may also mediate plant-to-plant transfer of
carbohydrates and other nutrients.^The larvae of some species feed on fungus in over-watered soil, but there are other species that consume plant roots as a source of nutrients.
Fungus Gnats27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.orkin.com [Source type: General]
^Most species are carnivorous, but others will sometimes feed on plant tissues, and may occasionally be injurious to crops.
Urban Entomology [Ebeling Chap. 10] Pests in Excessively Damp Locations<27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.entomology.ucr.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^Fungi, like other plants, are often found to store up large quantities of reserve materials (oil, glycogen, carbohydrates, &c.
Fungi - LoveToKnow 191127 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.Such mycorrhizal communities are
called "common mycorrhizal networks".[137]
A special case of mycorrhiza is myco-heterotrophy, whereby the
plant parasitizes the fungus, obtaining all of its nutrients from
its fungal symbiont.^Such mycorrhizal communities are called "common mycorrhizal networks".
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^The larvae of some species feed on fungus in over-watered soil, but there are other species that consume plant roots as a source of nutrients.
Fungus Gnats27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.orkin.com [Source type: General]
^It contains less than 200 species, chiefly parasitic on or in algae and other water-plants or animals, of various kinds, or in other fungi, seedlings, pollen and higher plants.
Fungi - LoveToKnow 191127 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[138].Some fungal species inhabit the tissues inside roots, stems, and
leaves, in which case they are called endophytes.^Some species inhabit the tissues inside roots, stems, and leaves, in which case they are called endophytes.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Some fungus gnat larvae are known for their propensity to feed on the roots and lower stem tissues of plants.
Fungus Gnat Larvae27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.orkin.com [Source type: General]
^The larvae of some species feed on fungus in over-watered soil, but there are other species that consume plant roots as a source of nutrients.
Fungus Gnats27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.orkin.com [Source type: General]
[139].Similar to mycorrhiza, endophytic colonization by fungi may benefit
both symbionts; for example, endophytes of grasses impart to their
host increased resistance to herbivores and other environmental
stresses and receive food and shelter from the plant in return.^Similar to mycorrhiza, endophytic colonization by fungi may benefit both symbionts; for example, endophytes of grasses impart to their host increased resistance to herbivores and other environmental stresses and receive food and shelter from the plant in return.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Other fungi produce secondary metabolites such as aflatoxins that may be potent toxins and carcinogens in food of birds, fish, humans, and other mammals.
Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCtolweb.org [Source type: Academic]
^Leaf and stem endophytes are a more recent discovery, and some of these fungi can protect the plants they inhabit from herbivory and even influence flowering and other aspects of plant reproductive biology.
Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCtolweb.org [Source type: Academic]
.Lichens are formed by a symbiotic
relationship between algae or cyanobacteria
(referred to in lichen terminology as "photobionts") and fungi
(mostly various species of ascomycetes and a few basidiomycetes), in which individual
photobiont cells are embedded in a tissue formed by the fungus.^Lichens are formed by a symbiotic relationship between algae or cyanobacteria (referred to in lichen terminology as "photobionts") and fungi (mostly various species of ascomycetes and a few basidiomycetes ), in which individual photobiont cells are embedded in a tissue formed by the fungus.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Interactions between various wod-decay fungi and bacteria: antibiosis, attack, lysis, or inhibition.
AGARICS, BOLETES AND CHANTERELLES - REFERENCES25 September 2009 1:53 UTCwww.naturewatch.ca [Source type: Academic]
^As regards its composition, the cell-wall of fungi exhibits variations of the same kind as those met with in higher plants.
Fungi - LoveToKnow 191127 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[141].Lichens occur in every ecosystem on all continents, play a key role
in soil formation and the initiation of biological succession,[142]
and are the dominating life forms in extreme environments,
including polar,
alpine, and semiarid desert regions.^All molecular studies have shown that microsporidia evolve at an extremely accelerated rate of evolution, making their placement in the Tree of Life difficult.
Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCtolweb.org [Source type: Academic]
Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCtolweb.org [Source type: Academic]
^Although lichens may seem infrequent in polluted cities, they can form the dominant vegetation in nordic environments, and there is a better than 80% chance that any plant you find is mycorrhizal.
Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCtolweb.org [Source type: Academic]
Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCtolweb.org [Source type: Academic]
^Extant chytrid species also occur in terrestrial environments as plant pathogenic fungi, soil fungi, and even as anaerobic inhabitants of the guts of herbivores such as cows (all Neocallimastigomycota).
Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCtolweb.org [Source type: Academic]
Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCtolweb.org [Source type: Academic]
[143].They are able to grow on inhospitable surfaces, including bare
soil, rocks, tree bark, wood,
shells, barnacles and leaves.^They are able to grow on inhospitable surfaces, including bare soil, rocks, tree bark , wood, shells, barnacles and leaves.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Slow growing, they form a gradually enlarging core called a pina from which the leaves grow.
Welcome to Jack Keller's WineBlog7 January 2010 5:30 UTCwinemaking.jackkeller.net [Source type: Original source]
^Several groups of ants cultivate fungi in the order Agaricales as their primary food source, while ambrosia beetles cultivate various species of fungi in the bark of trees that they infest.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
[144].As in mycorrhizas, the photobiont provides sugars
and other carbohydrates via photosynthesis, while the fungus
provides minerals and water.^As in mycorrhizas , the photobiont provides sugars and other carbohydrates via photosynthesis , while the fungus provides mineral s and water.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^The larvae of some species feed on fungus in over-watered soil, but there are other species that consume plant roots as a source of nutrients.
Fungus Gnats27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.orkin.com [Source type: General]
^Also fungus problem of fingernail is also evidence that your body is also deficient in some other minerals.
Nail Fungus Remedies on Earth Clinic, Your Source for Natural Cures.27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.earthclinic.com [Source type: General]
.The functions of both symbiotic
organisms are so closely intertwined that they function almost as a
single organism; in most cases the resulting organism differs
greatly from the individual components.^The functions of both symbiotic organisms are so closely intertwined that they function almost as a single organism; in most cases the resulting organism differs greatly from the individual components.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Many fungi have important symbiotic relationships with organisms from most if not all Kingdoms .
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Although they probably have fragmented and are no longer continuous bodies, such organisms give us cause to think about what constitutes an individual.
Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCtolweb.org [Source type: Academic]
Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCtolweb.org [Source type: Academic]
Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCtolweb.org [Source type: Academic]
.Lichenization is a common
mode of nutrition; around 20% of fungi—between 17,500 and 20,000
described species—are lichenized.^Lichenization is a common mode of nutrition; around 20% of fungibetween 17,500 and 20,000 described speciesare lichenized.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Glomeromycota (informally glomeromycetes ) is one of seven currently recognized phyla within the Fungi , with approximately 200 described species.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Lichens are formed by a symbiotic relationship between algae or cyanobacteria (referred to in lichen terminology as "photobionts") and fungi (mostly various species of ascomycetes and a few basidiomycetes ), in which individual photobiont cells are embedded in a tissue formed by the fungus.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
[145].Characteristics common to most lichens include obtaining organic carbon by photosynthesis, slow
growth, small size, long life, long-lasting (seasonal) vegetative reproductive
structures, mineral nutrition obtained largely from airborne
sources, and greater tolerance of dessication than most
other photosynthetic organisms in the same habitat.^The most common organism is Candida albicans .
Aquatic Pathogens-Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.env.gov.bc.ca [Source type: Academic]
^Many species are free-living saprobes (users of carbon fixed by other organisms) in woody substrates, soils, leaf litter, dead animals, and animal exudates.
Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCtolweb.org [Source type: Academic]
Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCtolweb.org [Source type: Academic]
^The life (the Mother)is still in it and can help in many other ways than just a nail fungus problem.
Nail Fungus Remedies on Earth Clinic, Your Source for Natural Cures.27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.earthclinic.com [Source type: General]
.Many insects also engage in mutualistic relationships with
fungi.^Many insects also engage in mutualistic relationships with fungi.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Many fungi have important symbiotic relationships with organisms from most if not all Kingdoms .
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
.Several groups of ants cultivate fungi in the order Agaricales as their
primary food source, while ambrosia beetles
cultivate various species of fungi in the bark of trees that they
infest.^Fungi as food: some Ontario species.
AGARICS, BOLETES AND CHANTERELLES - REFERENCES25 September 2009 1:53 UTCwww.naturewatch.ca [Source type: Academic]
^Several groups of ants cultivate fungi in the order Agaricales as their primary food source, while ambrosia beetles cultivate various species of fungi in the bark of trees that they infest.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Micheli not only observed spores, but showed that under the proper conditions, they could be induced into growing into the same species of fungi from which they originated.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
[147].Similarly, females of several wood wasp species (genus Sirex) inject their eggs together with
spores of the wood-rotting fungus Amylostereum areolatum
into the sapwood of pine trees; the growth of the fungus
provides ideal nutritional conditions for the development of the
wasp larvae.^The genus Bipolaris contains several species.
Aquatic Pathogens-Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.env.gov.bc.ca [Source type: Academic]
^Similarly, females of several wood wasp species (genus Sirex ) inject their eggs together with spores of the wood-rotting fungus Amylostereum areolatum into the sapwood of pine trees; the growth of the fungus provides ideal nutritional conditions for the development of the wasp larvae.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^A pile of damp fabrics stored in the garage had developed a growth of fungus, providing food for the larvae.
Urban Entomology [Ebeling Chap. 10] Pests in Excessively Damp Locations<27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.entomology.ucr.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[148].Termites
on the African savannah are also known to cultivate
fungi,[149]
and yeasts of the genera Candida and Lachancea
inhabit the gut of a
wide range of insects, including neuropterans, beetles, and cockroaches; it is not known whether these
fungi benefit their hosts.^These are known as dimorphic fungi.
Aquatic Pathogens-Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.env.gov.bc.ca [Source type: Academic]
^Fungus beetles are very small insects, ranging from 1 to 3 mm in length.
Urban Entomology [Ebeling Chap. 10] Pests in Excessively Damp Locations<27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.entomology.ucr.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^Fungi, including those pathogenic to humans and animals, are eukaryotic microorganisms that can be conveniently separated into two basic groups, moulds and yeasts.
Aquatic Pathogens-Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.env.gov.bc.ca [Source type: Academic]
.These orange leaves are three to four times larger than the few other green leaves growing out of the stick, and are covered on the lower leaf surface with hundreds of tiny bumps.^All four classifiers were validated by the hold-out method (66% for training and 33% for testing) and ten-times tenfold cross-validation, which gave similar results.
Global landscape of protein complexes in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae : Nature19 September 2009 0:51 UTCwww.nature.com [Source type: Academic]
^The frequency and relative importance of parasexual events is unclear and may be lower than other sexual processes.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^These were larger than others I had encountered but not nearly as large as even the smallest commercial berries.
Welcome to Jack Keller's WineBlog7 January 2010 5:30 UTCwinemaking.jackkeller.net [Source type: Original source]
The background shows the green leaves and branches of neighboring shrubs."
src="http://images-mediawiki-sites.thefullwiki.org/09/2/1/4/40284413417926106.jpg"
width="180" height="135" class="thumbimage" />
The plant pathogen Aecidium magellanicum causes calafate rust, seen here on a Berberis shrub in
Chile.
.Many fungi are parasites on plants, animals (including
humans), and other fungi.^Many fungi are parasites on plants, animals (including humans), and other fungi.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Other fungi produce secondary metabolites such as aflatoxins that may be potent toxins and carcinogens in food of birds, fish, humans, and other mammals.
Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCtolweb.org [Source type: Academic]
Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCtolweb.org [Source type: Academic]
^Many species are free-living saprobes (users of carbon fixed by other organisms) in woody substrates, soils, leaf litter, dead animals, and animal exudates.
Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCtolweb.org [Source type: Academic]
Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCtolweb.org [Source type: Academic]
.Serious pathogens of many cultivated
plants causing extensive damage and losses to agriculture and
forestry include the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae,[151]
tree pathogens such as Ophiostoma
ulmi and Ophiostoma
novo-ulmi causing Dutch elm disease,[152]
and Cryphonectria
parasitica responsible for chestnut blight,[153]
and plant pathogens in the genera Fusarium, Ustilago, Alternaria, and Cochliobolus.^Serious pathogens of many cultivated plants causing extensive damage and losses to agriculture and forestry include the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae , [145 ] tree pathogens such as Ophiostoma ulmi and Ophiostoma novo-ulmi causing Dutch elm disease , [146 ] and Cryphonectria parasitica responsible for chestnut blight , [147 ] and plant pathogens in the genera Fusarium , < i> Ustilago , Alternaria , and Cochliobolus .
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Fungi are our most important plant pathogens, and include rusts, smuts, and many ascomycetes such as the agents of Dutch elm disease and chestnut blight.
Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCtolweb.org [Source type: Academic]
Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCtolweb.org [Source type: Academic]
^A fungus capable of causing an infectious disease is known as a pathogen.
Aquatic Pathogens-Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.env.gov.bc.ca [Source type: Academic]
AGARICS, BOLETES AND CHANTERELLES - REFERENCES25 September 2009 1:53 UTCwww.naturewatch.ca [Source type: Academic]
^Since they are mostly carnivorous, they are able to obtain their moisture requirements to some extent by feeding on the live insects they can capture.
Urban Entomology [Ebeling Chap. 10] Pests in Excessively Damp Locations<27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.entomology.ucr.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^They are used because the same groups of fungi cause disease in humans, animals and plants.
Aquatic Pathogens-Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.env.gov.bc.ca [Source type: Academic]
.Some fungi can cause serious diseases in humans, several of
which may be fatal if untreated.^Some fungi can cause serious diseases in humans, several of which may be fatal if untreated.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^The frost melts during warm periods, and in the more severe cases, water in the attic may drip to the ceiling below and cause damage to the finish.
Urban Entomology [Ebeling Chap. 10] Pests in Excessively Damp Locations<27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.entomology.ucr.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^Diseases caused by fungi are known as mycoses (mycosis).
Aquatic Pathogens-Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.env.gov.bc.ca [Source type: Academic]
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
.Furthermore, persons with immuno-deficiencies are particularly
susceptible to disease by genera such as Aspergillus, Candida,
Cryptoccocus,[134][155][156]Histoplasma,[157]
and Pneumocystis.^Furthermore, persons with immuno-deficiencies are particularly susceptible to disease by genera such as Aspergillus , Candida , Cryptoccocus , [129 ] [149 ] [150 ] Histoplasma , [151 ] and Pneumocystis .
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^There is considerable variation in the pathogenicity of these fungi: some are highly pathogenic and capable of establishing an infection in all exposed individuals, for example the systemic pathogens Histoplasma capsulatum and Coccidioides immitis ; others, such as Candida and Aspergillus species, are opportunist pathogens, which ordinarily cause disease only in an immunocompromised host.
Aquatic Pathogens-Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.env.gov.bc.ca [Source type: Academic]
^Systemic mycoses due to opportunistic pathogens such as Aspergillus , Candida and Cryptococcus species have a more widespread geographical distribution.
Aquatic Pathogens-Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.env.gov.bc.ca [Source type: Academic]
[158].Other fungi can attack eyes, nails, hair, and especially skin, the
so-called dermatophytic and keratinophilic fungi,
and cause local infections such as ringworm and athlete’s foot.^Infections of the eyes and skin by the black fungi could also be classified as phaeohyphomycosis.
Aquatic Pathogens-Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.env.gov.bc.ca [Source type: Academic]
^A number of fungi are involved in this eye infection.
Aquatic Pathogens-Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.env.gov.bc.ca [Source type: Academic]
^Dermatomycosis , infections of the epidermis Superficial-localised to the skin, the hair and the nails.
Aquatic Pathogens-Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.env.gov.bc.ca [Source type: Academic]
[159].Fungal spores are also a cause of allergies, and fungi from
different taxonomic groups can evoke allergic reactions.^Fungal spores are also a cause of allergies , and fungi from different taxonomic groups can evoke allergic reactions.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Another strategy is seen in the stinkhorns , a group of fungi with lively colors and putrid odor that attract insects to disperse their spores.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Fungal spores also cause allergies; however, unlike seasonal pollen production, some fungi can produce spores all year long.
Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCtolweb.org [Source type: Academic]
Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCtolweb.org [Source type: Academic]
.The human use of fungi for food preparation or preservation and
other purposes is extensive and has a long history.^But even in the latter it has a long history of use.
Welcome to Jack Keller's WineBlog7 January 2010 5:30 UTCwinemaking.jackkeller.net [Source type: Original source]
^The human use of fungi for food preparation or preservation and other purposes is extensive and has a long history.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Fungi are used extensively to produce industrial chemicals like citric , gluconic , lactic , and malic acids , antibiotics, and even to make stonewashed jeans .
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
.Mushroom farming and mushroom gathering are large industries in
many countries.^Mushroom farming and mushroom gathering are large industries in many countries.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
.The study of the historical uses and sociological
impact of fungi is known as ethnomycology.^The study of the historical uses and sociological imp act of fungi is known as ethnomycology .
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Contributed By: New York Botanical Garden Tags: Catalonia Fungi Spain Introduction to the study of fungi, their organography, classification, and distribution for the use of collectors.
.Because of the capacity of
this group to produce an enormous range of natural products with antimicrobial or
other biological activities, many species have long been used or
are being developed for industrial production of antibiotics,
vitamins, and anti-cancer and cholesterol-lowering drugs.^In addition a number of fungi are used in the processing and flavoring of foods (baker's and brewer's yeasts, Penicillia in cheese-making) and in production of antibiotics and organic acids.
Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCtolweb.org [Source type: Academic]
Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCtolweb.org [Source type: Academic]
^Many species are free-living saprobes (users of carbon fixed by other organisms) in woody substrates, soils, leaf litter, dead animals, and animal exudates.
Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCtolweb.org [Source type: Academic]
Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCtolweb.org [Source type: Academic]
^These usually are species that produce large numbers of spores, and examples include many species pathogenic on agricultural crops and trees.
Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCtolweb.org [Source type: Academic]
Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCtolweb.org [Source type: Academic]
.More recently,
methods have been developed for genetic engineering of fungi,[161]
enabling metabolic engineering of fungal
species.^More recently, methods have been developed for genetic engineering of fungi, [155 ] enabling metabolic engineering of fungal species.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^More recent studies (2009) estimate the arrival of fungal organisms at about 7601060 Ma based on comparisons of the rate of evolution in closely related groups.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^More recently the nuclearid amoebae have been demonstrated to be a sister group to the Fungi with strong support (Steenkamp et al., 2006).
Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCtolweb.org [Source type: Academic]
Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCtolweb.org [Source type: Academic]
.For example, genetic modification of yeast species[162
]—which are easy to grow at fast rates in large
fermentation vessels—has opened up ways of pharmaceutical production that are
potentially more efficient than production by the original source
organisms.^"Mycopesticide production by fermentation: potential and challenges".
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^For example, genetic modification of yeast species [156 ] which are easy to grow at fast rates in large fermentation vesselshas opened up ways of pharmaceutical production that are potentially more efficient than production by the original source organisms.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Micheli not only observed spores, but showed that under the proper conditions, they could be induced into growing into the same species of fungi from which they originated.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
.Many species produce metabolites that are major sources of pharmacologically
active drugs.^Main article: Antibiotics Many species produce metabolites that are major sources of pharmacologically active drugs.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^These usually are species that produce large numbers of spores, and examples include many species pathogenic on agricultural crops and trees.
Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCtolweb.org [Source type: Academic]
Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCtolweb.org [Source type: Academic]
^Many species produce bioactive compounds called mycotoxins , such as alkaloids and polyketides , that are toxic to animals including humans.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
.Particularly important are the antibiotics, including
the penicillins, a
structurally related group of β-lactam
antibiotics that are synthesized from small peptides.^They are usually included in Oomycetes, but their simple structure, minute size, usually uniciliate zoospores, and their negative characters would justify their retention as a separate group.
Fungi - LoveToKnow 191127 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.Although naturally occurring
penicillins such as penicillin G (produced by Penicillium chrysogenum)
have a relatively narrow spectrum of biological activity, a wide
range of other penicillins can be produced by chemical
modification of the natural penicillins.^Vigorous, consistent producer, wide ranging tree.
Welcome to Jack Keller's WineBlog7 January 2010 5:30 UTCwinemaking.jackkeller.net [Source type: Original source]
.Modern penicillins are
semisynthetic
compounds, obtained initially from fermentation cultures, but
then structurally altered for specific desirable properties.^Modern penicillins are semisynthetic compounds, obtained initially from fermentation cultures, but then structurally altered for specific desirable properties.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
Berkeley Parents Network: Advice about Toenail Fungus 27 January 2010 23:54 UTCparents.berkeley.edu [Source type: Original source]
^Other antibiotics produced by fungi include: griseofulvin from Penicillium griseofulvin used to treat dermatophyte infections of the skin, hair and nails; [159 ] cyclosporins , commonly used as an immunosuppressant during transplant surgery ; and fusidic acid , used to help control infection from methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteria.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
[166].Widespread use of these antibiotics for the treatment of bacterial
diseases, such as tuberculosis, syphilis, leprosy, and many others began in the early
20th century and continues to play a major part in anti-bacterialchemotherapy.^Widespread use of these antibiotics for the treatment of bacterial diseases, such as tuberculosis , syphilis , leprosy , and many others began in the early 20th century and continues to play a major part in anti-bacterial chemotherapy .
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Agaricus bisporus , sold as button mushrooms when small or Portobello mushrooms when larger, is a commonly-eaten species, used in salads, soups, and many other dishes.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^In nature, antibiotics of fungal or bacterial origin appear to play a dual role: at high concentrations they act as chemical defense against competition with other microorganisms in species-rich environments, such as the rhizosphere , and at low concentrations as quorum-sensing molecules for intra- or interspecies signaling.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
.In
nature, antibiotics of fungal or bacterial origin appear to play a
dual role: at high concentrations they act as chemical defense
against competition with other microorganisms in species-rich
environments, such as the rhizosphere,
and at low concentrations as quorum-sensing molecules for intra- or
interspecies signaling.^Bacterial and Fungal Infection A unique kind of honey contains powerful antibacterial and antimicrobial properties that make it incredibly effective in combating the microorganisms responsible for infecting wounds and causing a variety of other medical conditions.
^Nevertheless, the diversity of Candida that are encountered in infections is expanding and the emergence of other species that were rarely in play in the past is now likely.
Aquatic Pathogens-Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.env.gov.bc.ca [Source type: Academic]
^Scalp Treating Ringworm and Other Fungal Conditions New studies indicate that a special type of honey known as Manuka Honey can be extremely effective in treating fungal infections such as ringworm, athlete's foot, jock itch and nail fungus.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Baker's yeast or Saccharomyces cerevisiae , a single-celled fungus, is used to make bread and other wheat-based products, such as pizza dough and dumplings .
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Other important model fungi are Aspergillus nidulans and the yeasts, Saccaromyces cerevisiae and Schizosaccharomyces pombe , each of which has a long history of use to investigate issues in eukaryotic cell biology and genetics , such as cell cycle regulation, chromatin structure, and gene regulation .
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
[168].Yeast species of the genus Saccharomyces are also used to
produce alcoholic beverages through
fermentation.^Yeast species of the genus Saccharomyces are also used to produce alcoholic beverages through fermentation.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Baker's yeast or Saccharomyces cerevisiae , a single-celled fungus, is used to make bread and other wheat-based products, such as pizza dough and dumplings .
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^You can use baker's yeast, but it might stop fermenting before all the sugar has been converted into alcohol, leaving a sweeter wine than desired, and/or it might produce slightly yeasty off-flavors (although some people actually like this).
Welcome to Jack Keller's WineBlog7 January 2010 5:30 UTCwinemaking.jackkeller.net [Source type: Original source]
[169].Shoyu koji mold (Aspergillus oryzae) is an
essential ingredient in brewing Shoyu (soy sauce) and sake, and the preparation of miso,[170]
while Rhizopus
species are used for making tempeh.^Shoyu koji mold ( Aspergillus oryzae ) is an essential ingredient in brewing Shoyu (soy sauce ) and sake , and the preparation of miso , [164 ] while Rhizopus species are used for making tempeh .
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Aspergillus Oryzae plays an important part in saccharifying the starch of rice , maize , &c., by means of the abundant diastase it secretes, and, in symbiosis with a yeast which ferments the sugar formed, has long been used by the Japanese for the preparation of the alcoholic liquor sake.
Fungi - LoveToKnow 191127 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^Aspergillus clavatus , Aspergillus glaucus group, Aspergillus nidulans , Aspergillus oryzae , Aspergillus terreus , Aspergillus ustus and Aspergillus versicolor are among the other species less commonly isolated as opportunistic pathogens.
Aquatic Pathogens-Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.env.gov.bc.ca [Source type: Academic]
[171
].Several of these fungi are domesticated
species that were bred or selected according to their
capacity to ferment food without producing harmful mycotoxins (see
below), which are produced by very closely related Aspergilli.^Associated with these relations are the specializations which parasites show in regard to the age of the host.
Fungi - LoveToKnow 191127 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^Several years later I tasted two very good sugar beet wines and developed the recipe below from discussions with the two winemakers.
Welcome to Jack Keller's WineBlog7 January 2010 5:30 UTCwinemaking.jackkeller.net [Source type: Original source]
^The existence of fossil fungi is undoubted, though very few of the identifications can be relied on as regards species or genera.
Fungi - LoveToKnow 191127 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Agaricus bisporus , sold as button mushrooms when small or Portobello mushrooms when larger, is a commonly-eaten species, used in salads, soups, and many other dishes.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^The medicinal mushroom Agaricus blazei Murrill: review of literature and pharmaco-toxicological problems ".
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
[177].Research has identified compounds produced by these and other fungi
that have inhibitory biological effects against viruses[178][179]
and cancer cells.^Research has identified compounds produced by these and other fungi that have inhibitory biological effects against viruses [172 ] [173 ] and cancer cells .
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Fungal fossils are difficult to distinguish from those of other microbes, and are most easily identified when they resemble extant fungi.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^The cell wall of fungi consists of chitin, chitosan, glucan, mannan and other components in various combinations.
Aquatic Pathogens-Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.env.gov.bc.ca [Source type: Academic]
[174][180].Specific metabolites, such as polysaccharide-K, ergotamine, and β-lactam antibiotics, are
routinely used in clinical medicine.^Specific metabolites with biological or antimicrobial activities, such as polysaccharide-K , ergotamine , and -lactam antibiotics , are routinely used in clinical medicine.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Medicinal Odors - Causes and Treatment The single word "medicinal" is often used to describe a variety of individual smells, each of which is more specific and offers clues as to what may be the cause.
Welcome to Jack Keller's WineBlog7 January 2010 5:30 UTCwinemaking.jackkeller.net [Source type: Original source]
.The shiitake mushroom is a source of lentinan, a clinical drug
approved for use in cancer treatments in several countries,
including Japan.^The shiitake mushroom is a source of lentinan , a clinical drug approved for use in cancer treatments in several countries, including Japan .
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^In Europe and Japan , polysaccharide-K (brand name Krestin), a chemical derived from Trametes versicolor , is an approved adjuvant for cancer therapy.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Fly agaric mushrooms ( Amanita muscaria ) also cause occasional non-fatal poisonings, mostly as a result of ingestion for use as a recreational drug for its hallucinogenic properties.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
[181][182].In Europe and Japan, polysaccharide-K (brand name Krestin),
a chemical derived from Trametes versicolor, is an
approved adjuvant for
cancer therapy.^In Europe and Japan , polysaccharide-K (brand name Krestin), a chemical derived from Trametes versicolor , is an approved adjuvant for cancer therapy.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^The shiitake mushroom is a source of lentinan , a clinical drug approved for use in cancer treatments in several countries, including Japan .
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
.Edible
mushrooms are well-known examples of fungi.^Edible mushrooms are well-known examples of fungi.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Most common mushrooms belong to this group, as well as rust and smut fungi , which are major pathogens of grains.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Some well-known examples of fungi formerly in the Zygomycota include black bread mold ( Rhizopus stolonifer ), and Pilobolus species, capable of ejecting spores several meters through the air.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
.Many are commercially
raised, but others must be harvested from the wild.^Many are commercially raised, but others must be harvested from the wild.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^There are man y more mushroom species that are harvested from the wild for personal consumption or commercial sale.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
.Agaricus
bisporus, sold as button mushrooms when small or
Portobello mushrooms when larger, is a commonly eaten species, used
in salads, soups, and many other dishes.^Agaricus bisporus , sold as button mushrooms when small or Portobello mushrooms when larger, is a commonly-eaten species, used in salads, soups, and many other dishes.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^They are also edible and can be fried in a fritter or beer batter, added to pancake or muffin batter, cooked into pies and tarts, and added fresh to salads or many other food dishes.
Welcome to Jack Keller's WineBlog7 January 2010 5:30 UTCwinemaking.jackkeller.net [Source type: Original source]
^The most commonly known basidiocarps are mushrooms, but they may also take other forms (see Morphology section).
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
.Many Asian fungi are
commercially grown and have increased in popularity in the West.^Many Asian fungi are commercially grown and have increased in popularity in the West.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
.They are often available fresh in grocery stores and markets, including
straw mushrooms (Volvariella volvacea), oyster
mushrooms (Pleurotus
ostreatus), shiitakes (Lentinula
edodes), and enokitake (Flammulina spp.^They are often available fresh in grocery stores and markets, including straw mushrooms ( Volvariella volvacea ), oyster mushrooms ( Pleurotus ostreatus ), shiitakes ( Lentinula edodes ), and enokitake ( Flammulina spp.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^As to which to buy, don't waste your time on the type from the grocery store as you mentioned or for that matter any other average store unless they do carry the ___ line.
Nail Fungus Remedies on Earth Clinic, Your Source for Natural Cures.27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.earthclinic.com [Source type: General]
^The shiitake mushroom is a source of lentinan , a clinical drug approved for use in cancer treatments in several countries, including Japan .
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
.There are many more mushroom species that are harvested from
the wild for personal consumption or commercial sale.^I knew there is absolutely no way I could take another prescription like lamisil because I take so many drugs for other more serious conditions.
Nail Fungus Remedies on Earth Clinic, Your Source for Natural Cures.27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.earthclinic.com [Source type: General]
^This holiday is the last chance for a summer outing for many - especially families with school-age children - and commercially is the occasion for final "back to school" sales.
Welcome to Jack Keller's WineBlog7 January 2010 5:30 UTCwinemaking.jackkeller.net [Source type: Original source]
^I do not know which of the many other elder species exude the goo; perhaps readers with personal knowledge will write me with goo or no goo experiences.
Welcome to Jack Keller's WineBlog7 January 2010 5:30 UTCwinemaking.jackkeller.net [Source type: Original source]
.Milk
mushrooms, morels, chanterelles, truffles, black trumpets, and porcini
mushrooms (Boletus edulis) (also known as king
boletes) demand a high price on the market.^Milk mushrooms , morels , chanterelles , truffles , black trumpets , and porcini mushrooms ( Boletus edulis ) (also known as king boletes) demand a high price on the market.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
.They are often used in
gourmet dishes.^In countries where weather is cold, people often use dark gloves, however they are often not laundered.
Nail Fungus Remedies on Earth Clinic, Your Source for Natural Cures.27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.earthclinic.com [Source type: General]
.Certain types of cheeses require inoculation of milk curds with
fungal species that impart a unique flavor and texture to the
cheese.^Elderflower Wine The white or whitish-yellow flowers of all species and varieties of elder are pleasantly fragrant and impart a muscat flavor to wines, ciders and vinegars.
Welcome to Jack Keller's WineBlog7 January 2010 5:30 UTCwinemaking.jackkeller.net [Source type: Original source]
.Examples include the blue color in cheeses such as Stilton or Roquefort, which are made
by inoculation with Penicillium roqueforti.^Examples include the blue color in cheeses such as Stilton or Roquefort , which are made by inoculation with Penicillium roqueforti .
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Stilton cheese veined with Penicillium roqueforti Many mushroom species are poisonous to humans, with toxicities ranging from slight digestive problems or allergic reactions as well as hallucinations to severe organ failures and death.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^"Enzymes of Penicillium roqueforti involved in the biosynthesis of cheese flavor".
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
[186].Molds used in cheese production are non-toxic and are thus safe for
human consumption; however, mycotoxins (e.g., aflatoxins, roquefortine C,
patulin, or others) may accumulate because of growth of other fungi
during cheese ripening or storage.^Molds used in cheese production are non-toxic and are thus safe for human consumption; however, mycotoxins (e.g., aflatoxins, roquefortine C , patulin, or others) may a ccumulate due to growth of other fungi during cheese ripening or storage.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Other notable mycotoxins include the aflatoxins , which are insidious liver toxins and highly carcinogenic metabolites produced by certain Aspergillus species often growing in or on grains and nuts consumed by humans, ochratoxins , patulin , and trichothecenes (e.g., T-2 mycotoxin ) and fumonisins , which have significant impact on human food supplies or animal livestock .
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Baker's yeast or Saccharomyces cerevisiae , a single-celled fungus, is used to make bread and other wheat-based products, such as pizza dough and dumplings .
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
.Many mushroom species are poisonous to humans, with toxicities
ranging from slight digestive problems or allergic reactions as well as hallucinations to
severe organ failures and death.^Mycetismus, or mushroom poisoning, results from the ingestion of a mushroom that contains preformed toxic metabolites.
Aquatic Pathogens-Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.env.gov.bc.ca [Source type: Academic]
^Many moulds produce secondary metabolites that are highly toxic to humans.
Aquatic Pathogens-Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.env.gov.bc.ca [Source type: Academic]
.Genera with mushrooms containing
deadly toxins include Conocybe, Galerina, Lepiota, and most infamously, Amanita.^The most deadly mushrooms belong to the genera Inocybe , Cortinarius , and most infamously, Amanita .
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^The latter genus includes the destroying angel (A. virosa ) and the de ath cap (A. phalloides ) , the most common cause of deadly mushroom poisoning.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
[188].The latter genus includes the destroying angel (A. virosa) and the death cap
(A. phalloides), the most
common cause of deadly mushroom poisoning.^Probably the most common underlying cause is taking prescribed antibacterial agents.
Aquatic Pathogens-Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.env.gov.bc.ca [Source type: Academic]
^Aspergillis fumigatus is one of the most common species causing disease.
Aquatic Pathogens-Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.env.gov.bc.ca [Source type: Academic]
^The most common genera of fungi causing dermatomycoses are Microsporum , Epidermophyton and Trichophyton .
Aquatic Pathogens-Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.env.gov.bc.ca [Source type: Academic]
[189].The false morel (Gyromitra esculenta) is
occasionally considered a delicacy when cooked, yet can be highly
toxic when eaten raw.^"Poisoning due to raw Gyromitra esculenta (false morels) west of the Rockies".
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^The false morel ( Gyromitra esculenta ) is occasionally considered a delicacy when cooked, yet can be highly toxic when eaten raw.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
[190]Tricholoma equestre was
considered edible until being implicated in serious poisonings
causing rhabdomyolysis.[191
].Fly agaric mushrooms (Amanita
muscaria) also cause occasional non-fatal poisonings, mostly
as a result of ingestion for use as a recreational drug for its hallucinogenic
properties.^Amanita phalloides accounts for the majority of fatal mushroom poisonings worldwide.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Fly agaric mushrooms ( Amanita muscaria ) also cause occasional non-fatal poisonings, mostly as a result of ingestion for use as a recreational drug for its hallucinogenic properties.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Certain fungi, such as mushrooms, can produce poisonous toxins that may prove fatal if ingested, Amanita phalloides , others, Psilocybe , affect the central nervous system inducing hallucinogenic responses.
Aquatic Pathogens-Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.env.gov.bc.ca [Source type: Academic]
.Historically, fly agaric was used by different peoples
in Europe and Asia and its present usage for religious or shamanic purposes is
reported from some ethnic groups such as the Koryak people of north-eastern Siberia.^All kinds of reports from people, who used different methods."
Nail Fungus Remedies on Earth Clinic, Your Source for Natural Cures.27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.earthclinic.com [Source type: General]
^Historically, fly agaric was used by different peoples in Europ e and Asia and its present usage for religious or shamanic purposes is reported from some ethnic groups such as the Koryak people of north-eastern Siberia .
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Any water used for people with compromised immune systems must also be sterile since pathogenic fungi are a serious risk for such people.
Aquatic Pathogens-Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.env.gov.bc.ca [Source type: Academic]
.As it is difficult to accurately identify a safe mushroom
without proper training and knowledge, it is often advised to
assume that a wild mushroom is poisonous and not to consume it.^As it is difficult to accurately identify a safe mushroom without proper training and knowledge, it is often advised to assume that a wild mushroom is poisonous and not to consume it.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
.In agriculture, fungi may be useful if they actively compete for
nutrients and space with pathogenic microorganisms such as bacteria or
other fungi via the competitive exclusion
principle,[195
] or if they are parasites of these pathogens.^Grasshoppers killed by Beauveria bassiana In agriculture, fungi may be useful if they actively compete for nutrients and space with pathogenic microorganisms such as bacteria or other fungi via the competitive exclusion principle , [188 ] or if they are parasites of these pathogens.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Entomopathogenic fungi can be used as biopesticides , as they actively kill insects.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Some carnivorous fungi , like Paecilomyces lilacinus , are predators of nematodes , which they capture using an array of specialized structures such as constricting rings or adhesive nets.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
.For example,
certain species may be used to eliminate or suppress the growth of
harmful plant pathogens, such as insects, mites, weeds, nematodes and other fungi that cause
diseases of important crop
plants.^For example, certain species may be used to eliminate or suppress the growth of harmful plant pathogens, such as insects, mites , weeds , nematodes and other fungi that cause diseases of important crop plants.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Fungi have evolved a remarkable metabolic versatility that allows them to use a diverse range of organic substrates for growth, including simple compounds such as nitrate , ammonia , acetate , or ethanol .
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Similar to mycorrhiza, endophytic colonization by fungi may benefit both symbionts; for example, endophytes of grasses impart to their host increased resistance to herbivores and other environmental stresses and receive food and shelter from the plant in return.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
.[196] This has generated strong
interest in practical applications that use these fungi in the biological control of these agricultural
pests.^The nomenclature used for mycoses caused by the dimorphic fungi is based upon the generic names of the pathogens.
Aquatic Pathogens-Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.env.gov.bc.ca [Source type: Academic]
^These documents are compilations and presentations of information which may be of use in determining orders, codes of practice, policy, recommendations, guidelines or other actions but do not constitute policy, guidelines or recommendations.
Aquatic Pathogens-Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.env.gov.bc.ca [Source type: Academic]
^In agriculture, materials contaminated with Aspergillus flavus and Stachybotrys chartarum are recognized as being potentially dangerous owing to the ability of these fungi to form mycotoxins.
Aquatic Pathogens-Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.env.gov.bc.ca [Source type: Academic]
.Entomopathogenic
fungi can be used as biopesticides, as
they actively kill insects.^They are used because the same groups of fungi cause disease in humans, animals and plants.
Aquatic Pathogens-Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.env.gov.bc.ca [Source type: Academic]
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
[198][199].Endophytic fungi of grasses of the genus
Neotyphodium, such as N. coenophialum, produce
alkaloids that are toxic to a range of invertebrate and vertebrate
herbivores.^Endophytic fungi of grasses of the genus Neotyphodium , such as N. coenophialum , produce alkaloids that are toxic to a range of invertebrate and vertebrate herbivores .
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Similar to mycorrhiza, endophytic colonization by fungi may benefit both symbionts; for example, endophytes of grasses impart to their host increased resistance to herbivores and other environmental stresses and receive food and shelter from the plant in return.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Infecting cultivars of pasture or forage grasses with Neotyphodium endophytes is one approach being used in grass breeding programs; the fungal strains are selected for producing only alkaloids that increase resistance to herbivores such as insects, while being non-toxic to livestock.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
.These alkaloids protect grass
plants from herbivory, but several endophyte alkaloids
can poison grazing animals, such as cattle and sheep.^These alkaloids protect grass plants from herbivory , but several endophyte alkaloids can poison grazing animals, such as cattle and sheep.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Endophytic fungi of grasses of the genus Neotyphodium , such as N. coenophialum , produce alkaloids that are toxic to a range of invertebrate and vertebrate herbivores .
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^"Use of nonergot alkaloid-producing endophytes for alleviating tall fescue toxicosis in sheep".
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
[200].Infecting cultivars of pasture or forage grasses with Neotyphodium
endophytes is one approach being used in grass breeding programs; the fungal
strains are selected for producing only alkaloids that increase
resistance to herbivores such as insects, while being non-toxic to
livestock.^Endophytic fungi of grasses of the genus Neotyphodium , such as N. coenophialum , produce alkaloids that are toxic to a range of invertebrate and vertebrate herbivores .
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^"Bioprotective alkaloids of grass-fungal endophyte symbioses".
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Infecting cultivars of pasture or forage grasses with Neotyphodium endophytes is one approach being used in grass breeding programs; the fungal strains are selected for producing only alkaloids that increase resistance to herbivores such as insects, while being non-toxic to livestock.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
.Certain fungi, in particular "white rot" fungi, can degrade insecticides, herbicides, pentachlorophenol, creosote, coal tars, and heavy fuels and turn them into
carbon
dioxide, water, and basic elements.^Main article: Mycoremediation Certain fungi, in particular "white rot" fungi, can degrade insecticides , herbicides , pentachlorophenol , creosote , coal tars , and heavy fuels and turn them into carbon dioxide , w ater, and basic elements.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Nevertheless, certain biological phenomena in fungi are especially pronounced, and of these the following require particular notice.
Fungi - LoveToKnow 191127 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^"Degradation of xenobiotic compounds by lignin-degrading white-rot fungi: enzymology and mechanisms involved".
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
[202].Fungi have been shown to biomineralizeuraniumoxides, suggesting they may have application in
the bioremediation of radioactively polluted sites.^Fungi have been shown to biomineralize uranium oxides , suggesting they may have application in the bioremediation of radioactively polluted sites.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^They may be caused by primary pathogenic fungi or by opportunistic fungi that are of marginal pathogenicity but can infect the immunocompromised host.
Aquatic Pathogens-Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.env.gov.bc.ca [Source type: Academic]
^They are frequently contaminated with a variety of fungi that may or may not be causing the disease that is present.
Aquatic Pathogens-Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.env.gov.bc.ca [Source type: Academic]
.Several pivotal discoveries in biology were made by researchers
using fungi as model organisms, that is, fungi that grow
and sexually reproduce rapidly in the laboratory.^Several pivotal discoveries in biology were made by researchers using fungi as model organisms , that is, fungi that grow and sexually reproduce rapidly in the laboratory.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^The fungal kingdom is defined by several featuressome shared with other organisms, others unique to the fungi: .
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Most fungi grow as hyphae , which are cylindrical, thread-like structures 210 m in diameter and up to several centimeters in length.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
.For example, the
one gene-one enzyme
hypothesis was formulated by scientists who used the bread mold
Neurospora crassa to test their
biochemical theories.^For example, the one gene-one enzyme hypothesis was formulated by scientists who used the bread mold Neurospora c rassa to test their biochemical theories.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Adding insulation to a house, for example, restricts air exchange with the outside and one effect of this may be increased humidity which encourages mold growth.
Aquatic Pathogens-Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.env.gov.bc.ca [Source type: Academic]
Welcome to Jack Keller's WineBlog7 January 2010 5:30 UTCwinemaking.jackkeller.net [Source type: Original source]
^"Regulation of gene expression by ambient pH in filamentous fungi and yeasts".
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Other important model fungi are Aspergillus nidulans and the yeasts, Saccaromyces cerevisiae and Schizosaccharomyces pombe , each of which has a long history of use to investigate issues in eukaryotic cell biology and genetics , such as cell cycle regulation, chromatin structure, and gene regulation .
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
.Other fungal models have
more recently emerged that each address specific biological
questions relevant to medicine, plant pathology, and industrial uses;
examples include Candida albicans, a dimorphic,
opportunistic human pathogen,[207]Magnaporthe grisea, a plant
pathogen,[208]
and Pichia
pastoris, a yeast widely used for eukaryotic protein expression.^Candida albicans is a yeast causing candidiasis or "thrush" in humans.
Aquatic Pathogens-Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.env.gov.bc.ca [Source type: Academic]
^This fungus has emerged as an opportunistic fungal pathogen.
Aquatic Pathogens-Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.env.gov.bc.ca [Source type: Academic]
^The more common ones include: Candida albicans Candida dubliniensis Candida tropicalis Candida glabrata Candida parapsilosis Candida krusei Candida lusitaniae Candida lipolytica Candida is a yeast and the most common cause of opportunistic mycoses worldwide.
Aquatic Pathogens-Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.env.gov.bc.ca [Source type: Academic]
.Fungi are used extensively to produce industrial chemicals like
citric, gluconic, lactic, and malic acids,[210]
antibiotics, and even to make stonewashed
jeans.^Fungi are used extensively to produce industrial chemicals like citric , gluconic , lactic , and malic acids , antibiotics, and even to make stonewashed jeans .
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Other antibiotics produced by fungi include: griseofulvin from Penicillium griseofulvin used to treat dermatophyte infections of the skin, hair and nails; [159 ] cyclosporins , commonly used as an immunosuppressant during transplant surgery ; and fusidic acid , used to help control infection from methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteria.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Members of the Basidiomycota , commonly known as the club fungi or basidiomycetes, produce meiospores called basidiospores o n club-like stalks called basidia .
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Fungi are used extensively to produce industrial chemicals like citric , gluconic , lactic , and malic acids , antibiotics, and even to make stonewashed jeans .
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Any water used for people with compromised immune systems must also be sterile since pathogenic fungi are a serious risk for such people.
Aquatic Pathogens-Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.env.gov.bc.ca [Source type: Academic]
[215].Several species, most notably Psilocybin mushrooms
(colloquially known as magic mushrooms), are ingested for
their psychedelic properties, both recreationally and religiously.^There are several variants of the Malay Apple, most notable in fruit size and color - red fruit is usual but variegated varieties and a rare albino exist.
Welcome to Jack Keller's WineBlog7 January 2010 5:30 UTCwinemaking.jackkeller.net [Source type: Original source]
^Aspergilloma is most often caused by Aspergillus fumigatus but several other species can also cause it.
Aquatic Pathogens-Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.env.gov.bc.ca [Source type: Academic]
^Candida albicans accounts for most cases of systemic candidosis, but other species, most notably Candida tropicalis , are increasingly implicated as opportunistic pathogens.
Aquatic Pathogens-Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.env.gov.bc.ca [Source type: Academic]
.Many fungi produce biologically active compounds,
several of which are toxic to
animals or plants and are therefore called mycotoxins.^Back to top ] Main article: Mycotoxins Ergotamine , a major mycotoxin produced by Claviceps species, which if ingested can cause gangrene , convulsions, and hallucinations Many fungi produce biologically active compounds, several of which are toxic to animals or plants and are therefore called mycotoxins.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Many species produce bioactive compounds called mycotoxins , such as alkaloids and polyketides , that are toxic to animals including humans.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Many fungi are parasites on plants, animals (including humans), and other fungi.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
.Of
particular relevance to humans are mycotoxins produced by molds
causing food spoilage, and poisonous mushrooms (see above).^Of particular relevance to humans are mycotoxins produced by molds causing food spoilage, and poisonous mushrooms (see above).
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
Aquatic Pathogens-Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.env.gov.bc.ca [Source type: Academic]
^Losses of crops due to fungal diseases (e.g., rice blast disease ) or food spoilage can have a large impact on human food supplies and local economies.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
.Particularly infamous are the lethal amatoxins in some Amanita mushrooms, and ergot alkaloids, which
have a long history of causing serious epidemics of ergotism (St Anthony's Fire)
in people consuming rye or related
cereals contaminated with sclerotia of the ergot fungus, Claviceps
purpurea.^Claviceps purpurea , the fungus that causes ergotism, has had a profound impact upon the history of various peoples for hundreds of years.
Aquatic Pathogens-Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.env.gov.bc.ca [Source type: Academic]
^Ergotism is caused by eating bread prepared from rye infected with the fungus Claviceps purpurea .
Aquatic Pathogens-Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.env.gov.bc.ca [Source type: Academic]
^Particularly infamous are the lethal amatoxins in some Amanita mushrooms, and ergot alkaloids , which have a long history of causing serious epidemics of ergotism (St Anthony's Fire) in people consuming rye or related cereals contaminated with sclerotia of the ergot fungus, Claviceps purpurea .
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
[216].Other notable mycotoxins include the aflatoxins, which are insidious liver toxins and
highly carcinogenic metabolites produced by
certain Aspergillus species often growing in
or on grains and nuts consumed by humans, ochratoxins, patulin, and trichothecenes (e.g., T-2 mycotoxin) and
fumonisins, which have
significant impact on human food supplies or animal livestock.^Other notable mycotoxins include the aflatoxins , which are insidious liver toxins and highly carcinogenic metabolites produced by certain Aspergillus species often growing in or on grains and nuts consumed by humans, ochratoxins , patulin , and trichothecenes (e.g., T-2 mycotoxin ) and fumonisins , which have significant impact on human food supplies or animal livestock .
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
.Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites (or natural
products), and research has established the existence of
biochemical pathways solely for the purpose of producing mycotoxins
and other natural products in fungi.^"The natural functions of secondary metabolites".
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites (or natural products ), and research has established the existence of biochemical pathways solely for the purpose of producing mycotoxins and other natural products in fungi.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^With euglenoids and bacteria: Higher fungi, euglenoids, a nd some bacteria produce the amino acid L -lysine in specific biosynthesis steps, called the a-aminoadipate pathway .
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
[218
].Mycotoxins may provide fitness
benefits in terms of physiological adaptation, competition with
other microbes and fungi, and protection from consumption (fungivory).^It must always be remembered that a number of other fungi can be morphologically identical to Aspergillus in tissue.Rarely, Aspergillus may cause invasive disease of the lung from where it may disseminate to other organs.
Aquatic Pathogens-Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.env.gov.bc.ca [Source type: Academic]
^Ironically, cyclosporin, a fungal-derived drug that reduces the risk of rejection in organ transplants, weakens the immune system so that other fungi may infect the patient.
Aquatic Pathogens-Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.env.gov.bc.ca [Source type: Academic]
.Mycology is the branch
of biology concerned with
the systematic study of fungi, including their genetic and
biochemical properties, their taxonomy, and their use to humans as
a source of medicine, food, and psychotropic substances consumed for
religious purposes, as well as their dangers, such as poisoning or
infection.^Mycology is the branch of biology that deals with the study of fungi.
Aquatic Pathogens-Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.env.gov.bc.ca [Source type: Academic]
^Back to top ] Main article: Mycology Mycology is the branch of biology concerned with the systematic study of fungi, including their genetic and biochemical properties, their taxonomy, and their use to humans as a source of medicine, food, and psychotropic substances consumed for religious purposes, as well as their dangers, such as poisoning or infection.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Fungi have evolved a remarkable metabolic versatility that allows them to use a diverse range of organic substrates for growth, including simple compounds such as nitrate , ammonia , acetate , or ethanol .
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
.The field of phytopathology, the
study of plant diseases, is closely related because many plant
pathogens are fungi.^The field of phytopathology , the study of plant diseases, is closely related because most plan t pathogens are fungi.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^A small proportion of otherwise healthy people infected with these pathogenic fungi develop progressive disease.
Aquatic Pathogens-Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.env.gov.bc.ca [Source type: Academic]
^The interaction between plant pathogenic fungi and their host plants is extremely complex and should be viewed from the perspectives of both the fungus and the plant.
Aquatic Pathogens-Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.env.gov.bc.ca [Source type: Academic]
.Use of fungi by humans dates back to prehistory; Ötzi the
Iceman, a well-preserved mummy of a 5,300 year old Neolithic man found frozen
in the Austrian Alps, carried two species of polypore mushrooms that may have been used as
tinder (Fomes
fomentarius), or for medicinal purposes (Piptoporus betulinus).^Use of fungi by humans dates back to prehistory; tzi the Iceman , a well-preserved mummy of a 5,300 year old Neolithic man found frozen in the Austrian Alps, carried two species of polypore mushrooms that may have been used as tinder ( Fomes fomentarius ), or for medicinal purposes ( Piptoporus betulinus ).
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Agaricus bisporus , sold as button mushrooms when small or Portobello mushrooms when larger, is a commonly-eaten species, used in salads, soups, and many other dishes.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Back to top ] The English word fungus is directly adopted from the Latin fungus (mushroom), used in the writings of Horace and Pliny .
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
[222].Ancient peoples have used fungi as food sources – often unknowingly
– for millennia, in the preparation of leavened bread and fermented
juices.^Any water used for people with compromised immune systems must also be sterile since pathogenic fungi are a serious risk for such people.
Aquatic Pathogens-Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.env.gov.bc.ca [Source type: Academic]
^In countries where weather is cold, people often use dark gloves, however they are often not laundered.
Nail Fungus Remedies on Earth Clinic, Your Source for Natural Cures.27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.earthclinic.com [Source type: General]
.Some of the oldest written records contain references to
the destruction of crops that were probably caused by pathogenic
fungi.^A primary pathogen is a fungus that typically causes disease in some portion of susceptible individuals who apparently have intact specific and nonspecific defense systems.
Aquatic Pathogens-Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.env.gov.bc.ca [Source type: Academic]
^They may be caused by primary pathogenic fungi or by opportunistic fungi that are of marginal pathogenicity but can infect the immunocompromised host.
Aquatic Pathogens-Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.env.gov.bc.ca [Source type: Academic]
^There are pathogenic fungi which can cause infection in people who appear otherwise healthy.
Aquatic Pathogens-Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.env.gov.bc.ca [Source type: Academic]
.Mycology is a relatively new science that became systematic
after the development of the microscope in the 16th century.^Mycology is a relatively new science that became systematic after the development of the microscope in the 16th century.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
.Although
fungal spores were first observed by Giambattista della Porta in
1588, the seminal work in the development of mycology is considered
to be the publication of Pier Antonio Micheli's 1729 work
Nova plantarum genera.^Although fungal spores were first observed by Giambattista della Porta in 1588, the seminal work in the development of mycology is considered to be the publication of Pier Antonio Micheli 's 1729 work Nova plantarum genera .
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Micheli not only observed spores, but showed that under the proper conditions, they could be induced into growing into the same species of fungi from which they originated.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
[224].Micheli not only observed spores, but showed that under the proper
conditions, they could be induced into growing into the same
species of fungi from which they originated.^The two nuclei when once associated are termed" conjugate "nuclei, and they always divide at the same time, a half of each passing into each cell.
Fungi - LoveToKnow 191127 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^These substances, mycotoxins, are produced when the fungus grows in specific environments, on particular substrates, under certain conditions and by only specific strains of the species.
Aquatic Pathogens-Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.env.gov.bc.ca [Source type: Academic]
^The vines may all be of the same variety or they can be from different varieties or even species.
Welcome to Jack Keller's WineBlog7 January 2010 5:30 UTCwinemaking.jackkeller.net [Source type: Original source]
[225].Extending the use of the binomial system of
nomenclature introduced by Carl Linnaeus in his Species plantarum (1753), the Dutch Christian Hendrik Persoon (1761–1836)
established the first classification of mushrooms with such skill
so as to be considered a founder of modern mycology.^Extending the use of the binomial system of nomenclature introduced by Carl Linnaeus in his Species plantarum (1753), the Dutch Christian Hendrik Persoon (17611836) established the first classification of mushrooms with such skill so as to be considered a founder of modern mycology.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Ever since the pioneering 18th and 19th century taxonomical works of Carl Linnaeus , Christian Hendrik Persoon , and Elias Magnus Fries , fungi have been classified according to their morphology (e.g., characteristics such as spore color or microscopic features) or physiology .
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Although fungal spores were first observed by Giambattista della Porta in 1588, the seminal work in the development of mycology is considered to be the publication of Pier Antonio Micheli 's 1729 work Nova plantarum genera .
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
.Later, Elias Magnus
Fries (1794–1878) further elaborated the classification of fungi,
using spore color and various microscopic characteristics, methods
still used by taxonomists today.^Later, Elias Magnus Fries (17941878) further elaborated the classification of fungi, using spore color and various microscopic characteristics, methods still used by taxonomists today.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Ever since the pioneering 18th and 19th century taxonomical works of Carl Linnaeus , Christian Hendrik Persoon , and Elias Magnus Fries , fungi have been classified according to their morphology (e.g., characteristics such as spore color or microscopic features) or physiology .
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Another strategy is seen in the stinkhorns , a group of fungi with lively colors and putrid odor that attract insects to disperse their spores.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Widespread use of these antibiotics for the treatment of bacterial diseases, such as tuberculosis , syphilis , leprosy , and many others began in the early 20th century and continues to play a major part in anti-bacterial chemotherapy .
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^English naturalist Miles Joseph Berkeley 's publication The English Flora of Sir James Edward Smith, Vol.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
.The 20th
century has seen a modernization of mycology that has come from
advances in biochemistry, genetics, molecular biology, and biotechnology.^As modern medicine advances, serious opportunistic mycoses are being seen with increasing frequency in patients compromised by disease or drug treatment.
Aquatic Pathogens-Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.env.gov.bc.ca [Source type: Academic]
.The
use of DNA
sequencing technologies and phylogenetic analysis has provided
new insights into fungal relationships and biodiversity, and has challenged
traditional morphology-based groupings in fungal taxonomy.^The use of DNA sequencing technologies and phylogenetic analysis has provided new insights into fungal relationships and biodiversity , and has challenged traditional morphology-based groupings in fungal taxonomy .
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^Advances in molecular genetics have opened the way for DNA analysis to be incorporated into taxonomy, which has sometimes challenged the historical groupings based on morphology and other traits.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
^The use of fungal names as part of the clinical nomenclature is inappropriate because they limit the concept too much and are subject to change as the taxonomy of the pathogens changes.
Aquatic Pathogens-Fungi27 January 2010 23:54 UTCwww.env.gov.bc.ca [Source type: Academic]
^Moore RT. (1980). "Taxonomic
proposals for the classification of marine yeasts and other
yeast-like fungi including the smuts". Botanica Marine23: 361–73.
^
The classification system presented here is based on the 2007
phylogenetic study by Hibbett et al.
^Simpson DP. (1979). Cassell's Latin
Dictionary (5 ed.). London: Cassell Ltd. p. 883. ISBN
0-304-52257-0.
^Shoji JY, Arioka M, Kitamoto K. (2006).
"Possible involvement of pleiomorphic vacuolar networks in nutrient
recycling in filamentous fungi". Autophagy2 (3): 226–27. PMID16874107.
^Wu S, Schalk M, Clark A, Miles RB, Coates
R, Chappell J. (2007). "Redirection of cytosolic or plastidic
isoprenoid precursors elevates terpene production in plants".
Nature Biotechnology24 (11): 1441–47. doi:10.1038/nbt1251. PMID17057703.
^Tudzynski B. (2005). "Gibberellin
biosynthesis in fungi: genes, enzymes, evolution, and impact on
biotechnology". Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology66 (6): 597–611. doi:10.1007/s00253-004-1805-1. PMID15578178.
^Vaupotic T, Veranic P, Jenoe P, Plemenitas
A. (2008). "Mitochondrial mediation of environmental osmolytes
discrimination during osmoadaptation in the extremely halotolerant
black yeast Hortaea werneckii". Fungal Genetics and
Biology45 (6): 994–1007. doi:10.1016/j.fgb.2008.01.006. PMID18343697.
^Sancho LG, de la Torre R, Horneck G,
Ascaso C, de Los Rios A, Pintado A, Wierzchos J, Schuster M.
(2007). "Lichens survive in space: results from the 2005 LICHENS
experiment". Astrobiology7 (3): 443–54.
doi:10.1089/ast.2006.0046. PMID17630840.
^Brem FM, Lips KR. (2008).
"Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis infection patterns among
Panamanian amphibian species, habitats and elevations during
epizootic and enzootic stages". Diseases of Aquatic
Organisms81 (3): 189–202. doi:10.3354/dao01960.
PMID18998584.
^
This estimation is determined by combining the species count for
each phyla, based on values obtained from the 10th edition of the
Dictionary of the Fungi (Kirk et al., 2008):
Ascomycota, 64163 species (p. 55); Basidiomycota, 31515 (p. 78);
Blastocladiomycota, 179 (p. 94); Chytridiomycota, 706 (p. 142);
Glomeromycota, 169 (p. 287); Microsporidia, >1300 (p. 427);
Neocallimastigomycota, 20 (p. 463).
^Mueller GM, Schmit JP. (2006). "Fungal
biodiversity: what do we know? What can we predict?".
Biodiversity and Conservation16: 1–5. doi:10.1007/s10531-006-9117-7.
^Hawksworth DL. (2006). "The fungal
dimension of biodiversity: magnitude, significance, and
conservation". Mycological Research95:
641–55. doi:10.1016/S0953-7562(09)80810-1.
^Harris SD. (2008). "Branching of fungal
hyphae: regulation, mechanisms and comparison with other branching
systems". Mycologia50 (6): 823–32. doi:10.3852/08-177. PMID19202837.
^Ferguson BA, Dreisbach TA, Parks CG, Filip
GM, Schmitt CL. (2003). "Coarse-scale population structure of
pathogenic Armillaria species in a mixed-conifer forest in
the Blue Mountains of northeast Oregon". Canadian Journal of
Forest Research33: 612–23. doi:10.1139/x03-065.
^Money NP. (1998). "Mechanics of invasive
fungal growth and the significance of turgor in plant infection.".
Molecular Genetics of Host-Specific Toxins in Plant Disease:
Proceedings of the 3rd Tottori International Symposium on
Host-Specific Toxins, Daisen, Tottori, Japan, August 24–29,
1997. Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
pp. 261–71. ISBN
0-7923-4981-4.
^Wang ZY, Jenkinson JM, Holcombe LJ, Soanes
DM, Veneault-Fourrey C, Bhambra GK, Talbot NJ. (2005). "The
molecular biology of appressorium turgor generation by the rice
blast fungus Magnaporthe grisea". Biochemical Society
Transactions33 (Pt 2): 384–88. doi:10.1042/BST0330384. PMID15787612.
^Pereira JL, Noronha EF, Miller RN, Franco
OL. (2007). "Novel insights in the use of hydrolytic enzymes
secreted by fungi with biotechnological potential". Letters in
Applied Microbiology44 (6): 573–81. doi:10.1111/j.1472-765X.2007.02151.x. PMID17576216.
^Fischer R, Zekert N, Takeshita N. (2008).
"Polarized growth in fungi—interplay between the cytoskeleton,
positional markers and membrane domains". Molecular
Microbiology68 (4): 813–26. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2958.2008.06193.x. PMID18399939.
^Christensen MJ, Bennett RJ, Ansari HA,
Koga H, Johnson RD, Bryan GT, Simpson WR, Koolaard JP, Nickless EM,
Voisey CR. (2008). "Epichloë endophytes grow by
intercalary hyphal extension in elongating grass leaves".
Fungal Genetics and Biology45 (2):
84–93. doi:10.1016/j.fgb.2007.07.013. PMID17919950.
^Heynes MJ. (1994). "Regulatory circuits of
the amdS gene of Aspergillus nidulans".
Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek65 (3): 179–82.
doi:10.1007/BF00871944. PMID7847883.
^Alcamo IE, Pommerville J. (2004).
Alcamo's Fundamentals of Microbiology. Boston: Jones and
Bartlett. p. 590. ISBN
0-7637-0067-3.
^ abRedecker D, Raab P. (2006).
"Phylogeny of the Glomeromycota (arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi):
recent developments and new gene markers". Mycologia98 (6): 885–95. doi:10.3852/mycologia.98.6.885. PMID17486965.
^ abcdJames TY, et al. (2006).
"Reconstructing the early evolution of Fungi using a six-gene
phylogeny". Nature443 (7113): 818–22. doi:10.1038/nature05110. PMID17051209.
^Schoch CL, Sung G-H, López-Giráldez
F et al. (2009). "The Ascomycota tree of life: A
phylum-wide phylogeny clarifies the origin and evolution of
fundamental reproductive and ecological traits". Systematic
Biology58 (2): 224–39. doi:10.1093/sysbio/syp020.
^ abBrundrett MC. (2002). "Coevolution
of roots and mycorrhizas of land plants". New Phytologist154 (2): 275–304. doi:10.1046/j.1469-8137.2002.00397.x.
^Taylor TN, Taylor EL. (1996). "The
distribution and interactions of some Paleozoic fungi". Review
of Palaeobotany and Palynology95 (1–4):
83–94. doi:10.1016/S0034-6667(96)00029-2.
^Dotzler N, Walker C, Krings M, Hass
H, Kerp H, Taylor TN, Agerer R. (2009). "Acaulosporoid
glomeromycotan spores with a germination shield from the
400-million-year-old Rhynie chert". Mycological Progress8 (1): 9–18. doi:10.1007/s11557-008-0573-1.
^Taylor JW, Berbee ML. (2006). "Dating
divergences in the Fungal Tree of Life: review and new analyses".
Mycologia98 (6): 838–49. doi:10.3852/mycologia.98.6.838. PMID17486961.
^Taylor TN, Hass H, Kerp H, Krings M,
Hanlin RT. (2005). "Perithecial Ascomycetes from the 400 million
year old Rhynie chert: an example of ancestral polymorphism".
Mycologia97 (1): 269–85. doi:10.3852/mycologia.97.1.269. PMID16389979.
^Dennis RL. (1970). "A Middle Pennsylvanian
basidiomycete mycelium with clamp connections". Mycologia62 (3): 578–84. doi:10.2307/3757529.
^Hibbett DS, Grimaldi D, Donoghue MJ.
(1995). "Cretaceous mushrooms in amber". Nature487: 487.
^Hibbett DS, Grimaldi D, Donoghue MJ.
(1997). "Fossil mushrooms from Miocene and Cretaceous ambers and
the evolution of homobasidiomycetes". American Journal of
Botany84 (7): 981–91. doi:10.2307/2446289.
^Eshet Y, Rampino MR, Visscher H. (1995).
"Fungal event and palynological record of ecological crisis and
recovery across the Permian-Triassic boundary". Geology23 (1): 967–70. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1995)023<0967:FEAPRO>2.3.CO;2.
^Ward PD, Botha J, Buick R, De Kock MO,
Erwin DH, Garrison GH, Kirschvink JL, Smith R. (2005). "Abrupt and
gradual extinction among late Permian land vertebrates in the Karoo
Basin, South Africa". Science307 (5710):
709–14. doi:10.1126/science.1107068. PMID15661973.
^ See Palaeos: Fungi for an
introduction to fungal taxonomy, including recent
controversies.
^Celio GJ, Padamsee M, Dentinger BT, Bauer
R, McLaughlin DJ. (2006). "Assembling the Fungal Tree of Life:
constructing the structural and biochemical database".
Mycologia98 (6): 850–59. doi:10.3852/mycologia.98.6.850. PMID17486962.
^Schüssler A, Schwarzott D, Walker C.
(2001). "A new fungal phylum, the Glomeromycota: phylogeny
and evolution". Mycological Research105
(12): 1413–21. doi:10.1017/S0953756201005196.
^ For an example,
see Samuels GJ. (2006).
"Trichoderma: systematics, the sexual state, and ecology".
Phytopathology96 (2): 195–206. doi:10.1094/PHYTO-96-0195. PMID18943925.
^Valverde ME, Paredes-López O, Pataky JK,
Guevara-Lara F. (1995). "Huitlacoche (Ustilago maydis) as
a food source—biology, composition, and production". Critical
Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition35 (3):
191–229. doi:10.1080/10408399509527699. PMID7632354.
^Zisova LG. (2009). "Malassezia
species and seborrheic dermatitis". Folia Medica51 (1): 23–33. PMID19437895.
^Blackwell M, Spatafora JW. (2004). "Fungi and
their allies". in Bills GF, Mueller GM, Foster MS..
Biodiversity of Fungi: Inventory and Monitoring Methods.
Amsterdam: Elsevier Academic Press. pp. 18–20. ISBN
0-12-509551-1.
^Nikoh N, Fukatsu T. (2000). "Interkingdom
host jumping underground: phylogenetic analysis of entomoparasitic
fungi of the genus Cordyceps". Molecular Biology and
Evolution17 (4): 2629–38. PMID10742053.
^Perotto S, Bonfante P. (1997). "Bacterial
associations with mycorrhizal fungi: close and distant friends in
the rhizosphere". Trends in Microbiology5 (12): 496–501. doi:10.1016/S0966-842X(97)01154-2. PMID9447662.
^ abPaszkowski U. (2006). "Mutualism and
parasitism: the yin and yang of plant symbioses". Current
Opinion in Plant Biology9 (4): 364–70. doi:10.1016/j.pbi.2006.05.008. PMID16713732.
^ abHube B. (2004). "From commensal to
pathogen: stage- and tissue-specific gene expression of Candida
albicans". Current Opinion in Microbiology7 (4): 336–41. doi:10.1016/j.mib.2004.06.003. PMID15288621.
^van der Heijden MG, Streitwolf-Engel R,
Riedl R, Siegrist S, Neudecker A, Ineichen K, Boller T, Wiemken A,
Sanders IR. (2006). "The mycorrhizal contribution to plant
productivity, plant nutrition and soil structure in experimental
grassland". New Phytologist172 (4):
739–52. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2006.01862.x. PMID17096799.
^Selosse MA, Richard F, He X, Simard SW.
(2006). "Mycorrhizal networks: des liaisons dangereuses?".
Trends in Ecology and Evolution21 (11):
621–28. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2006.07.003. PMID16843567.
^Merckx V, Bidartondo MI, Hynson NA.
(2009). "Myco-heterotrophy: when fungi host plants". Annals of
Botanyin press: 1255. doi:10.1093/aob/mcp235.
^Clay K, Schardl C. (2002). "Evolutionary
origins and ecological consequences of endophyte symbiosis with
grasses". American Naturalist160 Suppl
4: S99–S127. doi:10.1086/342161. PMID18707456.
^Brodo IM, Sharnoff SD. (2001). Lichens of
North America. Yale University Press. ISBN
0300082495.
^Raven PH, Evert RF, Eichhorn, SE. (2005).
"14—Fungi". Biology of Plants (7 ed.). W. H. Freeman.
p. 290. ISBN
978-0716710073.
^Purvis W. (2000). Lichens.
Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press in association with
the Natural History Museum, London. pp. 49–75. ISBN
1-56098-879-7.
^Nguyen NH, Suh SO, Blackwell M. (2007).
"Five novel Candida species in insect-associated yeast
clades isolated from Neuroptera and other insects".
Mycologia99 (6): 842–58. doi:10.3852/mycologia.99.6.842. PMID18333508.
^Paoletti M, Buck KW, Brasier CM. (2006).
"Selective acquisition of novel mating type and vegetative
incompatibility genes via interspecies gene transfer in the
globally invading eukaryote Ophiostoma novo-ulmi".
Molecular Ecology15 (1): 249–62. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2005.02728.x. PMID16367844.
^Gryzenhout M, Wingfield BD, Wingfield MJ.
(2006). "New taxonomic concepts for the important forest pathogen
Cryphonectria parasitica and related fungi". FEMS
Microbiology Letters258 (2): 161–72. doi:10.1111/j.1574-6968.2006.00170.x. PMID16640568.
^Brakhage AA. (2005). "Systemic fungal
infections caused by Aspergillus species: epidemiology,
infection process and virulence determinants". Current Drug
Targets6 (8): 875–86. doi:10.2174/138945005774912717. PMID16375671.
^Cook GC, Zumla AI. (2008). Manson's
Tropical Diseases: Expert Consult. Saunders Ltd. p. 347.
ISBN
1-4160-4470-1.
^Simon-Nobbe B, Denk U, Pöll V, Rid R,
Breitenbach M. (2008). "The spectrum of fungal allergy".
International Archives of Allergy and Immunology145 (1): 58–86. doi:10.1159/000107578.
PMID17709917.
^Hawkins KM, Smolke CD. (2008). "Production
of benzylisoquinoline alkaloids in Saccharomyces
cerevisiae". Nature Chemical Biology4 (9): 564–73. doi:10.1038/nchembio.105. PMID18690217.
^Huang B, Guo J, Yi B, Yu X, Sun L, Chen W.
(2008). "Heterologous production of secondary metabolites as
pharmaceuticals in Saccharomyces cerevisiae".
Biotechnology Letters30 (7): 1121–37. doi:10.1007/s10529-008-9663-z. PMID18512022.
^Brakhage AA, Spröte P, Al-Abdallah Q,
Gehrke A, Plattner H, Tüncher A. (2004). "Regulation of penicillin
biosynthesis in filamentous fungi". Advances in Biochemical
Engineering/biotechnology88: 45–90. PMID15719552.
^Loo DS. (2006). "Systemic antifungal
agents: an update of established and new therapies". Advances
in Dermatology22: 101–24. doi:10.1016/j.yadr.2006.07.001. PMID17249298.
^Pan A, Lorenzotti S, Zoncada A. (2008).
"Registered and investigational drugs for the treatment of
methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection".
Recent Patents on Anti-infective Drug Discovery3 (1): 10–33. doi:10.2174/157489108783413173. PMID18221183.
^Fajardo A, Martínez JL. (2008).
"Antibiotics as signals that trigger specific bacterial responses".
Current Opinion in Microbiology11 (2):
161–67. doi:10.1016/j.mib.2008.02.006. PMID18373943.
^Kulp K. (2000). Handbook of Cereal
Science and Technology. CRC Press. ISBN
0824782941.
^Piskur J, Rozpedowska E, Polakova S,
Merico A, Compagno C. (2006). "How did Saccharomyces
evolve to become a good brewer?". Trends in Genetics22 (4): 183–86. doi:10.1016/j.tig.2006.02.002. PMID16499989.
^Abe K, Gomi K, Hasegawa F, Machida M.
(2006). "Impact of Aspergillus oryzae genomics on
industrial production of metabolites". Mycopathologia162 (3): 143–53. doi:10.1007/s11046-006-0049-2. PMID16944282.
^Hachmeister KA, Fung DY (1993).
"Tempeh: a mold-modified indigenous fermented food made from
soybeans and/or cereal grains". Critical Reviews in
Microbiology19 (3): 137–88. doi:10.3109/10408419309113527. PMID8267862.
^Jørgensen TR. (2007). "Identification and
toxigenic potential of the industrially important fungi,
Aspergillus oryzae and Aspergillus sojae".
Journal of Food Protection70 (12):
2916–34. PMID18095455.
^ abHetland G, Johnson E, Lyberg T,
Bernardshaw S, Tryggestad AM, Grinde B. (2008). "Effects of the
medicinal mushroom Agaricus blazei Murill on immunity,
infection and cancer". Scandinavian Journal of Immunology68 (4): 363–70. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3083.2008.02156.x. PMID18782264.
^Paterson RR. (2008). "Cordyceps:
a traditional Chinese medicine and another fungal therapeutic
biofactory?". Phytochemistry69 (7):
1469–95. doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2008.01.027. PMID18343466.
^el-Mekkawy S, Meselhy MR, Nakamura N,
Tezuka Y, Hattori M, Kakiuchi N, Shimotohno K, Kawahata T, Otake T.
(1998). "Anti-HIV-1 and anti-HIV-1-protease substances from
Ganoderma lucidum". Phytochemistry49 (6): 1651–57. doi:10.1016/S0031-9422(98)00254-4. PMID9862140.
^El Dine RS, El Halawany AM, Ma CM, Hattori
M. (2008). "Anti-HIV-1 protease activity of lanostane triterpenes
from the vietnamese mushroom Ganoderma colossum".
Journal of Natural Products71 (6):
1022–26. doi:10.1021/np8001139.
PMID18547117.
^Yuen JW, Gohel MD. (2005). "Anticancer
effects of Ganoderma lucidum: a review of scientific
evidence". Nutrition and Cancer53 (1):
11–17. doi:10.1207/s15327914nc5301_2. PMID16351502.
^Sullivan R, Smith JE, Rowan NJ. (2006).
"Medicinal mushrooms and cancer therapy: translating a traditional
practice into Western medicine". Perspectives in Biology and
Medicine49 (2): 159–70. doi:10.1353/pbm.2006.0034. PMID16702701.
^Halpern GM, Miller A. (2002). Medicinal
Mushrooms: Ancient Remedies for Modern Ailments. New York: M.
Evans and Co. p. 116. ISBN
0-87131-981-0.
^Fisher M, Yang LX. (2002). "Anticancer
effects and mechanisms of polysaccharide-K (PSK): implications of
cancer immunotherapy". Anticancer Research22 (3): 1737–54. PMID12168863.
^Stamets P. (2000). Growing Gourmet and
Medicinal Mushrooms = [Shokuyō oyobi yakuyō kinoko no saibai].
Berkeley, Calif: Ten Speed Press. pp. 233–48. ISBN
1-58008-175-4.
^Kinsella JE, Hwang DH. (1976). "Enzymes of
Penicillium roqueforti involved in the biosynthesis of
cheese flavor". CRC Critical Reviews in Food Science and
Nutrition8 (2): 191–228. doi:10.1080/10408397609527222. PMID21770.
^Erdogan A, Gurses M, Sert S. (2004).
"Isolation of moulds capable of producing mycotoxins from blue
mouldy Tulum cheeses produced in Turkey". International Journal
of Food Microbiology85 (1-2): 83–85. doi:10.1016/S0168-1605(02)00485-3. PMID12810273.
^Orr DB, Orr RT. (1979). Mushrooms of
Western North America. Berkeley: University of California
Press. p. 17. ISBN
0-520-03656-5.
^Leathem AM, Dorran TJ. (2007). "Poisoning
due to raw Gyromitra esculenta (false morels) west of the
Rockies". Canadian Journal of Emergency Medicine9 (2): 127–30. PMID17391587.
^Ammirati JF, McKenny M, Stuntz DE. (1987).
The New Savory Wild Mushroom. Seattle: University of
Washington Press. pp. xii – xiii. ISBN
0-295-96480-4.
^López-Gómez J, Molina-Meyer M.
(2006). "The competitive exclusion principle versus biodiversity
through competitive segregation and further adaptation to spatial
heterogeneities". Theoretical Population Biology69 (1): 94–109. doi:10.1016/j.tpb.2005.08.004. PMID16223517.
^Deshpande MV. (1999). "Mycopesticide
production by fermentation: potential and challenges". Critical
Reviews in Microbiology25 (3): 229–43. doi:10.1080/10408419991299220. PMID10524330.
^Thomas MB, Read AF. (2007). "Can fungal
biopesticides control malaria?". Nature Reviews in
Microbiology5 (5): 377–83. doi:10.1038/nrmicro1638. PMID17426726.
^Fomina M, Charnock JM, Hillier S, Alvarez
R, Livens F, Gadd GM. (2008). "Role of fungi in the biogeochemical
fate of depleted uranium". Current Biology18 (9): R375–77. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2008.03.011. PMID18460315.
^Datta A, Ganesan K, Natarajan K. (1989).
"Current trends in Candida albicans research".
Advances in Microbial Physiology30:
53–88. doi:10.1016/S0065-2911(08)60110-1. PMID2700541.
^Dean RA, Talbot NJ, Ebbole DJ, et
al. (2005). "The genome sequence of the rice blast fungus
Magnaporthe grisea". Nature434
(7036): 980–86. doi:10.1038/nature03449. PMID15846337.
^Daly R, Hearn MT. (2005). "Expression of
heterologous proteins in Pichia pastoris: a useful
experimental tool in protein engineering and production".
Journal of Molecular Recognition: JMR18
(2): 119–38. doi:10.1002/jmr.687. PMID15565717.
^Schlegel HG. (1993). General
Microbiology. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
p. 360. ISBN
0-521-43980-9.
^Joseph B, Ramteke PW, Thomas G. (2008).
"Cold active microbial lipases: some hot issues and recent
developments". Biotechnology Advances26
(5): 457–70. doi:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2008.05.003. PMID18571355.
^Olempska-Beer ZS, Merker RI, Ditto MD,
DiNovi MJ. (2006). "Food-processing enzymes from recombinant
microorganisms—a review". Regulatory Toxicology and
Pharmacology45 (2): 144–58. doi:10.1016/j.yrtph.2006.05.001. PMID16769167.
^Kumar R, Singh S, Singh OV. (2008).
"Bioconversion of lignocellulosic biomass: biochemical and
molecular perspectives". Journal of Industrial Microbiology and
Biotechnology35 (5): 377–91. doi:10.1007/s10295-008-0327-8. PMID18338189.
^Polizeli ML, Rizzatti AC, Monti R, Terenzi
HF, Jorge JA, Amorim DS. (2005). "Xylanases from fungi: properties
and industrial applications". Applied Microbiology and
Biotechnology67 (5): 577–91. doi:10.1007/s00253-005-1904-7. PMID15944805.
^Schardl CL, Panaccione DG, Tudzynski P.
(2006). "Ergot alkaloids—biology and molecular biology". The
Alkaloids. Chemistry and Biology63: 45–86.
doi:10.1016/S1099-4831(06)63002-2. PMID17133714.
^van Egmond HP, Schothorst RC, Jonker MA.
(2007). "Regulations relating to mycotoxins in food: perspectives
in a global and European context". Analytical and Bioanalytical
Chemistry389 (1): 147–57. doi:10.1007/s00216-007-1317-9. PMID17508207.
^Keller NP, Turner G, Bennett JW.
(2005). "Fungal secondary metabolism – from biochemistry to
genomics". Nature Reviews in Microbiology3 (12): 937–47. doi:10.1038/nrmicro1286. PMID16322742.
^Demain AL, Fang A. (2000). "The natural
functions of secondary metabolites". Advances in Biochemical
Engineering/Biotechnology69: 1–39. doi:10.1007/3-540-44964-7_1. PMID11036689.
^ According
to one 2001 estimate, some 10,000 fungal diseases are known. Struck C. (2006). "Infection strategies of
plant parasitic fungi". in Cooke BM, Jones DG, Kaye B. The
Epidemiology of Plant Diseases. Berlin: Springer. p. 117.
ISBN
1-4020-4580-8.
^Peintner U, Pöder R, Pümpel T. (1998).
"The Iceman's fungi". Mycological Research102 (10): 1153–62. doi:10.1017/S0953756298006546.
^Hawksworth DL. (2006). "Pandora's
Mycological Box: Molecular sequences vs. morphology in
understanding fungal relationships and biodiversity". Revista
Iberoamericana de Micologia23 (3): 127–33.
doi:10.1016/S1130-1406(06)70031-6. PMID17196017.
Ainsworth GC. (1976).^Back to top ] Ainsworth GC. (1976).
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
.Introduction to the History of Mycology.^Introduction to the History of Mycology .
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
.Cambridge, UK:
Cambridge University Press.^Cambridge University Press Cambridge, UK. .
The Protistan Origins of Animals and Fungi -- Steenkamp et al. 23 (1): 93 -- Molecular Biology and Evolution25 September 2009 1:53 UTCmbe.oxfordjournals.org [Source type: Academic]
The Protistan Origins of Animals and Fungi -- Steenkamp et al. 23 (1): 93 -- Molecular Biology and Evolution25 September 2009 1:53 UTCmbe.oxfordjournals.org [Source type: Academic]
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
Dictionary of the Fungi. 10th ed.
Wallingford: CABI. ISBN
0-85199-826-7.
Taylor EL, Taylor TN. (1993).
.The Biology and Evolution of Fossil Plants.^Back to top ] Main article: Evolution of fungi In contrast to plants and animals , the early fossil record of the fungi is meager.
Fungi (Kingdom)25 September 2009 1:53 UTCzipcodezoo.com [Source type: Academic]
A fungus (plural: fungi) is a kind of living organism: yeasts, moulds and mushrooms are types of fungi. The Fungi are a separate kingdom of living things, different from animals and plants.
Fungi have cells with nuclei; their cell walls contain chitin. Their basic mode of life is saprophytic: a fungus breaks down dead organic matter around it, and uses it as food.[1]p107
Fungi reproduce both sexually and asexually. Some fungi grow mushrooms: these are fruiting bodies. Under the cap there are gills; the gills bear spores that will disperse, and may develop into new fungi. Otherwise, fungi use a sporangium to bear asexual spores by mitosis, or sexual spores by meiosis. The spores are haploid.
Fungi may be single celled or multicellular. Yeast is single-celled, and reproduces either sexually or asexually. Asexual reproduction occurs by simple budding (binary fission).
Mycelium
The mycelial form of multi-celled fungi is the vegetative growth of filaments. Mycelia are usually syncytia. This means the cell walls are not complete, and the cell nuclei are not separated from each other as in normal cells.
Symbiosis
Symbiosis means living together. Some fungi can come together with an alga to form a lichen. In this partnership the algal cells live inside the fungus tissue. The end result is a new mat-like life-form which clings to rock and other surfaces. About 20% of all fungi are lichenized.
Another important kind of symbiosis is mycorrhiza. This is when a fungus lives inside plant roots; many trees have mycorrhizal roots. Both sides benefit in this arrangement.
Some fungi cause crop diseases; others cause serious disease in humans. Some are highly poisonous: never eat a mushroom picked in the wild unless you know what you are doing.
Uses
Edible fungi are widely used as human food. Certain types of cheese need a fungal species to be added. The fungi give a unique flavor and texture to the cheese.
Some fungi produce psychotropic (mind-altering) substances. Several species, most notably Psilocybin mushrooms (colloquially known as magic mushrooms), are taken for their psychedelic properties.
In modern times, some fungi (for example, Penicillin) have been used as a source of antibiotics. The antibiotics are produced by many fungi as a natural defence against bacteria.
Wikis
Quiz
Facts
Map
Misc
![(6aR,9R)-N-((2R,5S,10aS,10bS)-5-benzyl-10b-hydroxy-2-methyl-3,6-dioxooctahydro-2H-oxazolo[3,2-a] pyrrolo[2,1-c]pyrazin-2-yl)-7-methyl-4,6,6a,7,8,9-hexahydroindolo[4,3-fg] quinoline-9-carboxamide](http://images-mediawiki-sites.thefullwiki.org/11/4/9/2/1752474199969946.png)
Search
.jpg){kind=link}